[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `state`
    *   Target surface form: `state`
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Administrative district (province).
        2.  The way something is with respect to its main attributes (e.g., state of health).
        3.  Government of a sovereign state.
        4.  Politically organized body of people (nation).
        5.  Chemistry (solid, liquid, gas).
        6.  State of depression or agitation.
        7.  Territory occupied by a nation.
        8.  US Department of State.

    *   The sentence describes cancer progressing due to altered genes, propelling it into a "deadly state".
    *   In this context, "state" refers to the condition or status of the cancer/patient's health.

    *   Sense 1: Administrative district (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" (Example: "his state of health"). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3: Government (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Nation (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Chemistry (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Depression or agitation (Incorrect - this is usually emotional/mental)
    *   Sense 7: Territory (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: US Department of State (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit as it describes a condition or mode of being (like "state of health").


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `call`
    *   Context: "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Meaning: Scientists are giving a name to a specific class of genes.

    *   Sense 1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to` (Example: "They named their son David")
    *   Sense 2: `ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality` (Example: "He called me a bastard")
    *   Sense 3: `get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone`
    *   Sense 4: `utter a sudden loud cry`
    *   Sense 5: `order, request, or command to come`
    *   Sense 6: `pay a brief visit`
    *   Sense 7: `call a meeting; invite or command to meet`
    *   Sense 8: `read aloud to check for omissions or absentees`
    *   Sense 9: `send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.`
    *   Sense 10: `utter a characteristic note or cry`
    *   Sense 11: `stop or postpone because of adverse conditions`
    *   Sense 12: `greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name`
    *   Sense 13: `make a stop in a harbour`
    *   Sense 14: `demand payment of (a loan)`
    *   Sense 15: `make a demand, as for a card or a suit`
    *   Sense 16: `give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance`
    *   Sense 17: `indicate a decision in regard to`
    *   Sense 18: `make a prediction about`
    *   Sense 19: `require the presentation of for redemption before maturation`
    *   Sense 20: `challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement`
    *   Sense 21: `declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee`
    *   Sense 22: `lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal`
    *   Sense 23: `order or request or give a command for`
    *   Sense 24: `order, summon, or request for a specific duty`
    *   Sense 25: `utter in a loud voice or announce`
    *   Sense 26: `challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of`
    *   Sense 27: `consider or regard as being`
    *   Sense 28: `rouse somebody from sleep with a call`

    *   The context is "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors".
    *   This is about naming a category or a thing.
    *   Sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    *   Sense 2 is "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    *   "Tumor-suppressors" is a common noun/term used to describe the quality/function of these genes.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: Proper names (David, New York).
        *   Sense 2: Common nouns reflecting a quality (bastard, lazy, tumor-suppressors).
    *   Wait, "tumor-suppressors" is a technical term (a common noun phrase), not a proper name like "David".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". This fits "tumor-suppressors" (the quality of suppressing tumors).

    *   Sense 1: Proper names.
    *   Sense 2: Common nouns reflecting quality.
    *   "Tumor-suppressors" is a descriptive term for a class of genes. It's not a proper name.

    *   Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    *   Example: "He called me a bastard".
    *   Context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors".
    *   This matches perfectly.

    *   Sense 27: "consider or regard as being". (e.g., "I would not call her beautiful"). This is more about opinion/judgment than naming/labeling.

    *   Sense 1: Proper name (e.g., "They named their son David").
    *   Sense 2: Common noun reflecting quality (e.g., "He called me a bastard").
    *   "Tumor-suppressors" is a common noun phrase describing the function/quality of the genes.

    *   Wait, let me double-check if "tumor-suppressors" could be seen as a "specified name" (Sense 1). Usually, "proper name" in linguistics means a name for a specific entity (like a person or a city). "Tumor-suppressors" is a category name.
    *   Looking at Sense 2 again: "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". This seems the most accurate for a technical term describing a function.

    *   Sense 1: Proper name.
    *   Sense 2: Common noun reflecting quality.
    *   "Tumor-suppressors" is a common noun.

    *   Wait, let me look at other options. Is there a "name" sense that isn't proper?
    *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    *   Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    *   If I call a gene a "tumor-suppressor", I am giving it a name (common noun) that reflects its quality (suppressing tumors).

    *   Let's check if there are any other senses.
    *   Sense 27: "consider or regard as being".
    *   "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" is more about the terminology used than just regarding them as such.

    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2 again.
    *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    *   Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    *   "Tumor-suppressors" is definitely a common noun reflecting a quality.

    *   Wait, let me think about "call" in scientific contexts. "Scientists call X Y." This is almost always Sense 2 (labeling/naming with a descriptive term).

    *   Sense 1: Proper name.
    *   Sense 2: Common noun reflecting quality.
    *   "Tumor-suppressors" = common noun reflecting quality.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "new"
    *   Target surface form: "new"
    *   Context: "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Surrounding context: "newly identified genes", "super-exciting set of discoveries", "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box... Today, we know...".

    *   Sense 1: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (Example: a new law; new cars)
    *   Sense 2: original and of a kind not seen before. (Synonyms: fresh, novel. Example: novel proof)
    *   Sense 3: lacking training or experience. (Synonyms: raw. Example: raw recruits)
    *   Sense 4: having no previous example or precedent or parallel. (Synonyms: unexampled)
    *   Sense 5: other than the former one(s); different. (Example: new leaders)
    *   Sense 6: unaffected by use or exposure. (Example: looks like new)
    *   Sense 7: (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new. (Synonyms: newfangled)
    *   Sense 8: in use after medieval times. (Example: New Egyptian)
    *   Sense 9: used of a living language; being the current stage in its development. (Synonyms: Modern)
    *   Sense 10: (of crops) harvested at an early stage of development. (Synonyms: young)
    *   Sense 11: unfamiliar. (Example: new experiences)

    *   The text discusses "newly identified genes" and "discoveries".
    *   The "new class of genes" refers to genes that have been recently discovered/identified by scientists.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or **discovered**".
    *   Sense 2 ("original and of a kind not seen before") is close, but Sense 1's mention of "discovered" fits the scientific context of identifying a class of genes perfectly.
    *   Sense 4 ("unprecedented") is too strong.
    *   Sense 5 ("different") doesn't capture the discovery aspect.

    *   The genes weren't "created" (Sense 1's "come into being"), but they were "discovered" (Sense 1's "discovered").
    *   The context "newly identified genes" directly maps to "recently... discovered".

    *   Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" -> Fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `class`
    *   Target surface form: `class`
    *   Context: "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `class%1:14:00::`: a collection of things sharing a common attribute (synonyms: category, family)
        2.  `class%1:14:03::`: a body of students who are taught together (synonyms: form, grade, course)
        3.  `class%1:14:01::`: people having the same social, economic, or educational status (synonyms: stratum, social class)
        4.  `class%1:04:00::`: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings (synonyms: course)
        5.  `class%1:14:05::`: a league ranked by quality (synonyms: division)
        6.  `class%1:14:04::`: a body of students who graduate together (synonyms: year)
        7.  `class%1:14:02::`: (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
        8.  `class%1:07:00::`: elegance in dress or behavior

    *   The sentence is: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors..."
    *   Here, "class of genes" refers to a group of genes that share a common attribute (in this case, being tumor-suppressors).

    *   Sense 1: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (category, family). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Students taught together. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Social/economic status. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Education/lessons. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: League ranked by quality. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Students graduating together. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Taxonomic group (biology). While this is biology, "class" in taxonomy is a specific rank (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). "Tumor-suppressors" are not a taxonomic class in the biological classification of organisms. They are a functional category of genes.
    *   Sense 8: Elegance. (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of a "class of genes" (a category or family of genes).

    *   Sense 1: `class%1:14:00::` -> index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "simply"
    *   Target surface form: "simply"
    *   Context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes."

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (synonyms: merely, just, only, but). Example: "it is simply a matter of time".
    *   Sense 2: "absolutely" (synonyms: just). Example: "I just can't take it anymore".
    *   Sense 3: "absolutely; altogether; really". Example: "we are simply broke".
    *   Sense 4: "in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment" (synonyms: plainly). Example: "she was dressed plainly".

    *   The sentence says: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Here, "simply" is used to introduce a simpler, more common, or more direct term for "tumor-suppressors".
    *   It means "or, to put it more simply," or "or just".
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1 ("and nothing more", "merely", "just", "only") fits well. "Or just anti-cancer genes."
        *   Sense 2 ("absolutely") does not fit.
        *   Sense 3 ("absolutely; altogether; really") does not fit.
        *   Sense 4 ("in a simple manner; without extravagance") usually refers to lifestyle or appearance, not terminology.

    *   "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Can I replace "simply" with "merely" or "just"?
        *   "or just anti-cancer genes" -> Yes.
        *   "or merely anti-cancer genes" -> Yes (though "just" is more natural here).
    *   Does it mean "absolutely"? No.
    *   Does it mean "plainly" (as in lifestyle)? No.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit. It indicates that "anti-cancer genes" is a simpler or more basic way of saying "tumor-suppressors".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `function`
    *   Target surface form: `functioning`
    *   Context: "When <t>functioning</t> normally, they [tumor-suppressor genes] make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `function%2:35:00::` (perform as expected when applied; synonyms: work, operate, go, run)
        2.  `function%2:42:12::` (serve a purpose, role, or function; synonyms: serve)
        3.  `function%2:33:00::` (perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function; synonyms: officiate)

    *   The sentence describes genes "functioning normally."
    *   In this context, "functioning" means the genes are working or operating as they are supposed to (producing proteins to control cell growth).
    *   Sense 1: "perform as expected when applied" (synonyms: work, operate). This fits perfectly. If a gene is functioning normally, it is working/operating as expected.
    *   Sense 2: "serve a purpose, role, or function" (synonyms: serve). While genes do serve a purpose, "functioning normally" usually refers to the operational state (working vs. not working), which aligns better with Sense 1.
    *   Sense 3: "perform duties attached to a particular office" (synonyms: officiate). This is clearly for human roles/offices and does not apply to genes.

    *   Sense 1: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in" (operational state).
    *   Sense 2: "The tree stump serves as a table" (role/purpose).
    *   Sense 3: "His wife officiated as his private secretary" (official duty).

    The context "When functioning normally" refers to the genes operating correctly to produce proteins. This is an operational state.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 27}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 27}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `hold`
    *   Target surface form: `hold`
    *   Context: "...they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check."

    *   The phrase is "hold [something] in check".
    *   "In check" means under control, restrained, or limited.
    *   The proteins are "tumor-suppressors" and "growth-suppressing proteins".
    *   The action is to prevent the cell's growth from becoming uncontrolled (malignant).

    *   Sense 1: keep in a certain state, position, or activity (keep clean, hold in place).
    *   Sense 7: to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement (restrain, confine).
    *   Sense 27: lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate). Examples: "moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue".

    *   Sense 1 is too general.
    *   Sense 7 is more about physical confinement or stopping movement.
    *   Sense 27 specifically mentions "hold or keep within limits" and lists "check" as a synonym. The phrase "hold in check" is a common idiom meaning to control or restrain.

    *   Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate".
    *   This matches "hold a cell's growth in check" perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Context: "...they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged... in cell division... cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Key terms in context: "genes", "cancer", "proteins", "growth", "cell division", "malignant".

    *   Sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
    *   Sense 2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
    *   Sense 3: a device that delivers an electric current (electric cell)
    *   Sense 4: a small unit of a political movement (cadre)
    *   Sense 5: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone (cellphone)
    *   Sense 6: small room for a monk or nun
    *   Sense 7: a room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell)

    *   The context is clearly biological, discussing genes, cancer, proteins, and cell division.
    *   Sense 2 specifically refers to the biological unit of organisms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Target surface form: `growth`
    *   Context: "...they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Key phrases: "cell's growth", "growth-suppressing proteins", "turn malignant", "tumor-suppressors".

    *   Sense 1: (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically (maturation, development).
    *   Sense 2: progression from simpler to more complex forms (culture).
    *   Sense 3: process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment).
    *   Sense 4: vegetation that has grown.
    *   Sense 5: gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence).
    *   Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor).
    *   Sense 7: something grown or growing (hair).

    *   The context discusses cancer, tumor-suppressors, and cells turning malignant.
    *   "hold a cell's growth in check" refers to the process of cells dividing and increasing in number.
    *   Is it Sense 1 (biological maturation)? No, it's not about an organism maturing from simple to complex.
    *   Is it Sense 3 (becoming more numerous)? Yes, cell growth/proliferation is the process of cells increasing in number.
    *   Is it Sense 6 (an abnormal proliferation of tissue/tumor)? The sentence says "hold a cell's growth in check" to *prevent* it from becoming malignant. The "growth" being held in check is the normal process of cell division/increase, which, if uncontrolled, *becomes* a tumor (Sense 6). However, the phrase "cell's growth" usually refers to the process of increasing in size or number.

    *   Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous..."
    *   Sense 6: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)"
    *   The text says "proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." This refers to the *process* of growth (proliferation) that needs to be regulated. If the regulation fails, the result is a "growth" (tumor).
    *   In "hold a cell's growth in check", "growth" is the process of increasing in number (proliferation). This fits Sense 3 better than Sense 6, because Sense 6 describes the *result* (the tumor itself), whereas the proteins regulate the *process* of growing.

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous".
    *   Let's look at Sense 6 again: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   In the context of cancer biology, "cell growth" often refers to the proliferation of cells.
    *   If the proteins "hold a cell's growth in check", they are stopping the *process* of proliferation.
    *   If the proteins fail, the cells "turn malignant", leading to a "growth" (tumor).
    *   Therefore, the "growth" being held in check is the process of increasing in number.

    *   Sense 1: Maturation/Development (Not this).
    *   Sense 3: Increase/Increment (Process of becoming more numerous).
    *   Sense 6: Abnormal proliferation/Tumor (The resulting mass).

    The phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" refers to the process of proliferation. Sense 3 covers "becoming... more numerous".

    *Self-Correction:* Is "cell growth" specifically a biological process (Sense 1)? Sense 1 is "the process of an individual organism growing organically... changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". Cell proliferation is not necessarily about complexity; it's about number. Sense 3 is more general and fits "more numerous".

    Let's double-check Sense 6. "an abnormal proliferation of tissue". If the text meant "hold the tumor in check", Sense 6 would be perfect. But it says "hold a cell's growth in check". This refers to the biological process of the cell dividing.

    Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 6:
    Sense 3: process of becoming more numerous.
    Sense 6: abnormal proliferation of tissue.

    The proteins regulate the *normal* process of growth to prevent it from becoming *abnormal* (malignant). Thus, "growth" here refers to the process of increasing in number.

    Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important"
    This fits "cell growth" (proliferation) perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Active voice: "The snow damaged the roof."
        2.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Passive/Intransitive: "These fine china cups damage easily."

    *   The sentence is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division..."
    *   The structure "are damaged" is passive.
    *   Sense 1 is the active verb "to inflict damage upon". In the passive voice ("are damaged"), it means "damage was inflicted upon them".
    *   Sense 2 is "suffer or be susceptible to damage".

    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (Active: X damages Y. Passive: Y is damaged by X).
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (Intransitive: Y damages easily).

    *   In the context "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation...", the genes are the recipients of the damage caused by radiation/chemicals. This matches the passive form of Sense 1 ("inflict damage upon").
    *   Sense 2 describes a property of the object (susceptibility) or the act of suffering damage without necessarily specifying the agent in the same way, though it's close. However, "are damaged" in "if the genes are damaged by radiation" is a classic passive construction of "radiation damages the genes".

    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" -> "Radiation damaged the genes" -> "The genes were damaged by radiation."
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" -> "Genes damage easily."

    The context "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation" clearly indicates that radiation is the agent inflicting the damage. This aligns perfectly with the passive of Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    *   Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    *   Context: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation..."
    *   The genes are the object of the action "inflict damage upon".

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "suffer or be susceptible to damage". If something "is damaged", does it "suffer damage"? Yes. But "are damaged by [agent]" is the standard passive of "inflict damage upon".

    Let's look at the examples:
    Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" (Active).
    Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" (Intransitive/Middle voice).

    The sentence "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation" is a passive construction. The active version is "radiation damages the genes". This is exactly the pattern of Sense 1.

    Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    The context is "genes are damaged [by radiation]".
    This is the passive of "radiation damages genes".
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `radiation`
    *   Context: "...But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
    *   Target surface form: `radiation`

    *   Sense 1: energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.
    *   Sense 2: the act of spreading outward from a central source.
    *   Sense 3: syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (radiation sickness).
    *   Sense 4: the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay (radioactivity).
    *   Sense 5: the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats.
    *   Sense 6: a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain.
    *   Sense 7: (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance (radiotherapy).

    *   The sentence discusses how genes can be damaged.
    *   The causes of damage listed are: "radiation", "a chemical", or "a chance accident in cell division".
    *   In this context, "radiation" refers to the physical agent (energy) that causes the damage to the DNA/genes.

    *   Sense 1 (energy) fits perfectly as the agent causing damage.
    *   Sense 2 (spreading outward) does not fit.
    *   Sense 3 (radiation sickness) is the *result* of exposure, not the *cause* of gene damage.
    *   Sense 4 (radioactivity) is the *process* of emission, whereas the energy emitted is what damages the genes.
    *   Sense 5 (biological spread) does not fit.
    *   Sense 6 (nerve fibers) does not fit.
    *   Sense 7 (radiotherapy) is a medical treatment. While radiotherapy *uses* radiation to damage cancer cells, the context here is talking about the general causes of gene damage that *lead* to cancer (not the treatment of it).

    *   The context says "perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident". This lists agents of mutation.
    *   Sense 1: "energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles" is the most accurate description of the agent that damages genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "work"
    *   Context: "...their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Meaning: The proteins are no longer performing their intended function (suppressing growth).

    *   Sense 1: exert oneself (mental/physical work) - No.
    *   Sense 2: be employed - No.
    *   Sense 3: have an effect or outcome (desired/expected) - Possible.
    *   Sense 4: perform as expected when applied (function, operate, go, run) - Very likely.
    *   Sense 5: shape/form material - No.
    *   Sense 6: give a workout to - No.
    *   Sense 7: proceed along a path - No.
    *   Sense 8: operate in a certain place - No.
    *   Sense 9: proceed towards a goal - No.
    *   Sense 10: move in an agitated manner - No.
    *   Sense 11: cause to happen - No.
    *   Sense 12: cause to work - No.
    *   Sense 13: prepare for crops - No.
    *   Sense 14: behave in a certain way when handled (dough/metal) - No.
    *   Sense 15: have and exert influence - No.
    *   Sense 16: operate in or through - No.
    *   Sense 17: cause to operate or function - No.
    *   Sense 18: provoke or excite - No.
    *   Sense 19: gratify and charm - No.
    *   Sense 20: make something - No.
    *   Sense 21: move into or onto - No.
    *   Sense 22: make uniform (knead) - No.
    *   Sense 23: use or manipulate to advantage - No.
    *   Sense 24: find the solution to - No.
    *   Sense 25: cause to undergo fermentation - No.
    *   Sense 26: go sour or spoil - No.
    *   Sense 27: arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion - No.

    *   Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" (Synonym: act). Example: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought."
    *   Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" (Synonyms: function, operate, go, run). Example: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in."

    *   The context is about proteins that "hold a cell's growth in check." If they are damaged, they "no longer work."
    *   This is about the *function* of a biological component.
    *   Sense 4 ("perform as expected when applied", synonyms: function, operate) fits biological functions (like proteins functioning) better than Sense 3 ("have an effect or outcome"), which is often used for plans, ideas, or processes.
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate. "Proteins no longer work" means they no longer *function*. Sense 4 explicitly lists "function" as a synonym.

    *   Sense 3: "The voting process doesn't work..." (Process/Idea)
    *   Sense 4: "The washing machine won't go..." (Machine/Mechanism)
    *   Proteins acting as growth-suppressors are biological mechanisms. "Function" is the most precise term here.

    *   Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" | synonyms=function, operate, go, run.
    *   This fits perfectly for a protein that is supposed to perform a specific biological function.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A passage about cancer research, genes, tumor-suppressors, proteins, cell division, and cells turning malignant.
    *   Key phrases: "triggering of colon cancer", "molecular level", "altered genes", "tumor-suppressors", "cell's growth", "cell division", "cells normally under control turn malignant".

    *   Sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
    *   Sense 2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...
    *   Sense 3: a device that delivers an electric current (electric cell)
    *   Sense 4: a small unit serving as part of a larger political movement (cadre)
    *   Sense 5: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone (cellphone)
    *   Sense 6: small room in which a monk or nun lives
    *   Sense 7: a room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell)

    *   The context is explicitly biological/medical (cancer, genes, proteins, cell division).
    *   The word "cells" refers to the biological units of the body that can turn malignant (cancerous).
    *   This matches Sense 2 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "turn"
    *   Target surface form: "turn"
    *   Context: "...cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant."
    *   Meaning: The cells change from being "under control" (normal) to being "malignant" (cancerous).

    *   1: change orientation or direction (physical/abstract) - No.
    *   2: undergo a transformation or a change of position or action (e.g., Socialism to Capitalism) - Possible, but maybe too broad.
    *   3: undergo a change or development (synonym: become) (e.g., water turned into ice) - Possible.
    *   4: cause to move around or rotate - No.
    *   5: change to the contrary (reverse) - No.
    *   6: pass to the other side of - No.
    *   7: pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become (synonym: grow) (e.g., weather turned nasty, she grew angry) - Very strong candidate.
    *   8: let fall or spill - No.
    *   9: move around an axis - No.
    *   10: cause to move around a center (turn over) - No.
    *   11: send or let go - No.
    *   12: break and turn over earth (plow) - No.
    *   13: shape by rotating on a lathe - No.
    *   14: change color - No.
    *   15: twist suddenly (sprain) - No.
    *   16: cause to change or turn into something different (transitive) - No, "turn" here is intransitive (cells turn malignant).
    *   17: accomplish by rotating - No.
    *   18: get by buying and selling - No.
    *   19: cause to move along an axis - No.
    *   20: channel attention - No.
    *   21: cause plastic object to assume crooked form - No.
    *   22: alter functioning or setting - No.
    *   23: direct at someone - No.
    *   24: have recourse to - No.
    *   25: go sour or spoil - No.
    *   26: become officially one year older - No.

    *   Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" (synonym: become). Example: "The water turned into ice."
    *   Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" (synonym: grow). Example: "The weather turned nasty; She grew angry."

    *   "cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   "Malignant" is an adjective describing a state or property.
    *   Sense 7 specifically mentions taking on a "specific property or attribute" and gives examples like "turned nasty" and "grew angry," where "nasty" and "angry" are adjectives describing a state.
    *   Sense 3's example "turned into ice" involves a change of state/substance (noun).

    *   Sense 7 fits the pattern "turn [adjective]" (turn malignant) perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: "undergo a transformation or a change of position or action" (e.g., Socialism to Capitalism). This is more about a shift in allegiance or a broad systemic change.
    *   Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" (e.g., water turned into ice). This is often used for physical transformations into another substance.
    *   Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" (e.g., weather turned nasty). This fits the biological process of cells becoming malignant.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `identify`
    *   Target surface form: `identified`
    *   Context: "The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses cancer research, tumor-suppressor genes, and oncogenes. It mentions that scientists call a new class of genes "tumor-suppressors" and that these genes were recently found/discovered.

    *   Sense 1: `recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something` (e.g., identifying a suspect).
    *   Sense 2: `give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name` (e.g., naming senators in a scandal).
    *   Sense 3: `consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else` (e.g., identifying with refugees).
    *   Sense 4: `conceive of as united or associated` (e.g., sex activity identified with the hypothalamus).
    *   Sense 5: `identify as in botany or biology, for example` (synonyms: discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name).
    *   Sense 6: `consider to be equal or the same` (e.g., identifying a brother as a fugitive).

    *   The context is scientific (genetics/cancer research).
    *   The phrase "newly identified genes" refers to genes that have been discovered or characterized by scientists.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "botany or biology" and lists "discover" as a synonym. This fits perfectly with the discovery of tumor-suppressor genes.

    *   Sense 1 is more about recognition of a known entity.
    *   Sense 2 is about naming.
    *   Sense 5 is specifically tailored to the biological/scientific discovery process.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `differ`
    *   Target surface form: `differ`
    *   Context: "The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `differ%2:42:00::` | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
        2.  `differ%2:32:00::` | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

    *   The sentence compares "newly identified genes" (tumor-suppressors) with "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Genes are biological entities; they cannot have opinions or disagree.
    *   Therefore, "differ" here means "be different" in characteristics or function.

    *   Sense 1: "be different" (Matches the context of biological differences between types of genes).
    *   Sense 2: "be of different opinions" (Does not match).

    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "family"
    *   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Target surface form: "family"

    *   Sense 1: Social unit living together (household).
    *   Sense 2: Primary social group (parents and children).
    *   Sense 3: A collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category).
    *   Sense 4: People descended from a common ancestor (kinfolk).
    *   Sense 5: A person having kinship (kin).
    *   Sense 6: (Biology) A taxonomic group containing one or more genera (e.g., sharks).
    *   Sense 7: Organized crime syndicate (mob).
    *   Sense 8: Association of people sharing common beliefs (fellowship).

    *   The context refers to a "family of genes."
    *   Genes are not people, so senses 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8 are immediately excluded.
    *   Sense 6 refers to biological taxonomy (genera, species). While genes are biological, a "family of genes" is not a taxonomic rank in the way "Felidae" (cat family) is. It refers to a group of genes with similar sequences or functions.
    *   Sense 3 refers to "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (synonyms: class, category). This fits perfectly: a group of genes sharing common characteristics (oncogenes).

    *   Sense 3: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" -> "family of genes". This is a standard usage of "family" in a non-biological-taxonomic sense (though it's in a biological context, it's a grouping of similar items).
    *   Sense 6: "a taxonomic group containing one or more genera". This is specifically for classification of organisms (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). Genes are not organisms.

    *   The best fit is Sense 3.