[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bell`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses church bells, change-ringing, physical dexterity, and bells weighing more than a ton.

    *   1: `bell%1:06:00::` - a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.
    *   2: `bell%1:06:02::` - a push button at an outer door (doorbell).
    *   3: `bell%1:11:00::` - the sound of a bell being struck.
    *   4: `bell%1:28:00::` - nautical time unit.
    *   5: `bell%1:25:00::` - the shape of a bell.
    *   6: `bell%1:18:02::` - Melville Bell (person).
    *   7: `bell%1:18:01::` - Vanessa Bell (person).
    *   8: `bell%1:18:00::` - Alexander Graham Bell (person).
    *   9: `bell%1:06:04::` - a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells (orchestral).
    *   10: `bell%1:06:03::` - the flared opening of a tubular device.

    *   The context refers to "church bells," "highest-pitched bell," and "bells weigh more than a ton."
    *   This clearly refers to the physical object (the hollow metal device) rather than the sound (sense 3), the doorbell (sense 2), the nautical time (sense 4), the shape (sense 5), the people (senses 6, 7, 8), the orchestral instrument (sense 9), or the flared opening (sense 10).
    *   While church bells are used musically, sense 1 is the general definition of the object itself, and sense 9 specifically refers to an orchestral percussion instrument (like tubular bells or a chime set). Church bells are typically large, cast metal bells.

    *   Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument" - This is more specific to orchestral bells (chimes/glockenspiel), whereas the text is about church bells.

    *   The target word "bell" in "highest-pitched bell" refers to the physical object. Sense 1 is the most accurate.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: low
Target surface form: lowest
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=low%3:00:02:: | definition=less than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=low prices; the reservoir is low
2. sense_key=low%3:00:01:: | definition=literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension | examples=low ceilings; low clouds
3. sense_key=low%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=very low in volume | synonyms=low-toned | examples=a low murmur; the low-toned murmur of the surf
4. sense_key=low%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=unrefined in character | examples=low comedy
5. sense_key=low%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency | synonyms=low-pitched
6. sense_key=low%5:00:00:contemptible:00 | definition=of the most contemptible kind | synonyms=abject, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy | examples=abject cowardice; a low stunt to pull
7. sense_key=low%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, lowly, modest, small | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
8. sense_key=low%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=no longer sufficient | synonyms=depleted | examples=supplies are low; our funds are depleted
9. sense_key=low%5:00:00:humble:00 | definition=subdued or brought low in condition or status | synonyms=broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated | examples=brought low; a broken man
10. sense_key=low%5:00:00:dejected:00 | definition=filled with melancholy and despondency | synonyms=gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down | examples=gloomy at the thought of what he had to face; gloomy predictions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `low`
    *   Target surface form: `lowest`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

    *   The sentence discusses church bells.
    *   It mentions "highest-pitched bell to the lowest".
    *   It describes a "descending scale".
    *   The word "lowest" here refers to the pitch of the bell.

    *   Sense 1: less than normal in degree or intensity or amount (e.g., low prices). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension (e.g., low ceilings). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: very low in volume (e.g., a low murmur). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: unrefined in character (e.g., low comedy). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency (synonym: low-pitched). -> Correct.
    *   Sense 6: of the most contemptible kind (e.g., abject cowardice). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7: low or inferior in station or quality (e.g., humble cottage). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 8: no longer sufficient (e.g., supplies are low). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 9: subdued or brought low in condition or status (e.g., brought low). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 10: filled with melancholy and despondency (e.g., gloomy). -> Incorrect.

    *   The context explicitly mentions "highest-pitched bell to the lowest" and a "descending scale".
    *   Sense 5 specifically refers to sounds and voices being "low in pitch or frequency" and lists "low-pitched" as a synonym.
    *   This matches the context perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "simple"
    *   Context: "...a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Meaning in context: The "simple descending scale" refers to the basic, straightforward sequence of notes from highest to lowest, without the complex variations (change-ringing) mentioned later.

    *   Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" (e.g., a simple problem, simple mechanisms).
    *   Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated" (e.g., elementary problem).
    *   Sense 3: "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" (synonyms: bare, mere).
    *   Sense 4: "exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity" (naive).
    *   Sense 5: "lacking mental capacity and subtlety" (dim-witted).
    *   Sense 6: (botany) leaf shapes.
    *   Sense 7: "unornamented" (e.g., a simple country schoolhouse).

    *   The context contrasts "simple descending scale" with "mind-boggling exercise" and "varying the order".
    *   A "simple descending scale" is one that is not complex or complicated.
    *   Sense 1 ("not complex or complicated or involved") fits well.
    *   Sense 2 ("easy") is close, but "simple" here describes the structure of the scale (not complex), rather than the ease of performing it (though it is easier than change-ringing).
    *   Sense 3 ("bare, mere") doesn't quite fit "descending scale" as well as "not complex".
    *   Sense 7 ("unornamented") usually refers to visual style or lack of decoration.

    *   Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". A scale that just goes down is not complex.
    *   Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated". While it is easy, the primary meaning here is the lack of complexity in the pattern.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved"
    Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated"

    In the context of a musical scale, "simple" usually means it's the basic version, not a complex variation. "Not complex or complicated" (Sense 1) is a very strong fit.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again: "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" (synonyms: bare, mere). "A mere descending scale"? No, that doesn't fit as well as "not complex".

    Let's look at Sense 1 again. "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". A descending scale is the most basic form.

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
    Sense 1 is often used for structures or systems (mechanisms, problems).
    Sense 2 is often used for tasks or concepts (elementary problem).
    A "descending scale" is a structure/pattern.

    Let's check if "simple" in "simple descending scale" means "basic/uncomplicated".
    Yes.

    Is it "easy" (Sense 2) or "not complex" (Sense 1)?
    The text says "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise... requires physical dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration." This contrasts the *complexity* of change-ringing with the *simplicity* of the starting rounds. Therefore, "not complex" (Sense 1) is the most precise fit.

    Sense 1: not complex or complicated or involved.
    Sense 2: easy and not involved or complicated.
    Sense 3: without additions or modifications (bare, mere).
    Sense 7: unornamented.

    The scale is "simple" because it's just a straight sequence, not a complex permutation. This aligns best with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scale
Target surface form: scale
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scale%1:24:03:: | definition=an ordered reference standard | synonyms=scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series | examples=judging on a scale of 1 to 10
2. sense_key=scale%1:24:00:: | definition=relative magnitude | examples=they entertained on a grand scale
3. sense_key=scale%1:24:01:: | definition=the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it | examples=the scale of the map; the scale of the model
4. sense_key=scale%1:20:00:: | definition=a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin | synonyms=scale leaf
5. sense_key=scale%1:17:00:: | definition=a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin | synonyms=scurf, exfoliation
6. sense_key=scale%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) | synonyms=musical scale
7. sense_key=scale%1:06:02:: | definition=a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass | synonyms=weighing machine
8. sense_key=scale%1:06:00:: | definition=an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
9. sense_key=scale%1:06:03:: | definition=a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) | synonyms=plate, shell
10. sense_key=scale%1:05:00:: | definition=a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `scale`
    *   Target surface form: `scale`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Key phrases: "highest-pitched bell to the lowest", "descending scale", "bells".

    *   Sense 1: an ordered reference standard (e.g., scale of 1 to 10).
    *   Sense 2: relative magnitude (e.g., grand scale).
    *   Sense 3: ratio between size and representation (e.g., map scale).
    *   Sense 4: specialized leaf or bract.
    *   Sense 5: thin flake of dead epidermis.
    *   Sense 6: (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme.
    *   Sense 7: measuring instrument for weighing.
    *   Sense 8: indicator with graduated marks.
    *   Sense 9: metal sheathing.
    *   Sense 10: flattened rigid plate (animal body covering).

    *   The context describes bells being rung from the highest pitch to the lowest pitch.
    *   This is a musical sequence of notes.
    *   Sense 6 specifically mentions "(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme".

    *   Sense 6 is the perfect fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `use`
    *   Target surface form: `using`
    *   Context: "...a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Meaning: The scale is created by employing or utilizing as many as 12 bells.

    *   Sense 1: `put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose` (Synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ).
    *   Sense 2: `take or consume (regularly or habitually)` (Synonyms: habituate).
    *   Sense 3: `use up, consume fully` (Synonyms: expend).
    *   Sense 4: `seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage`.
    *   Sense 5: `avail oneself to` (Synonyms: practice, apply).
    *   Sense 6: `habitually do something (use only in the past tense)`.

    *   The context "a simple descending scale using... as many as 12 bells" means the scale is produced by *employing* or *utilizing* the bells.
    *   This fits perfectly with Sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose".

    *   Sense 2 (consume/drugs) - No.
    *   Sense 3 (use up/expend) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (advantage/manipulate) - No.
    *   Sense 5 (practice/apply a principle) - No.
    *   Sense 6 (past habit) - No.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `church`
    *   Target surface form: `churches`
    *   Context: "...a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `church%1:14:00::`: group of Christians (denomination).
        2.  `church%1:06:00::`: place for public worship (building).
        3.  `church%1:04:00::`: service conducted in a house of worship.
        4.  `church%1:14:01::`: body of people who attend a local church (congregation).

    *   The sentence says: "...a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   The bells are located *in* the churches.
    *   "Larger churches" refers to the size of the physical structure (building) that can accommodate more bells.

    *   Sense 1 (denomination) doesn't fit "larger" in the context of housing bells.
    *   Sense 2 (building) fits perfectly. Bells are physically located in church buildings.
    *   Sense 3 (service) doesn't fit. You don't have bells *in* a service in the sense of physical capacity/size.
    *   Sense 4 (congregation) doesn't fit. Bells are not located *in* a group of people.

    *   The target word "churches" refers to the physical buildings.
    *   This matches sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: "England's church bells", "playing tunes on bells", "carillons of continental Europe", "Change-ringing", "some bells weigh more than a ton", "highest-pitched bell to the lowest".

    *   1: `bell%1:06:00::` - a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.
    *   2: `bell%1:06:02::` - a push button at an outer door (doorbell).
    *   3: `bell%1:11:00::` - the sound of a bell being struck.
    *   4: `bell%1:28:00::` - nautical time units.
    *   5: `bell%1:25:00::` - the shape of a bell.
    *   6: `bell%1:18:02::` - Melville Bell (person).
    *   7: `bell%1:18:01::` - Vanessa Bell (person).
    *   8: `bell%1:18:00::` - Alexander Graham Bell (person).
    *   9: `bell%1:06:04::` - a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells (orchestral).
    *   10: `bell%1:06:03::` - the flared opening of a tubular device.

    *   The context describes church bells used in change-ringing.
    *   It mentions they "weigh more than a ton" and are "highest-pitched" to "lowest".
    *   This clearly refers to the physical objects (hollow metal devices) rather than the sound (sense 3), the shape (sense 5), or the orchestral instrument (sense 9 - though church bells are tuned, they are typically categorized as the basic object in this context, and sense 1 is the most general and fitting for "church bells").
    *   Wait, let's look at sense 9 again: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument". Church bells are not typically considered "orchestral instruments" in the sense of a tubular bell set used in an orchestra. They are the actual bells in a tower.
    *   Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Physical object (hollow metal device).
    *   Sense 3: The sound. (The text says "12 bells", referring to the objects).
    *   Sense 9: Orchestral instrument. (Church bells are not orchestral instruments).

    The target word "bells" in "as many as 12 bells" refers to the physical objects installed in the church tower.

    Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "then"
    *   Target surface form: "Then"
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" (e.g., "then he left").
    *   Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" (e.g., "if he didn't take it, then who did?").
    *   Sense 3: "at that time" (e.g., "I was young then").

    *   The text describes a sequence of events in the process of change-ringing.
    *   Step 1: Bells are started off in "rounds" (descending scale).
    *   Step 2: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order..."
    *   The word "Then" here indicates a temporal sequence (first this happens, then that happens).

    *   Sense 1 (subsequently or soon afterward) fits perfectly. It's used as a sentence connector to show the next step in a process.
    *   Sense 2 (in that case/consequence) does not fit. There is no "if... then" logical structure here.
    *   Sense 3 (at that time) does not fit. It's not referring to a specific point in history or a previous time mentioned, but rather the next step in a sequence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: signal
Target surface form: signal
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `signal`
    *   Target surface form: `signal`
    *   Context: "...Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest... Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `signal%1:10:00::`: any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message.
        2.  `signal%1:16:00::`: any incitement to action.
        3.  `signal%1:19:00::`: an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information.

    *   The context describes bell ringing.
    *   The ringers start in "rounds".
    *   Then, "at a signal", they change the order.
    *   This "signal" is a cue or a trigger for the ringers to start the next phase of the process (varying the order).

    *   Sense 1: "any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message". This is a general description of a signal.
    *   Sense 2: "any incitement to action". Example: "he awaited the signal to start". This fits perfectly. The ringers are waiting for a cue (incitement) to begin varying the order.
    *   Sense 3: "an electric quantity". Clearly incorrect; these are church bells, not electronic devices.

    *   Sense 1 is about the *nature* of the signal (nonverbal action/gesture).
    *   Sense 2 is about the *function* of the signal (incitement to action).
    *   In the phrase "at a signal, the ringers begin varying...", the focus is on the signal as the trigger for the action. The example "he awaited the signal to start" is almost identical in usage to "at a signal, the ringers begin".

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `ringer`
    *   Target surface form: `ringers`
    *   Context: A passage about English church bells, change-ringing, and the people who perform it. Specifically: "Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `ringer%1:18:02`: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)
        2.  `ringer%1:18:01`: a person who is almost identical to another
        3.  `ringer%1:18:00`: a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
        4.  `ringer%1:04:00`: (horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit...

    *   The context explicitly discusses "church bells", "the ancient art" of ringing them, "Change-ringing", and "bells weigh more than a ton".
    *   The sentence "Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound..." clearly refers to the people performing the action of ringing the bells.

    *   Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw..." - Irrelevant.

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `begin`
    *   Target surface form: `begin`
    *   Context: "...Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: `take the first step or steps in carrying out an action` (Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out; Example: "We began working at dawn")
    *   Sense 2: `have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense` (Synonyms: start; Example: "The DMZ begins right over the hill")
    *   Sense 3: `set in motion, cause to start` (Synonyms: lead off, start, commence; Example: "The U.S. started a war")
    *   Sense 4: `begin to speak or say` (Example: "Now listen, friends")
    *   Sense 5: `be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series` (Example: "The number 'one' begins the sequence")
    *   Sense 6: `have a beginning, of a temporal event` (Example: "WW II began in 1939")
    *   Sense 7: `have a beginning characterized in some specified way` (Example: "The novel begins with a murder")
    *   Sense 8: `begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object` (Example: "begin a cigar")
    *   Sense 9: `achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative` (Example: "doesn't even begin to deal with the problem")
    *   Sense 10: `begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language` (Example: "She began Russian")

    *   The sentence is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   The subject is "the ringers".
    *   The action is "varying the order".
    *   The ringers are starting to perform the action of varying the order.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action".

    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (Example: "We began working at dawn"). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start". This usually implies a transitive use where the subject causes *something else* to start (e.g., "The U.S. started a war"). In the target sentence, "begin" is used as an intransitive verb followed by a gerund ("varying"), or as a transitive verb where the object is the action they are performing. Actually, "begin varying" is a common construction where "begin" means to start doing something.
    *   Sense 2, 5, 6, 7: These describe the *beginning* of something (the subject is the thing that begins), not the *act* of starting.
    *   Sense 4, 8, 9, 10: These are too specific (speaking, cigars, degree of accomplishment, languages).

    *   "the ringers begin varying the order"
    *   This is equivalent to "the ringers start varying the order".
    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". This is the most accurate description of the ringers starting the process of varying the order.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vary
Target surface form: varying
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather
4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `vary`
    *   Target surface form: `varying`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: `become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence` (Intransitive/Linking: "her mood changes").
    *   Sense 2: `be at variance with; be out of line with` (Intransitive: "deviate, diverge").
    *   Sense 3: `be subject to change in accordance with a variable` (Intransitive: "Prices vary").
    *   Sense 4: `make something more diverse and varied` (Transitive: "Vary the menu").

    *   The sentence is: "...the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   Here, "varying" is used transitively. The object is "the order in which the bells sound".
    *   The ringers are actively changing the order to create diversity/variation in the sequence.

    *   Sense 1: Intransitive (become different).
    *   Sense 2: Intransitive (be at variance).
    *   Sense 3: Intransitive (be subject to change).
    *   Sense 4: Transitive (make something more diverse and varied).

    *   The usage in the text is transitive ("varying the order").
    *   Sense 4 is the only transitive sense provided.

    *   Sense 4: "make something more diverse and varied" (Synonyms: variegate, motley; Example: "Vary the menu").
    *   In the context of change-ringing, the ringers are changing the sequence (the order) to create a variety of patterns. This fits the definition of making the order diverse/varied.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: order
Target surface form: order
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: | definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: | definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: | definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: | definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: | definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: | definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: | definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: | definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: | definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: | definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "order"
    *   Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Meaning: The sequence or arrangement in which the bells are rung.

    *   1: Command from superior (military/law enforcement). (Incorrect)
    *   2: Degree in a continuum of size/quantity (order of magnitude). (Incorrect)
    *   3: Established customary state (law and order). (Incorrect)
    *   4: Logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements (ordering, ordination). Example: "inverse order of their presentation". (Strong candidate)
    *   5: Condition of regular or proper arrangement (orderliness). (Incorrect)
    *   6: Legally binding command (court order). (Incorrect)
    *   7: Commercial document (purchase order). (Incorrect)
    *   8: Formal association of people (club/society). (Incorrect)
    *   9: Body of rules (parliamentary procedure). (Incorrect)
    *   10: Rank of clergyman (Holy Order). (Incorrect)
    *   11: Group living under religious rule (monastic order). (Incorrect)
    *   12: Taxonomic group (biology). (Incorrect)
    *   13: Request for something to be served/supplied. (Incorrect)
    *   14: Architecture style (Greek columns). (Incorrect)
    *   15: The *act* of putting things in a sequential arrangement (ordering). (Incorrect - the context refers to the *result* or the *sequence itself*, not the act of arranging).

    *   Sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements". Example: "inverse order of their presentation".
    *   Context: "varying the order in which the bells sound".
    *   This matches perfectly. The "order" here is the sequence/arrangement of the bells sounding.

    *   Sense 15 is the *act* of ordering.
    *   Sense 4 is the *arrangement* itself.
    *   The sentence says "varying the order", meaning they are changing the sequence. This refers to the arrangement (Sense 4).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses church bells, change-ringing, physical dexterity, bells weighing more than a ton, and the order in which they sound.

    *   1: `bell%1:06:00::` - a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.
    *   2: `bell%1:06:02::` - a push button at an outer door (doorbell).
    *   3: `bell%1:11:00::` - the sound of a bell being struck (toll).
    *   4: `bell%1:28:00::` - nautical time units.
    *   5: `bell%1:25:00::` - the shape of a bell.
    *   6: `bell%1:18:02::` - Melville Bell (person).
    *   7: `bell%1:18:01::` - Vanessa Bell (person).
    *   8: `bell%1:18:00::` - Alexander Graham Bell (person).
    *   9: `bell%1:06:04::` - a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells (orchestral).
    *   10: `bell%1:06:03::` - the flared opening of a tubular device.

    *   The context refers to "church bells," "ringers," "weigh more than a ton," and "varying the order in which the bells sound."
    *   This clearly refers to the physical objects (the hollow metal devices) used in church towers.
    *   Sense 1 describes "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."
    *   Sense 3 describes the *sound* of the bell. While the sentence says "the order in which the bells sound," it refers to the objects themselves producing the sound, not the sound itself as the subject of the order (you vary the order of the bells, not the order of the sounds, although they are closely linked). However, "the bells sound" usually means the objects are making noise.
    *   Sense 9 refers to an orchestral percussion instrument (like tubular bells or a glockenspiel), which is not what church bells are.

    *   The sentence "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound" refers to the physical bells being rung in a specific sequence.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of a church bell.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `sound`
    *   Target surface form: `sound`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `appear in a certain way` (e.g., "This sounds interesting")
        2.  `make a certain noise or sound` (e.g., "The gun went 'bang'")
        3.  `give off a certain sound or sounds` (e.g., "This record sounds scratchy")
        4.  `announce by means of a sound` (e.g., "sound the alarm")
        5.  `utter with vibrating vocal chords` (e.g., voice, vocalize)
        6.  `cause to sound` (e.g., "sound the bell")
        7.  `measure the depth of (a body of water)` (e.g., fathom)

    *   The sentence is: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   The subject is "the bells".
    *   The action is "sound".
    *   The context is about change-ringing (ringing church bells in a specific order).
    *   The bells are the things producing the noise.

    *   Sense 1: "appear in a certain way" (Incorrect - not about perception/impression).
    *   Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" (Possible - bells make a noise).
    *   Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" (Possible - bells give off sound).
    *   Sense 4: "announce by means of a sound" (Incorrect - the bells aren't announcing something specific like an alarm here, they are playing tunes/changes).
    *   Sense 5: "utter with vibrating vocal chords" (Incorrect - bells don't have vocal chords).
    *   Sense 6: "cause to sound" (Incorrect - the bells are the subject, not the object being sounded. The ringers cause the bells to sound, but the bells themselves *sound*).
    *   Sense 7: "measure the depth of (a body of water)" (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 2: `make a certain noise or sound` (Synonym: `go`). Example: "The gun went 'bang'".
    *   Sense 3: `give off a certain sound or sounds`. Example: "This record sounds scratchy".

    Wait, let's look closer at Sense 2 and Sense 3.
    Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" (often used with a specific sound described, like 'bang').
    Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" (often used to describe the quality of the sound, like 'scratchy').

    In the context "...the order in which the bells sound...", it means the order in which they produce their sound.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
    Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" (e.g., "The gun went 'bang'").
    Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" (e.g., "This record sounds scratchy").

    Actually, looking at the WordNet structure (if I recall correctly), "sound" as an intransitive verb meaning "to emit sound" is often mapped to "make a noise".

    Let's look at the sentence again: "...varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    This means the order in which they emit their sound.

    Is it Sense 2 or Sense 3?
    Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound"
    Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds"

    Let's check the examples again.
    Sense 2: "She went 'Mmmmm'; The gun went 'bang'" (The synonym 'go' is key here).
    Sense 3: "This record sounds scratchy" (This is a linking verb usage: "The record is scratchy [to the ear]").

    Wait, "This record sounds scratchy" is a copular/linking verb usage (Sense 3).
    "The bells sound" in the context of the order they ring is not a copular usage. It's an active verb meaning "to emit sound".

    Let's re-examine Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound".
    If the bells "sound", they are making a noise.

    Let's look at Sense 6: "cause to sound". (Transitive). "The ringers sound the bells." But the sentence says "the bells sound".

    Is there another sense?
    Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound.
    Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds.

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds". Example: "This record sounds scratchy".
    Actually, "sounds scratchy" is a description of the quality.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "make a certain noise or sound". Example: "The gun went 'bang'".

    If the bells "sound" in a certain order, they are making their noise.

    Let's double-check the senses provided:
    1. appear in a certain way (copular)
    2. make a certain noise or sound (intransitive)
    3. give off a certain sound or sounds (copular/linking - "sounds scratchy")
    4. announce by means of a sound (transitive)
    5. utter with vibrating vocal chords (intransitive/transitive)
    6. cause to sound (transitive)
    7. measure depth (transitive)

    Wait, "This record sounds scratchy" (Sense 3) is very similar to "This sounds interesting" (Sense 1).
    Sense 1: "appear in a certain way"
    Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds"

    Let's re-read Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds".
    If a record "sounds scratchy", it is giving off a scratchy sound.
    If a bell "sounds", it is giving off a sound.

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound".
    If a gun "goes bang", it makes a noise.

    In the context "the order in which the bells sound", it means the order in which they emit their sound. This fits "make a certain noise or sound" or "give off a certain sound or sounds".

    Let's look at the difference between Sense 2 and Sense 3 again.
    Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound. (Synonym: go).
    Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds. (Example: This record sounds scratchy).

    Actually, in many WordNet versions:
    - sound (v) - to emit sound.
    - sound (v) - to seem (copular).

    Looking at the provided options:
    Sense 1: appear in a certain way (copular)
    Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound (intransitive)
    Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds (copular/linking)

    Wait, "This record sounds scratchy" is a copular usage. "The record sounds [like it is] scratchy".
    "The bells sound" (in a certain order) is not copular. It's the action of emitting sound.

    Therefore, Sense 2 ("make a certain noise or sound") is the most likely fit for the action of the bells ringing.

    Let's double-check Sense 6: "cause to sound".
    "the order in which the bells sound"
    Could "sound" be passive here? "the order in which the bells [are] sound[ed]"?
    No, the sentence is "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm...".
    It's "the bells sound", not "the bells are sounded".

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "make a certain noise or sound".
    If the bells sound, they make a noise.

    Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 one more time.
    Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound.
    Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds.

    If Sense 3's example is "This record sounds scratchy", that's a description of the sound's quality.
    If Sense 2's example is "The gun went 'bang'", that's the act of making the sound.

    The bells "sounding" in a certain order is the act of making the sound.

    Wait, let me search for "bells sound" in a dictionary.
    "The bells sound every hour." (They make a noise).

    Let's re-verify Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound".
    This seems the most accurate for the act of emitting sound.

    Wait, let me look at the senses again.
    Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
    Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy

    Actually, "This record sounds scratchy" is almost identical in meaning to "This sounds interesting" (Sense 1), but specifically about the *sound* produced.

    If the bells "sound", they are making a noise. Sense 2 fits best.

    Wait, let me think about Sense 6 again: "cause to sound".
    "the order in which the bells sound"
    In the context of bells, "to sound a bell" means to ring it.
    Could "the bells sound" be an ergative use of the transitive "sound" (meaning "to ring")?
    (e.g., "The bell sounds" = "Someone sounds the bell").
    If so, Sense 6 ("cause to sound") might be the root, but the usage here is intransitive.

    However, Sense 2 is explicitly intransitive ("make a certain noise or sound").

    Let's re-read: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound".
    This means the order in which the bells emit their sound.

    Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound.
    Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 2: "The gun went 'bang'"
    Sense 3: "This record sounds scratchy"

    "The bells sound" is more like "The gun went bang" (they make a noise) than "The record sounds scratchy" (the noise has a certain quality).

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 again. "give off a certain sound or sounds".
    If a bell sounds, it gives off a sound.
    But the example "This record sounds scratchy" strongly suggests a copular usage (linking the subject to an adjective).

    Let's check Sense 2 again. "make a certain noise or sound".
    This is the standard intransitive use.

    Final check:
    Context: "...the order in which the bells sound..."
    Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound.
    Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds (Example: "This record sounds scratchy").
    Sense 6: cause to sound (Example: "sound the bell").

    The bells are the ones making the noise. Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `alter`
    *   Target surface form: `altering`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: `cause to change; make different; cause a transformation` (Synonyms: change, modify). Example: "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city."
    *   Sense 2: `become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence` (Synonyms: change, vary). Example: "her mood changes in accordance with the weather."
    *   Sense 3: `make an alteration to` (Example: "This dress needs to be altered"). This usually refers to clothing.
    *   Sense 4: `insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby` (Synonyms: interpolate, falsify).
    *   Sense 5: `remove the ovaries of` (Synonyms: neuter, spay, castrate).

    *   The sentence is: "...varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Here, "altering" means changing or modifying the rhythm.
    *   The ringers are changing the *order* of the bells, but they are *not* changing the *rhythm*.
    *   This is a transitive use of "altering" (altering the rhythm).

    *   Sense 1: `cause to change; make different; cause a transformation`. This fits perfectly. The ringers are (or are not) causing the rhythm to change.
    *   Sense 2: `become different`. This is intransitive (e.g., "the weather altered"). In the context, "altering the steady rhythm" is transitive.
    *   Sense 3: `make an alteration to` (specifically clothing). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: `insert words into texts`. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: `remove ovaries`. Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 is the general transitive sense of "change" or "modify".
    *   Sense 2 is the intransitive sense of "change".
    *   The context "altering the steady rhythm" is clearly transitive.

    *   Sense 1: "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation"
    *   Context: "without altering the steady rhythm" -> "without causing the steady rhythm to change".
    *   This matches Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `steady`
    *   Target surface form: `steady`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: `not subject to change or variation especially in behavior` (Example: "a steady beat", "a steady job").
    *   Sense 2: `not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall` (Synonyms: firm, unfluctuating; Example: "stocks are still firm").
    *   Sense 3: `securely in position; not shaky` (Example: "held the ladder steady").
    *   Sense 4: `marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable` (Synonyms: firm, steadfast; Example: "firm convictions").
    *   Sense 5: `relating to a person who does something regularly` (Synonyms: regular; Example: "a regular customer").
    *   Sense 6: `not easily excited or upset` (Example: "steady nerves").

    *   The word "steady" modifies "rhythm of the striking".
    *   A "steady rhythm" means a rhythm that is constant, regular, and does not change in tempo or beat.
    *   Looking at the candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" (Example: "a steady beat"). This fits perfectly. A rhythm is essentially a beat.
        *   Sense 2: "not liable to fluctuate" (Example: "stocks are still firm"). While similar, Sense 1's example "a steady beat" is a direct match for "steady rhythm".
        *   Sense 3: "securely in position; not shaky". Not applicable to rhythm.
        *   Sense 4: "firm determination". Not applicable to rhythm.
        *   Sense 5: "regular customer". Not applicable to rhythm.
        *   Sense 6: "not easily excited". Not applicable to rhythm.

    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "a steady beat" in its examples.
    *   The context "steady rhythm of the striking" is synonymous with "steady beat".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rhythm`
    *   Target surface form: `rhythm`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `rhythm%1:10:01::`: the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music (beat, musical rhythm).
        2.  `rhythm%1:07:01::`: recurring at regular intervals (regular recurrence).
        3.  `rhythm%1:28:00::`: an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs (cycle, round).
        4.  `rhythm%1:10:00::`: the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements (speech rhythm).
        5.  `rhythm%1:04:00::`: natural family planning (rhythm method).

    *   The context describes "change-ringing" of church bells.
    *   The sentence says: "...varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   This refers to the timing/beat of the bells striking.

    *   Sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" (beat, musical rhythm). This fits well because bell ringing is a musical activity and "steady rhythm" often refers to the beat.
    *   Sense 2: "recurring at regular intervals" (regular recurrence). This is more of an adjective-like definition or a general property.
    *   Sense 3: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs" (cycle, round). This refers to a cycle (like seasons), not the beat of music.
    *   Sense 4: "arrangement of spoken words" (speech rhythm). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "natural family planning". Not applicable.

    *   The context is about the "striking" of bells.
    *   "Steady rhythm" in the context of music or percussion (like bells) almost always refers to the beat or the timing of the notes.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" and synonyms "beat, musical rhythm".

    *   Sense 1: Musical beat.
    *   Sense 2: Regular recurrence (general).
    *   Sense 3: Cycle.
    *   Sense 4: Speech rhythm.
    *   Sense 5: Birth control.

    The context "steady rhythm of the striking" clearly points to the musical beat.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 2: "recurring at regular intervals".
    *   Sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music".
    *   In the context of bell ringing, the "steady rhythm" is the constant beat that the ringers maintain while changing the order of the bells. This is a musical beat.

    *   Sense 1: `rhythm%1:10:01::` (beat, musical rhythm)
    *   Sense 2: `rhythm%1:07:01::` (regular recurrence)
    *   Sense 1 is more specific to the musical context of the bells.

    *   "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking"
    *   This means the timing between the strikes remains constant.
    *   Sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" / "beat".
    *   Sense 2: "recurring at regular intervals".
    *   Usually, "rhythm" as a noun meaning "the beat" is Sense 1. Sense 2 is often used for things like "the rhythm of the tides" or "the rhythm of the heart" (though those can also be cycles). However, the WordNet gloss for Sense 1 specifically mentions "musical rhythm" and "beat".

    *   Sense 1: `rhythm%1:10:01::`
    *   Sense 2: `rhythm%1:07:01::`
    *   Looking at the provided options:
        1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01::
        2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01::
        3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00::
        4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00::
        5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00::

    The most precise fit for "steady rhythm of the striking" in a musical context is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `striking`
    *   Target surface form: `striking`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `striking%1:11:00::`: the physical coming together of two or more things (synonyms: contact, impinging).
        2.  `striking%1:04:00::`: the act of contacting one thing with another (synonyms: hit, hitting).

    *   The context is about church bells and change-ringing.
    *   "the steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the act of the clapper hitting the bell (or the hammer hitting the bell) to produce sound.
    *   It describes the *action* or *process* of hitting the bell to create the sound, rather than the *event* of contact itself.

    *   Sense 1: "the physical coming together of two or more things" (contact). This is more about the state or the specific instance of contact (e.g., "contact with the pier").
    *   Sense 2: "the act of contacting one thing with another" (hit, hitting). This describes the action of striking something.

    *   In the phrase "rhythm of the striking," "striking" refers to the repeated action of hitting the bells.
    *   Sense 2 ("the act of contacting one thing with another") fits better as it describes the repetitive action (hitting) that creates a rhythm.

    *   Sense 1: contact, impinging.
    *   Sense 2: hit, hitting.
    *   "Rhythm of the hitting" makes more sense than "rhythm of the contact" in the context of playing an instrument (bells).

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.