[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `last`
    *   Target surface form: `last`
    *   Context: "When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   Target word: `last` (modifying "winter")

    *   Sense 1: `immediately past` (e.g., "last Thursday", "the last chapter we read")
    *   Sense 2: `coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining` (e.g., "the last time I saw Paris", "the last day of the month")
    *   Sense 3: `occurring at or forming an end or termination` (e.g., "his concluding words", "the final chapter")
    *   Sense 4: `most unlikely or unsuitable` (e.g., "the last person we would have suspected")
    *   Sense 5: `occurring at the time of death` (e.g., "his last words")
    *   Sense 6: `conclusive in a process or progression` (e.g., "the final answer", "a last resort")
    *   Sense 7: `highest in extent or degree` (e.g., "to the last measure of human endurance")
    *   Sense 8: `not to be altered or undone` (e.g., "the judge's decision is final")
    *   Sense 9: `lowest in rank or importance` (e.g., "last prize")

    *   The phrase is "last winter".
    *   In this context, "last winter" refers to the winter immediately preceding the current time of the narrative's reference point.
    *   This matches the definition of "immediately past".

    *   Sense 1: "immediately past" (Example: "last Thursday"). This is a perfect match for "last winter".
    *   Sense 2: "coming after all others in time..." (Example: "the last day of the month"). This refers to the final one in a sequence, not the most recent one.
    *   Sense 3: "occurring at or forming an end..." (Example: "the final chapter"). This refers to the end of a sequence.

    *   "last winter" = the winter that just happened (immediately past).
    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "dubious"
    *   Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   Candidate Senses:
        1.  `uncertain:02`: fraught with uncertainty or doubt (e.g., "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"). This often refers to the *situation* or *outcome* being uncertain.
        2.  `questionable:00`: open to doubt or suspicion (e.g., "the candidate's doubtful past"). This refers to the *object* being suspect.
        3.  `unconvinced:00`: not convinced (e.g., "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"). This refers to the *person's state of mind*.

    *   The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over."
    *   The subject is "Dr. Vogelstein" (a person).
    *   The phrase "dubious that..." indicates his internal state of belief/conviction.
    *   The following sentence says, "His doubts stemmed from...", confirming that the "dubious" state refers to his lack of conviction or certainty.

    *   Sense 1 (`uncertain:02`): "fraught with uncertainty or doubt". Example: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold". This is close, but "doubtful" here often means "unlikely" or "uncertain".
    *   Sense 2 (`questionable:00`): "open to doubt or suspicion". This describes a thing (e.g., a record, a past), not a person's feeling.
    *   Sense 3 (`unconvinced:00`): "not convinced". This describes a person's state of mind.

    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" $\approx$ "Dr. Vogelstein was not convinced that the search was over."
    *   This fits Sense 3 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (This is very similar to "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over").
    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: `uncertain:02` - "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
    *   Sense 3: `unconvinced:00` - "not convinced".
    *   In "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over", is he "uncertain" or "unconvinced"?
    *   The text says "His doubts stemmed from the fact that...".
    *   If someone is "dubious that X is true", they are generally "unconvinced" of X.
    *   Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold". This is almost identical in structure to "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over".
    *   However, "unconvinced" (Sense 3) is a more precise description of a person's mental state when they don't believe something.
    *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy if possible (mentally). "Dubious" as "unconvinced" is a common usage for people. "Dubious" as "questionable" is for things. "Dubious" as "uncertain" can be for situations.
    *   Actually, looking at the examples again:
        Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (uncertainty about a future event).
        Sense 3: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" (lack of conviction despite evidence).
    *   In the context, Dr. Vogelstein found the DNA piece, but he wasn't sure if that meant the search was *over* because he knew about p53. He was not convinced that the discovery was the final answer. This aligns well with "unconvinced".

    *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
    *   Sense 3: "not convinced".
    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   If we replace "dubious" with "unconvinced": "Dr. Vogelstein was unconvinced that the search was over." (Perfect fit).
    *   If we replace "dubious" with "uncertain": "Dr. Vogelstein was uncertain that the search was over." (Also fits, but "unconvinced" captures the "doubt" aspect better).
    *   Wait, the example for Sense 1 "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" is almost a perfect syntactic match. But "doubtful" in that sense often means "it is unlikely".
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 3 again: "not convinced". This is the most direct synonym for a person feeling dubious about a claim or a conclusion.

    *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (often used for the situation: "the outcome is dubious").
    *   Sense 3: "not convinced" (used for the person: "he is dubious").
    *   The target is "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious". This is a person.

    *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold". (Wait, this example *is* a person).
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "not convinced".
    *   If Dr. Vogelstein is "dubious that the search was over", he is not convinced that the search was over.
    *   The distinction between "uncertain" and "unconvinced" is subtle. "Uncertain" is more about not knowing; "unconvinced" is more about not believing.
    *   "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." suggests he had a reason to not believe the search was over. This points strongly to "unconvinced".

    *   Sense 1: `uncertain:02`
    *   Sense 2: `questionable:00`
    *   Sense 3: `unconvinced:00`
    *   The most precise fit for a person who has doubts about a conclusion is "unconvinced".

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `search`
    *   Target surface form: `search`
    *   Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over."
    *   Surrounding context: Researchers were looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells on chromosome 17. They were using gene probes and "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17".

    *   Sense 1: `search%1:04:00::` - the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone (synonyms: hunt, hunting).
    *   Sense 2: `search%1:04:02::` - an investigation seeking answers (examples: a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search).
    *   Sense 3: `search%1:22:00::` - an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property (synonyms: lookup).
    *   Sense 4: `search%1:09:00::` - the examination of alternative hypotheses (examples: his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful).
    *   Sense 5: `search%1:04:01::` - boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas.

    *   The researchers are looking for a specific piece of DNA (the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells).
    *   This is a scientific investigation/quest to identify a specific gene.
    *   Sense 1 (looking thoroughly to find something) fits well.
    *   Sense 2 (an investigation seeking answers) also fits well.
    *   Sense 3 (lookup/computer operation) is too technical/narrow.
    *   Sense 4 (alternative hypotheses) is more about logic/strategy (like chess).
    *   Sense 5 (ships) is irrelevant.

    *   Sense 1: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone"
    *   Sense 2: "an investigation seeking answers"
    *   The context says they were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material". This is a physical/biological search for a specific entity (a piece of DNA).
    *   While it is an "investigation seeking answers" (Sense 2), the primary action described is "looking for" a specific thing (the gene/DNA piece).
    *   In many WordNet-based disambiguation tasks, "search" as in "searching for a cure" or "searching for a gene" often maps to the general activity of looking for something (Sense 1) or the investigation (Sense 2).
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing". This is very similar to "searching chromosome 17".
    *   However, Sense 1 is the most general "looking thoroughly in order to find something".
    *   Let's re-read: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material... When they found it... Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   The "search" refers back to the process of "looking for the smallest common bit".
    *   Sense 1: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something".
    *   Sense 2: "an investigation seeking answers".
    *   Is finding a gene "finding something" or "seeking an answer"? It's both. But the process described ("crawled down the length of chromosome 17") is a physical/methodological search for a specific target.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1 is often used for physical objects or specific targets. Sense 2 is often used for more abstract investigations or searching through records.
    *   Wait, "search of the ledgers" (Sense 2 example) is quite similar to "search of chromosome 17".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "hunt, hunting". "The hunt for the gene" is a very common phrase.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "an investigation seeking answers".
    *   In scientific contexts, "the search for [X]" (where X is a particle, a gene, a cure) is typically mapped to the general sense of looking for something.

    *   Sense 1: Looking for something (the gene).
    *   Sense 2: Investigation seeking answers (the identity of the gene).
    *   The text says "looking for the smallest common bit... When they found it... the search was over." This strongly links "search" to the act of "looking for" and "finding" the object. This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: activity of looking thoroughly to find something. (Fits: looking for the bit of genetic material).
    *   Sense 2: investigation seeking answers. (Fits: investigating which gene was responsible).
    *   Sense 1 is more direct given the phrasing "looking for... found it... search was over".

    *   Sense 1: search%1:04:00
    *   Sense 2: search%1:04:02
    *   Sense 3: search%1:22:00
    *   Sense 4: search%1:09:00
    *   Sense 5: search%1:04:01
    *   The index for Sense 1 is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `doubt`
    *   Target surface form: `doubts`
    *   Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `doubt%1:09:00::`: the state of being unsure of something (synonyms: uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness).
        2.  `doubt%1:07:00::`: uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something (synonyms: dubiousness, doubtfulness, question).

    *   The sentence says Dr. Vogelstein was "dubious that the search was over."
    *   "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   The "doubts" refer to his feeling of being unsure whether the search for the gene was actually finished, given the previous work by Arnold Levine.

    *   Sense 1: "the state of being unsure of something" (General state of uncertainty).
    *   Sense 2: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" (Specific uncertainty about a claim or fact).

    *   Dr. Vogelstein is unsure if the search is over. This is a state of being unsure (Sense 1).
    *   Is he questioning the *truth* or *factuality* of the search being over? Yes, in a way.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms.
        *   Sense 1: uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness.
        *   Sense 2: dubiousness, doubtfulness, question.
    *   The context "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" directly leads into "His doubts". "Dubious" is a synonym for both, but the state of being dubious is the state of being unsure.
    *   Sense 1 is a more general state of uncertainty. Sense 2 is specifically about the truth/factuality of something.
    *   "The search was over" is a proposition. He is unsure if that proposition is true.
    *   However, "the state of being unsure of something" (Sense 1) fits perfectly.
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 2: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something". Example: "the dubiousness of his claim".
    *   Is "the search was over" a claim? Yes.
    *   Is he uncertain about the truth of that claim? Yes.
    *   Wait, let's look at the distinction again.
    *   Sense 1: state of being unsure.
    *   Sense 2: uncertainty about truth/factuality.
    *   In many WordNet versions, `doubt%1:09:00` is the general state, and `doubt%1:07:00` is more about skepticism regarding a specific claim.
    *   The text says "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." This is a feeling of uncertainty. "His doubts" refers back to this feeling.
    *   Comparing "state of being unsure" vs "uncertainty about the truth".
    *   Usually, when someone "has doubts" about a conclusion or a situation, it's the state of being unsure (Sense 1). Sense 2 often refers to the *quality* of being doubtful (e.g., "the doubt of the evidence").
    *   Let's check the synonyms again. Sense 1: uncertainty, incertitude. Sense 2: question.
    *   "His doubts stemmed from..." -> "His uncertainty stemmed from..." (Sense 1) vs "His question stemmed from..." (Sense 2).
    *   "Uncertainty" (Sense 1) fits better here.

    *   Sense 1: state of being unsure.
    *   Sense 2: uncertainty about truth/factuality.
    *   The context is about a scientist's internal state of mind ("was dubious", "His doubts"). This points strongly to the state of being unsure.

    *   Sense 1: `doubt%1:09:00`
    *   Sense 2: `doubt%1:07:00`
    *   The context "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious... His doubts stemmed from..." describes his mental state of uncertainty. Sense 1 is the most direct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `stem`
    *   Target surface form: `stemmed`
    *   Context: "His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found..."
    *   Meaning: The doubts originated from or were caused by the fact that...

    *   Sense 1: `grow out of, have roots in, originate in` (Example: "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war") - This matches the context perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: `cause to point inward` (Example: "stem your skis") - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: `stop the flow of a liquid` (Example: "stem the tide") - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: `remove the stem from` (Example: "the words must be stemmed") - Not applicable.

    *   The word "stemmed" in "His doubts stemmed from the fact..." means the doubts originated from that fact. This aligns exactly with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `fact`
    *   Context: "His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Target surface form: `fact`

    *   Sense 1: `fact%1:09:01::` - a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. (Example: "collect all the facts of the case")
    *   Sense 2: `fact%1:10:01::` - a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. (Example: "supported his argument with an impressive array of facts")
    *   Sense 3: `fact%1:26:01::` - an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. (Example: "your fears have no basis in fact")
    *   Sense 4: `fact%1:09:02::` - a concept whose truth can be proved. (Example: "scientific hypotheses are not facts")

    *   The sentence says: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found... that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   The "fact" here refers to the occurrence/existence of Arnold Levine's discovery.
    *   It's not a "statement or assertion" (Sense 2) in the sense of a piece of rhetoric, but rather the reality/occurrence of the discovery itself.
    *   It's not a "concept whose truth can be proved" (Sense 4) in a philosophical or scientific classification sense.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
        *   Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred."
        *   Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed."
    *   In the phrase "the fact that [clause]", the word "fact" often introduces a known reality or a specific piece of information.
    *   Looking at the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that [Arnold Levine had found...]"
    *   This is referring to the *occurrence* of the discovery (an event known to have happened).

    *   Sense 1 is often used for "the facts of the case" (plural, specific details).
    *   Sense 3 is often used for "basis in fact" or "fact vs fiction" (the state of being real/true).
    *   However, in the construction "the fact that...", it usually refers to a specific piece of information or a known state of affairs.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred."
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed."
    *   The discovery by Arnold Levine is an event that happened. The "fact" is that this event occurred.
    *   Wait, "the fact that..." is a very common way to introduce a propositional fact.
    *   Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred."
    *   Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed."
    *   If we say "the fact that he is tall", is that an event (Sense 3) or a piece of information (Sense 1)? It's a piece of information.
    *   If we say "the fact that he won the race", is that an event (Sense 3) or a piece of information (Sense 1)? It's both, but "the fact that..." usually points to the *information* about the event.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "collect all the facts of the case" (pieces of information).
        *   Sense 3: "your fears have no basis in fact" (reality/truth).
    *   In "His doubts stemmed from the fact that...", the "fact" is the specific piece of information (the discovery by Levine).

    *   Sense 1: piece of information.
    *   Sense 2: statement/assertion.
    *   Sense 3: event/thing known to have existed.
    *   Sense 4: provable concept.

    The "fact" here is the reality that Arnold Levine had found something. This is a piece of information that Dr. Vogelstein is considering.

    Let's check Sense 1 again: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred". This fits perfectly. The event is Levine's discovery; the "fact" is the piece of information about that event.

    Let's check Sense 3 again: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed". While the discovery is an event, "the fact that..." usually refers to the *knowledge* or *information* about the event rather than the event itself.

    Comparing "the fact that [clause]" usage:
    In most linguistic corpora, "the fact that" introduces a complement clause that functions as a piece of information.

    Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
    Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"

    If the sentence was "The discovery was a fact," Sense 3 might be stronger. But "the fact that [clause]" almost always aligns with Sense 1 (the information).

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 1 vs Sense 3 in WordNet-style disambiguation tasks.
    Sense 1: `fact%1:09:01::` (piece of information)
    Sense 3: `fact%1:26:01::` (event known to have happened)

    Example for Sense 1: "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
    Example for Sense 3: "your fears have no basis in fact"

    In "His doubts stemmed from the fact that...", the "fact" is the specific piece of information (the discovery).

    Let's look at the context again: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found...".
    This is a piece of information that explains the source of his doubts.

    Sense 1 seems the most appropriate.

    *Self-Correction:* Let me re-read Sense 3. "an event known to have happened". The discovery *is* an event known to have happened. Is "the fact that..." referring to the event itself or the information about it?
    Usually, "the fact that" is used to nominalize a clause. The clause "several years earlier... Arnold Levine had found..." describes an event. So "the fact" refers to that event.

    Let's compare:
    1. "The fact that he died is sad." (The event of his death is sad / The information that he died is sad).
    2. "The facts of the case are clear." (The pieces of information are clear).

    In "His doubts stemmed from the fact that...", the "fact" is the reality/occurrence of the discovery.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
    This actually covers "the fact that [event occurred]".

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "an event known to have happened".
    If we replace "the fact" with "the event": "His doubts stemmed from the event that several years earlier... Arnold Levine had found...". This doesn't sound quite right. "The fact that" is a propositional phrase.

    Propositional facts are generally "pieces of information".

    Sense 1: piece of information.
    Sense 2: statement/assertion.
    Sense 3: event/thing.
    Sense 4: provable concept.

    The most fitting is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "several"
    *   Target surface form: "several"
    *   Context: "...His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `several%5:00:00:some:00`: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many.
        2.  `several%5:00:00:individual:00`: considered individually (synonyms: respective, various).
        3.  `several%5:00:00:different:00`: distinct and individual.

    *   The phrase is "several years earlier".
    *   "Years" is a count noun.
    *   "Several" here indicates a quantity of years (more than a few, but not a huge number).

    *   Sense 1: "of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many". This fits perfectly. "Several years" means a few years.
    *   Sense 2: "considered individually" (respective, various). "Respective years earlier" or "various years earlier" doesn't fit the meaning of a duration/time gap here.
    *   Sense 3: "distinct and individual". "Distinct and individual years earlier" doesn't fit the standard usage of "several years ago/earlier".

    *   The word "several" in "several years earlier" is clearly used as a quantifier meaning "more than two or three". This matches Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `year`
    *   Target surface form: `years`
    *   Context: "...His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `year%1:28:01::`: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (standard calendar year/duration).
        2.  `year%1:28:02::`: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year (e.g., school year).
        3.  `year%1:28:00::`: the period of time for a planet to revolve around the sun (astronomical).
        4.  `year%1:14:00::`: a body of students who graduate together (class).

    *   The phrase is "several years earlier".
    *   This refers to a duration of time passing between two events (the discovery by Dr. Vogelstein and the discovery by Arnold Levine).
    *   It is not referring to a school year, an astronomical revolution, or a graduating class.
    *   It refers to the standard unit of time (365/366 days).

    *   Sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year" (e.g., school year). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "the period of time that it takes for a planet... to make a complete revolution". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "a body of students who graduate together". Not applicable.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "earlier"
    *   Target surface form: "earlier"
    *   Context: "...His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `earlier%4:02:00::` (earlier in time; previously) - Synonyms: before.
        2.  `earlier%4:02:02::` (comparatives of 'soon' or 'early') - Synonyms: sooner.
        3.  `earlier%4:02:04::` (before now) - Synonyms: in the first place, in the beginning, originally.

    *   The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found..."
    *   "Several years earlier" refers to a point in time preceding the event previously mentioned (Dr. Vogelstein finding the deletion last winter).
    *   It means "previously" or "before that time".

    *   Sense 1: "earlier in time; previously". This fits perfectly. "Several years previously" or "several years before".
    *   Sense 2: "comparatives of 'soon' or 'early'". This usually refers to relative speed or timing (e.g., "come earlier"). While "earlier" is technically a comparative, in the phrase "several years earlier", it functions as an adverb of time meaning "previously".
    *   Sense 3: "before now" (in the first place, originally). This usually refers to the start of a sequence or a missed opportunity ("Why didn't you tell me earlier/in the first place?"). It doesn't fit the narrative timeline of "several years earlier" relative to a past event.

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate description of "earlier" when used to denote a point in time preceding another point in the past.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "...Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

    *   The sentence describes a researcher (Arnold Levine) conducting experiments with mice and arriving at a conclusion/discovery: "that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   This is a result of scientific investigation/experimentation.

    *   Sense 1: come upon by accident (Not accidental; it was an experiment).
    *   Sense 2: discover or determine existence/presence/fact (e.g., detect lead). (Close, but usually refers to detecting a physical thing).
    *   Sense 3: come upon after searching (e.g., find glasses). (Not looking for a lost object).
    *   Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain). (Very strong fit: "found in experiments... that...").
    *   Sense 5: come to believe on basis of emotion/intuition (Not the case).
    *   Sense 6: perceive or be contemporaneous with (Not the case).
    *   Sense 7: get something for a specific purpose (Not the case).
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding (e.g., Roentgen discovered X-rays). (Strong fit, but Sense 4 specifically mentions "experiment").
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (e.g., found that he had lied). (Strong fit, but Sense 4 is more specific to the scientific process).
    *   Sense 10: obtain through effort (e.g., found the time). (Not the case).
    *   Sense 11: decide and make a declaration (e.g., find guilty). (Not the case).
    *   Sense 12: receive a specified treatment (Not the case).
    *   Sense 13: perceive oneself to be in a condition (Not the case).
    *   Sense 14: recover the use of (Not the case).
    *   Sense 15: succeed in reaching (Not the case).
    *   Sense 16: find oneself (Not the case).

    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
    *   Sense 9: "make a discovery"

    The context says "found in experiments with mice that...". This matches the "establish after a... experiment" part of Sense 4 perfectly. Sense 8 and 9 are more general "discoveries." Sense 4 specifically links the finding to the process of investigation/experimentation.

    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
    *   Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" (though this example looks like Sense 8, the definition explicitly mentions "experiment").
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 9: "make a discovery" Example: "She found that he had lied to her".
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   The sentence "found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform..." is exactly establishing a fact through an experiment.

    *   Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding.
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery.

    The phrase "found in experiments... that [clause]" is a classic usage of Sense 4.

    *   Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.
    *   Context: "found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   This is a perfect match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `experiment`
    *   Target surface form: `experiments`
    *   Context: "...Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `experiment%1:04:00::`: the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation (synonym: experimentation).
        2.  `experiment%1:09:00::`: the testing of an idea (synonym: experimentation).
        3.  `experiment%1:04:01::`: a venture at something new or different.

    *   The context describes a scientific setting (Dr. Vogelstein, Johns Hopkins researchers, gene probes, chromosome 17, tumor cells, DNA, p53 gene, mice).
    *   The specific phrase is "found in experiments with mice".
    *   This refers to scientific research involving controlled tests on animals to observe a biological effect (p53 transforming cells).

    *   Sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation". This fits perfectly with scientific research using mice to test a hypothesis about a gene.
    *   Sense 2: "the testing of an idea". While scientific experiments test ideas, this sense is often broader or more metaphorical (e.g., "an experiment in living").
    *   Sense 3: "a venture at something new or different". This is more about trying something for the first time (e.g., growing a beard), not scientific methodology.

    *   Sense 1 is the most precise fit for scientific laboratory work involving controlled tests (mice, genes).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `mouse`
    *   Target surface form: `mice`
    *   Context: "...Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Small rodents (animals).
        2.  Swollen bruise (black eye).
        3.  Quiet or timid person.
        4.  Computer mouse.

    *   The context mentions "experiments with mice" in the context of genetic research (gene p53, cancer, cells).
    *   This clearly refers to the animal used in laboratory research.

    *   Sense 1: "any of numerous small rodents..." (Matches)
    *   Sense 2: "a swollen bruise..." (Does not match)
    *   Sense 3: "person who is quiet or timid" (Does not match)
    *   Sense 4: "a hand-operated electronic device..." (Does not match)

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `called`
    *   Context: "...a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Meaning: The gene is named "p53".

    *   Sense 1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to` (Synonym: `name`). Example: "They named their son David".
    *   Sense 2: `ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality`. Example: "He called me a bastard".
    *   Sense 3: `get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone`.
    *   Sense 4: `utter a sudden loud cry`.
    *   Sense 5: `order, request, or command to come`.
    *   Sense 6: `pay a brief visit`.
    *   Sense 7: `call a meeting`.
    *   Sense 8: `read aloud to check for omissions`.
    *   Sense 9: `send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.`.
    *   Sense 10: `utter a characteristic note or cry`.
    *   Sense 11: `stop or postpone because of adverse conditions`.
    *   Sense 12: `greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name`.
    *   Sense 13: `make a stop in a harbour`.
    *   Sense 14: `demand payment of (a loan)`.
    *   Sense 15: `make a demand, as for a card or a suit`.
    *   Sense 16: `give the calls for a square dance`.
    *   Sense 17: `indicate a decision in regard to`.
    *   Sense 18: `make a prediction about`.
    *   Sense 19: `require the presentation of for redemption`.
    *   Sense 20: `challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement`.
    *   Sense 21: `declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee`.
    *   Sense 22: `lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal`.
    *   Sense 23: `order or request or give a command for`.
    *   Sense 24: `order, summon, or request for a specific duty`.
    *   Sense 25: `utter in a loud voice or announce`.
    *   Sense 26: `challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of`.
    *   Sense 27: `consider or regard as being`.
    *   Sense 28: `rouse somebody from sleep`.

    *   The context "a gene called p53" means the gene is named "p53".
    *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" (Synonym: `name`). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". "p53" is a proper name for the gene, not a quality or a common noun describing a quality.
    *   Sense 27: "consider or regard as being". This is more about opinion (e.g., "I would not call her beautiful").

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `transform`
    *   Target surface form: `transform`
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Meaning: The gene p53 causes normal cells to change into cancerous cells.

    *   Sense 1: mathematical transformation (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: change or alter in form, appearance, or nature (General change)
    *   Sense 3: change in outward structure or looks (Metamorphosis, e.g., into a monster)
    *   Sense 4: change from one form or medium into another (e.g., collage into oil)
    *   Sense 5: convert energy (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA (Specific biological process: bacterial transformation)
    *   Sense 7: increase or decrease AC/voltage (Incorrect)

    *   The context is biological (cells becoming cancerous).
    *   Sense 6 is very specific to *bacterial* cells and the *introduction of DNA from another cell*. While the context mentions a gene (p53), it's talking about the *effect* of the gene (or its absence/mutation) causing a cell to become malignant (cancerous).
    *   Sense 2 is a general "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature".
    *   Sense 3 is "change in outward structure or looks" (metamorphosis).
    *   In oncology, "transformation" refers to the process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell. This is a change in the *nature* of the cell (from normal to malignant).

    *   Sense 6 is too narrow (bacterial transformation).
    *   Sense 3 is too focused on "outward structure or looks".
    *   Sense 2 ("change or alter in form, appearance, or nature") fits best as it covers the fundamental change in the nature of the cell.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 6: "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species". The context is about p53 (a human/mammalian gene) and colon cells. This is not bacterial transformation.
    *   Sense 2: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature". This is the most general and accurate description of a cell becoming cancerous.

    *   Sense 2: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature"
    *   Sense 3: "change in outward structure or looks"
    *   Sense 4: "change from one form or medium into another"
    *   The change from a normal cell to a cancerous cell is a change in nature/function. Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `normal`
    *   Target surface form: `normal`
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `normal%3:00:01::`: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
        2.  `normal%3:00:02::`: in accordance with scientific laws.
        3.  `normal%3:00:03::`: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
        4.  `normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00`: forming a right angle.

    *   The sentence discusses biological cells: "transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   In a biological/medical context, "normal cells" are those that are not diseased, mutated, or cancerous. They are the standard, healthy state of the cell.

    *   Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal." This fits well. A healthy cell is the "norm" or "standard" state, and a cancerous cell is "abnormal."
    *   Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws." This is too broad and doesn't fit the specific contrast between healthy and cancerous cells.
    *   Sense 3: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development." This refers to psychological or developmental norms (e.g., a "normal child"), not biological cell types.
    *   Sense 4: "forming a right angle." This is a geometric definition and completely irrelevant.

    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of "normal" when contrasted with "cancerous" or "abnormal" in a biological context.

    *   The target word "normal" describes cells that are not cancerous.
    *   Sense 1 defines "normal" as "not abnormal."
    *   Cancerous cells are abnormal cells.
    *   Therefore, normal cells are not abnormal cells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones."
    *   Surrounding context mentions: "colon cell", "malignancy", "chromosome 17", "genetic material", "tumor cells", "DNA", "gene", "cancerous".

    *   Sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
    *   Sense 2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...
    *   Sense 3: a device that delivers an electric current... (electric cell)
    *   Sense 4: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (cadre)
    *   Sense 5: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (cellphone)
    *   Sense 6: small room in which a monk or nun lives (cubicle)
    *   Sense 7: a room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell)

    *   The context is heavily biological/medical (genes, DNA, cancer, tumors, colon cell).
    *   The phrase "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" clearly refers to biological cells.
    *   Sense 2 is the biological definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancerous`
    *   Target surface form: `cancerous`
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02`: relating to or affected with cancer (e.g., "a cancerous growth").
        2.  `cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00`: like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (e.g., "remorse was cancerous within him").

    *   The context discusses Dr. Vogelstein, genes, chromosome 17, tumor cells, DNA, and p53.
    *   The specific phrase is "transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   This is clearly referring to biological cancer (malignancy) in cells, not a metaphorical "evil that grows and spreads."

    *   Sense 1: "relating to or affected with cancer" (Medical/Biological).
    *   Sense 2: "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads" (Metaphorical).

    *   The context is medical/biological. Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "one"
    *   Target surface form: "ones"
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `one%1:23:00::`: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number.
        2.  `one%1:09:00::`: a single person or thing.

    *   The sentence is: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   In this context, "ones" refers back to "cells".
    *   "Cancerous ones" means "cancerous cells".
    *   "Ones" is used here as a pronoun to avoid repeating the noun "cells".

    *   Sense 1: Refers to the number 1. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Refers to a single person or thing (used as a pronoun to replace a noun). (Correct)

    *   The word "ones" is the plural of "one" used as a pronoun referring to "cells".
    *   Sense 2 ("a single person or thing") fits this usage (the pronoun "one" referring to a thing/entity).