[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `teacher`
    *   Target surface form: `teachers`
    *   Context: "American education's future... 'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'... It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `teacher%1:18:00::`: a person whose occupation is teaching (synonym: instructor).
        2.  `teacher%1:09:00::`: a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books, experience).

    *   The context discusses "American education," "the education establishment," "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction," "personality development," "profession," and "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The word "teachers" refers to the people who work in the education system, who have a "profession," and who take college courses to become schoolteachers.
    *   This clearly refers to people whose occupation is teaching, not personified abstractions like books or experience.

    *   Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: a personified abstraction. (Does not match)

    *   The best sense is index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `profession`
    *   Target surface form: `profession`
    *   Context: "...It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

    *   Sense 1: `the body of people in a learned occupation` (e.g., "the medical profession").
    *   Sense 2: `an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)`.
    *   Sense 3: `an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion` (e.g., "a profession of disagreement").
    *   Sense 4: `affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith` (e.g., "a profession of Christianity").

    *   The sentence says: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The context is about teachers viewing their work/role.
    *   The phrase "self-definition as a 'profession'" suggests they are defining their *occupation* as a professional one (requiring special education/training).
    *   Is it the *body of people* (Sense 1) or the *occupation itself* (Sense 2)?
    *   "self-definition as a 'profession'" -> "We are a profession" (referring to the group) or "Teaching is a profession" (referring to the occupation).
    *   Looking at Sense 1: "the body of people in a learned occupation".
    *   Looking at Sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education".
    *   In the phrase "self-definition as a 'profession'", the teachers are defining *themselves* (the group) as a profession, or their *work* as a profession.
    *   Usually, when people say "Teaching is a profession," they mean Sense 2. When they say "The teaching profession," they mean Sense 1.
    *   Here, "self-definition as a 'profession'" implies they see their collective identity as belonging to a professional class or that their job meets the criteria of a profession.
    *   Let's re-read: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'..."
    *   If they define *themselves* as a profession, they are referring to the collective body (Sense 1). If they define their *work* as a profession, it's Sense 2.
    *   However, "profession" in the sense of "a learned occupation" (Sense 2) is the quality they are claiming.
    *   Let's compare:
        *   Sense 1: "the medical profession" (the people).
        *   Sense 2: "law is a profession" (the occupation).
    *   "self-definition as a 'profession'" -> They define their status/occupation as being a "profession".
    *   Wait, "self-definition as a 'profession'" is slightly awkward phrasing. It likely means they define their *collective identity* as a profession (Sense 1) or their *occupation* as a profession (Sense 2).
    *   Looking at the context: "...since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." This emphasizes the *requirement of special education*, which aligns perfectly with the definition of Sense 2 ("an occupation requiring special education").

    *   Sense 1: Body of people.
    *   Sense 2: The occupation itself.
    *   "self-definition as a 'profession'" -> They are defining their role/job as a profession.
    *   If I say "I define my work as a profession," I'm using Sense 2.
    *   If I say "We are a profession," I'm using Sense 1.
    *   The sentence says "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'". This is a bit ambiguous, but the justification ("since they will have passed courses...") points directly to the *criteria* for an occupation to be called a profession (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession" (The group).
    *   Sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education".
    *   The text is arguing that teachers *think* they are in a "profession" because they took specific courses. This is a claim about the *nature of the occupation*.

    *   Sense 1: The group of people.
    *   Sense 2: The type of job.
    *   "self-definition as a 'profession'" -> They define their status/job as a profession.
    *   Actually, in many contexts, these two are very close. But "an occupation requiring special education" (Sense 2) fits the "passed courses in..." justification better than "the body of people" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "the medical profession"
    *   Sense 2: "law is a profession"
    *   "self-definition as a 'profession'" -> "We are a profession" (Sense 1) or "Our work is a profession" (Sense 2).
    *   Given the phrasing "self-definition as a 'profession'", it's more likely they are defining their *collective identity* (the body of people) as a profession.
    *   Wait, let's look at the phrasing again: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'".
    *   If the "self-definition" is "a profession", then the teachers (plural) are being defined as "a profession" (singular). This strongly suggests the "body of people" (Sense 1).
    *   If it meant Sense 2, it would more likely be "self-definition of their work as a profession" or "self-definition as professionals".
    *   "Teachers [plural] ... self-definition as a 'profession' [singular]". This implies the group of teachers = a profession.

    *   Sense 1: the body of people in a learned occupation.
    *   Sense 2: an occupation requiring special education.
    *   If the teachers (the people) define themselves as "a profession", they are identifying as the "body of people in a learned occupation".

    *   "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The "since" clause explains *why* they can call themselves a profession. The requirement for a "profession" (Sense 2) is "special education".
    *   So, they are claiming their occupation meets the definition of Sense 2, which allows them to identify as the body of people in Sense 1.
    *   This is a classic WSD dilemma. Let's look at the most common usage. "The teaching profession" is Sense 1. "Teaching is a profession" is Sense 2.
    *   "self-definition as a 'profession'" -> "We are a profession". This sounds like Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession"
    *   Sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education"
    *   If the author is mocking the teachers' belief that they are "a profession" because they took a few courses, he is mocking their claim that their occupation fits the definition of Sense 2.
    *   However, the word "profession" in "self-definition as a 'profession'" refers to the category they are placing themselves into.
    *   Let's try to substitute:
        *   "...self-definition as [a body of people in a learned occupation]..."
        *   "...self-definition as [an occupation requiring special education]..."
    *   The second one doesn't make sense ("teachers... self-definition as an occupation"). Teachers are people, not occupations.
    *   Therefore, they must be defining themselves (the group) as "a profession" (the body of people).

    *   Sense 1: the body of people in a learned occupation.
    *   Sense 2: an occupation requiring special education.
    *   "Teachers [people] ... self-definition as a 'profession' [body of people]".
    *   This fits grammatically and logically.

    *   Sense 1: "the medical profession" (the group).
    *   Sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education" (the job).
    *   The sentence: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'".
    *   If you define yourself as "a profession", you are defining yourself as a member of that body of people.

    *   Wait, if I say "I am a doctor," I am a member of the medical profession.
    *   If the teachers say "We are a profession," they are saying "We are the body of people in a learned occupation."
    *   This points to Sense 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 14}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 14}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `pass`
    *   Target surface form: `passed`
    *   Context: "...since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Meaning: The teachers have successfully completed courses.

    *   1: go across or through (physical movement)
    *   2: move past (physical movement)
    *   3: make laws (legislation)
    *   4: pass by (time)
    *   5: place into hands (handing over)
    *   6: stretch out (distance/time)
    *   7: travel past (overtake)
    *   8: come to pass (happen)
    *   9: go unchallenged (approved)
    *   10: pass time (spend)
    *   11: pass over/across/through (guide)
    *   12: transmit information (communicate)
    *   13: disappear gradually (fade)
    *   14: go successfully through a test or a selection process (make it)
    *   15: be superior or better than some standard (exceed)
    *   16: accept or judge as acceptable (teacher passing a student)
    *   17: allow to go without comment (ignore)
    *   18: transfer to another (rights/property)
    *   19: pass into a state (sink/lapse)
    *   20: throw a ball
    *   21: be inherited by
    *   22: cause to pass (pass around)
    *   23: grant authorization
    *   24: die
    *   25: eliminate from body

    *   The context is "passed courses".
    *   Sense 14: "go successfully through a test or a selection process" (Example: "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam").
    *   Sense 16: "accept or judge as acceptable" (Example: "The teacher passed the student").
    *   Comparing 14 and 16: Sense 14 is about the person completing the requirement successfully. Sense 16 is about the evaluator granting the pass. In "they will have passed courses", the subject "they" (teachers) are the ones who successfully completed the courses. This aligns perfectly with Sense 14.

    *   Sense 14: "go successfully through a test or a selection process" -> "passed courses". This is the standard meaning of passing a course.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `course`
    *   Target surface form: `courses`
    *   Context: "...since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `course%1:04:01::`: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings (synonyms: course of study, course of instruction, class).
        2.  `course%1:14:00::`: a connected series of events or actions or developments.
        3.  `course%1:15:00::`: general line of orientation.
        4.  `course%1:04:00::`: a mode of action.
        5.  `course%1:17:00::`: a line or route along which something travels or moves.
        6.  `course%1:14:01::`: a body of students who are taught together.
        7.  `course%1:13:00::`: part of a meal served at one time.
        8.  `course%1:06:01::`: (construction) a layer of masonry.
        9.  `course%1:06:00::`: facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport.

    *   The context mentions "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" and "took such courses in college".
    *   This clearly refers to educational units or classes taken as part of a degree or study program.

    *   Sense 1: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" (synonyms: course of study, course of instruction, class). This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 6: "a body of students who are taught together" (synonyms: class, form, grade). While "class" is a synonym for both, "passed courses" refers to the curriculum/instruction, not the group of people.

    *   The best fit is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `educational`
    *   Target surface form: `educational`
    *   Context: "...since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `educational%3:01:00::`: relating to the process of education (Example: educational psychology)
        2.  `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`: providing knowledge (Example: an educational film)

    *   The target word `educational` appears in the phrases "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy".
    *   In these contexts, "educational" describes a field of study or a branch of psychology/philosophy that deals with the *process* of education.
    *   It does not mean that the psychology or philosophy itself is "providing knowledge" (instructive) in the way a film or a book is. Instead, it refers to the *subject matter* (the process of education).

    *   Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" (Example: educational psychology). This matches the context perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "providing knowledge" (Example: an educational film). This does not fit "educational psychology".

    *   The context "educational psychology" is explicitly listed as an example for Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `educational`
    *   Target surface form: `educational`
    *   Context: "...since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `educational%3:01:00::`: relating to the process of education (Example: educational psychology)
        2.  `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`: providing knowledge (Example: an educational film)

    *   The target word "educational" appears in the phrase "educational philosophy".
    *   The sentence discusses courses teachers take to define themselves as a "profession" (educational psychology and educational philosophy).
    *   "Educational philosophy" refers to the philosophy *of* education (the process, theory, and practice of educating), not a philosophy that *provides knowledge* (instructive).

    *   Sense 1: "relating to the process of education". This fits perfectly. "Educational psychology" is explicitly listed as an example. "Educational philosophy" is analogous to "educational psychology".
    *   Sense 2: "providing knowledge" (instructive). An "educational film" is instructive. "Educational philosophy" is not a philosophy that is "instructive" in the sense of providing knowledge to a student, but rather a field of study *about* education.

    *   The context "educational philosophy" aligns with "relating to the process of education".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: philosophy
Target surface form: philosophy
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `philosophy`
    *   Target surface form: `philosophy`
    *   Context: "...since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `philosophy%1:09:01::`: a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school (doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism).
        2.  `philosophy%1:09:00::`: the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics (the academic discipline).
        3.  `philosophy%1:09:02::`: any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation.

    *   The word "philosophy" appears in the phrase "educational philosophy," specifically as a subject of a college course ("passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy").
    *   "Educational philosophy" in an academic context refers to the study of the goals, forms, methods, and meaning of education. This is a branch of philosophy (the academic discipline) or a set of doctrines/systems of belief about education.

    *   Sense 2 (`philosophy%1:09:00::`) is the general academic discipline (rational investigation of existence, knowledge, ethics).
    *   Sense 1 (`philosophy%1:09:01::`) is a specific system of beliefs or a school of thought (doctrine, ism).
    *   Sense 3 (`philosophy%1:09:02::`) is a personal belief/approach.

    *   Is "educational philosophy" a *personal belief* (Sense 3)? No, it's a course of study.
    *   Is it the *general rational investigation* (Sense 2)? While it's a branch of that, "educational philosophy" as a course often focuses on the various *schools of thought* (perennialism, progressivism, etc.) that guide education.
    *   Wait, let's look at the context again: "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Usually, when referring to a college course in "Philosophy," it refers to the academic discipline (Sense 2). When referring to "Educational Philosophy," it's the application of that discipline to education.
    *   However, Sense 1 ("a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school") fits "educational philosophy" well if it refers to the various "isms" (like the "Progressive education" mentioned earlier in the text).
    *   Let's re-read: "Progressive education... is far more interesting... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The author is critiquing "Progressive education" as a specific "ism" or "doctrine." The courses in "educational philosophy" are the academic study of these doctrines.
    *   In WordNet, the academic discipline (Sense 2) is the overarching field. A specific "philosophy of X" (like educational philosophy) often falls under Sense 1 (a system of beliefs/school of thought) or Sense 2 (the study of).
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 again.
        *   Sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school" (synonyms: doctrine, school of thought).
        *   Sense 2: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics."
    *   "Educational philosophy" as a course is the study of the *philosophies* (systems of belief) of education.
    *   Usually, "Philosophy" (the subject) is Sense 2. "A philosophy" (a specific one) is Sense 1.
    *   In the phrase "courses in... educational philosophy," "educational philosophy" is the name of the field of study.
    *   If I say "I took a course in philosophy," I mean Sense 2.
    *   If I say "I took a course in educational philosophy," I am referring to the study of the philosophies of education.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism."
    *   The text mentions "Progressive education" (an ism/school of thought).
    *   However, the *course* itself is the study of the field.
    *   Let's check if "educational philosophy" is more commonly mapped to Sense 1 or Sense 2.
    *   Sense 2 is the broad discipline. Sense 1 is a specific system.
    *   "Educational philosophy" is a sub-discipline.
    *   Looking at the context: "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." This sounds like the academic study.
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school".
    *   If the author is being cynical about "Progressive education," he might be implying that these courses teach a specific *doctrine* (Sense 1) rather than the *rational investigation* (Sense 2).
    *   But "educational philosophy" as a course title almost always refers to the field of study.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 2: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics"
    *   Sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school"
    *   If you take a course in "Philosophy," you are studying the rational investigation (Sense 2).
    *   If you take a course in "Educational Philosophy," you are studying the rational investigation of education, OR you are studying the various systems of belief (Sense 1) regarding education.
    *   Actually, in many WordNet-based datasets, "philosophy" as a field of study (even a sub-field) is mapped to Sense 2.
    *   Let's double-check Sense 1: "doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism".
    *   The author mentions "Progressive education" (an ism). He says teachers feel like professionals because they took courses in "educational philosophy." This suggests the courses are the academic study of the field.

    *   Sense 1: A specific system (e.g., "The philosophy of Plato").
    *   Sense 2: The general study (e.g., "He is a professor of philosophy").
    *   "Educational philosophy" as a course is the study of the philosophies of education.
    *   Is "educational philosophy" a "system of beliefs" (Sense 1) or the "rational investigation" (Sense 2)?
    *   It's the study of the systems of beliefs.
    *   Usually, "courses in [Subject]" refers to the subject as a field of study.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most likely fit for the academic discipline.

    *   Wait, let me think about this again. "Educational philosophy" is not "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics" (Sense 2) in a general sense; it's a specific application.
    *   But Sense 1 is "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school."
    *   If the course is "Educational Philosophy," is the course *itself* a belief system? No. The course is *about* belief systems.
    *   But the *subject* "Educational Philosophy" can be seen as the study of those systems.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1 again: "doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism."
    *   If the author is implying that "educational philosophy" is just a fancy name for "Progressive education" (the ism), then Sense 1 might be better.
    *   "Progressive education... is far more interesting... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition... since they will have passed courses in... educational philosophy."
    *   This implies that the "educational philosophy" they studied is the "Progressive education" doctrine.
    *   If "educational philosophy" = "the doctrine of progressive education," then Sense 1 is the best fit.

    *   Sense 2 is the broad academic discipline.
    *   Sense 1 is a specific school of thought.
    *   The context links "Progressive education" (a school of thought) with the courses in "educational philosophy."
    *   The author is criticizing the "education establishment" and "Progressive education."
    *   He's saying that these courses give teachers a "superior self-definition" as professionals.
    *   This suggests the "philosophy" being taught is not the broad, rational investigation of ethics and knowledge (Sense 2), but rather a specific set of beliefs/doctrines (Sense 1) that support the "Progressive education" movement.

    *   Sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school"
    *   Sense 2: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics"
    *   In the context of "educational philosophy" as a course that supports a "superior self-definition" and is linked to "Progressive education," Sense 1 (a system of beliefs/doctrine) is a very strong candidate.
    *   However, "educational philosophy" is also the name of the academic field.
    *   Let's look at the phrase "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Psychology is a science (the study of the mind). Philosophy is the study of...
    *   If "educational psychology" is the study of how people learn, "educational philosophy" is the study of the goals and values of education.
    *   This study (the field) is Sense 2.
    *   But the *content* of that study, especially in the context of "Progressive education," is a set of doctrines (Sense 1).
    *   Let's re-read: "Progressive education... is far more interesting... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition... since they will have passed courses in... educational philosophy."
    *   The "educational philosophy" here is the academic subject. When we talk about a subject in school, we usually mean the field of study.
    *   Example: "I took a course in history." (History = the study of the past).
    *   Example: "I took a course in philosophy." (Philosophy = the study of existence, etc.).
    *   Example: "I took a course in educational philosophy." (Educational philosophy = the study of the philosophies of education).
    *   This points back to Sense 2.

    *   Sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school"
    *   Sense 2: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics"
    *   If the author means "the study of the philosophies of education," that's Sense 2.
    *   If the author means "the specific doctrine of progressive education," that's Sense 1.
    *   The sentence says "courses in... educational philosophy." You don't usually take a course in "a belief." You take a course in "a subject."
    *   The subject is "educational philosophy."
    *   Is the subject "educational philosophy" an instance of "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics"? Yes, it's a branch of it.
    *   Is the subject "educational philosophy" an instance of "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school"? No, the *subject* isn't a belief; the *content* of the subject is.

    *   Wait, let me search for how "educational philosophy" is typically disambiguated.
    *   In many cases, "philosophy of [X]" is treated as Sense 1 if it's a specific approach (e.g., "his philosophy of management") and Sense 2 if it's a formal field of study.
    *   "Educational philosophy" as a college course is a formal field of study.

    *   Sense 1: doctrine, school of thought, ism.
    *   Sense 2: the rational investigation...
    *   The author is talking about "Progressive education" (an ism).
    *   He says teachers feel professional because they took courses in "educational philosophy."
    *   He's contrasting "common sense" with "illusions" and "Progressive education."
    *   He's implying that "educational philosophy" is the academic veneer for the "Progressive education" ism.
    *   Even so, the *word* "philosophy" in "courses in educational philosophy" refers to the field of study.

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school".
    *   Could "educational philosophy" be seen as a "system of beliefs accepted as authoritative by [the education establishment]"?
    *   Yes, that fits the author's cynical tone perfectly. He's saying they aren't learning "rational investigation" (Sense 2), but rather a "system of beliefs" (Sense 1) that they've been told is authoritative.

    *   If the author is being literal: Sense 2 (the academic field).
    *   If the author is being critical: Sense 1 (the doctrine).
    *   "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The use of "profession" in quotes suggests he's questioning the validity of that professional status.
    *   This supports the idea that he's referring to the "philosophy" they learned as a mere doctrine (Sense 1) rather than a true rational investigation (Sense 2).

    *   Let's re-read the candidate senses one more time.
    *   1. a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school
    *   2. the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
    *   3. any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation

    *   If I have to choose the *single best* sense...
    *   "Educational philosophy" as a course is almost always the study of the philosophies of education.
    *   The study of the philosophies of education is a branch of the "rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics" (Sense 2).
    *   Even if the author thinks the *content* is just a doctrine, the *word* "philosophy" in the context of a college course refers to the field of study.

    *   Wait, let me think about "educational psychology." Psychology is the study of the mind. Educational psychology is the study of the mind as it relates to education.
    *   Similarly, philosophy is the study of existence/knowledge/ethics. Educational philosophy is the study of those things as they relate to education.
    *   This strongly points to Sense 2.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 again. "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school".
    *   If the author meant Sense 1, he would be saying "courses in [the doctrine of] educational philosophy."
    *   But "educational philosophy" is the name of the field.

    *   Let's consider the synonyms for Sense 1: "doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism."
    *   "Progressive education" is the "ism" (Sense 1).
    *   The courses in "educational philosophy" are where they learn this "ism."
    *   So the *course* is in the *field* (Sense 2), and the *content* is the *ism* (Sense 1).
    *   The target word is "philosophy" in "educational philosophy."
    *   In the phrase "courses in educational philosophy," "educational philosophy" is the name of the subject.
    *   The subject of philosophy is Sense 2.

    *   Let's search for "educational philosophy" in a WordNet context.
    *   Often, "philosophy of [X]" is mapped to Sense 1 if it's a specific set of beliefs.
    *   Example: "The philosophy of the company is to put the customer first." (Sense 1 or 3).
    *   Example: "He studied the philosophy of law." (Sense 2).
    *   "Educational philosophy" as a college course is like "the philosophy of law." It's the academic study.

    *   Wait, let me re-read the context one more time.
    *   "Progressive education... is far more interesting... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The author is contrasting "common sense" with "illusions" and "Progressive education."
    *   He's saying that the "profession" of teaching is based on these courses.
    *   If he's saying that "educational philosophy" is just another name for the "Progressive education" doctrine, then Sense 1 is more likely.
    *   But "educational philosophy" is a broad field that *includes* Progressive education, as well as Perennialism, Essentialism, etc.
    *   The author is saying that teachers *think* they are professionals because they've studied this field.

    *   Let's look at the options again.
    *   Sense 1: a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school
    *   Sense 2: the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
    *   Sense 3: any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation

    *   If the author is referring to the *academic discipline* (even a sub-discipline), it's Sense 2.
    *   If the author is referring to a *specific system of beliefs* (like the one taught in those courses), it's Sense 1.
    *   Given the phrase "courses in," the most natural interpretation is the academic discipline.

    *   Let's think about "educational psychology." Psychology is the study of the mind.
    *   "Educational philosophy" is the study of the philosophy of education.
    *   The study of philosophy is Sense 2.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 again. "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school".
    *   Could "educational philosophy" be a "system of beliefs"?
    *   Yes, "the philosophy of the school" or "the philosophy of the education board."
    *   But "courses in educational philosophy" refers to the subject.

    *   Let's compare:
        *   "He has a philosophy of education." (Sense 1 or 3)
        *   "He took a course in educational philosophy." (Sense 2)

    *   The context is "passed courses in... educational philosophy."
    *   This is almost certainly Sense 2.

    *   Wait, let me search for this specific text. It's from "The Case Against Progressive Education" or a similar critique.
    *   The author is arguing that "Progressive education" is a flawed *philosophy* (Sense 1).
    *   But in the specific sentence "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy," he is referring to the courses they took in college.
    *   These courses are in the *fields* of educational psychology and educational philosophy.
    *   The field of philosophy is Sense 2.

    *   Let's re-verify Sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism"
    *   If the author is saying that "educational philosophy" is just a fancy word for the "Progressive education" *doctrine*, then Sense 1 is the intended meaning.
    *   "Progressive education... is far more interesting... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition... since they will have passed courses in... educational philosophy."
    *   The structure is: [Progressive education] is interesting. [It] also provides teachers with a superior self-definition... since they will have passed courses in [educational philosophy].
    *   This strongly implies that "educational philosophy" is the academic name for the "Progressive education" doctrine.
    *   If "educational philosophy" = "the doctrine of progressive education," then Sense 1 is the best fit.

    *   Let's think about this. If I say "I took a course in Marxism," Marxism is a doctrine (Sense 1).
    *   If I say "I took a course in philosophy," philosophy is the field (Sense 2).
    *   Is "educational philosophy" more like "Marxism" (a specific doctrine) or "philosophy" (the general field)?
    *   In the context of a teacher's education, "Educational Philosophy" is a standard course. It's a field of study.
    *   However, the author is using it to explain why teachers think they are professionals. He's linking it to "Progressive education."
    *   This is a tough one. Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1 again: "doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism."
    *   "Progressive education" is an "ism."
    *   The author is saying that the "educational philosophy" they study is this "ism."

    *   Let's try to find similar examples in WordNet-based tasks.
    *   Usually, "philosophy" in "philosophy of [X]" is Sense 1 if it's a specific approach and Sense 2 if it's a formal study.
    *   "Educational philosophy" as a course is a formal study.

    *   Let's re-read the sentence one more time.
    *   "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The author is being sarcastic. He's saying that taking these courses makes them *feel* like professionals.
    *   The courses are in "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy."
    *   These are the names of the subjects.
    *   The subject of philosophy is Sense 2.

    *   Let's consider Sense 1 again. If the author meant Sense 1, he would be saying that "educational philosophy" is a "system of beliefs accepted as authoritative by some group or school."
    *   This actually fits the "education establishment" part of the text.
    *   "The education establishment will fight against common sense... 'Progressive education' is far more interesting... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition... since they will have passed courses in... educational philosophy."
    *   The "educational philosophy" is the "system of beliefs accepted as authoritative by [the education establishment]."

    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism."
    *   "Progressive education" is the "ism."
    *   The courses are in "educational philosophy."
    *   Is "educational philosophy" the "ism," or is it the *study* of the "ism"?
    *   If the course is *called* "Educational Philosophy," it's the study of the field.
    *   But the author is using it to refer to the *content* of the courses, which he believes is just the "Progressive education" doctrine.

    *   Let's think about "educational psychology." Psychology is the study of the mind.
    *   If the author is saying "educational psychology" is just a fancy name for some "ism," he's still using the name of the field.
    *   The most straightforward answer is that "educational philosophy" is the name of the academic field, which is a branch of philosophy (Sense 2).

    *   Let's double-check Sense 2: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics."
    *   Does "educational philosophy" fit this? Yes, it's the rational investigation of questions about education (which involves knowledge and ethics).

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school."
    *   Does "educational philosophy" fit this? Yes, if it's the specific set of beliefs taught by the "education establishment."

    *   Which is *better*?
    *   In the phrase "courses in [X]," [X] is almost always the name of the field of study.
    *   The field of study is Sense 2.

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it."
    *   These are personal beliefs. "Educational philosophy" as a college course is not a personal belief. So Sense 3 is out.

    *   Now, Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: doctrine, school of thought, ism.
    *   Sense 2: the rational investigation... (the academic discipline).
    *   "Educational philosophy" as a course is the academic discipline.
    *   The author's sarcasm doesn't change the fact that he's referring to the *name* of the course.
    *   If I say, "He thinks he's a scientist because he took a course in Biology," "Biology" is still the academic discipline (Sense 2), even if I'm mocking the person.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most likely answer.

    *   Wait, let me search for "educational philosophy" and "WordNet" one more time.
    *   Actually, looking at some other examples, "philosophy of [X]" is often mapped to Sense 1 when it refers to a specific approach.
    *   But "educational philosophy" as a *course* is different from "a philosophy of education."
    *   "A philosophy of education" = Sense 1.
    *   "Educational philosophy" (the subject) = Sense 2.

    *   Let's re-read: "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   This is definitely the subject.

    *   Let's double-check the synonyms for Sense 1 again: "doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism."
    *   If the author is saying that "educational philosophy" is just a "philosophical system" or "school of thought" (like Progressive education), then Sense 1 would be correct.
    *   But the phrase "courses in" strongly points to the academic discipline.

    *   Let's consider the possibility that "educational philosophy" is being used as a synonym for "Progressive education."
    *   "Progressive education... is far more interesting... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition... since they will have passed courses in... educational philosophy."
    *   If "educational philosophy" = "Progressive education," then it's an "ism" (Sense 1).
    *   But "educational philosophy" is the *name of the course* where they learn the "ism."
    *   The name of the course is the name of the field.

    *   Let's try to find this text online. It's from "The Case Against Progressive Education."
    *   The author is criticizing the *content* of the courses.
    *   But the *word* "philosophy" in "educational philosophy" still refers to the field of study.

    *   Let's think about this from a linguist's perspective.
    *   "Educational philosophy" is a compound noun.
    *   "Philosophy" is the head.
    *   In "educational philosophy," "philosophy" refers to the academic discipline of philosophy applied to education.
    *   This is Sense 2.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 one more time. "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school."
    *   If the author is saying that "educational philosophy" is the *name* of the system of beliefs, then Sense 1.
    *   But "educational philosophy" is the name of the *study* of such systems.

    *   Let's compare:
        *   "He studied philosophy." (Sense 2)
        *   "He studied the philosophy of the Enlightenment." (Sense 1)
        *   "He studied educational philosophy." (Sense 2)

    *   "Educational philosophy" is a general field, not a specific system like "the philosophy of the Enlightenment."
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: took
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself <t>took</t> such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 25}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 25}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `take`
    *   Target surface form: `took`
    *   Context: "I myself <t>took</t> such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."
    *   Meaning: The speaker attended or was a student in certain courses.

    *   1: carry out (take action) - No.
    *   2: require (time or space) - No.
    *   3: take somebody somewhere - No.
    *   4: get into one's hands - No.
    *   5: take on a certain form - No.
    *   6: interpret something - No.
    *   7: take something with oneself - No.
    *   8: take into one's possession - No.
    *   9: travel by means of transportation - No.
    *   10: pick out, select - No.
    *   11: receive willingly - No.
    *   12: assume positions or roles - No.
    *   13: take into consideration for exemplifying - No.
    *   14: require as useful/proper - No.
    *   15: experience or feel or submit to (Take a test) - Close, but "took courses" usually means being a student of them.
    *   16: make a film - No.
    *   17: remove something - No.
    *   18: consume regularly - No.
    *   19: accept or undergo unwillingly - No.
    *   20: make use of or accept for some purpose - No.
    *   21: take by force - No.
    *   22: occupy or take on (position) - No.
    *   23: admit into a group - No.
    *   24: ascertain by measuring - No.
    *   25: be a student of a certain subject (synonyms: learn, study, read; example: "She is reading for the bar exam") - This fits perfectly. "Took courses" means being a student of those courses.
    *   26: take as an undesirable consequence - No.
    *   27: head into a specified direction - No.
    *   28: point or cause to go towards - No.
    *   29: be seized or affected - No.
    *   30: have with oneself - No.
    *   31: engage for service (rent) - No.
    *   32: receive or obtain regularly (subscribe) - No.
    *   33: buy, select - No.
    *   34: get into a position of having (safety) - No.
    *   35: have sex with - No.
    *   36: lay claim to - No.
    *   37: be designed to hold - No.
    *   38: be capable of holding - No.
    *   39: develop a habit - No.
    *   40: proceed along in a vehicle - No.
    *   41: obtain by winning - No.
    *   42: be stricken by an illness - No.

    *   Sense 15: "experience or feel or submit to" (Example: "Take a test"). While taking a course involves taking tests, "taking a course" is more about the study/learning process.
    *   Sense 25: "be a student of a certain subject" (Synonyms: learn, study, read). This is the standard meaning of "taking a course" in an academic context.

    *   Context: "I myself took such courses in college..."
    *   Sense 25: "be a student of a certain subject"
    *   This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such <t>courses</t> in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `course`
    *   Target surface form: `courses`
    *   Context: "...since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such <t>courses</t> in college..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `course%1:04:01::`: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings (synonyms: course of study, course of instruction, class).
        2.  `course%1:14:00::`: a connected series of events or actions or developments.
        3.  `course%1:15:00::`: general line of orientation.
        4.  `course%1:04:00::`: a mode of action.
        5.  `course%1:17:00::`: a line or route along which something travels or moves.
        6.  `course%1:14:01::`: a body of students who are taught together.
        7.  `course%1:13:00::`: part of a meal served at one time.
        8.  `course%1:06:01::`: (construction) a layer of masonry.
        9.  `course%1:06:00::`: facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport.

    *   The context mentions "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" and "took such courses in college".
    *   This clearly refers to educational programs or classes.

    *   Sense 1: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" (synonyms: course of study, course of instruction, class). This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 6: "a body of students who are taught together" (synonyms: class, form, grade). While "class" is a synonym for both, the context "passed courses in [subject]" refers to the curriculum/instruction, not the group of students.

    *   The best fit is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: college
Target surface form: college
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in <t>college</t>, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=college%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of faculty and students of a college
2. sense_key=college%1:14:01:: | definition=an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university
3. sense_key=college%1:06:00:: | definition=a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "college"
    *   Target surface form: "college"
    *   Context: "I myself took such courses in <t>college</t>, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `college%1:14:00`: the body of faculty and students of a college (collective noun/people).
        2.  `college%1:14:01`: an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university (the institution/educational entity).
        3.  `college%1:06:00`: a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed (the physical location).

    *   The speaker says, "I myself took such courses in college".
    *   "Taking courses in college" typically refers to the period of time spent at an institution of higher education or the institution itself as an educational entity.
    *   It doesn't refer to the collective body of people (sense 1).
    *   While it could technically refer to the buildings (sense 3), in the context of "taking courses," it almost always refers to the institution/educational experience (sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: Body of faculty/students. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Institution of higher education. (Correct)
    *   Sense 3: Complex of buildings. (Incorrect)

    *   The most appropriate sense is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: thinking
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, <t>thinking</t> I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `think`
    *   Target surface form: `thinking`
    *   Context: "I myself took such courses in college, <t>thinking</t> I might end up a schoolteacher."

    *   The speaker took courses in college.
    *   The reason or accompanying thought was "I might end up a schoolteacher."
    *   This indicates a belief, expectation, or supposition about a future possibility.

    *   Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge (believe, consider, conceive). Example: "I think he is very smart." (More about current opinion/judgment).
    *   Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose (opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess). Example: "I thought to find her in a bad state." (Fits well with "thinking I might end up...").
    *   Sense 3: use or exercise the mind... to make inferences, decisions... (cogitate, cerebrate). (Too general).
    *   Sense 4: recall knowledge from memory. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 5: imagine or visualize. (Possible, but usually more about vivid imagery).
    *   Sense 6: focus one's attention on a certain state. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 7: have in mind as a purpose (intend, mean). (The speaker didn't necessarily *intend* to be a teacher as a goal, but rather *supposed* it might happen).
    *   Sense 8: decide by pondering. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 9: ponder; reflect on. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 10: dispose the mind in a certain way. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 11: have or formulate in the mind. (Too general).
    *   Sense 12: be capable of conscious thought. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 13: bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation. (Not applicable).

    *   The phrase "thinking I might end up a schoolteacher" means "believing" or "supposing" that this was a likely outcome.
    *   Sense 2 ("expect, believe, or suppose") aligns perfectly with this usage. The example "I thought to find her in a bad state" mirrors the structure of expecting a certain outcome or state.

    *   Sense 1 is more about a judgment of quality or identity ("I think he is smart").
    *   Sense 2 is more about a supposition or expectation ("I thought/think I might...").
    *   Sense 7 (intend) is close, but "thinking I might" usually denotes a belief about a possibility rather than a firm intention.

    *   Sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose".
    *   Context: "thinking I might end up a schoolteacher" -> "supposing I might end up a schoolteacher".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fairly
Target surface form: fairly
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all <t>fairly</t> be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fairly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a moderately sufficient extent or degree | synonyms=reasonably, moderately, pretty, jolly, somewhat, middling | examples=pretty big; pretty bad
2. sense_key=fairly%4:02:00:: | definition=without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner | synonyms=fair, evenhandedly | examples=deal fairly with one another
3. sense_key=fairly%4:02:03:: | definition=in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating | synonyms=fair, clean | examples=they played fairly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "fairly"
    *   Target surface form: "fairly"
    *   Context: "They could all <t>fairly</t> be described as 'pap' courses."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `fairly%4:02:02::`: to a moderately sufficient extent or degree (reasonably, moderately, pretty).
        2.  `fairly%4:02:00::`: without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner (fair, evenhandedly).
        3.  `fairly%4:02:03::`: in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating (fair, clean).

    *   The sentence is: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."
    *   "Pap" usually refers to something bland, soft, or simplistic (like baby food), often used metaphorically for simplistic or mindless content.
    *   The author is saying that it would be *accurate* or *justified* to describe these courses as "pap".
    *   Let's evaluate the senses:
        *   Sense 1 (moderately): "They could all moderately be described as 'pap' courses." (Doesn't fit well; the author isn't saying they are "pretty" described, but that the description is *justified*).
        *   Sense 2 (evenhanded/just): "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses." (Meaning: it is just, fair, or accurate to call them that).
        *   Sense 3 (rules/laws): "They could all in conformity with the rules be described as 'pap' courses." (Doesn't fit).

    *   Sense 2: "without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner". While the definition mentions "parties", the core meaning of "fairly" in "it is fair to say" or "could fairly be described as" is that the statement is just, accurate, or reasonable given the facts.
    *   Wait, let me re-examine the senses.
    *   Sense 1: moderately (e.g., "fairly large").
    *   Sense 2: evenhandedly (e.g., "deal fairly").
    *   Sense 3: without cheating (e.g., "played fairly").

    *   Is there another sense of "fairly" that means "justifiably" or "accurately"?
    *   In the phrase "could fairly be described as", "fairly" means "justly" or "reasonably".
    *   Looking at the provided senses again:
        1. moderately
        2. evenhandedly
        3. without fraud

    *   Comparing "evenhandedly" (Sense 2) with "moderately" (Sense 1) and "without fraud" (Sense 3).
    *   "Evenhandedly" is the closest to "justly" or "reasonably" in this context. If you describe something "fairly", you are doing so in a way that is just and not biased (evenhanded).

    *   "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."
    *   Does "fairly" here mean "moderately"? No.
    *   Does "fairly" here mean "without cheating"? No.
    *   Does "fairly" here mean "justly/reasonably"? Yes.
    *   Does "evenhandedly" (Sense 2) cover "justly/reasonably"? Yes, in the sense of being fair and unbiased in judgment.

    *   Sense 1: moderately (pretty)
    *   Sense 2: evenhandedly (fair)
    *   Sense 3: without fraud (clean)
    *   The usage "could fairly be described as" is a common idiom meaning "it is fair/just to describe them as". This aligns with Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: describe
Target surface form: described
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be <t>described</t> as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `describe`
    *   Target surface form: `described`
    *   Context: "They could all fairly be <t>described</t> as 'pap' courses."
    *   Meaning: The author is saying that the courses could be characterized or labeled as "pap" courses.

    *   Sense 1: `give a description of` (synonyms: depict, draw; example: elaborate plan of attack). This often refers to a detailed description or a visual depiction.
    *   Sense 2: `to give an account or representation of in words` (synonyms: report, account). This is the general use of describing something using words.
    *   Sense 3: `make a mark or lines on a surface` (synonyms: trace, draw, line, delineate). This is literal drawing/tracing.
    *   Sense 4: `identify as in botany or biology, for example` (synonyms: identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name). This is technical identification.

    *   The sentence "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses" means the courses can be characterized or labeled as such.
    *   Sense 1 (depict/draw) is more about detailed description or visual representation.
    *   Sense 2 (give an account or representation in words) fits best because the author is using words ("pap courses") to represent or characterize the courses.
    *   Sense 3 (mark/lines) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (botany/biology identification) is incorrect.

    *   Sense 2 is the most general sense of "describe" meaning to characterize or label something using words.

    *   Sense 1: "give a description of" (often more detailed or visual).
    *   Sense 2: "to give an account or representation of in words".
    *   In the context "described as 'pap' courses", the author is providing a representation/characterization in words.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again: "give a description of".
    *   Sense 2: "to give an account or representation of in words".
    *   Usually, "describe as [adjective/noun]" falls under the general sense of characterizing something in words.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1's synonyms are "depict, draw". Sense 2's synonyms are "report, account".
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet's structure (though not provided here, I'm recalling), "describe as" often maps to the general sense of characterizing.
    *   Let's re-read: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."
    *   This is a verbal representation. Sense 2 fits "representation of in words".

    *   Sense 1: give a description of (depict, draw)
    *   Sense 2: give an account or representation of in words (report, account)
    *   Sense 3: make a mark or lines (trace, draw)
    *   Sense 4: identify (botany/biology)

    Sense 2 is the most appropriate for "described as".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pap
Target surface form: pap
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "<t>pap</t> "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pap%1:10:00:: | definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas | synonyms=pablum
2. sense_key=pap%1:13:00:: | definition=a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders | synonyms=soft diet, spoon food
3. sense_key=pap%1:08:00:: | definition=the small projection of a mammary gland | synonyms=nipple, mammilla, mamilla, teat, tit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "pap"
    *   Target surface form: "pap"
    *   Context: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses." (Referring to courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy within the context of "progressive education").
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `pap%1:10:00::` - worthless or oversimplified ideas (synonym: pablum).
        2.  `pap%1:13:00::` - a diet that does not require chewing (synonym: soft diet, spoon food).
        3.  `pap%1:08:00::` - the small projection of a mammary gland (synonym: nipple).

    *   The author is criticizing "progressive education" and the courses associated with it (educational psychology and philosophy).
    *   The author describes these courses as "pap" courses.
    *   In this context, "pap" is used as an adjective (or noun used attributively) to describe the quality of the courses.
    *   The tone is critical, suggesting the courses are lacking in substance or are oversimplified/worthless.

    *   Sense 1: "worthless or oversimplified ideas" (pablum). This fits perfectly with the critical tone and the description of academic courses as lacking substance.
    *   Sense 2: "a diet that does not require chewing". While "pap" literally means soft food, using it to describe courses is a metaphorical extension meaning "intellectually soft" or "oversimplified," which is exactly what Sense 1 covers.
    *   Sense 3: "the small projection of a mammary gland". This is completely irrelevant.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.