[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propose
Target surface form: proposed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propose%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=suggest, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=propose%2:31:00:: | definition=present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. | synonyms=project | examples=He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity
3. sense_key=propose%2:31:01:: | definition=propose or intend | synonyms=aim, purpose, purport | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
4. sense_key=propose%2:41:00:: | definition=put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position | synonyms=nominate | examples=The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission
5. sense_key=propose%2:32:01:: | definition=ask (someone) to marry you | synonyms=declare oneself, offer, pop the question | examples=he popped the question on Sunday night; she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `propose`
    *   Target surface form: `proposed`
    *   Context: "...a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `propose%2:32:00::`: make a proposal, declare a plan for something (e.g., abolish sales tax).
        2.  `propose%2:31:00::`: present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. (e.g., proposed a new plan, proposed a new theory).
        3.  `propose%2:31:01::`: propose or intend (e.g., I aim to arrive at noon).
        4.  `propose%2:41:00::`: put forward; nominate for appointment (e.g., nominated as head of Commission).
        5.  `propose%2:32:01::`: ask to marry.

    *   The sentence says Alfred G. Knudson Jr. "proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
    *   The following sentence says "He theorized that...".
    *   This indicates that "proposed" here means putting forward a theory or a hypothesis for consideration/examination.

    *   Sense 1: "declare a plan for something" (more about action/policy).
    *   Sense 2: "present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc." (Example: "She proposed a new theory of relativity"). This fits perfectly with "proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from..." and "He theorized...".
    *   Sense 3: "propose or intend" (meaning "aim"). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "nominate for appointment". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "ask to marry". Not applicable.

    *   The context is about a scientific hypothesis/theory.
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "proposed a new theory of relativity" in its examples.
    *   The word "theorized" in the next sentence strongly supports Sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `stem`
    *   Target surface form: `stemmed`
    *   Context: "...a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `stem%2:42:00::`: grow out of, have roots in, originate in (Example: "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war")
        2.  `stem%2:42:03::`: cause to point inward (Example: "stem your skis")
        3.  `stem%2:30:00::`: stop the flow of a liquid (Synonyms: stanch, staunch, halt; Example: "stem the tide")
        4.  `stem%2:30:01::`: remove the stem from (Example: "the words must be stemmed")

    *   The sentence is: "...proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
    *   In this context, "stemmed from" means that retinoblastoma (a type of cancer) originated from or was caused by two separate genetic defects.

    *   Sense 1: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in". This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "cause to point inward". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "stop the flow of a liquid". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "remove the stem from". Not applicable.

    *   The best fit is Sense 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: separate
Target surface form: separate
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=separate%3:00:00:: | definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways
2. sense_key=separate%5:00:00:detached:00 | definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage
3. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00 | definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes
4. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00 | definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `separate`
    *   Target surface form: `separate`
    *   Context: "...proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects."
    *   Meaning: The genetic defects are distinct, independent, or not the same one.

    *   Sense 1: `independent; not united or joint` (Example: "two separate issues"). This fits well. The genetic defects are distinct/independent events.
    *   Sense 2: `standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything` (Example: "separate garage"). This refers to physical detachment. Not applicable to genetic defects.
    *   Sense 3: `separated according to race, sex, class, or religion` (Example: "separate but equal"). This refers to segregation. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: `have the connection undone; having become separate` (Synonym: "disjoined"). This implies they were once connected and then became separate. Not the case here; they are distinct defects.

    *   The context "two separate genetic defects" means two distinct, independent mutations.
    *   Sense 1 ("independent; not united or joint") is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `genetic`
    *   Target surface form: `genetic`
    *   Context: "...proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

    *   Sense 1: `inheritable` (occurring among members of a family usually by heredity). Synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited.
    *   Sense 2: `of or relating to or produced by or being a gene`. Synonyms: genic, genetical.
    *   Sense 3: `pertaining to or referring to origin` (e.g., genetic history of a literary work).
    *   Sense 4: `of or relating to the science of genetics` (e.g., genetic research).

    *   The sentence says "two separate genetic defects."
    *   The following sentence explains: "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   This refers specifically to defects *in the genes* themselves.

    *   Sense 1 (inheritable/hereditary) is very close because the context mentions inheriting a damaged copy.
    *   Sense 2 (of or relating to a gene) is also very close because it's a "defect" in a "gene".
    *   Sense 3 (origin) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (science of genetics) is irrelevant.

    *   Sense 1 focuses on the *pattern* of occurrence (heredity/family).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the *biological entity* (the gene).
    *   The phrase "genetic defects" usually refers to mutations or abnormalities in the DNA/genes.
    *   Looking at the context: "two separate genetic defects... inherited a damaged copy of a gene".
    *   While the defects are inherited (Sense 1), the defects *are* gene-related (Sense 2).
    *   In medical/biological contexts, "genetic defect" typically means a mutation in a gene.
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity".
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   The text says "stemmed from two separate genetic defects." These defects are specifically "damaged copy of a gene". This points directly to Sense 2.

    *   Sense 1: familial, hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: genic, genetical.
    *   "Genetic defect" is a standard term for a mutation in a gene. While it can be inherited, the "defect" itself is a property of the gene.

    *   Wait, let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "an inherited disease; familial traits".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "genic combinations; genetic code".
    *   The context says "inherited a damaged copy of a gene". This strongly links "genetic" to "gene".

    *   Sense 1: Inheritable/Hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: Relating to a gene.
    *   If the text said "a genetic disease", it could be either. But "genetic defects" referring to "damaged copy of a gene" points more specifically to the gene itself (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity"
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    *   The "defects" are the "damaged copy of a gene". Therefore, the defects are "of or relating to... a gene".

    *   Sense 1: familial, hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: genic.
    *   "Genetic defect" is almost always used in the sense of a mutation in the DNA sequence (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity"
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    *   The context says "inherited a damaged copy of a gene". This means the defect is *in* the gene.

    *   Sense 1: familial, hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: genic.
    *   Sense 4: science of genetics.
    *   The phrase "genetic defects" refers to the biological cause (the gene), not the field of study (Sense 4) or the pattern of inheritance (Sense 1), although they are related. Sense 2 is the most precise description of a "defect" that is a "damaged copy of a gene".

    *   Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity"
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    *   If the defect is a "damaged copy of a gene", it is a defect *of* a gene.

    *   Sense 1: familial, hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: genic.
    *   "Genetic defect" = "Genic defect". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity"
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    *   The context says "two separate genetic defects... inherited a damaged copy of a gene".
    *   The "defects" are the "damaged copies".
    *   A damaged copy of a gene is a defect *of* a gene.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defect
Target surface form: defects
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `defect`
    *   Target surface form: `defects`
    *   Context: "...proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Key phrases: "genetic defects", "damaged copy of a gene".

    *   Sense 1: `defect%1:26:01::` - an imperfection in a bodily system (examples: visual defects; defects in the lungs).
    *   Sense 2: `defect%1:07:01::` - a failing or deficiency (synonym: shortcoming).
    *   Sense 3: `defect%1:26:00::` - an imperfection in an object or machine (synonyms: fault, flaw).
    *   Sense 4: `defect%1:07:00::` - a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (synonyms: blemish, mar).

    *   The context refers to "genetic defects" and "damaged copy of a gene".
    *   Genetic defects are imperfections in the biological/bodily system (specifically the DNA/genes).
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "an imperfection in a bodily system" and gives examples like "defects in the lungs".
    *   Sense 2 is more about abstract failings (shortcomings).
    *   Sense 3 is for objects or machines.
    *   Sense 4 is for appearance/blemishes.

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate fit for "genetic defects" as it pertains to a bodily system.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theorize
Target surface form: theorized
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theorize%2:31:00:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=theorize%2:31:02:: | definition=construct a theory about | examples=Galileo theorized the motion of the stars
3. sense_key=theorize%2:31:01:: | definition=form or construct theories | examples=he thinks and theorizes all day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `theorize`
    *   Target surface form: `theorized`
    *   Context: "He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `theorize%2:31:00`: to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds (synonyms: speculate, conjecture, hypothesize). Example: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps."
        2.  `theorize%2:31:02`: construct a theory about. Example: "Galileo theorized the motion of the stars."
        3.  `theorize%2:31:01`: form or construct theories. Example: "he thinks and theorizes all day."

    *   The sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Here, "theorized" is followed by a "that"-clause describing a specific hypothesis or tentative explanation for how retinoblastoma occurs.
    *   This matches the act of hypothesizing or speculating based on available evidence (or lack thereof) to explain a phenomenon.

    *   Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" (synonyms: hypothesize, speculate). This fits perfectly with proposing a mechanism for a disease (the "two-hit hypothesis").
    *   Sense 2: "construct a theory about". This usually takes a direct object (e.g., "theorized the motion of the stars"). In the target sentence, "theorized" is followed by a complement clause ("that..."), which is more characteristic of "hypothesize" or "speculate".
    *   Sense 3: "form or construct theories". This is more general and often used intransitively to describe a habit or a general activity (e.g., "he theorizes all day").

    *   The context "He theorized that..." is a classic usage of "hypothesize" or "speculate" (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 2 is more about the formal construction of a theory (often taking an object).
    *   Sense 3 is about the general activity of theorizing.

    *   Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" / "hypothesize".
    *   The sentence describes Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposing a specific mechanism (the two-hit hypothesis). This is exactly what "hypothesize" means in a scientific context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `eye`
    *   Target surface form: `eye`
    *   Context: "...proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `eye%1:08:00::`: the organ of sight
        2.  `eye%1:09:00::`: good discernment
        3.  `eye%1:09:01::`: attention to what is seen
        4.  `eye%1:15:00::`: an area that is approximately central
        5.  `eye%1:06:00::`: a small hole or loop

    *   The sentence mentions "retinoblastoma" and "eye cancer".
    *   Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina, which is part of the eye (the organ of sight).
    *   The context clearly refers to the biological organ.

    *   Sense 1: "the organ of sight" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "good discernment" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 3: "attention to what is seen" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 4: "an area that is approximately central" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 5: "a small hole or loop" - Does not match.

    *   The best sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A text discussing tumor-suppressing genes, malignant growths (brain, skin, kidney, etc.), genetic defects, and retinoblastoma. Specifically, the target word is in the phrase "in the eye <t>cancer</t>".
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancer%1:26:00::`: malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
        2.  `cancer%1:18:00::`: (astrology) person born while the sun is in Cancer.
        3.  `cancer%1:17:00::`: zodiacal constellation.
        4.  `cancer%1:15:00::`: fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  `cancer%1:05:00::`: type genus of the family Cancridae.

    *   The context is medical/biological, focusing on "tumor-suppressing genes", "malignant growth", "retinoblastoma" (a type of eye cancer), and "genetic defects".
    *   The phrase "in the eye cancer" refers to the disease (retinoblastoma).

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Constellation. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs. (Incorrect)

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `inherit`
    *   Target surface form: `inherited`
    *   Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `inherit%2:40:00::`: obtain from someone after their death (e.g., a castle).
        2.  `inherit%2:40:02::`: receive from a predecessor (e.g., problems from a previous chair).
        3.  `inherit%2:40:01::`: receive by genetic transmission (e.g., good eyesight from my mother).

    *   The sentence discusses "eye cancer," "infant," "damaged copy of a gene," and "from one parent."
    *   This clearly refers to biological/genetic transmission.

    *   Sense 1: Death/Property (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Predecessor/Abstract (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Genetic transmission (Correct)

    *   The best sense is index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damaged`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damaged%3:00:00::`: harmed or injured or spoiled (e.g., damaged goods, damaged buildings).
        2.  `damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00`: being unjustly brought into disrepute (e.g., discredited politician, damaged reputation).

    *   The context discusses genetics, tumor-suppressor genes, and genetic defects.
    *   The specific phrase is "a damaged copy of a gene".
    *   In this biological context, "damaged" refers to a mutation or a defect in the DNA sequence, meaning the gene is not functioning correctly (spoiled/harmed/injured in a biological sense).

    *   Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled". This fits the idea of a genetic mutation or defect.
    *   Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" (discredited). This refers to reputation and is completely irrelevant to genetics.

    *   Sense 1 is the only logical choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "...an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: reproduction of a written record (transcript).
        2.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone, designer dress).
        3.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed (written matter).
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The context discusses genetics: "damaged copy of a gene", "normal copy [of a gene]".
    *   In genetics, humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent). These are identical or nearly identical versions of the same genetic sequence.

    *   Sense 1 (written record/transcript) is too specific to documents.
    *   Sense 2 (thing made to be similar or identical to another thing) fits well. A gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of a genetic sequence. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is very close to the biological context.
    *   Sense 3 (matter to be printed) is about publishing.
    *   Sense 4 (journalistic material) is about journalism.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the biological/genetic context of an identical version of a thing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `parent`
    *   Target surface form: `parent`
    *   Context: "...an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `parent%1:18:00::`: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
        2.  `parent%1:03:00::`: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

    *   The sentence discusses genetic inheritance in humans ("infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent").
    *   The context is medical/biological (tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma, pediatrician).
    *   "Parent" here refers to the biological father or mother of the infant.

    *   Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child..." (This fits perfectly for a human infant's parent).
    *   Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained" (This is a more general biological term, often used in botany or animal breeding/cloning).

    *   While Sense 2 is biologically accurate, Sense 1 is the specific term for human parents (father/mother). In the context of an "infant" and a "pediatrician," Sense 1 is the most natural and precise fit.

    *   Sense 1: Human parent (father/mother).
    *   Sense 2: General biological parent organism.
    *   The context is about human genetics and a pediatrician. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "normal"
    *   Target surface form: "normal"
    *   Context: "...an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `normal%3:00:01`: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
        2.  `normal%3:00:02`: in accordance with scientific laws.
        3.  `normal%3:00:03`: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
        4.  `normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00`: forming a right angle.

    *   The context discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   It contrasts a "damaged copy of a gene" with a "normal copy".
    *   In this biological/genetic context, "normal" means the gene is functioning as it should, it's not mutated or defective. It's the "standard" or "non-abnormal" version of the gene.

    *   Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal". This fits well. A non-damaged gene is the standard/norm and is not abnormal.
    *   Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws". This is too broad and doesn't fit the contrast with "damaged".
    *   Sense 3: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development". This refers to human development/psychology, not genetic sequences.
    *   Sense 4: "forming a right angle". This is a mathematical definition and completely irrelevant.

    *   The contrast is between "damaged" and "normal".
    *   "Damaged" in genetics means mutated or defective.
    *   "Normal" here means the wild-type or non-mutated version.
    *   Sense 1 ("not abnormal") is the most accurate description of a non-mutated gene in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "...an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
        2.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a designer dress copy)
        3.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account

    *   The context discusses genetics: "damaged copy of a gene", "normal copy [of a gene]".
    *   In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to one of the two alleles (versions) of a gene that an individual inherits (one from each parent).
    *   This is a biological instance of something being identical or similar to another (the gene sequence).

    *   Sense 1: Written record (transcript). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. This fits the biological concept of a gene copy (a duplicate of the genetic sequence).
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: Journalistic material. Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the general meaning of a duplicate or identical version of something, which is how "copy" is used in the context of genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "developed" (lemma: "develop")
    *   Context: "The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Meaning: The tumor came into existence or started to grow as a result of a genetic mutation.

    *   1: make something new (product/creation) - No.
    *   2: work out (theory) - No.
    *   3: gain through experience (skill/trait) - No.
    *   4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features/attributes) - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is close, as it refers to a medical condition appearing.
    *   5: come into existence; take on form or shape - Example: "A new religious movement originated... a love that sprang up". This is about originating.
    *   6: change use of land/resources - No.
    *   7: elaborate theories - No.
    *   8: create by training - No.
    *   9: be gradually disclosed (plot) - No.
    *   10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation - Example: "A flower developed on the branch". This describes biological growth/differentiation.
    *   11: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   12: cause to grow (make grow) - No.
    *   13: generate gradually (customers) - No.
    *   14: grow emotionally/mature - No.
    *   15: chemical solutions (film) - No.
    *   16: geometry - No.
    *   17: chess - No.
    *   18: chess - No.
    *   19: music - No.
    *   20: happen (news/political movements) - No.
    *   21: math (series) - No.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains".
    *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - Example: "A new religious movement originated".
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - Example: "A flower developed on the branch".

    *   The context is about a tumor forming due to genetic damage.
    *   Sense 4 is often used for diseases or symptoms ("developed a cold", "developed abdominal pains").
    *   Sense 10 is about biological growth and differentiation.
    *   Sense 5 is more general "come into existence".

    Let's look at Sense 4 again: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". A tumor is a physical growth/attribute that the body "comes to have".
    Let's look at Sense 10 again: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation...". A tumor grows and differentiates (though pathologically).

    Comparing "The patient developed abdominal pains" (Sense 4) with "The tumor developed" (the tumor itself is the subject).
    In "The patient developed abdominal pains", the patient is the subject.
    In "The tumor developed", the tumor is the subject.

    If the tumor is the subject, does it "come to have" something (Sense 4)? No.
    Does it "come into existence" (Sense 5)? Yes.
    Does it "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve" (Sense 10)? Yes.

    Wait, let's re-read Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". If the subject is the person, they develop the tumor. If the subject is the tumor, it doesn't "develop" in the sense of "coming to have" something else.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". This fits "The tumor developed".
    Let's re-evaluate Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation...". This also fits.

    Looking at the examples for Sense 10: "A flower developed on the branch". This is very similar to "A tumor developed in the eye". Both are biological growths appearing and growing.

    Let's check Sense 4 again. "The patient developed abdominal pains". Here, the patient is the subject. In the target sentence, "The tumor" is the subject.

    Is a tumor "coming into existence" (Sense 5) or "growing/progressing through a process of natural growth/differentiation" (Sense 10)?
    Tumorigenesis is a process of abnormal growth and differentiation. Sense 10 specifically mentions "natural growth, differentiation". While a tumor is abnormal, the biological process is similar.

    Let's look at Sense 5 again: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.

    Comparing Sense 5 and Sense 10:
    Sense 5: "A new religious movement originated in that country"
    Sense 10: "A flower developed on the branch"

    "The tumor developed" is much closer to "A flower developed on the branch" (biological growth) than to "A new religious movement originated" (social phenomenon).

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 4 one more time. If the sentence was "The patient developed a tumor", it would be Sense 4. But the sentence is "The tumor developed".

    Therefore, Sense 10 seems the most appropriate for a biological entity growing/forming.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 20: "happen". "Report the news as it develops". Not this.

    Let's re-examine Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
    And Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".

    A tumor doesn't just "come into existence" (like a thought or a movement); it grows from a cell. This fits the "growth, differentiation" aspect of Sense 10.

    Let's check if there are any other options.
    Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". If the tumor is the subject, it's not "coming to have" a feature.

    So, between 5 and 10, 10 is more specific to biological growth.

    Wait, let me look at the examples for Sense 10 again: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower".
    And Sense 5: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".

    "The tumor developed" means it grew/formed. This is a biological process. Sense 10's "natural growth, differentiation" is the closest fit for biological development.

    Let me double-check if "developed" in "the tumor developed" could mean "happened" (Sense 20). "The tumor developed when the second... copy was damaged." This means the process of tumor formation occurred. But "developed" usually refers to the growth process itself in a medical context.

    Let's think about "The tumor developed" vs "The tumor grew". They are very similar. Sense 10 includes "grow".

    Final check:
    Sense 4: Subject is the person (The patient developed...)
    Sense 5: Subject is the thing appearing (A movement developed...)
    Sense 10: Subject is the biological thing growing (A flower developed...)

    The tumor is a biological thing growing. Sense 10 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "second"
    *   Target surface form: "second"
    *   Context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `second%5:00:00:ordinal:00`: coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude.
        2.  `second%3:00:00::`: a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first.

    *   The sentence describes a genetic theory (Knudson's "two-hit" theory).
    *   It mentions an infant inheriting a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.
    *   The tumor develops when the "second, normal copy" is also damaged.
    *   Here, "second" refers to the other copy of the gene (the one following the first one mentioned). This is a numerical order/ordinal position.

    *   Sense 1: Ordinal number (next after the first). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Musical/orchestral term (lower pitch/subordinate). This does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `normal`
    *   Target surface form: `normal`
    *   Context: "...an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `normal%3:00:01::`: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
        2.  `normal%3:00:02::`: in accordance with scientific laws.
        3.  `normal%3:00:03::`: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
        4.  `normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00`: forming a right angle.

    *   The text discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   It contrasts a "damaged copy of a gene" with a "normal copy".
    *   In this context, "normal" means the gene is not mutated or damaged; it is the standard, non-defective version.

    *   Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal". This fits well. A non-damaged gene is the standard/norm.
    *   Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws". This doesn't fit. The gene isn't "following a law"; it's a physical entity.
    *   Sense 3: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development". This refers to human traits/development, not the molecular structure of a gene.
    *   Sense 4: "forming a right angle". This is a geometric definition. Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of "not abnormal" or "standard" in the context of a biological component (a gene).

    *   The contrast is "damaged" vs "normal".
    *   "Damaged" = abnormal/defective.
    *   "Normal" = not abnormal/standard.
    *   Sense 1: "not abnormal".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "...an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: reproduction of a written record (transcript).
        2.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone, designer dress).
        3.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed (written matter).
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The context discusses genetics: "damaged copy of a gene", "normal copy from the other", "second, normal copy".
    *   In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to one of the two alleles (versions) of a gene that an individual inherits (one from each parent).
    *   This is essentially a "thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (the original gene sequence), or more broadly, a duplicate/replica.

    *   Sense 1: Written record (transcript). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. (Example: "the clone was a copy of its ancestor"). This fits the biological/genetic context best, as a gene copy is a replica of the genetic sequence.
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: Journalistic material. Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the concept of a biological duplicate or replica.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damaged`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>."
    *   Contextual clues: The text discusses tumor-suppressor genes, genetic defects, and the "two-hit" theory. It mentions inheriting a "damaged copy of a gene" and then the second copy becoming "damaged".

    *   Sense 1: `harmed or injured or spoiled` (Examples: damaged goods, damaged buildings).
    *   Sense 2: `being unjustly brought into disrepute` (Synonym: discredited; Examples: discredited politician, damaged reputation).

    *   The context is biological/genetic. A gene being "damaged" means it has a mutation or defect that impairs its function.
    *   Sense 1 (harmed/injured/spoiled) fits the idea of a physical or functional impairment (even at a molecular level).
    *   Sense 2 (disreputable/discredited) refers to reputation and social standing, which is completely irrelevant to genes.

    *   Sense 1 is the only logical choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "way"
    *   Target surface form: "way"
    *   Context: "But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "no way to prove" and "no way of ferreting out" mean there was no *method*, *means*, or *mechanism* available to achieve the result (proving the theory or identifying genes).

    *   Sense 1: how something is done or how it happens (manner, mode, style, fashion).
    *   Sense 2: how a result is obtained or an end is achieved (means, agency).
    *   Sense 3: a line leading to a place or point (direction).
    *   Sense 4: the condition of things generally.
    *   Sense 5: a course of conduct (path, way of life).
    *   Sense 6: any artifact consisting of a road or path.
    *   Sense 7: a journey or passage.
    *   Sense 8: space for movement.
    *   Sense 9: the property of distance in general.
    *   Sense 10: doing as one pleases or chooses.
    *   Sense 11: a general category of things (in the way of).
    *   Sense 12: a portion of something divided into shares.

    *   The context "no way to prove" refers to the lack of a *means* or *method* to achieve the goal of proving the theory.
    *   Sense 1 (manner) is about *how* something is done (e.g., "in a dignified manner").
    *   Sense 2 (means) is about *how a result is obtained* (e.g., "a means of control").
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: "No way to prove" is more about the *possibility/means* of achieving the result than the *style/manner* in which it is done. If you have "no way" to do something, you lack the means.

    *   "no way to prove" $\approx$ "no means to prove"
    *   "no way of ferreting out" $\approx$ "no means of ferreting out"
    *   Sense 2 definition: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency". This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prove
Target surface form: prove
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prove%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=prove%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=prove%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=prove%2:31:02:: | definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof
5. sense_key=prove%2:41:03:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
6. sense_key=prove%2:38:01:: | definition=increase in volume | synonyms=rise | examples=the dough rose slowly in the warm room
7. sense_key=prove%2:38:00:: | definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | synonyms=raise, leaven | examples=unleavened bread
8. sense_key=prove%2:36:00:: | definition=take a trial impression of
9. sense_key=prove%2:31:01:: | definition=obtain probate of | examples=prove a will

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `prove`
    *   Target surface form: `prove`
    *   Context: "But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses a scientific theory (the "two-hit" theory) proposed by Alfred G. Knudson Jr. regarding tumor-suppressor genes and cancer. It mentions that scientists lacked the tools (ferreting out specific genes) to verify this theory at the time.

    *   Sense 1: `be shown or be found to be` (e.g., "She proved to be right"). This is an intransitive/linking verb usage. In the context "prove Dr. Knudson's theory", "prove" is transitive.
    *   Sense 2: `establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment` (synonyms: demonstrate, establish, show). This fits perfectly with establishing the validity of a scientific theory.
    *   Sense 3: `provide evidence for` (synonyms: testify, bear witness). While similar to Sense 2, "provide evidence for" is often used when the evidence itself is the subject (e.g., "The blood test showed..."). Here, the focus is on the act of establishing the theory's validity.
    *   Sense 4: `prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof`. This is specifically for mathematical or formal logic proofs. While the theory is scientific, "prove" in a general scientific context usually aligns with Sense 2 unless it's a strict mathematical proof.
    *   Sense 5: `put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to` (synonyms: test, try). This means to test something to see if it works, not necessarily to establish its truth.
    *   Sense 6: `increase in volume` (dough). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7: `cause to puff up with a leaven`. Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 8: `take a trial impression of`. Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 9: `obtain probate of` (a will). Irrelevant.

    *   The context is about a scientific theory ("two-hit theory").
    *   The goal is to establish whether the theory is correct/valid.
    *   Sense 2 ("establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment") is the standard meaning for proving a scientific hypothesis or theory.
    *   Sense 3 ("provide evidence for") is close, but Sense 2 is more comprehensive for "proving a theory."
    *   Sense 4 is too narrow (mathematical).

    *   "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."
    *   Can we replace "prove" with "establish the validity of"? Yes.
    *   Can we replace "prove" with "demonstrate"? Yes.
    *   Can we replace "prove" with "provide evidence for"? Yes, but "establish the validity of" is a stronger match for "proving a theory."

    *   Sense 2: establish the validity of something... (demonstrate, establish, show)
    *   Sense 3: provide evidence for... (testify, bear witness)
    *   In scientific contexts, "proving a theory" usually means establishing its validity through evidence/experimentation. Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theory
Target surface form: theory
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "<t>theory</t>. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theory%1:09:00:: | definition=a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena | examples=theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses; true in fact and theory
2. sense_key=theory%1:09:01:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, possibility | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. sense_key=theory%1:09:02:: | definition=a belief that can guide behavior | examples=the architect has a theory that more is less; they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `theory`
    *   Target surface form: `theory`
    *   Context: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."
    *   Surrounding context: Alfred G. Knudson Jr. "proposed" that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He "theorized" that an infant inherited a damaged copy... and the tumor developed when the second copy was damaged. "But there was no way to prove..."

    *   Sense 1: `theory%1:09:00::` - A well-substantiated explanation, an organized system of accepted knowledge. (e.g., Theory of Evolution, Theory of Relativity).
    *   Sense 2: `theory%1:09:01::` - A tentative insight, a concept not yet verified, a hypothesis. (e.g., "a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory").
    *   Sense 3: `theory%1:09:02::` - A belief that can guide behavior. (e.g., "dead men tell no tales").

    *   The text says Knudson "proposed" the idea and "theorized" it.
    *   Crucially, it says "there was no way to **prove** Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."
    *   This indicates that at the time, it was a hypothesis or a tentative insight, not yet a "well-substantiated explanation" (Sense 1).
    *   It is definitely not a "belief that can guide behavior" (Sense 3).
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena" and lists "hypothesis" as a synonym. This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Well-substantiated/accepted. (Incorrect, as it was not yet proven).
    *   Sense 2: Tentative/unverified/hypothesis. (Correct).
    *   Sense 3: Guiding belief. (Incorrect).