[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set
Target surface form: set
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting <t>set</t> of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used | examples=a set of books; a set of golf clubs
2. sense_key=set%1:14:02:: | definition=(mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols | examples=the set of prime numbers is infinite
3. sense_key=set%1:04:00:: | definition=several exercises intended to be done in series | synonyms=exercise set | examples=he did four sets of the incline bench press
4. sense_key=set%1:06:00:: | definition=representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production | synonyms=stage set | examples=the sets were meticulously authentic
5. sense_key=set%1:14:01:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=circle, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
6. sense_key=set%1:09:01:: | definition=a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way | synonyms=bent | examples=the set of his mind was obvious
7. sense_key=set%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting something in position | examples=he gave a final set to his hat
8. sense_key=set%1:28:00:: | definition=a unit of play in tennis or squash | examples=they played two sets of tennis after dinner
9. sense_key=set%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization | synonyms=hardening, solidifying, solidification, curing | examples=the hardening of concrete; he tested the set of the glue
10. sense_key=set%1:18:00:: | definition=evil Egyptian god with the head of a beast that has high square ears and a long snout; brother and murderer of Osiris | synonyms=Seth
11. sense_key=set%1:11:00:: | definition=the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon | examples=before the set of sun
12. sense_key=set%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way | synonyms=readiness | examples=the subjects' set led them to solve problems the familiar way and to overlook the simpler solution; his instructions deliberately gave them the wrong set
13. sense_key=set%1:06:01:: | definition=any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals | examples=the early sets ran on storage batteries

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "set"
    *   Target surface form: "set"
    *   Context: "It's a super-exciting <t>set</t> of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein...
    *   Meaning: A group of discoveries.

    *   Sense 1: "a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used" (e.g., a set of books).
    *   Sense 2: "(mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols".
    *   Sense 3: "several exercises intended to be done in series" (exercise set).
    *   Sense 4: "representation consisting of the scenery... of a dramatic production" (stage set).
    *   Sense 5: "an unofficial association of people or groups" (circle, band).
    *   Sense 6: "a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way" (bent).
    *   Sense 7: "the act of putting something in position".
    *   Sense 8: "a unit of play in tennis or squash".
    *   Sense 9: "the process of becoming hard or solid".
    *   Sense 10: "evil Egyptian god".
    *   Sense 11: "the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon".
    *   Sense 12: "(psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way".
    *   Sense 13: "any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals".

    *   The context "set of discoveries" refers to a group of related findings.
    *   Sense 1 ("a group of things of the same kind that belong together") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 is specifically mathematical.
    *   Sense 5 is for people.
    *   Other senses are completely irrelevant.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `discovery`
    *   Target surface form: `discoveries`
    *   Context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes... Scientists say the discovery of these genes... 'It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>', says Bert Vogelstein..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `discovery%1:04:00::`: the act of discovering something (process/action).
        2.  `discovery%1:10:00::`: something that is discovered (the object/result).
        3.  `discovery%1:09:00::`: a productive insight (breakthrough, find).
        4.  `discovery%1:10:01::`: (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure.

    *   The text discusses scientists uncovering genes related to cancer.
    *   "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries" refers to the specific genes found and the resulting understanding of cancer.
    *   The context emphasizes the *significance* and the *breakthrough* nature of these findings ("painting a new and startling picture", "super-exciting").

    *   Sense 1 (the act): This refers to the process of finding. While the scientists are "starting to uncover," the "set of discoveries" refers to the results, not the act itself.
    *   Sense 2 (something discovered): This is a general term for the thing found.
    *   Sense 3 (productive insight/breakthrough): This fits better when the discovery is a significant scientific advancement or a "find" that changes understanding. The context mentions "painting a new and startling picture" and "super-exciting," which aligns with "breakthrough" or "productive insight."
    *   Sense 4 (law): Irrelevant.

    *   Sense 2 is "something that is discovered."
    *   Sense 3 is "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find).
    *   In scientific contexts, when referring to a "set of discoveries" that change the field, "breakthrough" (Sense 3) is often more precise than just "something discovered" (Sense 2).
    *   Looking at the sentence: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries". The adjective "super-exciting" strongly suggests the "breakthrough" aspect.

    *   Sense 2: General result.
    *   Sense 3: Significant result/insight.
    *   The context describes a major shift in understanding ("painting a new and startling picture", "cancer was a black box... now we know"). This points towards Sense 3.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "<t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `says`
    *   Context: `"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "<t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher...`
    *   The word "says" is used here as a reporting verb for a direct quote.

    *   Sense 1: `express in words` (synonyms: state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her".
    *   Sense 2: `report or maintain` (synonyms: allege, aver). Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime".
    *   Sense 3: `express a supposition` (synonyms: suppose). Example: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth".
    *   Sense 4: `have or contain a certain wording or form` (synonyms: read). Example: "What does the law say?".
    *   Sense 5: `give instructions to or direct somebody...` (synonyms: order, tell). Example: "I said to him to go home".
    *   Sense 6: `speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way` (synonyms: pronounce, articulate). Example: "She pronounces French words in a funny way".
    *   Sense 7: `communicate or express nonverbally`. Example: "What does this painting say?".
    *   Sense 8: `utter aloud`. Example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone".
    *   Sense 9: `state as one's opinion or judgement; declare`. Example: "I say let's forget this whole business".
    *   Sense 10: `recite or repeat a fixed text`. Example: "Say grace".
    *   Sense 11: `indicate`. Example: "The clock says noon".

    *   The context is a direct quote: `"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein`.
    *   This is the most basic use of "say" to report speech.
    *   Sense 1 (`express in words`) is the general sense for stating something.
    *   Sense 8 (`utter aloud`) is specifically about the act of speaking the words.
    *   Sense 2 (`report or maintain`) often implies a claim that might be disputed (allege).
    *   Sense 9 (`state as one's opinion or judgement`) is more about making a proposal or a strong declaration.

    *   Sense 1: "express in words" (state, tell). This fits perfectly for reporting a quote.
    *   Sense 8: "utter aloud". While he did utter it aloud, "says" in this journalistic context is primarily reporting the content of the statement.

    *   In many WordNet-based disambiguation tasks, the general "express in words" (Sense 1) is the default for reporting speech unless there's a specific nuance (like alleging, ordering, or pronouncing).

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell)
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver)
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud

    Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her". This is a reporting verb.
    Looking at the examples for Sense 8: "She said 'Hello' to everyone". This is more about the greeting/act of speaking.

    The sentence `"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein` is a standard reporting clause. Sense 1 is the most appropriate general sense for this.

    *Wait*, let me double-check Sense 1 vs Sense 8 again.
    Sense 1: express in words.
    Sense 8: utter aloud.

    In journalistic writing, "says" is used to attribute a statement. This is "expressing in words" the thought/opinion.

    Let's look at Sense 2: "report or maintain". "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime". This is more specific than just saying.

    Let's look at Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement". "I say let's forget this whole business". This is more like a suggestion.

    Sense 1 is the most general and fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "...Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer."
    *   Surrounding context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes...", "the discovery of these genes...", "newly identified genes...", "super-exciting set of discoveries".

    *   Sense 1: come upon by accident (not the case here, this is scientific research).
    *   Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe).
    *   Sense 3: come upon after searching for something lost (not lost).
    *   Sense 4: establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out).
    *   Sense 5: come to believe based on emotion/intuition (not the case).
    *   Sense 6: perceive or be contemporaneous with (not the case).
    *   Sense 7: get something for a specific purpose (not the case).
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding (discover). Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (discover). Example: "She found that he had lied to her".
    *   Sense 10: obtain through effort (time/money) (not the case).
    *   Sense 11: decide/declare (legal) (not the case).
    *   Sense 12: receive treatment (abstract) (not the case).
    *   Sense 13: perceive oneself in a condition (not the case).
    *   Sense 14: recover/retrieve (not the case).
    *   Sense 15: succeed in reaching (not the case).
    *   Sense 16: find oneself (not the case).

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe).
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out).
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover). Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
    *   Sense 9: "make a discovery" (discover). Example: "She found that he had lied to her".

    *   The context is about scientific research uncovering genes.
    *   "found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer."
    *   Sense 8 specifically mentions "make a discovery, make a new finding" and gives the example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This is almost identical in nature to finding a gene.
    *   Sense 2 is more about detection (e.g., lead in water).
    *   Sense 4 is more about determining a value or a fact through study.
    *   Sense 9 is more about discovering a fact (e.g., "found that he had lied").

    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle").
    *   The context says "super-exciting set of discoveries" and "found a gene". This aligns perfectly with Sense 8.

    *   Sense 2: detect/observe (e.g., lead in water).
    *   Sense 4: determine/ascertain (e.g., product of two numbers).
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery (e.g., new elementary particle).
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (e.g., found that he had lied).

    Sense 8 is the best fit for a scientific discovery of a physical entity (like a gene or a particle).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: Only
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "<t>Only</t> a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "Only"
    *   Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just) - e.g., "I was merely asking."
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely) - e.g., "was entirely to blame."
    *   Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" - e.g., "He arrived only to find his wife dead."
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome" - e.g., "These news will only make you more upset."
    *   Sense 5: "except that" - e.g., "It was the same story; only this time she came out better."
    *   Sense 6: "never except when" (only if, only when) - e.g., "call me only if your cold gets worse."
    *   Sense 7: "as recently as" - e.g., "I spoke to him only an hour ago."

    *   The sentence is: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box..."
    *   Here, "only" modifies "a decade ago".
    *   It emphasizes how short the time period (a decade) is relative to the current state of knowledge.
    *   It means "as recently as a decade ago".

    *   Sense 7: "as recently as" (Example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago").
    *   This matches perfectly. "Only a decade ago" = "As recently as a decade ago".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: decade
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `decade`
    *   Target surface form: `decade`
    *   Context: "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `decade%1:28:00::`: a period of 10 years.
        2.  `decade%1:23:00::`: the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system.

    *   The phrase "Only a decade ago" refers to a point in time ten years in the past.
    *   This clearly refers to a duration/period of time, not the number 10 itself.

    *   Sense 1: "a period of 10 years" (Matches perfectly).
    *   Sense 2: "the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one" (Does not match).

    *   The correct sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A passage discussing genes, cancer development, treatment, prevention, molecular level, and colon cancer.
    *   Target sentence: "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

    *   Sense 1: malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division (medical/disease).
    *   Sense 2: person born while the sun is in Cancer (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
    *   Sense 4: fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
    *   Sense 5: type genus of the family Cancridae (biology/crabs).

    *   The context mentions "genes", "treatment and prevention", "colon cancer", "molecular level", and "malignant growth".
    *   The target word "cancer" in the sentence "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box..." clearly refers to the disease.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition of the disease.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `knew`
    *   Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level."
    *   Meaning: The scientists lacked information or knowledge about the molecular level of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (Example: "I know that the President lied...")
    *   Sense 2: know how to do or perform something. (Example: "She knows how to knit")
    *   Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something. (Example: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun")
    *   Sense 4: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. (Example: "Do you know my sister?")
    *   Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. (Example: "I know the feeling!")
    *   Sense 6: accept (someone) to be what is claimed. (Example: "The Crown Prince was acknowledged...")
    *   Sense 7: have fixed in the mind. (Example: "I know Latin")
    *   Sense 8: have sexual intercourse with. (Example: "Adam knew Eve")
    *   Sense 9: know the nature or character of. (Example: "we all knew her as a big show-off")
    *   Sense 10: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different. (Example: "The child knows right from wrong")
    *   Sense 11: perceive as familiar. (Example: "I know this voice!")

    *   The sentence says "we knew nothing at the molecular level."
    *   This refers to possessing information or knowledge about a subject (cancer's molecular level).
    *   Sense 1 ("be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 ("be aware of the truth of something") is close, but Sense 1 is more general and fits "knew nothing" (lack of information) better than "knew the truth" (belief/faith).
    *   Sense 7 ("have fixed in the mind") usually refers to learned skills or languages (e.g., "I know Latin").

    *   Sense 1: possess knowledge or information about.
    *   Context: "knew nothing [about cancer] at the molecular level."
    *   This is a clear match for possessing (or in this case, lacking) information.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: molecular
Target surface form: molecular
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the <t>molecular</t> level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=molecular%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules | examples=molecular structure; molecular oxygen
2. sense_key=molecular%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller | examples=proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `molecular`
    *   Target surface form: `molecular`
    *   Context: "...cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the <t>molecular</t> level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `molecular%3:01:00::`: relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules (e.g., molecular structure, molecular oxygen).
        2.  `molecular%3:00:00::`: relating to simple or elementary organization (e.g., molecular facts of perception).

    *   The context discusses genes, cancer development, and the "molecular level."
    *   Genes are composed of DNA molecules.
    *   The phrase "molecular level" in biology/medicine refers to the level of molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins).
    *   Sense 1 refers to molecules in the chemical/biological sense.
    *   Sense 2 refers to "simple or elementary organization" in a more abstract or psychological sense (referencing G.A. Miller).

    *   The context is clearly biological/medical (genes, cancer).
    *   Sense 1 is the standard meaning for "molecular level" in this context.

    *   Sense 1: `molecular%3:01:00::` (relating to molecules)
    *   Sense 2: `molecular%3:00:00::` (relating to simple organization)
    *   The index for Sense 1 is 1 (based on the provided list order). Wait, let me check the numbering provided in the prompt.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1. sense_key=molecular%3:01:00:: ...
        2. sense_key=molecular%3:00:00:: ...
    *   The index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "level"
    *   Context: "...cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>."
    *   Meaning: The context refers to the scale or scale of observation (molecular level), meaning the level of detail or the specific scale of biological organization.

    *   Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" (degree, grade). Example: "high level of care".
    *   Sense 2: "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" (grade, tier). Example: "lumber of the highest grade".
    *   Sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (degree, stage, point). Example: "at what stage are the social sciences?".
    *   Sense 4: "height above ground".
    *   Sense 5: "indicator that establishes the horizontal" (spirit level).
    *   Sense 6: "a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line".
    *   Sense 7: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (layer, stratum). Example: "a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning".
    *   Sense 8: "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale" (floor, storey).

    *   "Molecular level" refers to the scale of analysis.
    *   Is it a "position on a scale of intensity" (Sense 1)? No.
    *   Is it a "relative position or degree of value" (Sense 2)? No.
    *   Is it a "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series" (Sense 3)? Maybe, but "molecular" isn't really a "stage" or "point" in a process here; it's a scale of organization.
    *   Is it an "abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (Sense 7)? "Layer, stratum". In science, "molecular level" often refers to a layer of organization (atomic -> molecular -> cellular -> tissue -> organ). This fits the "stratum" or "layer" concept of organization.

    *   Sense 3 (continuum/series/process) vs Sense 7 (layer/stratum).
    *   "Molecular level" is a standard phrase meaning the scale of organization.
    *   Looking at Sense 7: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" / "layer, stratum". Example: "a good actor communicates on several levels". This often refers to levels of meaning or levels of organization.
    *   Looking at Sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality".
    *   Wait, let's look at how "molecular level" is typically categorized in WSD datasets. Often, "level" in "molecular level" or "cellular level" is treated as a stratum or layer of organization.
    *   Sense 7: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (synonyms: layer, stratum). This fits the idea of biological organization levels (molecular, cellular, etc.).

    *   Sense 1: Intensity/Amount/Quality (e.g., "high level of noise").
    *   Sense 3: Position in a continuum/series/process (e.g., "at this level of the game").
    *   Sense 7: Layer/Stratum (e.g., "on a deeper level", "molecular level").

    "Molecular level" describes the scale of the biological organization. This is most closely aligned with the concept of a stratum or layer of analysis/organization.

    *   Sense 7: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning.
    *   This fits the "molecular level" usage (a layer of biological organization).

    *   Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" (degree, grade).
    *   Sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (degree, stage, point).
    *   Sense 7: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (layer, stratum).

    Comparing "molecular level" to these:
    - Is it a degree of intensity? No.
    - Is it a stage in a process? No.
    - Is it a layer/stratum of organization? Yes.

    Therefore, Sense 7 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: Today
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "today"
    *   Target surface form: "Today"
    *   Context: "...Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `today%1:28:00::` - the present time or age (e.g., "the world of today", "today we have computers")
        2.  `today%1:28:01::` - the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) (e.g., "Today is beautiful")

    *   The sentence contrasts "a decade ago" with "Today".
    *   "A decade ago" refers to a period of time in the past.
    *   "Today" in this context refers to the current era or the present time, not specifically the 24-hour period of the current calendar day.

    *   Sense 1: "the present time or age" - Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "the day that includes the present moment" - Does not fit (it's not about today's date).

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `know`
    *   Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

    *   Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (Example: "I know that the President lied...")
    *   Sense 2: know how to do or perform something. (Example: "She knows how to knit")
    *   Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. (Example: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun")
    *   Sense 4: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. (Example: "Do you know my sister?")
    *   Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. (Example: "I know the feeling!")
    *   Sense 6: accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority. (Example: "The Crown Prince was acknowledged...")
    *   Sense 7: have fixed in the mind. (Example: "I know Latin")
    *   Sense 8: have sexual intercourse with.
    *   Sense 9: know the nature or character of.
    *   Sense 10: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different.
    *   Sense 11: perceive as familiar.

    *   The sentence is: "Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   This is a scientific claim about a biological process.
    *   The speaker is stating a fact/truth discovered through research.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
        *   Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information".
        *   Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt".
    *   In scientific contexts, "knowing" that something happens (like the accumulation of genes initiating cancer) usually refers to having established the truth of a scientific fact.
    *   Example for Sense 3: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun." This is very similar to "we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer." Both describe scientific knowledge of a natural law or mechanism.
    *   Example for Sense 1: "I know that the President lied to the people." This is more about possessing a specific piece of information.

    *   Sense 1 is more about awareness of a fact.
    *   Sense 3 is more about the truth of a proposition, often used for scientific knowledge or deep conviction.
    *   The context "cancer was a black box... Today, we know that..." strongly suggests a shift from ignorance to scientific understanding/truth.

    *   Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information"
    *   Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something... regard as true beyond any doubt"
    *   The phrase "we know that [clause]" often maps to Sense 1 or 3.
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "I know that the President lied" (fact/information).
        *   Sense 3: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (scientific truth).
    *   The target sentence "we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" is a scientific truth, mirroring the Galileo example.

    *   Sense 1: Cognizant of a fact.
    *   Sense 3: Aware of the truth of something.
    *   In many WordNet-based datasets, scientific knowledge of a mechanism is categorized under the "truth of something" (Sense 3) rather than just "possessing a piece of information" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information"
    *   Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something"
    *   The sentence "we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" is stating a scientific fact/truth.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "possess knowledge or information about".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "regard as true beyond any doubt".
    *   The context "cancer was a black box... Today, we know..." implies a discovery of a fundamental truth about how cancer works. This aligns well with Sense 3.

    *   Sense 1: "I know that the President lied to the people" (Information/Fact)
    *   Sense 3: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (Scientific Truth)
    *   Target: "we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" (Scientific Truth)
    *   The parallel with the Galileo example is very strong.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accumulation
Target surface form: accumulation
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accumulation%1:22:00:: | definition=an increase by natural growth or addition | synonyms=accretion
2. sense_key=accumulation%1:14:00:: | definition=several things grouped together or considered as a whole | synonyms=collection, aggregation, assemblage
3. sense_key=accumulation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of accumulating | synonyms=accrual, accruement
4. sense_key=accumulation%1:21:00:: | definition=(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "accumulation"
    *   Context: "...we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Meaning: The process or result of several altered genes building up or gathering over time within a cell/organism, leading to cancer.

    *   Sense 1: "an increase by natural growth or addition" (Synonym: accretion). This fits the biological process of mutations building up over time.
    *   Sense 2: "several things grouped together or considered as a whole" (Synonyms: collection, aggregation, assemblage). This describes the *result* (the group of genes), but "accumulation" in a biological/genetic context usually implies the *process* of building up.
    *   Sense 3: "the act of accumulating" (Synonyms: accrual, accruement). This is the general action of gathering.
    *   Sense 4: "(finance) profits..." (Irrelevant).

    *   The sentence says "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer".
    *   In genetics, "accumulation of mutations" refers to the gradual build-up (increase by addition) of genetic changes.
    *   Sense 1 ("increase by natural growth or addition") specifically captures the "build-up" aspect often associated with biological processes (accretion).
    *   Sense 2 ("several things grouped together") is more static.
    *   Sense 3 ("the act of accumulating") is very general.

    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Is it the *group* of genes or the *process of building up* the genes? Usually, "accumulation of mutations" refers to the process of them adding up over time.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3: Sense 1 is more specific to growth/addition, which fits the biological context better than the generic "act of accumulating".

    *   "Accretion" (synonym for Sense 1) is often used in scientific contexts to describe growth by gradual addition.
    *   "Aggregation" (synonym for Sense 2) refers more to a cluster.
    *   The context "can initiate a cancer" suggests a threshold was reached through a process of adding more and more altered genes.

    *   Sense 1: increase by natural growth or addition.
    *   Sense 2: several things grouped together.
    *   Sense 3: the act of accumulating.

    In the phrase "the accumulation of several of these altered genes", it refers to the fact that multiple mutations have built up. This is most accurately described as an increase by addition (Sense 1).

    *Self-Correction:* Let's look at Sense 2 again. "Several things grouped together or considered as a whole". If the author means "the presence of a group of altered genes", Sense 2 fits. If the author means "the process of these genes building up", Sense 1 fits. In cancer biology, the "accumulation of mutations" is the standard way to describe the process of acquiring multiple hits (the multi-hit hypothesis). This is an increase by addition.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    Sense 1: "an increase by natural growth or addition"
    Sense 2: "several things grouped together or considered as a whole"

    If I say "the accumulation of snow", it's the result of the process (Sense 1 or 2). If I say "the accumulation of evidence", it's the process of gathering (Sense 1 or 3).
    In "accumulation of altered genes", it's the process of acquiring more and more mutations.

    Let's check WordNet's typical usage for "accumulation of mutations". It usually maps to the process of building up.

    Sense 1: increase by natural growth or addition.
    Sense 2: collection, aggregation.

    Actually, looking at the sentence "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer", it refers to the *state* of having gathered several genes, or the *process* of gathering them. "Increase by addition" (Sense 1) covers the process and the resulting increase.

    Let's double-check Sense 2: "several things grouped together". This is more like a "pile" or a "collection".

    Sense 1 is the most precise for the biological build-up of mutations.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: altered
Target surface form: altered
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these <t>altered</t> genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=altered%3:00:00:: | definition=changed in form or character without becoming something else; ; ; - Charles Dickens | examples=the altered policy promised success; following an altered course we soon found ourselves back in civilization
2. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:castrated:00 | definition=having testicles or ovaries removed | synonyms=neutered
3. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:modified:00 | definition=changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose | synonyms=adapted | examples=seeds precisely adapted to the area; instructions altered to suit the children's different ages

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `altered`
    *   Target surface form: `altered`
    *   Context: "...Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these <t>altered</t> genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `altered%3:00:00::`: changed in form or character without becoming something else.
        2.  `altered%5:00:00:castrated:00`: having testicles or ovaries removed (neutered).
        3.  `altered%5:00:00:modified:00`: changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose (adapted).

    *   The context discusses genes and cancer.
    *   "altered genes" refers to genes that have undergone mutations (changes in their DNA sequence).
    *   These changes lead to the initiation of cancer.

    *   Sense 2 (castrated) is clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (modified to improve/fit a purpose) implies intentionality or a positive outcome ("improve", "made more fit"). While mutations are "modifications" in a biological sense, they aren't usually "improved" or "adapted for a purpose" in the context of causing cancer (unless from the perspective of the cancer cell, but the general meaning of "altered" here is simply "changed/mutated").
    *   Sense 1 (changed in form or character without becoming something else) fits best. A mutated gene is still a gene, but its form/character (sequence/function) has changed.

    *   Sense 1: "changed in form or character without becoming something else" -> Fits "altered genes" (mutated genes).
    *   Sense 3: "changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose" -> Does not fit the context of spontaneous genetic mutation causing cancer.

    *   The word "altered" in genetics usually means mutated. Mutation is a change in the sequence. This aligns with "changed in form or character".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: initiate
Target surface form: initiate
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can <t>initiate</t> a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=initiate%2:36:01:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, start | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
2. sense_key=initiate%2:36:00:: | definition=take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of | synonyms=pioneer | examples=This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants
3. sense_key=initiate%2:41:01:: | definition=accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite | synonyms=induct | examples=African men are initiated when they reach puberty
4. sense_key=initiate%2:32:00:: | definition=bring up a topic for discussion | synonyms=broach
5. sense_key=initiate%2:30:00:: | definition=set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for | synonyms=lead up | examples=Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `initiate`
    *   Target surface form: `initiate`
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can <t>initiate</t> a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

    *   Sense 1: `bring into being` (synonyms: originate, start; examples: "He initiated a new program").
    *   Sense 2: `take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of` (synonyms: pioneer; examples: "pioneered heart transplants").
    *   Sense 3: `accept people into an exclusive society or group` (synonyms: induct; examples: "African men are initiated").
    *   Sense 4: `bring up a topic for discussion` (synonyms: broach).
    *   Sense 5: `set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for` (synonyms: lead up; examples: "Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II").

    *   The sentence says "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer".
    *   In this biological context, "initiate a cancer" means to start the process of cancer development or to bring the cancer into existence.
    *   Sense 1 ("bring into being", "start") fits well.
    *   Sense 2 ("pioneer") is for people leading a field.
    *   Sense 3 ("induct") is for social groups.
    *   Sense 4 ("broach") is for topics.
    *   Sense 5 ("set in motion", "lead up to") is often used for events leading to other events (like a war). While "initiate" can mean "set in motion", Sense 1's "bring into being" or "start" is a more direct fit for the creation/start of a disease process.

    *   Sense 1: "bring into being" / "start". (e.g., "initiated a new program").
    *   Sense 5: "set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for". (e.g., "led up to World War II").
    *   Comparing "initiate a cancer" to "initiate a program" (Sense 1) vs "initiate an event" (Sense 5).
    *   Cancer initiation is a specific biological term referring to the first step in carcinogenesis (the process of bringing the cancer into being).
    *   Sense 1 is the most general "start/create" sense. Sense 5 is more about a sequence of events leading to something.
    *   Looking at the synonyms: Sense 1 (originate, start) vs Sense 5 (lead up). "Originate" and "start" fit "initiate a cancer" better than "lead up".

    *   Sense 1: bring into being / start.
    *   Context: "initiate a cancer".
    *   This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Surrounding context mentions: "cancer treatment and prevention", "predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer", "colon cancer", "tumor-suppressors", "anti-cancer genes".

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: "(astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer" (Astrology)
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation..." (Astronomy)
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." (Astrology)
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Biology/Crustaceans)

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, discussing genes, tumors, treatment, and prevention.
    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "then"
    *   Target surface form: "then"
    *   Context: "...Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state."

    *   Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" (e.g., "then he left").
    *   Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" (e.g., "if he didn't take it, then who did?").
    *   Sense 3: "at that time" (e.g., "I was young then").

    *   The sentence describes a sequence of events:
        1.  Accumulation of altered genes initiates cancer.
        2.  (Then) it propels the cancer into a deadly state.
    *   The word "then" here indicates a temporal sequence or a subsequent step in a process.

    *   Sense 1 (subsequently/soon afterward) fits perfectly. It describes the order of events (initiate -> then propel).
    *   Sense 2 (in that case/consequence) is more about logical implication (if X, then Y). While there is a causal link, the primary meaning here is the sequence of the process.
    *   Sense 3 (at that time) refers to a specific point in the past or future, which doesn't fit the process description.

    *   The context "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it" clearly indicates a sequence of events. This matches Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propel
Target surface form: propel
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, <t>propel</t> it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propel%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move forward with force | synonyms=impel | examples=Steam propels this ship
2. sense_key=propel%2:36:00:: | definition=give an incentive for action | synonyms=motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite | examples=This moved me to sacrifice my career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `propel`
    *   Target surface form: `propel`
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, <t>propel</t> it into a deadly state."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `propel%2:35:00::`: cause to move forward with force (synonym: impel; example: Steam propels this ship).
        2.  `propel%2:36:00::`: give an incentive for action (synonyms: motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite; example: This moved me to sacrifice my career).

    *   The sentence describes the progression of cancer: "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Here, "propel" means to drive the cancer forward or accelerate its progression from an initial state to a more advanced/deadly state.
    *   Sense 1 refers to physical movement or driving something forward with force.
    *   Sense 2 refers to psychological motivation or incentive for action.

    *   Is it psychological motivation (Sense 2)? No. Cancer is not being "motivated" or "incentivized" in a psychological sense.
    *   Is it causing something to move forward/progress (Sense 1)? Yes. While not literal physical movement of a ship, "propel" is used metaphorically here to mean driving a process forward with force or speed. In linguistic terms, "propel" in the sense of "driving a process forward" aligns much closer to the "cause to move forward" definition than to "motivate a person to act."

    *   Sense 1: "cause to move forward with force" (Physical or metaphorical progression).
    *   Sense 2: "give an incentive for action" (Psychological motivation).
    *   The context "propel it [cancer] into a deadly state" fits the idea of driving a process forward (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `deadly`
    *   Target surface form: `deadly`
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `fatal`: causing or capable of causing death.
        2.  `fatal`: of an instrument of certain death (lethal).
        3.  `toxic`: extremely poisonous or injurious.
        4.  `unpardonable`: involving loss of divine grace.
        5.  `noxious`: exceedingly harmful.
        6.  `virulent`: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect.

    *   The context describes cancer progressing from initiation to a "deadly state."
    *   Cancer is a disease.
    *   A "deadly state" in the context of cancer means a state that causes death.

    *   Sense 1: "causing or capable of causing death" (General application).
    *   Sense 2: "of an instrument of certain death" (Usually refers to weapons/poisons).
    *   Sense 3: "extremely poisonous or injurious" (Toxic/venomous).
    *   Sense 4: "involving loss of divine grace" (Religious context).
    *   Sense 5: "exceedingly harmful" (General harm, not necessarily death).
    *   Sense 6: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect" (Specific to disease progression).

    *   The context is about cancer (a disease).
    *   "Propel it into a deadly state" suggests the disease has become fatal or highly aggressive.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general definition of "causing death."
    *   Sense 6 specifically mentions "of a disease" and "rapid course and violent effect."
    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 6.
    *   Sense 1: "causing or capable of causing death" (fatal).
    *   Sense 6: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect" (virulent).
    *   In the sentence "propel it into a deadly state," the focus is on the outcome (death) rather than the speed/violence of the course (though that often accompanies it). However, "deadly" in the context of a disease state usually means it's now fatal.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 6. "Virulent" often describes the *nature* of the strain or the *speed* of the disease. "Deadly" in "deadly state" most naturally maps to "causing death."
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 6:
        *   Sense 1: fatal (causing death).
        *   Sense 6: virulent (rapid/violent).
    *   If a cancer is in a "deadly state," it means it is now likely to cause death. This fits Sense 1 perfectly. Sense 6 is more about the *manner* of the disease's progression.

    *   Sense 1: "causing or capable of causing death" -> "a deadly state" (a state that causes death).
    *   Sense 6: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect" -> "a deadly state" (a state of rapid/violent effect).
    *   Usually, "deadly" is a synonym for "fatal." Sense 1 is the primary meaning of "fatal."

    *   Sense 1: fatal (causing death).
    *   Sense 2: lethal (instrument of death).
    *   Sense 3: toxic (poisonous).
    *   Sense 4: mortal (sin).
    *   Sense 5: noxious (harmful).
    *   Sense 6: virulent (rapid/violent disease).

    The phrase "propel it into a deadly state" means the cancer has progressed to a point where it will cause death. This is the definition of "fatal" (Sense 1).

    *Self-Correction:* Is "deadly" here specifically "virulent" (Sense 6)? Virulence refers to the severity or harmfulness of a pathogen. While cancer is a disease, "deadly" in "deadly state" is more commonly used to mean "fatal." Let's check if "deadly" is used as a synonym for "virulent" in medical contexts. Yes, but "fatal" is the more direct meaning of "deadly."

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "a fatal accident; a deadly enemy."
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 6: (none provided, but definition is "rapid course and violent effect").

    If the cancer is "deadly," it causes death. Sense 1 is the most direct fit.

    *Wait*, let me double-check Sense 6 again. "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect". If the cancer is propelled into a "deadly state," it means it has become aggressive and fatal. Sense 1 is "causing or capable of causing death." Sense 6 is more specific to the *behavior* of the disease. However, "deadly" almost always maps to "fatal" unless the specific "rapid/violent" aspect is emphasized.

    Let's compare:
    "The disease reached a deadly stage." (It will kill the patient).
    "The disease was deadly." (It kills people).

    Sense 1 is the most encompassing and accurate for "deadly" meaning "causing death."

    *Refining the choice:*
    Sense 1: fatal (causing death)
    Sense 6: virulent (rapid/violent)
    In the context of cancer progression ("initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state"), the transition is from "initiation" (starting) to "deadly" (killing). This strongly points to Sense 1.

    *Wait*, let me look at the candidate senses again.
    1. fatal: causing or capable of causing death
    6. virulent: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

    If I have to choose the *best* one, "deadly" in "deadly state" most simply means "fatal."

    Let's check if "deadly" is commonly used for "virulent." Yes, but "fatal" is the primary sense.

    Let's re-read: "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    This describes the progression from a benign or early-stage cancer to a malignant, fatal one.

    Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death.
    Sense 6: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect.

    If the state is "deadly," the result is death. Sense 1 is the most direct.

    *Double check:*
    Sense 1: fatal
    Sense 2: lethal (instrument)
    Sense 3: toxic
    Sense 4: unpardonable
    Sense 5: noxious
    Sense 6: virulent

    Sense 1 is the most appropriate.