[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on <t>education</t>, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `education`
    *   Target surface form: `education`
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on <t>education</t>, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

    *   Sense 1: `education%1:04:00` - the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill (instruction, teaching, pedagogy).
    *   Sense 2: `education%1:09:00` - knowledge acquired by learning and instruction.
    *   Sense 3: `education%1:09:01` - the gradual process of acquiring knowledge.
    *   Sense 4: `education%1:04:01` - the profession of teaching.
    *   Sense 5: `education%1:07:01` - the result of good upbringing (breeding).
    *   Sense 6: `education%1:14:00` - the US federal department.

    *   The sentence says "increasing expenditures on education". This refers to the system or the activity of providing instruction.
    *   The next sentence says "Education takes place in the classroom". This strongly suggests the *activity* of teaching/instructing (Sense 1) rather than the *knowledge acquired* (Sense 2) or the *gradual process* (Sense 3).
    *   Expenditures on "education" usually refer to the funding of the educational system/activities (teaching, schools, etc.).
    *   Sense 1 (activities of educating or instructing) fits best because the text links it to "expenditures" and "takes place in the classroom".

    *   Sense 1: Activities of educating/instructing. (Fits "expenditures on education" and "takes place in the classroom").
    *   Sense 2: Knowledge acquired. (You don't usually have "expenditures on knowledge acquired" in this context; you fund the *process* of acquiring it).
    *   Sense 3: Gradual process of acquiring knowledge. (Similar to Sense 2, though slightly different. Sense 1 is more about the *provision* of education, which is what expenditures target).
    *   Sense 4: Profession of teaching. (Expenditures are on the system/activity, not just the profession itself, though they overlap).
    *   Sense 5: Upbringing. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: Federal department. (The text mentions "In most states", implying a broader or state-level context, not specifically the US federal department).

    *   "increasing expenditures on education" -> funding the activity of teaching/instructing.
    *   "Education takes place in the classroom" -> the activity of teaching/instructing happens in the classroom.
    *   Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". This matches perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circumstance
Target surface form: circumstances
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current <t>circumstances</t>, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
2. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:02:: | definition=the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event | synonyms=context, setting | examples=the historical context
3. sense_key=circumstance%1:09:00:: | definition=information that should be kept in mind when making a decision | synonyms=condition, consideration | examples=another consideration is the time it would take
4. sense_key=circumstance%1:11:00:: | definition=formal ceremony about important occasions | examples=pomp and circumstance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `circumstance`
    *   Target surface form: `circumstances`
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current <t>circumstances</t>, will probably make things worse, not better."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `circumstance%1:26:01`: a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity.
        2.  `circumstance%1:26:02`: the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event (synonyms: context, setting).
        3.  `circumstance%1:09:00`: information that should be kept in mind when making a decision (synonyms: condition, consideration).
        4.  `circumstance%1:11:00`: formal ceremony about important occasions (pomp and circumstance).

    *   The sentence says: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
    *   "Current circumstances" refers to the overall situation, the state of affairs, or the context in which education spending is being considered.

    *   Sense 1: "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity." (Plural "circumstances" often refers to the general state of affairs).
    *   Sense 2: "the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event" (synonyms: context, setting).
    *   Sense 3: "information that should be kept in mind when making a decision" (synonyms: condition, consideration).
    *   Sense 4: "formal ceremony" (Clearly incorrect).

    *   Sense 2 ("the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event") fits well because "current circumstances" describes the general context or setting of the current state of education/governance.
    *   Sense 1 ("a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity") is very similar. However, "circumstances" (plural) usually maps to the general situation (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 3 ("information that should be kept in mind") is more about a specific point or factor (e.g., "one circumstance to consider is...").

    *   "In our current circumstances" is a common phrase meaning "in our current situation" or "given the current context."
    *   Sense 2 explicitly lists "context" and "setting" as synonyms.
    *   Sense 1 is more about a single condition.

    *   Sense 1: a condition (singular)
    *   Sense 2: the set of facts or circumstances (plural/collective)
    *   The context uses "circumstances" (plural) to refer to the general state of affairs.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit for "current circumstances" meaning the overall situation or context.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will <t>probably</t> make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "probably"
    *   Target surface form: "probably"
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will <t>probably</t> make things worse, not better."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `probably%4:02:00::`: with considerable certainty; without much doubt (synonyms: likely, in all likelihood).
        2.  `probably%4:02:01::`: easy to believe on the basis of available evidence (synonyms: credibly, believably, plausibly).

    *   The sentence is making a prediction/assertion about the outcome of increasing expenditures on education: "will probably make things worse, not better."
    *   The author is expressing a high likelihood or probability that this outcome will occur.

    *   Sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" (likely). This fits perfectly. The author believes it is likely that increasing expenditures will make things worse.
    *   Sense 2: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" (credibly, plausibly). This sense is more about the *believability* of a claim rather than the *likelihood* of an event occurring. While related, "probably" in the context of "will probably make things worse" is a standard expression of probability/likelihood.

    *   "He is probably out of the country" (Sense 1) matches the structure "will probably make things worse."
    *   "He will probably win the election" is listed under Sense 2 in the provided prompt, but wait... let me re-read.
    *   Wait, the prompt says:
        *   Sense 1: "He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war"
        *   Sense 2: "he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election"
    *   Actually, "he will probably win the election" is listed under Sense 2 in the prompt's provided examples. This is slightly confusing because "probably" in "win the election" usually means "likely" (Sense 1). However, looking at the definitions:
        *   Sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt"
        *   Sense 2: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence"
    *   In the context "will probably make things worse," the author is predicting a likely outcome based on their reasoning ("The reason is simple..."). This aligns with "likely" or "in all probability."

    *   Sense 1 is the standard meaning of "probably" as an adverb of probability.
    *   Sense 2 is a more specific meaning related to plausibility.
    *   The sentence "will probably make things worse" is a prediction of likelihood.

    *   Sense 1: likely, in all likelihood.
    *   Sense 2: credibly, believably, plausibly.
    *   "will likely make things worse" (Sense 1) vs "will plausibly make things worse" (Sense 2).
    *   "Likely" is the much more natural and common fit here.

    *   Sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt"
    *   Sense 2: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence"
    *   The author is stating a conclusion they believe to be true/likely.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: make
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably <t>make</t> things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `make`
    *   Target surface form: `make`
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably <t>make</t> things worse, not better."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "make things worse" means to cause things to become worse or to give things the property of being worse.

    *   Sense 1: engage in (do) - No.
    *   Sense 2: give certain properties to something (get someone mad; She made us look silly) - This looks promising. "Make things worse" is similar to "make someone mad" (changing the state/property).
    *   Sense 3: make or cause to be or to become (create a mess; create a furor) - This also looks promising. "Make things worse" is causing things to become worse.
    *   Sense 4: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner (induce) - No.
    *   Sense 5: give rise to; cause to happen or occur (cause a commotion) - No, "things" aren't happening; they are becoming worse.
    *   Sense 6: create or manufacture (produce) - No.
    *   Sense 7: formulate in the mind (draw a conclusion) - No.
    *   Sense 8: compel or make somebody to act (Heat makes you sweat) - No.
    *   Sense 9: create by artistic means - No.
    *   Sense 10: earn money - No.
    *   Sense 11: create or design - No.
    *   Sense 12: compose or represent (form, constitute) - No.
    *   Sense 13: reach a goal - No.
    *   Sense 14: be or be capable of being changed into - No.
    *   Sense 15: make by shaping - No.
    *   Sense 16: perform or carry out - No.
    *   Sense 17: make by combining materials - No.
    *   Sense 18: change from one form into another - No.
    *   Sense 19: act in a certain way so as to acquire - No.
    *   Sense 20: charge with a function - No.
    *   Sense 21: achieve a point or goal - No.
    *   Sense 22: reach a destination - No.
    *   Sense 23: institute, enact - No.
    *   Sense 24: carry out or commit - No.
    *   Sense 25: form by assembling - No.
    *   Sense 26: organize or be responsible for - No.
    *   Sense 27: put in order - No.
    *   Sense 28: head into a specified direction - No.
    *   Sense 29: bowel movement - No.
    *   Sense 30: undergo fabrication - No.
    *   Sense 31: be suitable for - No.
    *   Sense 32: add up to - No.
    *   Sense 33: amount to - No.
    *   Sense 34: constitute the essence of - No.
    *   Sense 35: appear to begin an activity - No.
    *   Sense 36: proceed along a path - No.
    *   Sense 37: reach in time - No.
    *   Sense 38: gather and light materials - No.
    *   Sense 39: prepare for eating - No.
    *   Sense 40: induce to have sex - No.
    *   Sense 41: assure the success of - No.
    *   Sense 42: represent fictitiously - No.
    *   Sense 43: consider as being - No.
    *   Sense 44: calculate as being - No.
    *   Sense 45: cause to be enjoyable - No.
    *   Sense 46: favor the development of - No.
    *   Sense 47: develop into - No.
    *   Sense 48: behave in a certain way - No.
    *   Sense 49: eliminate urine - No.

    *   Sense 2: "give certain properties to something" (examples: "get someone mad", "She made us look silly").
    *   Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" (examples: "make a mess in one's office", "create a furor").

    *   "Make things worse" means to cause the state of "things" to become "worse".
    *   Sense 2 focuses on giving a property (mad, silly). "Worse" is a property/state.
    *   Sense 3 focuses on causing something to be or become (a mess, a furor). "Worse" is an adjective describing the state.

    Let's re-examine Sense 2: "give certain properties to something" (synonym: get). Example: "get someone mad". "Make things worse" is very similar to "make someone mad".
    Let's re-examine Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" (synonym: create). Example: "make a mess". "Make a mess" is creating a state of messiness.

    Wait, "make things worse" is a very common idiom. Does it fit "give certain properties to something" (Sense 2) or "cause to be or to become" (Sense 3)?

    If I say "make him happy", that's Sense 2 (give property).
    If I say "make a mess", that's Sense 3 (cause to be/become).

    "Make things worse" is more like "make him happy" (changing the state/property of "things" to "worse") than "make a mess" (creating a mess).

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "give certain properties to something".
    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "make or cause to be or to become".

    Actually, "make things worse" is often categorized as "cause to become".
    Let's check the examples for Sense 3: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor". These are more about creating a situation.
    Let's check the examples for Sense 2: "get someone mad; She made us look silly". These are about changing a state or property.

    "Worse" is a comparative adjective describing the state of "things". "Make things worse" means to cause the state of things to be worse than it was. This aligns well with "give certain properties to something" (Sense 2).

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 again. "make or cause to be or to become". "Make things worse" = "cause things to become worse". This is almost a direct match for the definition of Sense 3.

    Let's compare:
    Sense 2: give certain properties to something.
    Sense 3: make or cause to be or to become.

    If the target is "make things worse", is "worse" a property (Sense 2) or is it "causing them to become [worse]" (Sense 3)?

    In many WordNet-based datasets, "make [object] [adjective]" (like "make it clear", "make him happy", "make things worse") is mapped to the sense of "cause to be or become".

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 2: "get someone mad", "made us look silly".
    Sense 3: "make a mess", "create a furor".

    Wait, "get someone mad" is exactly the same structure as "make things worse" (make + object + adjective).
    "Make a mess" is (make + object), where the object is a noun.

    So, if "get someone mad" is Sense 2, then "make things worse" should also be Sense 2.

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "give certain properties to something".
    Let's re-read Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become".

    Wait, "make a mess" (Sense 3) is "cause [a mess] to be".
    "Make someone mad" (Sense 2) is "give [someone] the property of [being mad]".

    "Make things worse" is "give [things] the property of [being worse]".

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again. "make or cause to be or to become".
    If I "make a mess", I "cause a mess to be".
    If I "make things worse", I "cause things to become worse".

    This is tricky. Let's look at the synonyms.
    Sense 2: get. ("get someone mad")
    Sense 3: create. ("create a furor")

    "Make things worse" is not really "creating" things worse. It's "getting" things worse (though we don't say "get things worse" as often as "make things worse").

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "give certain properties to something".
    "Worse" is a property. "Things" is the object.
    "Make things worse" = give the property of being worse to things.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become".
    "Make a mess" = cause a mess to be.

    Comparing "make someone mad" (Sense 2) and "make things worse", they are structurally identical (make + object + adjective).

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the most consistent choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make <t>things</t> worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `thing`
    *   Target surface form: `things`
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make <t>things</t> worse, not better."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "make things worse" refers to the general state of affairs, the situation, or the overall condition of education/the system.

    *   1: `a special situation` (Example: "this thing has got to end")
    *   2: `an action` (Example: "how could you do such a thing?")
    *   3: `a special abstraction` (Example: "a thing of the spirit")
    *   4: `an artifact` (Example: "how does this thing work?")
    *   5: `an event` (Example: "a funny thing happened")
    *   6: `a vaguely specified concern` (Synonyms: matter, affair; Example: "several matters to attend to")
    *   7: `a statement regarded as an object` (Example: "to say the same thing")
    *   8: `an entity that is not named specifically` (Example: "I couldn't tell what the thing was")
    *   9: `any attribute or quality` (Example: "the thing I like about her is...")
    *   10: `a special objective` (Example: "the thing is to stay in bounds")
    *   11: `a persistent illogical feeling` (Example: "he has a thing about seafood")
    *   12: `a separate and self-contained entity`

    *   "Make things worse" is a common idiom.
    *   "Things" here refers to the general state of affairs or the situation.
    *   Sense 1: "a special situation" fits well.
    *   Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" (matter, affair) also fits. "Make matters worse" is a very close synonym for "make things worse".

    *   Sense 1: "a special situation" (Example: "this thing has got to end")
    *   Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" (Synonyms: matter, affair)

    In the phrase "make things worse", "things" is often used to mean "the state of affairs" or "the situation".
    Looking at Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair". "Make matters worse" is the exact equivalent.
    Looking at Sense 1: "a special situation".

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 6.
    Sense 1: "this thing has got to end" (referring to a situation).
    Sense 6: "several matters to attend to" (referring to concerns/affairs).

    Wait, "make things worse" usually refers to the general state of affairs.
    If I replace "things" with "matters" (Sense 6), it works perfectly: "make matters worse".
    If I replace "things" with "the situation" (Sense 1), it also works: "make the situation worse".

    Let's look at the WordNet definitions again.
    Sense 1: `thing%1:26:00:: a special situation`
    Sense 6: `thing%1:09:02:: a vaguely specified concern` (synonyms: matter, affair)

    In "make things worse", "things" is plural. Sense 6's synonyms "matter, affair" are often used in the plural ("matters") to mean the state of affairs.

    Let's check other sources for "make things worse". It usually means to make a bad situation even worse.
    Sense 1: "a special situation"
    Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern"

    Actually, "things" in "how are things?" or "things are getting better" refers to the general state of affairs.
    Sense 1 ("a special situation") seems slightly more aligned with "the state of affairs" than "a vaguely specified concern" (Sense 6). However, "matters" (Sense 6) is a very strong synonym for "things" in "make things worse".

    Let's re-read Sense 1: "a special situation". Example: "this thing has got to end".
    Let's re-read Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern". Synonyms: "matter, affair". Example: "several matters to attend to".

    Wait, "make things worse" is almost always synonymous with "make matters worse".
    If "matters" is a synonym for Sense 6, then Sense 6 is a very strong candidate.

    Let's double-check Sense 1 again. "a special situation".
    If the context is "increasing expenditures... will probably make things worse", it means the overall situation regarding education.

    Comparing "situation" (Sense 1) and "matter/affair" (Sense 6).
    "Make matters worse" is a standard idiom.
    "Make the situation worse" is also standard.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "this thing has got to end". This refers to a situation.
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 6: "several matters to attend to". This refers to tasks or concerns.

    In "make things worse", "things" doesn't really mean "tasks to attend to". It means the general state of affairs.
    Is "the state of affairs" a "special situation" (Sense 1) or a "vaguely specified concern" (Sense 6)?

    Actually, looking at WordNet's structure (if I recall), `thing%1:26:00` (Sense 1) is often used for "the state of affairs".
    Let's re-examine Sense 6: `thing%1:09:02` (matter, affair). "The state of affairs" is often called "the way things are" or "the state of matters".

    Let's try to find which one fits "make things worse" better.
    "Things" in "make things worse" = the general state of affairs.
    Sense 1: a special situation.
    Sense 6: a vaguely specified concern.

    If I have to choose one, "situation" (Sense 1) feels slightly closer to the general state of affairs than "concern" (Sense 6), although "matters" is a synonym for Sense 6.

    Wait, let me search for "make things worse" in a dictionary.
    Cambridge: "to make a bad situation worse".
    Merriam-Webster: "to make a situation worse".

    If the definition of "things" in this idiom is "situation", then Sense 1 ("a special situation") is the best fit.

    Let's double-check Sense 6 again. "a vaguely specified concern". "Matter" and "affair" can mean "situation" (e.g., "a matter of great importance"), but "concern" is more specific.

    Let's re-verify Sense 1: "a special situation". Example: "this thing has got to end". This fits the usage of "things" as "the state of affairs".

    Final check:
    Context: "make things worse"
    Sense 1: a special situation.
    Sense 6: a vaguely specified concern (matter, affair).

    "Make matters worse" is a common phrase. "Matters" here means "the state of affairs".
    "Make things worse" is also common. "Things" here means "the state of affairs".

    Is "the state of affairs" a "special situation" or a "vaguely specified concern"?
    It's more of a situation.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 1: "this thing has got to end" (the situation has to end).
    Sense 6: "several matters to attend to" (several things to do).

    The example for Sense 6 is about tasks/concerns. The example for Sense 1 is about a situation.
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit for "make things worse".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worse
Target surface form: worse
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worse%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was
2. sense_key=worse%3:00:02:: | definition=changed for the worse in health or fitness | synonyms=worsened | examples=I feel worse today; her cold is worse
3. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad, big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
5. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=bad, tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=bad, spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
7. sense_key=regretful%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry, bad | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=bad, uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | synonyms=bad | examples=so-called bad grammar
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=bad, risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=bad, unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | synonyms=bad | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | synonyms=bad | examples=led a very bad life
15. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=bad, forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
16. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=bad, defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `worse`
    *   Target surface form: `worse`
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better."
    *   Target word: `worse`

    *   The sentence says "make things worse, not better."
    *   This is a comparative construction ("worse, not better").
    *   "Things" refers to the general situation or condition of education/expenditures.
    *   "Make things worse" means to make the situation more inferior in quality, condition, or desirability.

    *   Sense 1: `worse%3:00:00::` | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was.
    *   Sense 2: `worse%3:00:02::` | definition=changed for the worse in health or fitness | synonyms=worsened | examples=I feel worse today; her cold is worse.
    *   Sense 3: `bad%3:00:00::` | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | synonyms=bad.
    *   (Senses 4-16 are various meanings of "bad", not "worse").

    *   The context is about a general situation (education expenditures), not health or fitness (Sense 2).
    *   The word "worse" is explicitly used as a comparative ("worse, not better").
    *   Sense 1 is the comparative of "bad" meaning inferior in quality, condition, or desirability. This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Comparative of bad, inferior in quality/condition/desirability. (Fits "make things worse").
    *   Sense 2: Health/fitness. (Does not fit).
    *   Sense 3: Base form "bad". (The target is "worse").

    *   The target word is "worse".
    *   Sense 1 is the comparative form of "bad" (inferior in quality/condition).
    *   The context "make things worse, not better" clearly indicates a comparative state of a situation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: better
Target surface form: better
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not <t>better</t>. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=better%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another | examples=You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat
2. sense_key=better%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness | examples=her health is better now; I feel better
3. sense_key=better%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=best | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
4. sense_key=better%5:00:00:major:01 | definition=more than half | examples=argued for the better part of an hour
5. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
8. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
9. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
12. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
14. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
15. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
18. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
24. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
25. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste
26. sense_key=well%3:00:01:: | definition=in good health especially after having suffered illness or injury | synonyms=well | examples=appears to be entirely well; the wound is nearly well
27. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
28. sense_key=well%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=wise or advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=well | examples=it would be well to start early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `better`
    *   Target surface form: `better`
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not <t>better</t>."
    *   The phrase "make things worse, not better" is a common idiom meaning to make a situation less good or more bad.

    *   Sense 1: `better%3:00:00::` (comparative of `good`) - superior to another in excellence, quality, desirability, or suitability.
    *   Sense 2: `better%3:00:02::` (comparative of `good`) - changed for the better in health or fitness.
    *   Sense 3: `better%5:00:00:advisable:00` (comparative of `well`) - wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable.
    *   Sense 4: `better%5:00:00:major:01` - more than half.
    *   Senses 5-28: These are mostly senses of `good` or `well` (the base forms), not the comparative `better`.

    *   The context is "make things worse, not better."
    *   "Things" refers to the general state of education/expenditures.
    *   "Worse" is the comparative of "bad."
    *   "Better" is the comparative of "good."
    *   In this context, "better" means "superior in quality or desirability" (making the situation more desirable/better).
    *   Sense 1: "superior to another... in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability." This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "changed for the better in health or fitness." (Not applicable here).
    *   Sense 3: "wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable." (This usually applies to actions, e.g., "It would be better to..."). Here, "things" (the situation) are being made better, not an action being advisable.

    *   The phrase "make things better" means to improve the quality or desirability of a situation.
    *   Sense 1 is the general comparative of "good" (superior in quality/desirability).

    *   Sense 1: `better%3:00:00::` (comparative of `good`) - superior to another in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability.
    *   Sense 3: `better%5:00:00:advisable:00` (comparative of `well`) - wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable.
    *   Comparing "make things better" (Sense 1) vs "it would be better to" (Sense 3).
    *   The context "make things worse, not better" clearly contrasts "better" with "worse" (comparative of bad). This points to the general quality/desirability of the situation.

    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The <t>reason</t> is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `reason`
    *   Target surface form: `reason`
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The <t>reason</t> is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

    *   Sense 1: a rational motive for a belief or action (synonym: ground). Example: "the reason that war was declared".
    *   Sense 2: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. Example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that...".
    *   Sense 3: the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination (synonym: understanding, intellect). Example: "man is endowed with reason".
    *   Sense 4: the state of having good sense and sound judgment (synonym: rationality, reasonableness). Example: "his rationality may have been impaired".
    *   Sense 5: a justification for something existing or happening (synonym: cause, grounds). Example: "he had no cause to complain".
    *   Sense 6: a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion. Example: "there is reason to believe he is lying".

    *   The sentence says: "increasing expenditures... will probably make things worse... The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom..."
    *   Here, "the reason" refers to the explanation for *why* increasing expenditures will make things worse (or why they won't help).
    *   It is explaining the cause/mechanism behind the phenomenon described in the previous sentence.

    *   Sense 1 (motive for action) doesn't fit; it's not about a person's motive.
    *   Sense 2 (explanation of the cause of some phenomenon) fits well. The phenomenon is "increasing expenditures... will probably make things worse".
    *   Sense 3 (capacity for rational thought) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 (state of having good sense) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5 (justification for something existing/happening) is close, but Sense 2 is more specific to an "explanation of the cause".
    *   Sense 6 (fact that justifies a premise) is close, but Sense 2 is a better fit for "The reason is simple: [explanation]".

    *   Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon".
    *   Context: "The reason [why increasing expenditures will make things worse] is simple: [Education takes place in the classroom...]"
    *   This is a classic "explanation of cause" structure.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is <t>simple</t>: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "simple"
    *   Target surface form: "simple"
    *   Context: "The reason is <t>simple</t>: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
    *   Meaning: The author is stating that the explanation for why increasing expenditures won't help is straightforward, not complex, and easy to understand.

    *   Sense 1: `having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved` (e.g., a simple problem).
    *   Sense 2: `easy and not involved or complicated` (e.g., an elementary problem in statistics).
    *   Sense 3: `apart from anything else; without additions or modifications` (e.g., only the bare facts).
    *   Sense 4: `exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity` (naive).
    *   Sense 5: `lacking mental capacity and subtlety` (dim-witted).
    *   Sense 6: `(botany) of leaf shapes`.
    *   Sense 7: `unornamented` (e.g., a simple dress).

    *   The context "The reason is simple" means the reason is not complex or complicated.
    *   Sense 1 ("not complex or complicated or involved") and Sense 2 ("easy and not involved or complicated") are very similar.
    *   Let's look closer:
        *   Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" (often refers to the structure of something).
        *   Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated" (often refers to the difficulty of understanding or performing).
    *   In "The reason is simple," it means the logic is straightforward/uncomplicated.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1 examples: "a simple problem; simple mechanisms".
        *   Sense 2 examples: "an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson".
    *   Usually, "the reason is simple" aligns with the idea that the explanation is not complex (Sense 1) or easy to grasp (Sense 2).
    *   However, in many WordNet-based datasets, "simple" meaning "not complex" (as in a reason or explanation) is mapped to Sense 1. Let's re-evaluate.
    *   Sense 1: "not complex or complicated or involved".
    *   Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated".
    *   Is the reason "easy" or "not complex"? Both fit. But "not complex" is the more fundamental meaning of a "simple reason".
    *   Let's check Sense 3: "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" (mere). This doesn't fit.

    *   Sense 1: `having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved`
    *   Sense 2: `easy and not involved or complicated`
    *   In the sentence "The reason is simple: [explanation]", the author is saying the explanation is straightforward/uncomplicated.
    *   Looking at the examples: "a simple problem" (Sense 1) vs "an elementary problem" (Sense 2).
    *   A "simple reason" is one that is not complex.

    *   Sense 1 is the most general sense of "not complex".
    *   Sense 2 emphasizes "easy".
    *   "The reason is simple" usually means "the reason is not complex".

    *   Sense 1: `simple%3:00:02::` (not complex)
    *   Sense 2: `simple%5:00:00:easy:01` (easy)
    *   In this context, "The reason is simple" is a common idiom meaning the explanation is straightforward. This fits "not complex or complicated" (Sense 1) better than "easy" (Sense 2), although they overlap. Let's double-check if there's a better fit.
    *   Wait, looking at the provided senses again:
        1. `having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved`
        2. `easy and not involved or complicated`
    *   If I say "The reason is simple," I mean it's not complicated. Sense 1 specifically mentions "not complex or complicated". Sense 2 mentions "easy and not involved or complicated".
    *   Usually, "simple" in "the reason is simple" refers to the lack of complexity.

    *   Sense 1: `simple%3:00:02::`
    *   Sense 2: `simple%5:00:00:easy:01`
    *   Let's look at the examples again. "a simple problem" (1) vs "an elementary problem" (2).
    *   "The reason is simple" is more like "the problem is simple" (not complex) than "the problem is elementary" (easy).

    *   Sense 1: not complex.
    *   Sense 2: easy.
    *   Sense 3: mere.
    *   Sense 4: naive.
    *   Sense 5: dim-witted.
    *   Sense 6: botany.
    *   Sense 7: unornamented.
    *   The most fitting is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: Education
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: <t>Education</t> takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "education"
    *   Target surface form: "Education"
    *   Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: <t>Education</t> takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
    *   Key phrase: "Education takes place in the classroom..."

    *   Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy).
    *   Sense 2: "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" (The result/state of being educated).
    *   Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" (The process of learning).
    *   Sense 4: "the profession of teaching" (The career/field).
    *   Sense 5: "the result of good upbringing" (Social behavior/breeding).
    *   Sense 6: "the United States federal department" (The government agency).

    *   The sentence says "Education takes place in the classroom".
    *   Does "knowledge acquired" (Sense 2) take place in the classroom? No, knowledge is acquired *through* the process.
    *   Does "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" (Sense 3) take place in the classroom? Yes.
    *   Do "the activities of educating or instructing" (Sense 1) take place in the classroom? Yes.
    *   Does "the profession of teaching" (Sense 4) take place in the classroom? The *work* does, but the sentence is talking about the act of educating/learning itself.
    *   Does "the result of good upbringing" (Sense 5) take place in the classroom? No.
    *   Does "the US federal department" (Sense 6) take place in the classroom? No.

    *   Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (instruction, teaching).
    *   Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge".

    Looking at the context: "increasing expenditures on education... Education takes place in the classroom".
    The author is arguing that money spent on the *system* (expenditures on education) doesn't help because the actual *act* of educating (the interaction between teacher and student) happens in the classroom.

    If we substitute:
    - "Instruction takes place in the classroom" (Sense 1)
    - "The gradual process of acquiring knowledge takes place in the classroom" (Sense 3)

    Sense 1 focuses on the *imparting* (teaching/instruction).
    Sense 3 focuses on the *acquiring* (learning).

    In the context of "expenditures on education" and "takes place in the classroom", the author is referring to the actual activity of teaching/learning. Sense 1 ("the activities of educating or instructing") fits very well as it encompasses the pedagogical activity. Sense 3 is more about the long-term process of a person's development.

    Let's re-read: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
    This refers to the *act* of teaching/learning. Sense 1 (instruction, teaching) is a more precise fit for the activity occurring in a classroom than the "gradual process of acquiring knowledge" (which happens over a lifetime, not just in a classroom).

    Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
    Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"

    The sentence "Education takes place in the classroom" emphasizes the *location* of the activity. The activity of instructing/teaching (Sense 1) is what happens in the classroom.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again: "instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity".
    Sense 3: "education is a preparation for life".

    The context is about school governance and expenditures. The author is talking about the actual delivery of education. "Instruction" (Sense 1) is the delivery.

    Let's double-check Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    Sense 1: activities of educating/instructing.
    Sense 3: process of acquiring knowledge.

    Usually, "Education takes place in the classroom" refers to the instructional activity.

    Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing"
    Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"

    If I say "Education happens in the classroom," I usually mean the teaching/instructional part.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed".
    Examples for Sense 3: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's".

    The context "Education takes place in the classroom" aligns more with the "formal education" or "instruction" aspect of Sense 1 than the "preparation for life" aspect of Sense 3.

    Sense 1: activities of educating/instructing.
    Sense 3: process of acquiring knowledge.
    The sentence "Education takes place in the classroom" describes the *activity* of teaching/learning. Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing". This is a very strong match.

    Wait, let me think if Sense 3 is better. "The gradual process of acquiring knowledge". Is that what takes place in the classroom? Yes, but the *activities* (Sense 1) are what the classroom provides to facilitate that process.

    Let's re-read the whole paragraph.
    "increasing expenditures on education... Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
    The author is contrasting the *funding* (expenditures) with the *actual act* of teaching. The act of teaching is Sense 1.

    Sense 1: activities of educating or instructing.
    Sense 3: gradual process of acquiring knowledge.
    Sense 1 is more about the *delivery* (teaching), Sense 3 is more about the *acquisition* (learning).
    "Education takes place in the classroom" refers to the delivery/activity.

    Let's check if "education" in "expenditures on education" matches Sense 1. Yes, spending on the activities of educating.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the <t>influence</t> of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `influence`
    *   Target surface form: `influence`
    *   Context: "...Education takes place in the classroom, where the <t>influence</t> of money is minimal."

    *   Sense 1: `influence%1:07:00::` - a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc. (Example: used her parents' influence to get the job).
    *   Sense 2: `influence%1:04:00::` - causing something without any direct or apparent effort.
    *   Sense 3: `influence%1:09:00::` - a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do. (Example: her wishes had a great influence on his thinking).
    *   Sense 4: `influence%1:19:00::` - the effect of one thing (or person) on another. (Example: the influence of mechanical action).
    *   Sense 5: `influence%1:18:00::` - one having power to influence another. (Example: she was the most important influence in my life).

    *   The sentence is: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
    *   Here, "influence of money" refers to the effect that money (or the lack thereof/availability of it) has on the process of education happening in the classroom.
    *   It's not about prestige or social power (Sense 1).
    *   It's not about a cognitive factor (Sense 3).
    *   It's not about a person (Sense 5).
    *   It's not about "causing something without direct effort" (Sense 2).
    *   It is about the *effect* of one thing (money) on another (education/classroom learning).

    *   Sense 4: "the effect of one thing (or person) on another". Example: "the influence of mechanical action".
    *   This fits perfectly. The "influence of money" is the "effect of money" on the classroom environment/learning.

    *   Sense 1 (power/prestige) is often used for people in positions of authority.
    *   Sense 4 (effect) is more general and applies to non-human entities like "money" or "mechanical action".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "money"
    *   Context: "...Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `money%1:21:00`: the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender.
        2.  `money%1:21:02`: wealth reckoned in terms of money.
        3.  `money%1:21:01`: the official currency issued by a government or national bank.

    *   The sentence discusses "increasing expenditures on education" and states that "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
    *   In this context, "money" refers to financial resources, funding, or wealth allocated to education, rather than the physical currency (coins/bills) or a specific national currency.

    *   Sense 1 (medium of exchange/legal tender): This is the general concept of money as a tool for trade.
    *   Sense 2 (wealth reckoned in terms of money): This refers to financial resources, assets, or funding.
    *   Sense 3 (official currency): This refers to specific national currencies (e.g., dollars, francs).

    *   The text is talking about "expenditures on education." Expenditures are drawn from financial resources (wealth/funding).
    *   "The influence of money" in a classroom setting refers to the amount of funding or financial resources available, not the physical bills or the specific currency used.
    *   Sense 2 ("wealth reckoned in terms of money") best fits the idea of financial resources or funding.

    *   Sense 1 is too narrow (the medium itself).
    *   Sense 3 is too narrow (the specific currency).
    *   Sense 2 covers the concept of financial means/wealth/funding.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: Decades
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. <t>Decades</t> of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `decade`
    *   Target surface form: `Decades`
    *   Context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `decade%1:28:00::`: a period of 10 years.
        2.  `decade%1:23:00::`: the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system.

    *   The sentence says "Decades of educational research...".
    *   "Decades" here refers to multiple periods of ten years (i.e., a long time).
    *   It does not refer to the number 10 itself.

    *   Sense 1: a period of 10 years. (Fits perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: the number 10. (Does not fit)

    *   The correct sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `educational`
    *   Target surface form: `educational`
    *   Context: "Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `educational%3:01:00::`: relating to the process of education (Example: educational psychology)
        2.  `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`: providing knowledge (Example: an educational film)

    *   The phrase is "educational research".
    *   "Educational research" refers to research *about* the process of education, pedagogy, and schooling.
    *   It does not mean "research that provides knowledge" (which would be redundant, as all research provides knowledge) or "research that is instructive" (like a tutorial).
    *   It fits the pattern of "educational psychology" (research/study relating to the process of education).

    *   Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "providing knowledge" (instructive) -> Does not fit. "Educational research" isn't research that is meant to teach the reader something in the way a documentary is educational; it's research *on* education.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.