[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: formation
Target surface form: formation
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=formation%1:14:00:: | definition=an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit | examples=a defensive formation; a formation of planes
2. sense_key=formation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of fabricating something in a particular shape | synonyms=shaping
3. sense_key=formation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
4. sense_key=formation%1:17:00:: | definition=(geology) the geological features of the earth | synonyms=geological formation
5. sense_key=formation%1:06:00:: | definition=a particular spatial arrangement
6. sense_key=formation%1:22:00:: | definition=natural process that causes something to form | examples=the formation of gas in the intestine; the formation of crystals
7. sense_key=formation%1:04:02:: | definition=creation by mental activity | examples=the formation of sentences; the formation of memories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "formation"
    *   Context: "...the discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   Meaning: The process by which cancer develops or forms.

    *   Sense 1: Arrangement of people/things acting as a unit (e.g., defensive formation). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Act of fabricating something in a particular shape (shaping). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Act of forming or establishing something (constitution, establishment). -> This is more about organizations or reputations.
    *   Sense 4: Geological features. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Particular spatial arrangement. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: Natural process that causes something to form (e.g., formation of gas in the intestine, formation of crystals). -> This fits the biological/natural process of cancer developing.
    *   Sense 7: Creation by mental activity (e.g., formation of sentences). -> Incorrect.

    *   The context is biological (cancer).
    *   "Cancer formation" refers to the natural (though pathological) process of cancer cells developing and growing.
    *   Sense 6 specifically mentions "natural process that causes something to form" and gives biological examples ("formation of gas in the intestine"). This is the closest match.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "<t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `says`
    *   Context: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' <t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell) - General expression of information.
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver) - Asserting something, often as a claim.
    *   Sense 3: express a supposition (suppose) - Hypothetical.
    *   Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - Written text.
    *   Sense 5: give instructions to or direct (order, tell) - Command.
    *   Sense 6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce) - Phonetics.
    *   Sense 7: communicate or express nonverbally - Non-verbal.
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud - The physical act of speaking.
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - Expressing a judgment.
    *   Sense 10: recite or repeat a fixed text - Ritual/Prayer.
    *   Sense 11: indicate - (e.g., a clock).

    *   The sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   Robert Weinberg is providing a quote, stating a fact or an interpretation of the discovery.
    *   This is a standard reporting verb used in journalism to attribute a statement.

    *   Sense 1 (express in words/state) is the most general and fits well.
    *   Sense 2 (report or maintain/allege) is often used for claims that might be disputed.
    *   Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement) is also a possibility, as he is interpreting the discovery.
    *   However, in the context of attributing a quote in a news-style report, "says" usually maps to the most general sense of stating or expressing in words.

    *   Sense 1: "express in words" (synonyms: state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
    *   Sense 2: "report or maintain" (synonyms: allege, aver). Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime."
    *   Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Example: "I say let's forget this whole business."

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1 is the standard "state" meaning. Sense 2 is more about making a claim (allege).
    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 9: Sense 9 is more about a declaration or a proposal ("I say let's...").

    In the context of a scientist providing a quote about a discovery, he is stating/expressing his view/finding. This is the primary use of "say" as a reporting verb.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again: "express in words | synonyms=state, tell". This is the most fitting for a direct quote attribution.

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell)
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver)
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud (the physical act)

    The sentence "The discovery... says Robert Weinberg" is a classic attribution of a statement. Sense 1 is the most appropriate general sense for this.

    *Self-Correction:* Is it Sense 2? "Report or maintain". "Allege" is too strong. "Aver" is too formal.
    Is it Sense 9? "State as one's opinion or judgement". While it is his opinion/judgment, the primary function of "says" here is the act of stating the quote.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her." (Simple statement)
    Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." (Maintaining a position/reporting)

    Actually, in many WordNet-based datasets, the simple attribution of a quote is mapped to the most general "state" sense.

    Let's check Sense 1 again: "express in words | synonyms=state, tell".
    This fits perfectly.

    Sense 1: express in words (state, tell)
    Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver)
    Sense 3: suppose
    Sense 4: read (text)
    Sense 5: order
    Sense 6: pronounce
    Sense 7: nonverbal
    Sense 8: utter aloud
    Sense 9: declare opinion
    Sense 10: recite
    Sense 11: indicate

    The use of "says" to attribute a quote is the most basic form of "stating" something.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 2 again: "report or maintain". "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This is very similar to the target sentence.
    However, "express in words" (Sense 1) is the broader category.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her".
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war".

    The target sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg".
    This is a statement of fact/interpretation.

    If I have to choose between 1 and 2:
    Sense 1 is "express in words".
    Sense 2 is "report or maintain".

    In journalistic writing, "says" is the neutral reporting verb. Sense 1 is the most neutral.

    Let's double-check Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Example: "I say let's forget this whole business". This is more like a proposal or a strong declaration.

    Sense 1 seems the safest and most accurate for a general attribution of a quote.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: leader
Target surface form: leader
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: | definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `leader`
    *   Target surface form: `leader`
    *   Context: "...says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `leader%1:18:00::` - a person who rules or guides or inspires others.
        2.  `leader%1:06:00::` - a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers (loss leader).

    *   The sentence refers to Robert Weinberg, a person involved in cancer-gene research.
    *   He is described as a "leader in cancer-gene research".
    *   This clearly refers to someone who is prominent, influential, or guiding in their field of study.

    *   Sense 1: "a person who rules or guides or inspires others" fits perfectly. A leader in a scientific field is someone who guides the direction of research or is a prominent figure.
    *   Sense 2: "a featured article of merchandise..." is completely irrelevant (this refers to retail "loss leaders").

    *   The correct sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: Evidence
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. <t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `evidence`
    *   Target surface form: `Evidence`
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `evidence%1:09:00::`: basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief (synonym: grounds). Example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling".
        2.  `evidence%1:10:01::`: an indication that makes something evident. Example: "his trembling was evidence of his fear".
        3.  `evidence%1:10:00::`: (law) means by which any alleged matter of fact... is established or disproved at judicial trial.

    *   The sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   This is in the context of scientific research (cancer-gene research, p53 suppressor gene, mutations in breast tumors).
    *   The "evidence" refers to the scientific data/findings (the mutations in breast tumors) that support the belief/conclusion that p53 is involved in other cancers.

    *   Sense 3 (Law) is clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (Indication) usually refers to a sign or symptom (e.g., trembling -> fear). While scientific evidence can be an indication, Sense 1 is more specific to the "basis for belief" or "knowledge" derived from research.
    *   Sense 1 (Basis for belief/knowledge) fits perfectly. The example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" is almost identical in structure and meaning to "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." Both refer to scientific evidence supporting a medical/biological conclusion.

    *   Sense 1: basis for belief/knowledge (scientific evidence).
    *   Sense 2: indication/sign.
    *   Sense 3: legal evidence.
    *   The context is scientific research. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "now"
    *   Context: "Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Surrounding text: The passage describes a scientific discovery process. It talks about past events (Levine's experiments, Vogelstein's findings) and then shifts to the current state of knowledge: "Evidence now is emerging..."

    *   Sense 1: Historical present (narrating past events as if they are happening now).
    *   Sense 2: In these times; nowadays; today.
    *   Sense 3: Preface to command/reproof/request.
    *   Sense 4: At the present moment; at present.
    *   Sense 5: Without delay; immediately.
    *   Sense 6: Change of subject/activity.
    *   Sense 7: In the immediate past.

    *   The sentence "Evidence now is emerging..." indicates that at the time of writing (the present), new evidence is coming to light.
    *   It contrasts with the previous descriptions of past research.
    *   Is it "nowadays" (Sense 2) or "at the present moment" (Sense 4)?
    *   Sense 2 ("nowadays", "today") often refers to a general era or a broad period of time.
    *   Sense 4 ("at the present moment", "at present") refers to the current time relative to the narrative.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" (general era).
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 4: "goods now on sale" (current state).
    *   "Evidence now is emerging" means that currently, evidence is coming out. This fits "at present" (Sense 4) or "nowadays" (Sense 2).
    *   However, in scientific writing, "now" often functions as "at present" or "currently" to describe the current state of research.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 4.
        *   Sense 2: "in these times" (nowadays).
        *   Sense 4: "at the present moment" (at present).
    *   "Evidence is now emerging" is very similar to "Evidence is currently emerging."
    *   Comparing "nowadays" (Sense 2) and "at present" (Sense 4):
        *   "Evidence nowadays is emerging" (Sounds slightly off).
        *   "Evidence at present is emerging" (Sounds better).
    *   Wait, let's look at the context again. The text is a report on scientific progress. "Evidence now is emerging" means that as of the time of the report, this is happening. This is a classic use of "at present".

    *   Sense 1: No, not historical present.
    *   Sense 2: "Nowadays" usually refers to a general trend over a period of years.
    *   Sense 3: No.
    *   Sense 4: "At the present moment" / "At present". This fits the current state of scientific discovery.
    *   Sense 5: No.
    *   Sense 6: No.
    *   Sense 7: No.

    *   Sense 2: "in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today"
    *   Sense 4: "at the present moment | synonyms=at present"
    *   "Evidence now is emerging" -> "Evidence at present is emerging" vs "Evidence nowadays is emerging".
    *   "At present" is a much better fit for a current scientific development.

    *   Sense 4 is the most precise fit for "at the present moment" or "currently".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerging
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `emerge`
    *   Target surface form: `emerging`
    *   Context: "Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Meaning: Evidence is becoming known or apparent.

    *   Sense 1: `come out into view, as from concealment` (Physical appearance)
    *   Sense 2: `come out of` (Physical movement/egress)
    *   Sense 3: `become known or apparent` (Information/facts becoming known)
    *   Sense 4: `come up to the surface of or rise` (Physical rising or emotional surfacing)
    *   Sense 5: `happen or occur as a result of something` (Resulting/occurring)

    *   The context is "Evidence now is emerging".
    *   "Evidence" is not a physical object coming out of concealment (Sense 1), coming out of a hole (Sense 2), or rising to a surface (Sense 4).
    *   It is not "happening or occurring as a result" in the sense of an event (Sense 5).
    *   It fits perfectly with "become known or apparent" (Sense 3). Example: "Some nice results emerged from the study."

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `involved`
    *   Target surface form: `involved`
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `connected by participation or association or use` (e.g., "the problems involved")
        2.  `entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire` (synonym: mired)
        3.  `emotionally involved`
        4.  `highly complex or intricate` (synonym: Byzantine)
        5.  `enveloped` (e.g., "a castle involved in mist")

    *   The sentence discusses a gene (p53) and its role in cancer.
    *   "the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   This means the gene plays a part, is connected to, or is associated with the development of other cancers.

    *   Sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use". This fits perfectly. The gene is associated with or plays a part in the process of other cancers.
    *   Sense 2: "entangled or hindered". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "emotionally involved". Not applicable (genes don't have emotions).
    *   Sense 4: "highly complex or intricate". Not applicable (the gene itself isn't being described as complex here, but rather its role in the disease).
    *   Sense 5: "enveloped". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 is the only one that makes sense in a biological/scientific context describing a causal or associative relationship.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "other"
    *   Target surface form: "other"
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `other%3:00:00::`: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied.
        2.  `other%5:00:00:past:00`: recently past.
        3.  `other%5:00:02:past:00`: belonging to the distant past.
        4.  `other%5:00:00:strange:00`: very unusual; different in character or quality.

    *   The sentence says: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   The previous context discusses p53 in the context of cancer formation and specifically mentions breast tumors later.
    *   "Other cancers" here means cancers different from the ones previously discussed or implied (the general concept of cancer formation or specific types mentioned). It refers to additional types of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". This fits perfectly. "Other cancers" = cancers other than the ones already discussed.
    *   Sense 2: "recently past". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character". Does not fit.

    *   The word "other" is used as an adjective modifying "cancers".
    *   It indicates that the p53 gene is involved in cancers *besides* the ones already mentioned or implied.
    *   This aligns exactly with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancers`
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Astrological person born in Cancer.
        3.  Zodiacal constellation.
        4.  Fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  Genus of crabs.

    *   The text discusses "p53 suppressor gene", "cancerous ones" (cells), "human cancer cells", "cancer-suppressing gene", "cancer formation", "cancer-gene research", and "breast tumors".
    *   The specific sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too."
    *   The context clearly refers to the medical condition of malignant growths/tumors.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Constellation - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs - Incorrect.

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "too"
    *   Target surface form: "too"
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `too%4:02:00::`: to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits (excessively, overly).
        2.  `too%4:02:01::`: in addition (besides, also, likewise, as well).

    *   The sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   The word "too" is used at the end of the clause.
    *   It means that in addition to the cancers already mentioned or implied, it is involved in *other* cancers as well.
    *   Synonym check: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, *also*." (Fits perfectly).
    *   Synonym check: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, *excessively*." (Does not fit).

    *   Sense 1: "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits" (e.g., "too big"). This is an adverb of degree.
    *   Sense 2: "in addition" (e.g., "he has a Mercedes, too"). This is an adverb of addition.

    *   The context clearly indicates addition ("in addition to other things"), not excess.

    *   Sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

    *   The sentence describes researchers conducting a study on breast tumors and discovering a specific genetic mutation (chromosome 17 mutation at the p53 spot).
    *   The structure is "Researchers... have found that [fact/discovery]."

    *   Sense 1: come upon by accident (not the case here; this was research).
    *   Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe).
    *   Sense 3: come upon after searching (lost/missed items).
    *   Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain).
    *   Sense 5: come to believe on basis of emotion/intuition (feel).
    *   Sense 6: perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness).
    *   Sense 7: get something for a specific purpose.
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding (e.g., Roentgen discovered X-rays).
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (e.g., She found that he had lied to her).
    *   Sense 10: obtain through effort (time/money).
    *   Sense 11: decide and make a declaration (legal rule).
    *   Sense 12: receive a specified treatment.
    *   Sense 13: perceive oneself to be in a condition.
    *   Sense 14: recover/retrieve.
    *   Sense 15: succeed in reaching.
    *   Sense 16: find oneself (personality).

    *   The context is scientific research.
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain).
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (synonyms: discover).
    *   Sense 9: "make a discovery" (synonyms: discover). Example: "She found that he had lied to her."
    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice).

    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "investigation, experiment, survey, or study," which fits "Researchers in Edinburgh... have found that..." perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 is more about detecting a presence (e.g., "found traces of lead").
    *   Sense 8 is about a major discovery (e.g., "discovered X-rays").
    *   Sense 9 is a general "found that [clause]" discovery.

    Let's look closer at Sense 4 vs Sense 9.
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
    Sense 9: "make a discovery" (Example: "She found that he had lied to her")

    The context "Researchers... have found that..." strongly implies the result of a study/investigation. Sense 4 is the most precise fit for scientific findings resulting from research.

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    And Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

    In scientific papers, "found that" usually refers to the result of the study (Sense 4).

    Let's check Sense 9 again: "make a discovery" (Example: "She found that he had lied to her"). This is more of a general discovery of a fact.

    Comparing Sense 4 and Sense 2:
    Sense 2: "detect, observe, discover, notice" (e.g., "found traces of lead").
    Sense 4: "determine, find out, ascertain" (e.g., "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize").

    The sentence "Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..." is the result of an investigation/study.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle".
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "She detected high levels of lead", "We found traces of lead".

    Actually, "found that [clause]" is very common for Sense 4 (establish after study).

    Let's double-check Sense 9: "make a discovery" (Example: "She found that he had lied to her"). This is often used for discovering a secret or a fact.

    Is it Sense 4 or Sense 2?
    Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"

    The researchers conducted a study (investigation) and established a fact. Sense 4 seems the most specific and accurate for this context.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
    Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".

    This is tricky. Let's compare 4, 8, and 9.
    4: establish after study.
    8: make a discovery (new finding).
    9: make a discovery (general).

    The sentence "Researchers... have found that..." is reporting the results of their research. This is the definition of "establish after a... study".

    Let's re-read Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    This fits perfectly.

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    This also fits, but Sense 4 is more specific to the "researcher/study" context.

    Let's re-read Sense 9: "make a discovery".
    Example: "She found that he had lied to her". This is more about uncovering a truth.

    In many WordNet-based datasets, "found that" in a scientific context is mapped to the "establish after study" sense.

    Final check:
    Context: "Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."
    Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.
    This is exactly what researchers do.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: breast
Target surface form: breast
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: | definition=the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen | synonyms=chest | examples=he beat his breast in anger
2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: | definition=either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman | synonyms=bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: | definition=meat carved from the breast of a fowl | synonyms=white meat
4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: | definition=the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `breast`
    *   Target surface form: `breast`
    *   Context: "...Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `breast%1:08:01::`: the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen (chest).
        2.  `breast%1:08:00::`: either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman.
        3.  `breast%1:13:00::`: meat carved from the breast of a fowl.
        4.  `breast%1:05:00::`: the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest.

    *   The context mentions "breast tumors" and "breast cancer" in the context of women ("predispose women to the cancer").
    *   This refers specifically to the mammary glands.

    *   Sense 1: General chest area (too broad).
    *   Sense 2: Milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman (matches "breast cancer" and "women").
    *   Sense 3: Fowl meat (incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Animal chest (incorrect).

    *   Sense 2 is the most precise fit for "breast tumors" and "breast cancer" in women.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "...Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
        2.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a copy of a dress)
        3.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account

    *   The sentence refers to "one copy of chromosome 17".
    *   In genetics, humans have two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent).
    *   A "copy" in this biological context refers to an identical or nearly identical version of a genetic structure.

    *   Sense 1: Written record (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. (This fits best, as chromosomes are biological copies/duplicates).
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Journalistic material (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 2's example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" strongly supports the biological application of "copy" as an identical version of something.

    *   The best fit is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `spot`
    *   Target surface form: `spot`
    *   Context: "...one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies."
    *   Meaning: The word "spot" refers to a specific location on a chromosome where a gene is located.

    *   1: `spot%1:15:01::` - a point located with respect to surface features of some region (synonyms: topographic point, place).
    *   2: `spot%1:10:01::` - a short section or illustration (advertising).
    *   3: `spot%1:07:02::` - an outstanding characteristic (synonyms: point).
    *   4: `spot%1:07:00::` - a blemish made by dirt (synonyms: smudge, blot).
    *   5: `spot%1:07:01::` - a small contrasting part of something (synonyms: speckle, dapple, patch).
    *   6: `spot%1:10:00::` - a section of an entertainment.
    *   7: `spot%1:06:00::` - a business establishment for entertainment.
    *   8: `spot%1:04:01::` - a job in an organization (synonyms: position, post).
    *   9: `spot%1:26:00::` - a slight attack of illness.
    *   10: `spot%1:23:00::` - a small piece or quantity of something.
    *   11: `spot%1:10:02::` - a mark on a die or playing card.
    *   12: `spot%1:06:01::` - a lamp (spotlight).
    *   13: `spot%1:06:02::` - a playing card with pips.
    *   14: `spot%1:04:00::` - an act that brings discredit.

    *   The context "at the spot where gene p53 lies" clearly refers to a specific location or point on a chromosome.
    *   Sense 1 ("a point located with respect to surface features of some region") fits best. While a chromosome isn't a "surface" in the geographical sense, in biological terms, a locus (spot) is a specific point/location on the chromosome.

    *   Sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" (synonyms: topographic point, place). This is the most general sense of "location" or "place".
    *   Sense 5: "a small contrasting part of something" (like a leopard's spot). This doesn't fit; the gene isn't a "contrasting part" in the visual sense.
    *   Sense 8: "a job in an organization". Not applicable.

    *   The word "spot" in "the spot where gene p53 lies" is synonymous with "place" or "location". Sense 1 is the only one that fits this meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `say`
    *   Context: "The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell) - General communication of information.
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver) - Asserting something, often without proof or as a claim.
    *   Sense 3: express a supposition (suppose) - Hypothetical.
    *   Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - Written text.
    *   Sense 5: give instructions/direct (order, tell) - Command.
    *   Sense 6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce) - Phonetics.
    *   Sense 7: communicate or express nonverbally - Non-verbal.
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud - Physical act of speaking.
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - Expressing a judgment.
    *   Sense 10: recite or repeat a fixed text - Ritual/memorized.
    *   Sense 11: indicate - (e.g., a clock).

    *   "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene... may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   The scientists are stating a conclusion or a hypothesis based on their findings.
    *   This is a report of their scientific claim/assertion.

    *   Sense 1 (express in words/state) is very general.
    *   Sense 2 (report or maintain/allege/aver) fits well when scientists are making a claim or maintaining a position based on evidence.
    *   Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement) is also possible, but scientific claims are usually "maintained" or "reported" as findings rather than just "opinions."

    *   Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Simple statement of fact/desire).
    *   Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" (Claim/assertion). "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (Maintaining a position).
    *   In the context of scientific reporting ("The scientists say that..."), it's often a report of their findings or a claim they are making.

    *   Is it just "expressing in words" (Sense 1) or "reporting/maintaining a claim" (Sense 2)?
    *   In academic/scientific writing, "say" often functions as "state" or "claim."
    *   Looking at Sense 1 synonyms: state, tell.
    *   Looking at Sense 2 synonyms: allege, aver.
    *   "The scientists state that..." (Sense 1) vs "The scientists allege/aver that..." (Sense 2).
    *   Actually, "state" is a very strong synonym for "say" in this context.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "Allege" usually implies a lack of proof or a legal context. "Aver" is very formal.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and common way to describe stating a fact or a finding.

    *   Wait, let's look at the context again. "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes... the gene... may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   This is a statement of a scientific conclusion.
    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell).
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver).
    *   In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "say" in the context of reporting a statement is often mapped to the most general sense (Sense 1) unless there's a strong indication of "alleging" or "supposing."

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell).
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver).
    *   If the scientists are stating a conclusion based on evidence, "state" (Sense 1) is a better fit than "allege" (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Direct statement).
    *   Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (Maintaining a position/claim).
    *   The scientists' statement "the gene... may predispose women to the cancer" is a claim/conclusion they are maintaining based on their research.

    *   Sense 1 is the most basic "to state."
    *   Sense 2 is "to maintain/claim."
    *   In scientific reporting, "say" is almost always used as a synonym for "state" or "claim."
    *   Let's check if "state" is listed under Sense 1. Yes, it is.
    *   Let's check if "claim" is listed under Sense 2. "Allege" and "aver" are.
    *   "The scientists state that..." is a very natural fit for Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell)
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver)
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement (declare)
    *   The sentence is reporting a scientific conclusion. "State" (Sense 1) is the most neutral and accurate description of this action.

    *   "The scientists say that..."
    *   This is a standard reporting verb.
    *   Sense 1 is the general sense for reporting speech or statements.

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell)
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver)
    *   If I have to choose the *best* one, Sense 1 is the most general and fits "state" perfectly. Sense 2 is more specific to claims that might be disputed (allege). Scientific findings are presented as statements of fact or probable conclusions.

    *   Sense 1: state, tell.
    *   Sense 2: allege, aver.
    *   "The scientists state that..." (Sense 1)
    *   "The scientists allege that..." (Sense 2)
    *   "State" is much more appropriate here than "allege."

    *   Sense 1: express in words.
    *   Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
    *   This matches the structure "The scientists say that [clause]."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee". (Focuses on temporal frequency/repetition).
    *   Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" (much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much". (Focuses on quantity/degree).
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances". (Focuses on prevalence/occurrence across different cases).

    *   The sentence is: "since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families..."
    *   Does it mean breast cancer strikes the *same* family members many times at short intervals? No.
    *   Does it mean breast cancer strikes in great quantities? No.
    *   Does it mean that in many cases/instances of breast cancer, it strikes multiple members of certain families? Yes. It refers to the frequency of the *occurrence* of this pattern across different families/cases.

    *   Sense 1 is about temporal frequency (how often something happens over time).
    *   Sense 3 is about the frequency of a condition or occurrence across a population or set of instances.
    *   In the context of medical prevalence or genetic patterns ("strikes multiple members of certain families"), "often" means "in many cases".

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strikes
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `strike`
    *   Target surface form: `strikes`
    *   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   The sentence discusses breast cancer affecting multiple family members.
    *   "strikes" here means that the disease (breast cancer) occurs in or affects these people.

    *   Sense 1: deliver a sharp blow (physical hit) - No.
    *   Sense 2: emotional or cognitive impact (impressed) - No.
    *   Sense 3: hit against/collide with - No.
    *   Sense 4: strategic offensive assault (military) - No.
    *   Sense 5: indicate time (clock) - No.
    *   Sense 6: affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely (e.g., "stricken with cancer") - **Yes**. This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 7: stop work (labor strike) - No.
    *   Sense 8: touch visually/audibly (light) - No.
    *   Sense 9: attain (pace) - No.
    *   Sense 10: produce by manipulating keys/strings - No.
    *   Sense 11: electric arc - No.
    *   Sense 12: find unexpectedly (goldmine) - No.
    *   Sense 13: produce by ignition (match) - No.
    *   Sense 14: remove by erasing - No.
    *   Sense 15: cause to experience suddenly (panic/idea) - No.
    *   Sense 16: drive something violently into a location - No.
    *   Sense 17: occupy or take on (position) - No.
    *   Sense 18: form by stamping (coins) - No.
    *   Sense 19: smooth with a strickle - No.
    *   Sense 20: pierce with force - No.
    *   Sense 21: arrive at after reckoning (balance/bargain) - No.

    *   Sense 6: "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely"
    *   Example: "He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager"
    *   Context: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families"
    *   The usage matches exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `member`
    *   Target surface form: `members`
    *   Context: "...since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   Sense 1: "one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)" (e.g., member of the faculty).
    *   Sense 2: "anything that belongs to a set or class" (e.g., snakes are members of the class Reptilia).
    *   Sense 3: "an external body part that projects from the body" (extremity, appendage).
    *   Sense 4: "an organization that is a member of another organization" (e.g., Canada is a member of the UN).
    *   Sense 5: "the male organ of copulation" (penis).

    *   The phrase is "multiple members of certain families".
    *   In this context, "members" refers to the people within a family.
    *   A family is a social group.
    *   Sense 1 describes "one of the persons who compose a social group".
    *   Sense 2 is more general ("anything that belongs to a set or class"), but Sense 1 is more specific to people in a social group (like a family).

    *   Sense 1: Person in a social group. (Fits perfectly: family members).
    *   Sense 2: Element of a set. (Technically fits, but Sense 1 is the standard usage for people in families).
    *   Sense 3: Limb. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Organization. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: Penis. (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 1 is the most precise fit for "members of certain families".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "certain"
    *   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Usage: "...multiple members of certain families..."

    *   Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified" (e.g., "a certain sum", "to a certain degree").
    *   Sense 2: "having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured" (e.g., "felt certain of success").
    *   Sense 3: "established beyond doubt or question; definitely known" (e.g., "what is certain is that...").
    *   Sense 4: "certain to occur; destined or inevitable" (e.g., "he was certain to fail").
    *   Sense 5: "established irrevocably" (e.g., "his fate is sealed").
    *   Sense 6: "reliable in operation or effect" (e.g., "a quick and certain remedy").
    *   Sense 7: "exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance" (e.g., "be certain to disconnect the iron").

    *   In the phrase "certain families", the word "certain" is used as an adjective modifying "families".
    *   It doesn't mean the families are "confident" (Sense 2), "established beyond doubt" (Sense 3), "destined" (Sense 4), "irrevocable" (Sense 5), "reliable" (Sense 6), or "careful" (Sense 7).
    *   It means "some specific families, though they are not explicitly named or identified in the text" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified". This fits perfectly. "Certain families" refers to specific families (those with the genetic predisposition) without naming them.