[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one <t>new</t> ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "new"
    *   Target surface form: "new"
    *   Context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one <t>new</t> ringer out of 10,"
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses the lack of bellringers and the program to "attract and train ringers."

    *   Sense 1: Not of long duration; recently come into being/made/acquired (e.g., a new law, new cars).
    *   Sense 2: Original and of a kind not seen before (novel).
    *   Sense 3: Lacking training or experience (inexperienced, raw recruits).
    *   Sense 4: Unprecedented.
    *   Sense 5: Other than the former one(s); different.
    *   Sense 6: Unaffected by use or exposure (like new).
    *   Sense 7: Gratuitously new (newfangled).
    *   Sense 8: In use after medieval times.
    *   Sense 9: Current stage of language development (Modern).
    *   Sense 10: Harvested at an early stage (young potatoes).
    *   Sense 11: Unfamiliar (new experiences).

    *   The sentence is about keeping "new ringers" after they have been attracted and trained.
    *   A "new ringer" in this context refers to someone who has recently started ringing bells or has recently joined the group of ringers.
    *   Does it mean "inexperienced" (Sense 3)? Yes, they are recruits.
    *   Does it mean "recently acquired/come into being" (Sense 1)? Yes, they are new members of the group.

    *   Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
    *   Sense 3: "lacking training or experience" (synonym: raw)

    Looking at the context: "the council's program to attract and train ringers... we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10".
    The "new ringers" are the people who were attracted and trained. They are new *members* of the ringing community.

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
    Sense 1 is a general sense of "recent."
    Sense 3 is specifically about "inexperience."

    In the phrase "new ringer," it usually means someone who has recently joined. While they are likely inexperienced (Sense 3), the primary meaning is that they are recent additions to the group (Sense 1). However, let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits." This matches the "recruits" aspect of the ringers being trained.

    Wait, let's re-read Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". A person isn't "made" or "acquired" in the same way a car is, but they can be a "new member."

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "lacking training or experience". The text says the program is to "attract and train ringers." The "new ringers" are the ones who have gone through this process.

    Actually, in many WordNet-style datasets, "new" when referring to a person who has recently joined a profession or group is often mapped to "inexperienced" (Sense 3) or "recent" (Sense 1).

    Let's look at the examples again:
    Sense 1: "a new law; new cars"
    Sense 3: "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits"

    "New ringer" is very similar to "new recruit" or "new man" in the sense of someone who has just joined. Sense 3 specifically mentions "raw recruits."

    Is a "new ringer" necessarily "inexperienced"? Yes, in the context of the training program.
    Is a "new ringer" necessarily "recently acquired/come into being"? Yes, they recently became ringers.

    Let's check if Sense 1 is more general. "New" as in "recent" is very broad. Sense 3 is more specific to people.

    Context: "the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful... we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10".
    This refers to the people who entered the program. They are the "new" ones.

    If I have to choose the *best* sense:
    Sense 1: Recently come into being/acquired.
    Sense 3: Lacking training or experience.

    In the phrase "new ringer," the "newness" refers to their status as a ringer. They recently *became* ringers. This fits Sense 1 ("having just... come into being [as a ringer]"). However, Sense 3's example "raw recruits" is a very strong parallel to people entering a training program.

    Let's think about "new" in "new employee" or "new student." Usually, this means they recently joined (Sense 1) and are therefore inexperienced (Sense 3).

    Looking at the options again:
    1. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being...
    3. lacking training or experience

    If the focus is on the *retention* ("keep one new ringer out of 10"), it's about the people who joined recently.

    Let's re-examine Sense 3: "lacking training or experience". The text says they are "trained bellringers." So they *have* been trained. If they have been trained, are they still "lacking training"? Maybe not. They are "new" because they recently joined the ranks of trained ringers.

    Therefore, Sense 1 (recently come into being/acquired) fits better than Sense 3 (lacking training), because the context mentions they are "trained bellringers" (though the "new" ones are the ones the program *trained*).

    Wait, the text says: "of the 100,000 trained bellringers... only 40,000... still ring." Then it says the program to "attract and train ringers" is only partly successful. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10."

    The "new ringer" is someone who has recently completed the training and started ringing. They are "new" to the activity/community.

    Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
    Sense 3: "lacking training or experience"

    If they have just been trained, they are "new" in the sense of being recent additions. Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of "new" in "new member/new ringer."

    Let's double-check Sense 3 again. "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits". This is very close. But "raw recruits" are usually *before* training. The ringers in the program are being trained.

    Let's consider Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different". Not applicable.

    Let's consider Sense 1 again. "a new law; new cars". These are things that have recently come into existence or been acquired. A "new ringer" is someone who has recently become a ringer.

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3 one more time.
    Sense 1: Recently come into being.
    Sense 3: Inexperienced.

    In the context of "keeping" them for five years, the "newness" is their starting point. They are the "new" cohort. This points more towards Sense 1 (recent) than Sense 3 (inexperienced), although they are often both. However, "new" in "new recruit" often maps to Sense 1 in many linguistic datasets unless the "inexperience" is the key point. Here, the point is the retention of the new members.

    Let's search for "new ringer" or "new member" in WordNet contexts.
    "New member" -> Sense 1 (recent).
    "New recruit" -> Sense 1 or 3.

    If I have to choose the *single best* sense:
    The "new ringers" are the ones who have recently joined the group.
    Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
    Sense 3: "lacking training or experience"

    Actually, looking at the examples for Sense 1 ("a new law; new cars"), it's very general. Sense 3 is specifically about people ("the new men", "raw recruits"). This often makes Sense 3 more attractive for people. But "raw" means *completely* lacking experience. These ringers have been trained.

    Let's re-read: "the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful... we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10".
    The "new ringer" is the person who was attracted and trained.

    If I use Sense 1, I'm saying they are "recent."
    If I use Sense 3, I'm saying they are "inexperienced."

    In the context of retention over five years, "new" refers to the cohort that just joined.

    Let's try to see if "new" in "new ringer" means "inexperienced."
    "We keep one inexperienced ringer out of 10" - This doesn't sound right.
    "We keep one recent ringer out of 10" - This sounds better.
    "We keep one of the new ringers out of 10" - This is the original.

    The "newness" is about when they joined, not their level of skill (although they are likely low).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again. "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits".
    In that example, "new men" means "recruits."
    In our context, "new ringer" means "recruit."

    Is "new" in "new recruit" Sense 1 or Sense 3?
    If "new" means "recently joined," it's Sense 1.
    If "new" means "inexperienced," it's Sense 3.

    Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy if possible.
    Sense 1: new (adj) - not of long duration...
    Sense 3: new (adj) - lacking training or experience...

    In the phrase "new ringer," the most direct meaning is "someone who has recently become a ringer." This is Sense 1.

    Let's double-check the other senses just in case.
    Sense 2: original/novel - No.
    Sense 4: unprecedented - No.
    Sense 5: different/other - No.
    Sense 6: unaffected by use - No.
    Sense 7: newfangled - No.
    Sense 8: post-medieval - No.
    Sense 9: modern language - No.
    Sense 10: young crops - No.
    Sense 11: unfamiliar - No.

    So it's between 1 and 3.
    Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
    Sense 3: "lacking training or experience"

    If the ringers have been "trained" by the program, they are no longer "raw" (the synonym for Sense 3). They are, however, "new" to the community.

    Final decision: Sense 1.

    Wait, let me think one more time. "New" as in "new recruit" is very often Sense 3 in these types of tasks. Let me re-read the "raw recruits" example. "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits". This is almost exactly "new ringer."

    Let's re-read the context: "the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful... we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10".
    The "new ringers" are the ones who have just come through the training program.

    If I say "a new ringer," am I emphasizing that they are *recent* or that they are *inexperienced*?
    In the context of retention ("keep one... out of 10"), the focus is on the cohort of people who joined.

    Let's compare:
    "We keep one [recent] ringer out of 10."
    "We keep one [inexperienced] ringer out of 10."

    "Recent" fits much better.

    Let's check Sense 1 again: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".
    A "new ringer" is someone who has recently come into being *as a ringer*.

    Let's check Sense 3 again: "lacking training or experience".
    If they have been trained, they aren't lacking training.

    I'll go with Sense 1.

    Wait, I just found a similar example in a WSD dataset where "new" in "new recruit" was mapped to "inexperienced." Let me re-think.
    If "new" is used to describe a person in a role, it often implies inexperience.
    "The new teacher is very strict." (Does this mean they are inexperienced or just recently hired?)
    Usually, it means recently hired, but it *implies* they are new to the school.

    In "new ringer," the "newness" is their status.
    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "raw".
    Are these ringers "raw"?
    The text says the program is to "attract and train" them. Once they are "new ringers," they have been trained. So they are not "raw."

    Therefore, Sense 1 is more accurate.

    One last look at Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".
    This is a very broad sense. It covers "new law," "new cars," and "new members."

    Let's double-check Sense 3 again: "lacking training or experience".
    If the "new ringer" is someone who has just finished training, they still have very little experience.

    However, the most fundamental meaning of "new" in "new ringer" is that they recently joined.

    Let's consider the phrase "keep one new ringer out of 10."
    This means that of the 10 people who *become* ringers, only one stays for five years.
    This is about the *recruits* (the new ones).

    If I have to choose between "recent" and "inexperienced," "recent" is the primary meaning here.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 1 again: "a new law; new cars".
    These are things that have recently come into existence.
    A "new ringer" is someone who has recently come into the state of being a ringer.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 3 again: "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits".
    This is very similar.

    Wait, "raw recruits" are people who have *not yet* been trained.
    The ringers in the text *have* been trained.
    "the council's program to attract and train ringers... we're lucky if... we keep one new ringer out of 10".
    The "new ringer" is the result of the training.

    So Sense 3 ("lacking training") is actually contradicted by the context ("train ringers").

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the only one that fits.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new <t>ringer</t> out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "ringer"
    *   Context: The text discusses church life, "lack of ringers," "trained bellringers in England," "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung," and "attract and train ringers."
    *   Target surface form: "ringer" (specifically in the sentence "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10").

    *   Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" (Synonyms: toller, bell ringer).
    *   Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" (Synonyms: dead ringer, clone).
    *   Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses".
    *   Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg".

    *   The context explicitly mentions "church life," "bellringers," and "bells need to be rung."
    *   The target word "ringer" refers to the people being trained to ring these bells.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: adds
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he <t>adds</t>. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `add`
    *   Target surface form: `adds`
    *   Context: "...'Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10,' he <t>adds</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `add%2:30:00::`: make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase quality, quantity, size or scope.
        2.  `add%2:32:01::`: state or say further (synonyms: append, supply).
        3.  `add%2:40:00::`: bestow a quality on (synonyms: lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring).
        4.  `add%2:31:00::`: make an addition by combining numbers.
        5.  `add%2:32:00::`: determine the sum of.
        6.  `add%2:42:00::`: constitute an addition.

    *   The sentence is: "...'Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10,' he adds."
    *   In this context, "adds" is used as a reporting verb. Mr. Baldwin is speaking, and he is providing more information or continuing his statement.

    *   Sense 1: Physical or conceptual addition (e.g., adding students to a room). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "state or say further". This fits perfectly. Mr. Baldwin is saying something and then adding more to his statement.
    *   Sense 3: Bestowing a quality (e.g., music adding to a play). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: Mathematical addition (e.g., 27 + 49). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: Summing up (e.g., totaling people). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: Constituting an addition (e.g., adding to a reputation). Not applicable.

    *   The word "adds" in "he adds" after a quote is a standard way to indicate that the speaker is continuing to speak or adding more information to what they just said. This matches Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: bright
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One <t>bright</t> sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "bright"
    *   Context: "One <t>bright</t> sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "bright sign" refers to a positive, hopeful, or promising indicator.

    *   Sense 1: emitting or reflecting light (literal light)
    *   Sense 2: colorful (vivid)
    *   Sense 3: intelligent (smart)
    *   Sense 4: having lots of light (room/stage)
    *   Sense 5: polished (shiny)
    *   Sense 6: splendid (glorious)
    *   Sense 7: not made dim (undimmed)
    *   Sense 8: clear and sharp sound (reverberant)
    *   Sense 9: happy/glad (faces)
    *   Sense 10: full of promise (hopeful, promising)

    *   The phrase "bright sign" in the context of a problem (lack of ringers) and a positive development (more women joining) clearly indicates something promising or hopeful.
    *   Sense 10: "full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 6 (splendid) is close but "promising" (Sense 10) is the standard meaning for "bright sign" or "bright future" when referring to a positive outlook.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: sign
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright <t>sign</t> is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `sign`
    *   Target surface form: `sign`
    *   Context: "One bright <t>sign</t> is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "bright sign" refers to a positive indication or a clue that things might be improving (specifically, the increase in women bellringers as a positive trend).

    *   Sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)" (Synonym: mark; Examples: signs of strain, signs of spring).
    *   Sense 2: "a public display of a message" (e.g., shop window signs).
    *   Sense 3: "any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message" (Synonym: signal).
    *   Sense 4: "structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted" (Synonym: signboard).
    *   Sense 5: "(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided".
    *   Sense 6: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease".
    *   Sense 7: "having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges)".
    *   Sense 8: "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come" (Synonyms: augury, foretoken, preindication).
    *   Sense 9: "a gesture that is part of a sign language".
    *   Sense 10: "a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified".
    *   Sense 11: "a character indicating a relation between quantities" (e.g., minus sign).

    *   The context "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered..." suggests a positive indicator or a clue that the problem (lack of ringers) might be getting better.
    *   Sense 1 ("perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent") fits well.
    *   Sense 8 ("an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come") also seems plausible, as the increase in women is an event indicating a potential future trend.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 8:
        *   Sense 1 is more general: "perceptible indication".
        *   Sense 8 is more specific: "event... indicating important things to come" (augury, foretoken).
        *   "One bright sign" is a common idiom meaning a positive indication. While it points to the future, it's primarily an indication of a current positive trend.
        *   Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "signs of spring" (an indication that spring is coming). This is very similar to "a bright sign" (an indication that the situation is improving).
        *   Looking at the examples for Sense 8: "sign from God", "augury". These are often more mystical or momentous.

    *   Sense 1: "perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent".
    *   Sense 8: "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come".
    *   The phrase "bright sign" usually means a positive indicator. "Signs of spring" (Sense 1) is a perfect parallel to "bright sign" in this context.

    *   Sense 1: a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent.
    *   Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered..."
    *   The fact that women are entering the field is the "sign" (indication) that the problem of lack of ringers might be solved or is being addressed.

    *   Sense 1 is the most general and fits the common usage of "a sign" as an indicator.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: number
Target surface form: number
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing <t>number</t> of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=number%1:07:00:: | definition=the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals | synonyms=figure | examples=he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small
2. sense_key=number%1:23:00:: | definition=a concept of quantity involving zero and units | examples=every number has a unique position in the sequence
3. sense_key=number%1:10:04:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, turn, bit | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
4. sense_key=number%1:10:03:: | definition=the number is used in calling a particular telephone | synonyms=phone number, telephone number | examples=he has an unlisted number
5. sense_key=number%1:10:01:: | definition=a symbol used to represent a number | synonyms=numeral | examples=he learned to write the numerals before he went to school
6. sense_key=number%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=issue | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
7. sense_key=number%1:14:00:: | definition=a select company of people | examples=I hope to become one of their number before I die
8. sense_key=number%1:10:02:: | definition=a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification | synonyms=identification number | examples=she refused to give them her Social Security number
9. sense_key=number%1:07:01:: | definition=a clothing measurement | examples=a number 13 shoe
10. sense_key=number%1:10:05:: | definition=the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural) | examples=in English the subject and the verb must agree in number
11. sense_key=number%1:06:00:: | definition=an item of merchandise offered for sale | examples=she preferred the black nylon number; this sweater is an all-wool number

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "number"
    *   Target surface form: "number"
    *   Context: "One bright sign is that a growing <t>number</t> of women have entered the once male-dominated field..."
    *   Usage: "a growing number of women"

    *   Sense 1: "the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals" (Synonym: figure; Examples: "he had a number of chores to do", "the number of parameters is small").
    *   Sense 2: "a concept of quantity involving zero and units" (Example: "every number has a unique position in the sequence").
    *   Sense 3: "a short theatrical performance..." (Synonym: act, routine).
    *   Sense 4: "the number is used in calling a particular telephone" (Synonym: phone number).
    *   Sense 5: "a symbol used to represent a number" (Synonym: numeral).
    *   Sense 6: "one of a series published periodically" (Synonym: issue).
    *   Sense 7: "a select company of people" (Example: "I hope to become one of their number before I die").
    *   Sense 8: "a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification" (Synonym: identification number).
    *   Sense 9: "a clothing measurement" (Example: "a number 13 shoe").
    *   Sense 10: "the grammatical category..." (singular/plural).
    *   Sense 11: "an item of merchandise offered for sale" (Example: "the black nylon number").

    *   The phrase "a growing number of women" refers to the quantity or total of women.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals" and provides the example "he had a number of chores to do". This matches the usage "a number of [people/things]".
    *   Sense 2 is the abstract mathematical concept.
    *   Sense 7 refers to membership in a group ("one of their number"), which is slightly different from "a number of women" (meaning "many women" or "a certain quantity of women").

    *   "a growing number of women" = a growing quantity/total of women.
    *   Sense 1: "the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals". This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of <t>women</t> have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `woman`
    *   Target surface form: `women`
    *   Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of <t>women</t> have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `woman%1:18:00`: an adult female person (as opposed to a man)
        2.  `woman%1:18:01`: a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man
        3.  `woman%1:18:02`: a human female employed to do housework
        4.  `woman%1:14:00`: women as a class (womanhood, fair sex)

    *   The sentence discusses people entering the field of bellringing.
    *   It contrasts "women" with a "male-dominated field".
    *   It mentions "more than a third of the ringers today are women".
    *   This refers to adult female persons in general, not a specific man's partner, not domestic workers, and not "womanhood" as an abstract class/concept (though it's close, the usage "a growing number of women" and "a third of the ringers... are women" refers to the individuals who are adult females).

    *   Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a female person who plays a significant role... in the life of a particular man". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "a human female employed to do housework". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "women as a class". This is usually used for abstract concepts (e.g., "Woman is the glory of creation"). The context here is counting individuals ("a growing number of", "a third of the ringers").

    *   The context refers to the gender of the people (ringers).
    *   Sense 1 is the most direct and accurate description of "women" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enter
Target surface form: entered
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have <t>entered</t> the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enter%2:38:00:: | definition=to come or go into | synonyms=come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into | examples=the boat entered an area of shallow marshes
2. sense_key=enter%2:33:00:: | definition=become a participant; be involved in | synonyms=participate | examples=enter a race; enter an agreement
3. sense_key=enter%2:41:06:: | definition=register formally as a participant or member | synonyms=enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit | examples=The party recruited many new members
4. sense_key=enter%2:42:00:: | definition=be or play a part of or in | synonyms=figure | examples=Elections figure prominently in every government program; How do the elections figure in the current pattern of internal politics?
5. sense_key=enter%2:32:04:: | definition=make a record of; set down in permanent form | synonyms=record, put down
6. sense_key=enter%2:36:00:: | definition=come on stage
7. sense_key=enter%2:41:00:: | definition=take on duties or office | synonyms=accede | examples=accede to the throne
8. sense_key=enter%2:35:03:: | definition=put or introduce into something | synonyms=insert, infix, introduce | examples=insert a picture into the text
9. sense_key=enter%2:30:10:: | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) | synonyms=embark | examples=she embarked upon a new career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `enter`
    *   Target surface form: `entered`
    *   Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have <t>entered</t> the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

    *   Sense 1: `to come or go into` (physical movement).
    *   Sense 2: `become a participant; be involved in` (e.g., enter a race).
    *   Sense 3: `register formally as a participant or member` (e.g., enroll).
    *   Sense 4: `be or play a part of or in` (e.g., figure prominently).
    *   Sense 5: `make a record of; set down in permanent form` (e.g., record).
    *   Sense 6: `come on stage`.
    *   Sense 7: `take on duties or office` (e.g., accede to the throne).
    *   Sense 8: `put or introduce into something` (e.g., insert).
    *   Sense 9: `set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)` (e.g., embark upon a new career).

    *   The phrase is "entered the once male-dominated field".
    *   "Field" here refers to a profession or activity (bellringing).
    *   Entering a field means starting to participate in that profession or activity.

    *   Sense 2: `become a participant; be involved in`. (Fits well).
    *   Sense 3: `register formally`. (Too narrow; entering a field isn't necessarily a formal registration process).
    *   Sense 9: `set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)`. (Similar to Sense 2, but "embark upon a new career" is very close to "entered the field").

    *   Sense 2: "become a participant; be involved in" (Synonym: participate).
    *   Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)" (Synonym: embark).

    Let's look at the examples:
    Sense 2: "enter a race; enter an agreement"
    Sense 9: "she embarked upon a new career"

    "Entered the once male-dominated field" is almost synonymous with "embarked upon a new career" or "started working in a field".

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 9.
    Sense 2 is about participation.
    Sense 9 is about starting a new endeavor/career.

    In the context of "entering a field" (like a profession), it usually means starting to work in that area.

    Let's check other possibilities.
    Sense 3 (enroll) - No.
    Sense 1 (physical) - No.

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 9 again:
    Sense 2: "become a participant; be involved in"
    Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)"

    "Entering a field" is a common idiom for starting a career or becoming part of a professional group. Sense 9's example "embarked upon a new career" is a very strong match for "entered the... field".

    However, let's look at Sense 2 again. "Become a participant". Bellringing is an activity.

    Let's look at WordNet's typical usage for "enter a profession".
    Usually, "enter a profession" or "enter a field" is mapped to the sense of starting a career.

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "become a participant; be involved in".
    Let's re-read Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)".

    Actually, "entering a field" is more about becoming a member/participant in that field than just "setting out" on it. But "embarking on a career" is very close.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: `participate`.
    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 9: `embark`.

    If I say "women have entered the field", I mean they have started participating in it.

    Let's check if there's a better fit.
    Sense 3: `register formally`. No.
    Sense 2: `become a participant`.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "enter a race".
    Sense 9: "embark upon a new career".

    "Entering a field" is almost identical to "entering a profession".
    In many WordNet versions, "enter a profession" is associated with the sense of starting a career.

    Let's double-check Sense 2 vs Sense 9.
    Sense 2: "become a participant; be involved in"
    Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)"

    If the "field" is bellringing, they are becoming participants in that activity.

    Let's search for "enter a field" in WordNet-like contexts.
    Often, "enter a profession" is listed under the sense of "embark on".

    Let's re-examine the context: "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field".
    This means they have started to work/participate in bellringing.

    Sense 2: "become a participant; be involved in"
    Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)"

    "Field" here is the "enterprise" or "subject of study" (or profession).
    "Entered the field" = "Embarked on the career/enterprise".

    Let's look at Sense 2 again. "Enter a race". That's a specific event.
    Sense 9: "Embark upon a new career". That's a long-term pursuit.
    Bellringing as a "field" is a long-term pursuit/career/hobby.

    Therefore, Sense 9 seems more appropriate than Sense 2.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 2 again. "become a participant; be involved in".
    Is "entering a field" just becoming a participant? Yes.
    Is it "setting out on an enterprise"? Yes.

    Let's compare "enter a race" (Sense 2) and "embark upon a new career" (Sense 9).
    "Entering a field" is much closer to "embarking upon a career" than "entering a race".

    Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)"
    Example: "she embarked upon a new career"
    Context: "entered the once male-dominated field"

    This is a very strong match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the <t>once</t> male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "once"
    *   Target surface form: "once"
    *   Context: "...a growing number of women have entered the <t>once</t> male-dominated field..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `once%4:02:00::`: on one occasion (e.g., "once I ran into her")
        2.  `once%4:02:02::`: as soon as (e.g., "once we are home, we can rest")
        3.  `once%4:02:01::`: at a previous time (synonyms: formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst)

    *   The phrase is "the once male-dominated field".
    *   Here, "once" modifies "male-dominated field".
    *   It means the field *used to be* male-dominated, but it is no longer (or less so) now.
    *   This matches the meaning of "formerly" or "at a previous time".

    *   Sense 1: "on one occasion" - Does not fit. (The field wasn't male-dominated for just one occasion).
    *   Sense 2: "as soon as" - Does not fit. (Grammatically incorrect in this position).
    *   Sense 3: "at a previous time" / "formerly" - Fits perfectly. "The formerly male-dominated field".

    *   Sense index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: field
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "field"
    *   Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   The context discusses bellringing (ringers, trained bellringers, etc.).
    *   The phrase "once male-dominated field" refers to the activity or pursuit of bellringing.

    *   1: Piece of land (agriculture) - No.
    *   2: Battlefield - No.
    *   3: Practical work/data collection site - No.
    *   4: Branch of knowledge (discipline/study) - Bellringing is a skill/activity, not necessarily a "branch of knowledge" in the academic sense, though it could be.
    *   5: Electromagnetic field - No.
    *   6: Commercial enterprise (line of business) - Bellringing is generally a hobby or a church service, not a commercial enterprise.
    *   7: Particular environment or walk of life (sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena) - This fits well. Bellringing is a "walk of life" or a specific "sphere" of activity.
    *   8: Playing field (sports) - No.
    *   9: Open land (plain) - No.
    *   10: Mathematics (set of elements) - No.
    *   11: Military operations region - No.
    *   12: Horse race competitors - No.
    *   13: Contest competitors - No.
    *   14: Geographic region for minerals - No.
    *   15: Computer science (data unit) - No.
    *   16: Field of view - No.
    *   17: Airfield - No.

    *   Sense 4 (branch of knowledge) vs. Sense 6 (commercial enterprise) vs. Sense 7 (walk of life).
    *   Bellringing is an activity/pursuit.
    *   Sense 7: "a particular environment or walk of life" (synonyms: sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena). Example: "it was a closed area of employment".
    *   Sense 4: "a branch of knowledge" (synonyms: discipline, subject).
    *   Sense 6: "a particular kind of commercial enterprise" (synonyms: line of business).
    *   Bellringing is more of a "walk of life" or a "sphere" of activity than a "branch of knowledge" or a "commercial enterprise".

    *   "entered the once male-dominated field"
    *   This is a common idiom for entering a profession or a specific activity/sphere.
    *   Sense 7 ("walk of life", "sphere", "domain") is the most encompassing and accurate description for a pursuit like bellringing.

    *   Sense 7: "a particular environment or walk of life"
    *   Synonyms: sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena.
    *   This fits the context of a social/activity-based group (bellringers).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: third
Target surface form: third
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=third%1:23:00:: | definition=one of three equal parts of a divisible whole | synonyms=one-third, tierce | examples=it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement
2. sense_key=third%1:04:00:: | definition=the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate) | synonyms=third base | examples=he is playing third
3. sense_key=third%1:24:00:: | definition=following the second position in an ordering or series | examples=a distant third; he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment
4. sense_key=third%1:10:00:: | definition=the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it | examples=a simple harmony written in major thirds
5. sense_key=third%1:06:00:: | definition=the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle | synonyms=third gear | examples=you shouldn't try to start in third gear
6. sense_key=third%1:06:01:: | definition=the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball | synonyms=third base | examples=he was cut down on a close play at third

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "third"
    *   Target surface form: "third"
    *   Context: "...more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `third%1:23:00::`: one of three equal parts of a divisible whole (e.g., "a third of the minimum daily requirement").
        2.  `third%1:04:00::`: baseball fielding position (third base).
        3.  `third%1:24:00::`: following the second position in an ordering or series.
        4.  `third%1:10:00::`: musical interval.
        5.  `third%1:06:00::`: gear in a motor vehicle.
        6.  `third%1:06:01::`: baseball base.

    *   The phrase is "more than a third of the ringers".
    *   This refers to a fraction or a portion of a group (the ringers).
    *   "A third" here means 1/3.

    *   Sense 1: "one of three equal parts of a divisible whole". This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Baseball position. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Order/series (1st, 2nd, 3rd). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Musical interval. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Gear. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Baseball base. (Incorrect)

    *   The context "a third of the ringers" clearly indicates a fraction (1/3), which aligns with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the <t>ringers</t> today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `ringer`
    *   Target surface form: `ringers`
    *   Context: The text discusses "trained bellringers in England", "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung", "attract and train ringers", and "more than a third of the ringers today are women".
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `ringer%1:18:02::`: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)
        2.  `ringer%1:18:01::`: a person who is almost identical to another
        3.  `ringer%1:18:00::`: a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
        4.  `ringer%1:04:00::`: (horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

    *   The context explicitly mentions "trained bellringers", "bells need to be rung", and "church bells" (implied by "rural parishes and inner-city churches").
    *   Sense 1 specifically defines a ringer as "a person who rings church bells".

    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "today"
    *   Target surface form: "today"
    *   Context: "...more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `today%1:28:00::` - the present time or age (e.g., "the world of today", "today we have computers").
        2.  `today%1:28:01::` - the day that includes the present moment (e.g., "Today is beautiful", "today's newspaper").

    *   The sentence is: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   The context discusses long-term trends in bellringing (trained ringers in England, programs to attract new ringers over five years, the shift in gender demographics).
    *   "Today" here refers to the current era or the present time, not specifically the 24-hour period of the current calendar day.

    *   Sense 1: "the present time or age" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "the day that includes the present moment" -> Does not fit (it's not talking about just this specific day).

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are <t>women</t>. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `woman`
    *   Target surface form: `women`
    *   Context: "...a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `woman%1:18:00::`: an adult female person (as opposed to a man)
        2.  `woman%1:18:01::`: a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man
        3.  `woman%1:18:02::`: a human female employed to do housework
        4.  `woman%1:14:00::`: women as a class

    *   The sentence says "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   Here, "women" refers to adult female persons who are bellringers.
    *   It is contrasting "women" with "male-dominated field".
    *   Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a female person who plays a significant role... in the life of a particular man". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "a human female employed to do housework". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "women as a class". While it talks about women in general entering a field, the specific phrase "more than a third of the ringers today are women" refers to the individuals (adult female persons) who make up that third.

    *   Sense 1 is the most direct and accurate description of the individuals being discussed.

    *   The target word "women" is the plural of "woman".
    *   Sense 1: "an adult female person". Plural: "adult female persons".
    *   Sense 4: "women as a class". This is usually used in a more abstract or collective sense (e.g., "Woman is the glory of creation").
    *   In "more than a third of the ringers today are women", "women" refers to the people themselves.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accept
Target surface form: accepted
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accept%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or hold as true | examples=I cannot accept the dogma of this church; accept an argument
2. sense_key=accept%2:40:00:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=take, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
3. sense_key=accept%2:32:00:: | definition=give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to | synonyms=consent, go for | examples=I cannot accept your invitation; I go for this resolution
4. sense_key=accept%2:31:01:: | definition=react favorably to; consider right and proper | examples=People did not accept atonal music at that time; We accept the idea of universal health care
5. sense_key=accept%2:40:03:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=admit, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
6. sense_key=accept%2:40:01:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=bear, take over, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=accept%2:31:03:: | definition=tolerate or accommodate oneself to | synonyms=live with, swallow | examples=I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions; I swallowed the insult
8. sense_key=accept%2:42:00:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=take | examples=This surface will not take the dye
9. sense_key=accept%2:40:07:: | definition=receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
10. sense_key=accept%2:40:12:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=take | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
11. sense_key=accept%2:31:08:: | definition=be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal | examples=The cow accepted the bull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `accept`
    *   Target surface form: `accepted`
    *   Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country... remains male-only..."

    *   The sentence says women have entered the field of bell-ringing, but they are "not accepted everywhere."
    *   The following sentence explains *why* they aren't accepted: "The oldest bell-ringing group... remains male-only."
    *   This implies that women are not admitted into certain groups or communities (specifically, the Ancient Society of College Youths).

    *   Sense 1: consider or hold as true (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 2: receive willingly something given or offered (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 3: give an affirmative reply to (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 4: react favorably to; consider right and proper (Possible, but less specific than Sense 5)
    *   Sense 5: admit into a group or community (Strong fit: "admit into a group or community", synonyms: "admit", "take", "take on". Example: "admit a new member")
    *   Sense 6: take on as one's own the expenses or debts (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 7: tolerate or accommodate oneself to (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 8: be designed to hold or take (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 9: receive (a report) officially (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 10: make use of or accept for some purpose (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 11: be sexually responsive to (Not applicable)

    *   Sense 4 ("react favorably to; consider right and proper") is a general social acceptance.
    *   Sense 5 ("admit into a group or community") is a specific institutional acceptance.
    *   The context explicitly mentions a "male-only" group that "remains male-only," which directly relates to admission into a group. Therefore, Sense 5 is the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "however"
    *   Target surface form: "however"
    *   Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `however%4:02:00::`: despite anything to the contrary (nevertheless, still, yet).
        2.  `however%4:02:04::`: by contrast; on the other hand.
        3.  `however%4:02:02::`: to whatever degree or extent.
        4.  `however%4:02:01::`: in whatever way or manner.

    *   Sentence 1: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." (Positive trend: more women in bell-ringing).
    *   Sentence 2: "They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>." (Contrast/Counter-point: despite the trend, some places still don't accept them).

    *   Sense 3 ("to whatever degree") and Sense 4 ("in whatever way") are adverbial/concessive clauses (e.g., "however general", "however he did it"). They don't fit here.
    *   Sense 1 ("despite anything to the contrary") and Sense 2 ("by contrast; on the other hand") are both conjunctive adverbs used to show contrast.
    *   Let's look closer at the difference between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)". Synonyms: nevertheless, still, yet.
        *   Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand".
    *   In the context: "More than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however."
    *   This is a classic contrast between a general trend (more women) and a specific limitation (not accepted everywhere).
    *   Does "nevertheless" (Sense 1) fit? "They are not accepted everywhere, nevertheless." (Yes).
    *   Does "on the other hand" (Sense 2) fit? "They are not accepted everywhere, on the other hand." (Yes).

    *   Sense 1 often follows a concession (e.g., "Although X, however Y").
    *   Sense 2 is used to contrast two different facts or situations.
    *   Fact A: More women are ringers.
    *   Fact B: They aren't accepted everywhere.
    *   This is a contrast between the general progress and the remaining barriers.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours". This is a direct contrast between two things.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it". This is a concession.
    *   The sentence "They are not accepted everywhere, however" functions as a contrast to the previous statement about the growing number of women.

    *   Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary" (Nevertheless).
    *   Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand".
    *   The context "more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however" is contrasting the general increase in participation with the lack of universal acceptance. This fits "by contrast" or "on the other hand" very well.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)".
    *   Is "more than a third of the ringers today are women" a concession? Not really. It's a statement of fact.
    *   Is "They are not accepted everywhere" a contrast to that fact? Yes.
    *   Let's check Sense 2 again: "by contrast; on the other hand".
    *   Example: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours".
    *   This matches the structure: [Positive fact]; [Negative fact], however.

    *   Sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" (This example is actually slightly weirdly phrased, but it means "Despite being afraid, I want to try").
    *   Sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours".
    *   The target sentence: "more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however."
    *   This is a contrast between the general state (more women) and the specific exception (not accepted everywhere). This aligns better with Sense 2.

    *   Sense 1: nevertheless, still, yet.
    *   Sense 2: by contrast, on the other hand.
    *   "More than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, nevertheless." (Works)
    *   "More than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, on the other hand." (Works)
    *   Usually, "however" as a sentence connector meaning "but" or "on the other hand" is Sense 2 in many WordNet-based systems when it's contrasting two points.

    *   Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary"
    *   Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand"
    *   The context is contrasting the general trend of women entering the field with the fact that they are still excluded from some groups. This is a contrast of facts.

    *   Sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" (Concession)
    *   Sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours" (Contrast)
    *   The target sentence is a contrast.

    *   Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary"
    *   Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand"
    *   The sentence "They are not accepted everywhere, however" is contrasting the previous statement.

    *   Wait, let me look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it"
    *   Sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours"
    *   The target sentence: "more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however."
    *   This is almost identical in structure to the Sense 2 example.

    *   Sense 1: Concession (Despite X, Y).
    *   Sense 2: Contrast (X; Y, however).
    *   The target is Contrast.

    *   Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary"
    *   Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand"
    *   The target sentence is contrasting the general trend (more women) with the specific reality (not accepted everywhere). This is a contrast.

    *   Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary"
    *   Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand"
    *   If I say "I love cake. I don't like frosting, however," that's a contrast (Sense 2).
    *   If I say "I am tired. I will finish this work, however," that's "despite being tired" (Sense 1).
    *   In the target: "More women are ringers. They are not accepted everywhere, however."
    *   Is it "Despite more women being ringers, they are not accepted everywhere"? Yes.
    *   Is it "More women are ringers; on the other hand, they are not accepted everywhere"? Yes.
    *   Looking at the WordNet examples again, Sense 2 is the most direct fit for this sentence structure.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringing
Target surface form: bell-ringing
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of someone playing a set of bells
2. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:10:00:: | definition=persuasion of voters in a political campaign | synonyms=electioneering, canvassing
3. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:04:00:: | definition=playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell_ringing`
    *   Target surface form: `bell-ringing`
    *   Context: The text discusses "ringers," "small, rural parishes," "inner-city churches," "training ringers," "Ancient Society of College Youths," "Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey," and "The Ringing World" (a newspaper for ringers).
    *   Specific phrase: "The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country..."

    *   Sense 1: `bell_ringing%1:11:00::` - the sound of someone playing a set of bells.
    *   Sense 2: `bell_ringing%1:10:00::` - persuasion of voters in a political campaign (electioneering, canvassing).
    *   Sense 3: `bell_ringing%1:04:00::` - playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower (carillon, carillon playing).

    *   The context is clearly about the activity/art of ringing church bells (the people who do it are called "ringers," and they operate in churches/cathedrals).
    *   Sense 1 refers to the *sound* produced. A "bell-ringing group" is not a group of sounds; it's a group of people who perform the activity.
    *   Sense 2 refers to political campaigning. This is completely irrelevant to the context of churches and cathedrals.
    *   Sense 3 refers to the *activity* of playing bells hung in a tower. A "bell-ringing group" is a group dedicated to this activity.

    *   Sense 3 is the only one that fits the context of a group of people practicing the art of ringing church bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `group`
    *   Target surface form: `group`
    *   Context: "The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `group%1:03:00::`: any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (synonym: grouping)
        2.  `group%1:27:00::`: (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (synonym: radical, chemical group)
        3.  `group%1:09:00::`: a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (synonym: mathematical group)

    *   The context refers to "the Ancient Society of College Youths," which is described as a "bell-ringing group."
    *   This is a collection of people (ringers) who share a common activity (bell-ringing) and are considered a unit (a society).

    *   Sense 1: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit" - This fits perfectly. A society of people is a group of members.
    *   Sense 2: Chemistry (atoms) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: Mathematics (closed set, identity element) - Not applicable.

    *   The best sense is Sense 1.