[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "less"
    *   Target surface form: "less"
    *   Context: "...progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `less%4:02:00::`: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (e.g., "less interesting", "less expensive").
        2.  `less%4:02:01::`: comparative of little (e.g., "she walks less than she should").

    *   The phrase is "less severe".
    *   "Severe" is an adjective.
    *   "Less" is modifying the adjective "severe" to create a comparative form.

    *   Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs". This matches perfectly ("less severe").
    *   Sense 2: "comparative of little". This usually refers to quantity or degree as a standalone adverb or determiner (e.g., "I eat less").

    *   The usage "less severe" is a classic example of using "less" to form the comparative of an adjective.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `severe`
    *   Target surface form: `severe`
    *   Context: "...progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   Contextual clues: The sentence discusses the progression of polyps in the bowel becoming "increasingly malignant," moving from "less severe to deadly." This refers to the stage or degree of a medical condition (cancer/malignancy).

    *   Sense 1: `intense` - intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality (e.g., severe pain, severe case of flu).
    *   Sense 2: `strong` - very strong or vigorous (e.g., strong winds).
    *   Sense 3: `plain` - severely simple (e.g., stark interior).
    *   Sense 4: `nonindulgent` - unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment (e.g., severe parent).
    *   Sense 5: `critical` - causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm (e.g., dangerous operation, grave situation).
    *   Sense 6: `bad` - very bad in degree or extent (e.g., severe worldwide depression, severe damage).

    *   The context is medical progression: "less severe to deadly."
    *   "Deadly" is the extreme end of the spectrum.
    *   "Severe" here describes the degree of malignancy or the seriousness of the condition.
    *   Sense 1 (intense/bad in degree or quality) often applies to symptoms or cases (severe pain, severe case of flu).
    *   Sense 5 (critical/threatening great harm) describes situations or operations (dangerous, grave).
    *   Sense 6 (bad in degree or extent) describes damage or depressions.

    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 5:
        *   Sense 1: "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality" (Example: "a severe case of flu").
        *   Sense 5: "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm" (Synonyms: "dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening").
    *   The phrase "less severe to deadly" suggests a scale of seriousness/danger. "Deadly" is the ultimate "life-threatening" state.
    *   In medical contexts, "severe" often maps to "serious" or "grave" when discussing the progression of a disease.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "severe case of flu". This is about the intensity of the illness.
    *   Let's look at Sense 5 again: "serious, life-threatening". This fits "deadly" perfectly as the endpoint of the progression.

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 6: "very bad in degree or extent".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality".

    *   In the phrase "less severe to deadly", "severe" is being used as a grade of the disease's progression.
    *   Sense 5 synonyms: "dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening".
    *   Sense 1 synonyms: "terrible, wicked".
    *   Sense 6: "very bad in degree or extent".

    *   If the progression is "less severe" $\rightarrow$ "deadly", the word "severe" here means "serious" or "grave".
    *   Sense 5 specifically lists "serious" and "life-threatening" as synonyms. This aligns best with the progression toward "deadly".

    *   Sense 1: "severe case of flu" (intensity of symptoms).
    *   Sense 5: "grave situation", "dangerous operation" (threat of harm/death).
    *   The context "less severe to deadly" is about the threat level/seriousness of the malignancy.

    *   Sense 1: intense/bad in degree (flu).
    *   Sense 5: critical/threatening harm (grave, serious, life-threatening).
    *   Sense 6: bad in degree or extent (depression, damage).

    "Less severe to deadly" describes the progression of malignancy. "Deadly" is the extreme of "serious/life-threatening". Therefore, Sense 5 is the most precise fit.

    *Self-Correction:* Let me double-check Sense 1 again. "Severe case of flu" is very similar to "severe cancer". However, the contrast with "deadly" strongly points toward the "serious/life-threatening" aspect of Sense 5.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 5: "dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening".
    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "terrible, wicked".

    "Serious" (Sense 5) is a much better fit for a medical progression than "terrible" (Sense 1).

    *Wait*, let me look at Sense 6 again: "very bad in degree or extent".
    Example: "the house suffered severe damage".
    This doesn't fit as well as Sense 5.

    Final check: "less severe to deadly".
    Severe $\approx$ Serious.
    Sense 5: "serious, life-threatening".
    This is the strongest match.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "deadly"
    *   Context: "...progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   The context describes the progression of colon cancer (polyps becoming increasingly malignant).
    *   "Less severe to deadly" refers to the progression of the disease's ability to cause death.

    *   Sense 1: `causing or capable of causing death` (fatal, mortal). Example: "a fatal accident; a deadly enemy".
    *   Sense 2: `of an instrument of certain death` (lethal). Example: "deadly poisons; lethal weapon".
    *   Sense 3: `extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom` (venomous, virulent). Example: "venomous snakes".
    *   Sense 4: `involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death` (mortal). Example: "the seven deadly sins".
    *   Sense 5: `exceedingly harmful` (baneful, pernicious, pestilent).
    *   Sense 6: `(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect` (virulent).

    *   The context is about cancer progression.
    *   "Deadly" here means the cancer becomes capable of causing death.
    *   Sense 1 ("causing or capable of causing death") is a general description of something that kills.
    *   Sense 6 ("(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect") describes the *nature* of the disease's course (rapid/violent), whereas the context "less severe to deadly" focuses on the *outcome* (death).
    *   Sense 2 is for instruments (weapons/poisons).
    *   Sense 3 is for toxins/venom.
    *   Sense 4 is spiritual.
    *   Sense 5 is general harm.

    *   Is it Sense 1 or Sense 6?
    *   "Progressing from less severe to deadly" suggests a scale of lethality.
    *   Sense 1: "causing or capable of causing death".
    *   Sense 6: "having a rapid course and violent effect".
    *   Cancer progression from benign/less severe to malignant/deadly usually refers to its ability to kill the patient, not necessarily the speed or violence of the course (though that can happen). "Deadly" in the sense of "fatal" fits best.

    *   Sense 1: fatal, causing death.
    *   Sense 6: virulent, rapid/violent course.
    *   The phrase "less severe to deadly" contrasts severity with lethality. Sense 1 is the most direct fit for "capable of causing death".

    *   Sense 1: `deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00`
    *   Sense 6: `deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00`
    *   Looking at the context again: "progressing from less severe to deadly". This is a progression of malignancy. A malignant tumor is one that can cause death.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 6: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect".
    *   Is cancer "deadly" because it has a rapid course, or because it causes death? It's because it causes death.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of "deadly" in the context of a disease's lethality.

    *   Sense 1: fatal (causing death).
    *   Sense 2: lethal (instrument).
    *   Sense 3: toxic (poison).
    *   Sense 4: spiritual.
    *   Sense 5: harmful.
    *   Sense 6: virulent (rapid/violent).
    *   The most fitting is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `genetic`
    *   Target surface form: `genetic`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00`: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary).
        2.  `genetic%3:01:02::`: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical).
        3.  `genetic%3:01:01::`: pertaining to or referring to origin.
        4.  `genetic%3:01:00::`: of or relating to the science of genetics (genetical).

    *   The text discusses "cancer suppressor genes," "dual chromosome losses," and "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   The phrase "cascade of genetic damage" refers to damage occurring at the level of the genes or chromosomes.
    *   The context is molecular biology, specifically focusing on genes and chromosomes.

    *   Sense 1 (inheritable/hereditary): While cancer can be hereditary, the text describes damage occurring in cells (e.g., "cells from other cancers," "develop in stages"), which often refers to somatic mutations (acquired damage) rather than just inherited ones. The focus is on the *nature* of the damage (to the genes), not necessarily its transmission between generations.
    *   Sense 2 (of or relating to a gene): This fits perfectly. "Genetic damage" in this context means damage to the genes or the genetic material (DNA/chromosomes).
    *   Sense 3 (origin): This refers to the origin of something (like a literary work). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 4 (science of genetics): This refers to the field of study (e.g., "genetic research"). While the research is genetic, the "damage" itself isn't "of the science of genetics"; it's damage *to the genes*.

    *   The phrase "genetic damage" refers to mutations or alterations in the DNA/genes.
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". This is the most precise fit for damage occurring to the genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damage`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%1:11:00::`: the occurrence of a change for the worse (synonyms: harm, impairment)
        2.  `damage%1:11:01::`: loss of military equipment (synonyms: equipment casualty)
        3.  `damage%1:04:00::`: the act of damaging something or someone (synonyms: harm, hurt, scathe)
        4.  `damage%1:21:00::`: the amount of money needed to purchase something (synonyms: price, terms)
        5.  `damage%1:04:01::`: any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right (synonyms: wrong, legal injury)

    *   The context discusses "genetic damage" in the context of cancer (colon cancer, Wilm's tumor), specifically referring to "multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes" and "dual chromosome losses."
    *   "Genetic damage" refers to the impairment or negative change in the genetic material (DNA/chromosomes).

    *   Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (harm, impairment). This fits well with genetic mutations or chromosome losses.
    *   Sense 2: "loss of military equipment". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "the act of damaging something or someone". This refers to the *action* of causing harm, whereas the context refers to the *state* or *occurrence* of the damage (the result).
    *   Sense 4: "the amount of money needed to purchase something". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 describes the *result* or *occurrence* of a change for the worse (impairment).
    *   Sense 3 describes the *act* of damaging.
    *   In "cascade of genetic damage", "damage" refers to the impairment of the genes, not the act of damaging them.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurring
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `occur`
    *   Target surface form: `occurring`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `occur%2:30:00::` (come to pass, happen)
        2.  `occur%2:31:00::` (come to one's mind)
        3.  `occur%2:42:03::` (to be found to exist)

    *   The sentence describes a biological process: "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   "Genetic damage" is an event or a process taking place over time (progressing from less severe to deadly).
    *   Sense 1: "come to pass", "happen", "go on". This fits the idea of a process or event taking place.
    *   Sense 2: "come to one's mind". This is clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: "to be found to exist". This usually refers to presence in a location or population (e.g., "sexism occurs in many workplaces"). While genetic damage "exists," the context "cascade... might be occurring" strongly implies a process happening over time rather than a static state of existence.

    *   "a cascade of genetic damage might be happening" (Sense 1) vs. "a cascade of genetic damage might be found to exist" (Sense 3).
    *   The phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly" emphasizes the temporal process/event.
    *   Therefore, "happen" or "go on" (Sense 1) is the most appropriate fit.

    *   Sense 1: happen, go on.
    *   Sense 3: be found to exist.
    *   In the context of a "cascade" (a sequence of events), "occurring" means the events are happening.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `student`
    *   Target surface form: `student`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `student%1:18:00::`: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (synonyms: pupil, educatee).
        2.  `student%1:18:01::`: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman).

    *   The phrase is "a doctoral student".
    *   A "doctoral student" (PhD student) is someone enrolled in a doctoral program at a university/educational institution to earn a degree.
    *   This fits the definition of "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution".
    *   Sense 2 refers to a "scholar" or "learned person" in a more general or professional sense (e.g., "a student of history"), not necessarily someone currently enrolled in a degree program.

    *   Sense 1: Enrolled learner. (Matches "doctoral student").
    *   Sense 2: Scholar/learned person. (Less specific, doesn't capture the "doctoral" enrollment aspect as well as Sense 1).

    *   The context clearly indicates a student pursuing a doctorate, which is a specific type of enrollment in an educational institution.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `begin`
    *   Target surface form: `began`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

    *   Sense 1: `take the first step or steps in carrying out an action` (Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out). Example: "We began working at dawn."
    *   Sense 2: `have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense` (Synonyms: start). Example: "The DMZ begins right over the hill."
    *   Sense 3: `set in motion, cause to start` (Synonyms: lead off, start, commence). Example: "The U.S. started a war in the Middle East."
    *   Sense 4: `begin to speak or say`
    *   Sense 5: `be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series`
    *   Sense 6: `have a beginning, of a temporal event` (Example: "WW II began in 1939")
    *   Sense 7: `have a beginning characterized in some specified way`
    *   Sense 8: `begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object` (Example: "begin a cigar")
    *   Sense 9: `achieve or accomplish in the least degree`
    *   Sense 10: `begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language`

    *   The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing..."
    *   Here, "began" means they started the process of probing.
    *   Is it "taking the first step in carrying out an action" (Sense 1) or "setting in motion/causing to start" (Sense 3)?
    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". Example: "We began working at dawn."
    *   Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start". Example: "The U.S. started a war."
    *   In the context, Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon are the ones performing the action (probing). They didn't "cause" the probing to start in the way a country starts a war; they themselves started doing the work.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3: Sense 1 is more about the agent starting their own activity. Sense 3 is more about initiating an event or process (often external).
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". This fits perfectly. They started the action of probing.

    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (Synonyms: start, set out).
    *   Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start" (Synonyms: start, commence).
    *   The "probing" is the action they are carrying out.
    *   Wait, let's look at the object: "months of tedious and often frustrating probing".
    *   If the object is the action itself (probing), Sense 1 ("began working") fits well.
    *   If the object is an event they initiated, Sense 3 might fit. But "probing" here is the activity they performed.

    *   Sense 1: "We began working at dawn." (Subject is the doer of the action).
    *   Sense 3: "The U.S. started a war." (Subject initiates an event).
    *   In "Dr. Vogelstein and... Eric Fearon began months of... probing", the subject is the doer of the probing. This aligns better with Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action.
    *   Sense 3: set in motion, cause to start.
    *   The probing is the action they are carrying out. Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `month`
    *   Target surface form: `months`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `month%1:28:01::`: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month).
        2.  `month%1:28:00::`: a time unit of approximately 30 days.

    *   The sentence says "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing".
    *   This refers to a duration of time (several units of approximately 30 days), not specific calendar months (like January, February, etc.).
    *   Sense 1 refers to the calendar division (e.g., "last month", "the month of May").
    *   Sense 2 refers to the duration/unit of time (e.g., "a month to pay the bill", "months of work").

    *   "months of tedious... probing" describes a period of time.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2 (a time unit of approximately 30 days).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `tedious`
    *   Target surface form: `tedious`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00`: so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow.
        2.  `tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00`: using or containing too many words; long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy.

    *   The word "tedious" describes "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   The probing is described as "months of tedious and often frustrating probing."
    *   This refers to a repetitive, slow, and mentally wearing process of scientific research.

    *   Sense 1 (uninteresting/boring/irksome) fits the description of a long, repetitive, and frustrating scientific process.
    *   Sense 2 (prolix/wordy) refers to language or speech, which does not apply to "probing of the chromosomes."

    *   Sense 1 is the only one that fits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee".
    *   Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" (much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much".
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances".

    *   The phrase is "tedious and often frustrating probing".
    *   "Often" modifies "frustrating".
    *   It means that the probing was frustrating in many instances or frequently during the process.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
        *   Sense 1 ("many times at short intervals") usually refers to the frequency of an event occurring.
        *   Sense 3 ("in many cases or instances") refers to how often a particular quality or condition applies.
    *   In "often frustrating probing", the frustration occurs frequently throughout the process.
    *   Let's look at the previous sentences: "it often seems to develop in stages" (Sense 3 - in many cases), "It often is preceded by the development of polyps" (Sense 3 - in many cases).
    *   In the target sentence: "tedious and often frustrating probing". Here, "often" describes the frequency of the frustration experienced during the probing.
    *   Is it "many times at short intervals" (Sense 1) or "in many cases or instances" (Sense 3)?
    *   If we say "the probing was often frustrating", we mean that on many occasions during the probing, it was frustrating. This aligns well with "frequently" (Sense 1).
    *   However, Sense 3 ("in many cases or instances") is often used for generalities or patterns.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "many times at short intervals". This fits the description of a long process (months of probing) where frustration popped up frequently.
    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "frequently, oftentimes". "Frequently frustrating probing" makes perfect sense.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "in many cases or instances". This is usually used for things like "It is often the case that..." or "Often, people believe...".
    *   In "often frustrating probing", the frustration is a recurring state during the activity. This is a frequency of occurrence.

    *   Sense 1: many times at short intervals (frequently).
    *   Sense 2: much/a great deal (not applicable).
    *   Sense 3: in many cases or instances.

    If I say "The work was often frustrating," I mean it was frustrating frequently.
    If I say "Cancer often develops in stages," I mean in many cases of cancer, it develops in stages.

    In the target sentence: "months of tedious and often frustrating probing". The "often" refers to the frequency of the frustration during those months. This is a temporal frequency.

    Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (frequently).
    Sense 3: "in many cases or instances".

    Actually, looking at the examples for Sense 1 ("we often met over a cup of coffee"), it's about repeated events. "Frustrating" is an adjective describing the probing. The frustration happened many times.

    Let's double-check Sense 3. "In many cases or instances". If the "probing" is seen as a series of instances, then "often frustrating" means in many of those instances, it was frustrating.

    However, "frequently" (Sense 1) is the most natural synonym for "often" when describing a recurring feeling or state during a process.

    Let's re-read: "tedious and often frustrating probing".
    Compare:
    A: "The probing was frequently frustrating." (Sense 1)
    B: "The probing was in many cases frustrating." (Sense 3)

    A is much more natural.

    Wait, let me look at the WordNet senses again.
    Sense 1: many times at short intervals.
    Sense 3: in many cases or instances.

    In the context of "often frustrating", it means that throughout the duration of the probing, there were many times when it was frustrating. This is a frequency of occurrence over time.

    Let's check if "often" as an adverb modifying an adjective usually maps to Sense 1 or Sense 3.
    "Often frustrating" -> "Frequently frustrating".
    "Frequently" is a synonym for Sense 1.

    Let's check Sense 3 again. "In many cases or instances". This is usually used for general truths or statistical likelihoods (e.g., "It often rains in April").

    In "often frustrating probing", the "often" describes the experience of the researchers over a period of months. This is a temporal frequency.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    *Self-Correction:* Let me re-read the context one more time.
    "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing..."
    The frustration is an intermittent quality of the probing process.
    Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" / "frequently".
    Sense 3: "in many cases or instances".

    If I say "The weather is often cold in January," that's Sense 3 (in many instances of Januarys/days in January).
    If I say "I often go to the gym," that's Sense 1 (many times).
    If I say "The process was often difficult," it means it was difficult many times during the process.

    Let's compare "often frustrating" to "frequently frustrating". They are nearly identical. "Frequently" is a synonym for Sense 1.

    Final check:
    Sense 1: many times at short intervals.
    Sense 3: in many cases or instances.
    The probing happened over "months". The frustration occurred "many times" during those months.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again. "In many cases or instances". Could "instances" refer to the different moments of probing? Possibly, but "frequently" (Sense 1) is a more direct fit for a recurring state during a continuous activity.

    Let's look at the other "often"s in the text:
    1. "because it often seems to develop in stages" -> In many cases of colon cancer (Sense 3).
    2. "It often is preceded by the development of polyps" -> In many cases of colon cancer (Sense 3).
    3. "tedious and often frustrating probing" -> Frequently frustrating (Sense 1).

    The first two are clearly Sense 3. The third one is different; it's about the experience of the researchers, not a general property of the disease.

    Sense 1: many times at short intervals.
    Sense 3: in many cases or instances.
    "Often frustrating" = "Frequently frustrating".
    Synonym for Sense 1 = "frequently".

    Conclusion: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `search`
    *   Target surface form: `searching`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage."

    *   Sense 1: `try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of` (synonyms: seek, look for). Example: "The police are searching for clues."
    *   Sense 2: `search or seek` (synonyms: look). Example: "We looked all day and finally found the child..."
    *   Sense 3: `inquire into` (synonyms: research, explore). Example: "the students had to research the history of the Second World War..."
    *   Sense 4: `subject to a search`. Example: "The police searched the suspect."

    *   The sentence describes scientists (Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon) "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   They are looking for specific evidence ("signs of genetic damage") within a biological structure (chromosomes).
    *   This is a process of trying to locate or discover something that might be there.

    *   Sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of". This fits perfectly. They are trying to discover/establish the existence of signs of genetic damage.
    *   Sense 2: "search or seek". This is very similar to Sense 1, but Sense 1's definition "try to locate or discover" is more precise for scientific discovery of evidence.
    *   Sense 3: "inquire into" (research, explore). While the overall project is research, the specific act of "searching for signs" is the act of looking for a specific marker/evidence, not the general act of inquiring into a topic.
    *   Sense 4: "subject to a search". This refers to searching a person or a place (like a house), not searching for a specific sign or clue.

    *   Sense 1: "The police are searching for clues" is very similar to "searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Sense 3: "research the history" is a broader academic inquiry.

    *   The phrase "searching for [something]" where [something] is a clue, sign, or missing object strongly aligns with Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: try to locate or discover... (seek, look for)
    *   Sense 2: search or seek (look)
    *   Sense 3: inquire into (research, explore)
    *   Sense 4: subject to a search

    Comparing 1 and 2: Sense 1 is more descriptive of the goal (locate/discover). Sense 2 is more of a synonym loop.
    Comparing 1 and 3: Sense 3 is about the general field of study ("research the history"), whereas Sense 1 is about finding a specific thing ("searching for signs").

    The context "searching for signs of genetic damage" is a classic "searching for [clue/evidence]" scenario.

    Sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of"
    Context: "searching for signs of genetic damage"
    This is a perfect match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `sign`
    *   Target surface form: `signs`
    *   Context: "...searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage."
    *   Surrounding context: Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon were probing chromosomes to find evidence of genetic damage in colon cancer.

    *   Sense 1: a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (e.g., signs of strain, signs of spring).
    *   Sense 2: a public display of a message (e.g., shop window signs).
    *   Sense 3: nonverbal action or gesture (e.g., signals from a boat).
    *   Sense 4: structure displaying a board (e.g., signboards).
    *   Sense 5: astrology (zodiac).
    *   Sense 6: (medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease (e.g., signs of asphyxiation).
    *   Sense 7: polarity (positive/negative).
    *   Sense 8: event indicating important things to come (augury).
    *   Sense 9: gesture in sign language.
    *   Sense 10: linguistic unit (signifier/signified).
    *   Sense 11: character indicating relation between quantities (minus sign).

    *   The context is medical/biological research ("molecular biologist", "chromosomes", "genetic damage", "colon cancer").
    *   The researchers are looking for "signs of genetic damage".
    *   This is objective evidence of a biological disorder/damage.

    *   Sense 1 is a general "perceptible indication".
    *   Sense 6 is specifically "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease".

    *   The context is explicitly medical/scientific research into cancer and genetic damage.
    *   "Genetic damage" in the context of cancer is a disorder/disease state.
    *   Searching for "signs" in chromosomes means looking for objective evidence (like deletions, which are mentioned in the next sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions").
    *   Sense 6 is the most precise fit for a medical context involving evidence of a disorder.

    *   Sense 1: "perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent" (General)
    *   Sense 6: "any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease" (Medical)
    *   Since the context is a medical study on cancer, Sense 6 is the most specific and accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `genetic`
    *   Target surface form: `genetic`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00`: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary).
        2.  `genetic%3:01:02::`: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical).
        3.  `genetic%3:01:01::`: pertaining to or referring to origin.
        4.  `genetic%3:01:00::`: of or relating to the science of genetics (genetical).

    *   The context discusses "cancer suppressor genes", "chromosomes", "genetic damage", and "genetic deletions".
    *   The specific phrase is "searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage".
    *   "Genetic damage" in this context refers to damage to the genes or DNA (chromosomes).
    *   "Genetic deletions" refers to the loss of parts of genes or chromosomes.

    *   Sense 1 (inheritable/hereditary): While cancer can be hereditary, the text is talking about "damage" and "deletions" occurring in cells (some in benign polyps, some in malignant cells), which are somatic mutations, not necessarily inherited from parents.
    *   Sense 2 (of or relating to a gene): This fits perfectly. Damage to the genes/DNA is "genetic damage". Deletions of genes are "genetic deletions".
    *   Sense 3 (origin): This refers to the origin of something (like a literary work). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 4 (science of genetics): This refers to the field of study (e.g., "genetic research"). While the research is genetic, the "damage" itself is not "of the science of genetics"; it is damage *to the genes*.

    *   The context focuses on the physical structure of genes and chromosomes (deletions, damage).
    *   Sense 2 ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene") is the most precise fit for "genetic damage" and "genetic deletions".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damage`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%1:11:00::`: the occurrence of a change for the worse (synonyms: harm, impairment)
        2.  `damage%1:11:01::`: loss of military equipment (synonyms: equipment casualty)
        3.  `damage%1:04:00::`: the act of damaging something or someone (synonyms: harm, hurt, scathe)
        4.  `damage%1:21:00::`: the amount of money needed to purchase something (synonyms: price, terms)
        5.  `damage%1:04:01::`: any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right (synonyms: wrong, legal injury)

    *   The context discusses "genetic damage" in the context of cancer research (colon cancer, chromosomes, deletions).
    *   "Genetic damage" refers to mutations, deletions, or other harmful changes in the DNA/chromosomes.
    *   This is a biological/physical change for the worse.

    *   Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (harm, impairment). This fits "genetic damage" perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "loss of military equipment". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "the act of damaging something or someone". This refers to the *action* of causing damage, whereas the context refers to the *state* or *result* of the damage (searching for signs of genetic damage).
    *   Sense 4: "the amount of money needed to purchase something". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 describes the *result* or *occurrence* of a change for the worse (impairment).
    *   Sense 3 describes the *act* of damaging.
    *   The text says "searching for signs of genetic damage". They are looking for the *result* (the mutations/deletions), not the *act* of the damage happening.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `begin`
    *   Target surface form: `began`
    *   Context: "They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   Sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

    *   Sense 1: `take the first step or steps in carrying out an action` (Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out; Example: "We began working at dawn")
    *   Sense 2: `have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense` (Synonyms: start; Example: "The DMZ begins right over the hill")
    *   Sense 3: `set in motion, cause to start` (Synonyms: lead off, start, commence; Example: "The U.S. started a war")
    *   Sense 4: `begin to speak or say` (Example: "Now listen, friends")
    *   Sense 5: `be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start` (Example: "The number 'one' begins the sequence")
    *   Sense 6: `have a beginning, of a temporal event` (Example: "WW II began in 1939")
    *   Sense 7: `have a beginning characterized in some specified way` (Example: "The novel begins with a murder")
    *   Sense 8: `begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object` (Example: "begin a cigar")
    *   Sense 9: `achieve or accomplish in the least degree` (Example: "doesn't even begin to deal with")
    *   Sense 10: `begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language` (Example: "She began Russian")

    *   The sentence is "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   "They" (Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon) are the agents.
    *   "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions" is the action they started doing.
    *   This matches the pattern "Subject + began + [gerund/action]".
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (Example: "We began working at dawn"). This fits perfectly.
        *   Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start". This usually involves an external object being started (e.g., "started a war"). Here, they are the ones performing the action of uncovering.
        *   Sense 6: "have a beginning, of a temporal event". This is usually used for the event itself (e.g., "The war began"). Here, the subject is the person.

    *   The context "They began uncovering..." is almost identical in structure to the example "We began working at dawn" in Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. (Correct)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confusing
Target surface form: confusing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:disorienting:00 | definition=causing confusion or disorientation | examples=a confusing jumble of road signs; being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child
2. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:unclear:00 | definition=lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity | synonyms=perplexing, puzzling | examples=sent confusing signals to Iraq; perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `confusing`
    *   Target surface form: `confusing`
    *   Context: "They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `disorienting`: causing confusion or disorientation (e.g., road signs, hospitalization).
        2.  `unclear`: lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity (synonyms: perplexing, puzzling; e.g., signals to Iraq).

    *   The text describes research into genetic deletions in cancer.
    *   The researchers found a "confusing variety of genetic deletions."
    *   The "confusing" part refers to the fact that some deletions were in benign polyps, some in malignant cells, and some in both.
    *   This variety made the data hard to interpret or understand initially (it was perplexing/puzzling), rather than making the researchers physically disoriented or lost in space.

    *   Sense 1 (`disorienting`) usually refers to a lack of spatial orientation or a state of mental bewilderment often associated with environment or sudden change (e.g., road signs, hospital).
    *   Sense 2 (`unclear`) refers to something that is perplexing, puzzling, or lacks clarity of meaning/pattern. The variety of genetic deletions is "perplexing" or "puzzling" because it doesn't immediately fit a clear pattern.

    *   The genetic data is "perplexing" or "puzzling" (Sense 2). It is not "disorienting" in the sense of losing one's way or feeling dizzy/confused by surroundings (Sense 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variety
Target surface form: variety
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variety%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection containing a variety of sorts of things | synonyms=assortment, mixture, mixed bag, miscellany, miscellanea, salmagundi | examples=a great assortment of cars was on display; he had a variety of disorders
2. sense_key=variety%1:07:00:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, diversity, multifariousness | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
3. sense_key=variety%1:14:00:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics | examples=varieties are frequently recognized in botany
4. sense_key=variety%1:10:00:: | definition=a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances | synonyms=variety show
5. sense_key=variety%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, form | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
6. sense_key=variety%1:07:01:: | definition=a difference that is usually pleasant | synonyms=change | examples=he goes to France for variety; it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "variety"
    *   Context: "They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Meaning: The researchers found many different types/kinds of genetic deletions.

    *   Sense 1: "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things" (assortment, mixture). Example: "he had a variety of disorders".
    *   Sense 2: "noticeable heterogeneity" (diverseness, diversity). Example: "the range and variety of his work is amazing".
    *   Sense 3: "(biology) a taxonomic category..." (botany/species).
    *   Sense 4: "a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances" (variety show).
    *   Sense 5: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" (kind, sort, form).
    *   Sense 6: "a difference that is usually pleasant" (change).

    *   The sentence says "a confusing variety of genetic deletions".
    *   This refers to a collection or assortment of different types of deletions.
    *   Sense 1 ("a collection containing a variety of sorts of things") fits well. The example "he had a variety of disorders" is very similar to "a variety of genetic deletions".
    *   Sense 2 ("noticeable heterogeneity") refers to the *quality* of being diverse, rather than the *collection* itself. "A confusing variety" suggests the set of deletions found.
    *   Sense 5 ("a category of things") refers to a single type (e.g., "this variety of apple"). Here, "a variety of" is used as a quantifier meaning "many different kinds of".

    *   "a variety of [plural noun]" usually maps to Sense 1 (assortment/mixture) when it means "several different types of".
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1: "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things" (assortment).
        *   Sense 2: "noticeable heterogeneity" (diversity).
    *   In "a confusing variety of genetic deletions", "variety" acts as a noun meaning a collection of different types. This aligns best with Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things" -> "a variety of genetic deletions". (Matches)
    *   Sense 2: "noticeable heterogeneity" -> "The variety of genetic deletions was confusing". (Possible, but "a variety of" usually points to the collection).
    *   Sense 5: "a category of things" -> "This variety of genetic deletion is rare". (Doesn't match "a variety of genetic deletions").

    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate for the phrase "a variety of [plural noun]" meaning an assortment.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of <t>genetic</t> deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "genetic"
    *   Context: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of <t>genetic</t> deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses cancer suppressor genes, chromosomes, "genetic damage," and "genetic deletions."

    *   Sense 1: `inheritable` (occurring among members of a family usually by heredity).
    *   Sense 2: `of or relating to or produced by or being a gene` (genic, genetical).
    *   Sense 3: `pertaining to or referring to origin` (e.g., genetic history of a literary work).
    *   Sense 4: `of or relating to the science of genetics` (e.g., genetic research).

    *   The phrase is "genetic deletions."
    *   A "deletion" in this context refers to a mutation where a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA (a gene or genes) is lost.
    *   This is a physical change in the genes/DNA.
    *   Sense 1 (inheritable) is not quite right because the text mentions deletions in polyps and malignant cells, which can be somatic (acquired) rather than inherited.
    *   Sense 3 (origin) is completely wrong (literary/historical origin).
    *   Sense 4 (science of genetics) describes the field of study, not the deletions themselves.
    *   Sense 2 (of or relating to or produced by or being a gene) fits perfectly. A "genetic deletion" is a deletion of genetic material (genes).

    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   "Genetic deletions" = deletions of genes/genetic material. This matches the biological context of chromosomes and cancer suppressor genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exist
Target surface form: existing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exist%2:42:00:: | definition=have an existence, be extant | synonyms=be | examples=Is there a God?
2. sense_key=exist%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=survive, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `exist`
    *   Target surface form: `existing`
    *   Context: "...They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `exist%2:42:00::`: have an existence, be extant (synonym: be)
        2.  `exist%2:42:01::`: support oneself (synonyms: survive, live, subsist)

    *   The sentence describes "genetic deletions" that are "existing only in benign polyps".
    *   In this context, "existing" means that these deletions are present or found in benign polyps.
    *   It does not mean the deletions are "supporting themselves" or "subsisting" (which would be sense 2).
    *   It means they "have an existence" or "are extant" in those specific cells.

    *   Sense 1: "have an existence, be extant" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "support oneself" -> Does not fit.

    *   The correct sense index is 1.