[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `training`
    *   Target surface form: `training`
    *   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment." (Note: There's a typo in the source text "training does is not linked", but the meaning is clear: training is not linked to employment offers).
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `training%1:04:00::`: activity leading to skilled behavior (synonyms: preparation, grooming).
        2.  `training%1:07:00::`: the result of good upbringing (synonyms: education, breeding).

    *   The sentence discusses immigration, skilled workers, and dynamic sectors.
    *   It mentions "highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training... is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   In this context, "training" refers to the professional or technical education/skill acquisition required for those dynamic sectors, not social upbringing or breeding.

    *   Sense 1: "activity leading to skilled behavior" fits perfectly. Professional training for skilled jobs.
    *   Sense 2: "the result of good upbringing" (breeding) does not fit the context of economic sectors and skilled labor.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `offer`
    *   Target surface form: `offers`
    *   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `offer%1:10:01::`: the verbal act of offering (e.g., "a generous offer of assistance").
        2.  `offer%1:10:00::`: something offered (as a proposal or bid) (e.g., "noteworthy new offerings for investors").
        3.  `offer%1:04:01::`: a usually brief attempt (e.g., "he took a crack at it").

    *   The sentence discusses skilled immigrants in dynamic sectors where training is not linked to "offers of employment".
    *   "Offers of employment" refers to job offers—the actual proposals or bids made by employers to potential employees.

    *   Sense 1: "the verbal act of offering". This describes the *action* of making an offer.
    *   Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)". This describes the *thing* being offered (the job offer itself).
    *   Sense 3: "a usually brief attempt". This is clearly incorrect (e.g., "taking a shot at something").

    *   In "offers of employment", the word "offers" refers to the job proposals themselves (the things offered), not the act of speaking the offer.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1 is the *act*.
        *   Sense 2 is the *proposal/bid*.
    *   A job offer is a proposal of employment. Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    *   Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)". This fits "offers of employment" perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `employment`
    *   Target surface form: `employment`
    *   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and the labor market. It mentions "native workers," "local labor," and "shortage of local labor."

    *   Sense 1: `employment%1:26:00::` - the state of being employed or having a job. (e.g., "looking for employment")
    *   Sense 2: `employment%1:04:00::` - the occupation for which you are paid. (e.g., "looking for employment", "out of work")
    *   Sense 3: `employment%1:04:02::` - the act of giving someone a job. (synonym: engagement)
    *   Sense 4: `employment%1:04:01::` - the act of using. (synonyms: use, usage, utilization)

    *   The phrase is "offers of employment".
    *   An "offer of employment" is an offer to give someone a job.
    *   Sense 1 (state of being employed) doesn't fit "offers of [state]".
    *   Sense 2 (the occupation/work) could fit, but "offers of work" usually refers to the act of hiring.
    *   Sense 3 (the act of giving someone a job) fits perfectly. An "offer of employment" is an offer to engage someone in work.
    *   Sense 4 (the act of using) is clearly incorrect in this labor market context.

    *   Sense 1: State of being employed.
    *   Sense 2: The job/occupation itself.
    *   Sense 3: The act of hiring/giving a job.
    *   "Offers of employment" refers to the act of offering a job (hiring).

    *Wait*, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
    "Looking for employment" is listed as an example for both Sense 1 and Sense 2.
    Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job"
    Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid"
    Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job"

    In "offers of employment", the "employment" refers to the job being offered or the act of being hired.
    If I offer you employment, I am offering you a job (Sense 2) or offering to employ you (Sense 3).

    Let's look at the synonyms:
    Sense 1: employ
    Sense 2: work
    Sense 3: engagement

    "Offers of engagement" (Sense 3) makes sense in a formal context.
    "Offers of work" (Sense 2) also makes sense.

    However, "employment" in "offers of employment" usually refers to the status or the position being offered.
    Let's look at the context again: "...dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    This means that training doesn't necessarily lead to being hired.

    Comparing Sense 1, 2, and 3 again:
    Sense 1: state of being employed.
    Sense 2: the occupation/job.
    Sense 3: the act of giving someone a job.

    "Offers of employment" is a standard phrase. Does it mean "offers of the state of being employed" (1), "offers of a job" (2), or "offers of the act of hiring" (3)?
    Usually, it means the offer to hire someone.

    Let's check common usage. "Offer of employment" is almost always synonymous with "job offer".
    A "job offer" is an offer to provide someone with a job (Sense 3: the act of giving someone a job).

    Let's double-check Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid". An offer of an occupation? Not quite.
    Sense 1: "the state of being employed". An offer of the state of being employed? A bit clunky.

    Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job". This is the most precise fit for "offer of employment".

    *Self-Correction:* Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 1: "they are looking for employment"
    Sense 2: "he is looking for employment"
    Wait, the examples for 1 and 2 are nearly identical. This is common in WordNet.

    Let's re-read Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job".
    If a company makes an "offer of employment", they are performing the act of offering to give someone a job.

    Let's consider if it could be Sense 1. "Employment" as a general concept of having a job. "Offers of employment" = offers to provide the state of being employed.

    Actually, in many linguistic datasets for WSD, "offer of employment" is mapped to the sense of "the act of employing" or "the act of giving a job".

    Let's re-verify Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job".
    Synonym: "engagement".
    "Offer of engagement" is a formal way to say "offer of employment".

    Sense 1: state of being employed.
    Sense 2: the occupation.
    Sense 3: the act of giving a job.

    If you offer someone employment, you are offering to employ them. The "employment" here is the act of employing.

    Let's check Sense 2 again: "the occupation for which you are paid".
    "Offer of work" (Sense 2 synonym) is very common.

    However, "employment" in "offer of employment" is more about the contractual arrangement (the act of hiring) than the specific occupation.

    Let's look at the context again: "...training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    This means training doesn't lead to job offers.

    Sense 3 seems the most accurate for "offer of employment".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `effect`
    *   Target surface form: `effect`
    *   Context: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `effect%1:19:00::`: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, outcome, result).
        2.  `effect%1:07:00::`: an outward appearance (impression).
        3.  `effect%1:09:00::`: an impression (artificial or contrived).
        4.  `effect%1:10:00::`: the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (essence, gist).
        5.  `effect%1:07:01::`: (of a law) having legal validity (force).
        6.  `effect%1:26:00::`: a symptom caused by an illness or a drug.

    *   The sentence is: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Here, "effect" refers to the result or consequence of the arrival of immigrants on the pay of locals.
    *   It describes a causal relationship: Arrival of immigrants $\rightarrow$ positive effect on pay.

    *   Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, outcome, result). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "outward appearance" (impression). Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "impression (artificial or contrived)". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: "central meaning or theme". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 5: "legal validity". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 6: "symptom caused by an illness or a drug". Does not fit.

    *   The word "effect" in "positive effect on the pay of locals" is clearly a result or consequence.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "way"
    *   Target surface form: "way"
    *   Context: "A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Phrase: "In the same way as..."

    *   Sense 1: how something is done or how it happens (manner, mode, style, fashion).
    *   Sense 2: how a result is obtained or an end is achieved (means, agency).
    *   Sense 3: a line leading to a place or point (direction).
    *   Sense 4: the condition of things generally.
    *   Sense 5: a course of conduct (path, way of life).
    *   Sense 6: any artifact consisting of a road or path.
    *   Sense 7: a journey or passage.
    *   Sense 8: space for movement.
    *   Sense 9: the property of distance in general.
    *   Sense 10: doing as one pleases or chooses.
    *   Sense 11: a general category of things (in the way of).
    *   Sense 12: a portion of something divided into shares.

    *   The phrase "In the same way as..." is used here to draw an analogy.
    *   It compares the situation of a surgeon needing anaesthetists to the situation of locals needing immigrants (complementarity).
    *   It describes the *manner* or *fashion* in which the effect occurs (the logic/mechanism of complementarity).
    *   Comparing "In the same way as [X happens], [Y happens]" usually refers to the manner or mode of the occurrence.

    *   Sense 1 (manner, mode, style, fashion) fits best. "In the same manner as a surgeon would find it difficult..."
    *   Sense 2 (means, agency) is about *how* a result is obtained (e.g., "a way to solve the problem"). While there's a logical link, "in the same way as" is a standard idiomatic expression for "in the same manner as".
    *   Sense 4 (condition of things generally) doesn't fit.

    *   "In the same way as" = "In the same manner as".
    *   Sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens".
    *   The analogy describes *how* the positive effect on wages happens (via complementarity), mirroring *how* a surgeon's ability to work depends on anaesthetists.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `country`
    *   Target surface form: `country`
    *   Context: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `country%1:14:00`: a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation).
        2.  `country%1:15:00`: the territory occupied by a nation (state, land).
        3.  `country%1:14:01`: the people who live in a nation or country (nation, land).
        4.  `country%1:15:01`: an area outside of cities and towns (rural area).
        5.  `country%1:15:02`: a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary.

    *   The sentence discusses immigration, labor markets, and the impact of immigrants on wages.
    *   The specific phrase is "work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists".
    *   This refers to a sovereign state or a nation-state where labor laws, immigration policies, and healthcare systems operate.

    *   Sense 1 (Politically organized body): Focuses on the government/political entity.
    *   Sense 2 (Territory occupied by a nation): Focuses on the physical/geographical area of a nation.
    *   Sense 3 (People who live in a nation): Focuses on the population.
    *   Sense 4 (Rural area): Clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (Geographical region of indefinite boundary): Not applicable here; we are talking about a nation-state.

    *   "Work in a country" usually refers to the territory/nation (Sense 2) or the political entity (Sense 1).
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (e.g., "the state has elected a new president").
        *   Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" (e.g., "he visited several European countries").
    *   In the context of "working in a country", it typically refers to the geographical/political entity as a whole (the territory/nation).
    *   Looking at the examples: "he visited several European countries" (Sense 2) fits the usage "work in a country" better than "the state has elected a new president" (Sense 1).
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate. Often, "country" in the sense of a nation-state is mapped to Sense 2 (territory) when talking about location ("in a country").

    *   Sense 1: Political entity (The State).
    *   Sense 2: Geographical entity (The Land/Territory).
    *   "Work in a country" implies location within the borders of a nation. This aligns most closely with Sense 2.

    *   Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government"
    *   Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation"
    *   If you work *in* a country, you are physically located within its territory.

    *   Sense 1: state, nation, land, commonwealth...
    *   Sense 2: state, land...
    *   Sense 3: nation, land...
    *   Sense 4: rural area...
    *   Sense 5: area...

    *   The context is about immigration and labor markets. "A surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists."
    *   This refers to a nation-state.
    *   Between Sense 1 and Sense 2, Sense 2 is the standard choice for "in a [country]" when referring to the location/nation.

    *   Sense 1: "the state has elected a new president" (Political entity)
    *   Sense 2: "he visited several European countries" (Territory/Nation)
    *   "Work in a country" is analogous to "visit a country".

    *   Sense 1: Political organization.
    *   Sense 2: Territory of a nation.
    *   Sense 3: People of a nation.
    *   Sense 4: Rural area.
    *   Sense 5: Region.
    *   The most fitting is Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `shortage`
    *   Target surface form: `shortage`
    *   Context: "...in the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `shortage%1:07:00::`: the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required (synonyms: deficit, shortfall).
        2.  `shortage%1:26:00::`: an acute insufficiency (synonyms: dearth, famine).

    *   The sentence discusses a lack of anaesthetists in a country, making it difficult for surgeons to work.
    *   This refers to a situation where there aren't enough qualified professionals to meet the demand.

    *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" (deficit, shortfall). This describes the *amount* of the gap.
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" (dearth, famine). This describes the *state* of not having enough.

    *   "a shortage of anaesthetists"
    *   Is it the *amount* by which they are less than required (Sense 1), or is it the *state* of insufficiency (Sense 2)?
    *   Usually, "a shortage of [people/resources]" refers to the state of insufficiency (Sense 2).
    *   Let's look at the synonyms:
        *   Sense 1: deficit, shortfall. (e.g., "a budget deficit", "a shortfall in funding").
        *   Sense 2: dearth, famine. (e.g., "a dearth of evidence", "a shortage of food").
    *   "A shortage of anaesthetists" fits better with "dearth" (Sense 2) than "deficit" (Sense 1), although they are close.
    *   Wait, let's re-read Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required". This sounds more like the *measurement* of the shortage.
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency". This sounds like the *condition* of there not being enough.
    *   In the phrase "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists", it refers to the condition/state of insufficiency.

    *   Sense 1 (deficit/shortfall) is often used for numbers/money.
    *   Sense 2 (dearth/insufficiency) is often used for people/resources.
    *   "Shortage of anaesthetists" $\approx$ "Dearth of anaesthetists".

    *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required"
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency"
    *   The context "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" describes the condition of not having enough, which is an insufficiency.

    *   Sense 1: deficit, shortfall.
    *   Sense 2: dearth, famine.
    *   "A shortage of anaesthetists" is a dearth of anaesthetists.

    *   Sense 1 is more about the *gap* itself (the amount).
    *   Sense 2 is more about the *lack* (the insufficiency).
    *   "A country with a shortage" means a country experiencing an insufficiency.

    *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required"
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency"
    *   If I say "There is a shortage of 500 doctors", that's the amount (Sense 1).
    *   If I say "There is a shortage of doctors", that's the insufficiency (Sense 2).
    *   The context is "a shortage of anaesthetists". This is the state of insufficiency.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `complementarity`
    *   Target surface form: `complementarities`
    *   Context: The text discusses immigration and its effect on the labor market. It argues that immigrants are "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor." It mentions that immigrants fill gaps (shortages) in the labor market (e.g., surgeons needing anaesthetists). The specific sentence is: "...the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

    *   Sense 1: `complementarity%1:24:01::` - "a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities" (This sounds more like a philosophical or logical definition, e.g., wave-particle duality).
    *   Sense 2: `complementarity%1:24:02::` - "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other" (Example: "the complementarity of the sexes").

    *   The context describes a relationship where immigrants supplement the local workforce (filling gaps, providing necessary supporting roles like anaesthetists for surgeons).
    *   This fits perfectly with "one thing supplements or depends on the other."
    *   It does *not* fit the "opposite states that exhaust the possibilities" definition.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `arrival`
    *   Target surface form: `arrival`
    *   Context: "...the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `arrival%1:04:00`: accomplishment of an objective (synonym: reaching)
        2.  `arrival%1:04:01`: the act of arriving at a certain place (example: they awaited her arrival)
        3.  `arrival%1:18:00`: someone who arrives (or has arrived) (synonyms: arriver, comer)

    *   The sentence discusses the "arrival of immigrants" and its effect on the pay of locals.
    *   "Arrival" here refers to the process or act of immigrants coming into a country.
    *   It is not referring to the accomplishment of an objective (Sense 1).
    *   It is not referring to a specific person who arrives (Sense 3), although "immigrants" are the ones arriving, the phrase "the arrival of immigrants" describes the event/act of them arriving.

    *   Sense 2: "the act of arriving at a certain place". This fits perfectly. The immigrants are arriving at a country.

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: Yes.
    *   Sense 3: No.

    *   The target word "arrival" in "the arrival of immigrants" refers to the act/event of arriving.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `effect`
    *   Target surface form: `effect`
    *   Context: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals."
    *   Meaning: The arrival of immigrants causes a positive result/consequence (increase in pay) for local workers.

    *   Sense 1: `a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon` (Synonyms: consequence, outcome, result).
    *   Sense 2: `an outward appearance` (Synonyms: impression).
    *   Sense 3: `an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)`.
    *   Sense 4: `the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work` (Synonyms: essence, burden, core, gist).
    *   Sense 5: `(of a law) having legal validity` (Synonyms: force).
    *   Sense 6: `a symptom caused by an illness or a drug`.

    *   The context describes a causal relationship: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   This matches Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, outcome, result).
    *   It is not an appearance (Sense 2), a contrived impression (Sense 3), a theme (Sense 4), legal validity (Sense 5), or a medical symptom (Sense 6).

    *   Sense 1 is the perfect fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rise`
    *   Target surface form: `rise`
    *   Context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

    *   The sentence discusses a "rise of 1% in the migratory flow".
    *   "Migratory flow" refers to the number or volume of immigrants moving into a country.
    *   A "rise of 1%" in this context means an increase in the number or amount of people migrating.

    *   Sense 1: `a growth in strength or number or importance` (Fits well: increase in number of immigrants).
    *   Sense 2: `the act of changing location in an upward direction` (Physical movement - No).
    *   Sense 3: `an upward slope or grade` (Physical geography - No).
    *   Sense 4: `a movement upward` (Physical movement - No).
    *   Sense 5: `the amount a salary is increased` (Salary increase - No, the "rise" is in the flow, not the pay, although the result is an increase in pay).
    *   Sense 6: `the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises` (Physical geography - No).
    *   Sense 7: `a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground` (Physical - No).
    *   Sense 8: `(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit` (Theology - No).
    *   Sense 9: `an increase in cost` (Cost increase - No).
    *   Sense 10: `increase in price or value` (Price/Value increase - No).

    *   The "rise" refers to the "migratory flow".
    *   Migratory flow is measured in numbers/volume.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "growth in strength or number or importance". This matches "rise of 1% in the migratory flow" perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `flow`
    *   Target surface form: `flow`
    *   Context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
    *   Meaning: The movement of people (immigrants) into a country.

    *   Sense 1: Motion characteristic of fluids (liquids/gases). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Amount of fluid that flows in a given time (flow rate). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: The act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression. (Possible, but generic)
    *   Sense 4: Any uninterrupted stream or discharge. (Possible, but often refers to fluids)
    *   Sense 5: Something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously. Examples: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal", "flow of visitors". (Strong candidate - refers to the movement of people)
    *   Sense 6: Dominant course of successive events or ideas. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Menstruation. (Incorrect)

    *   The context is "migratory flow", referring to the movement of immigrants.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "a stream of people" and "flow of visitors", which perfectly matches the concept of people moving from one place to another (migration).

    *   Sense 3 is "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression".
    *   Sense 5 is "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" with examples of people.
    *   "Migratory flow" describes the movement of a population, which fits the "stream of people" analogy in Sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `increase`
    *   Target surface form: `increase`
    *   Context: "...Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

    *   Sense 1: `a quantity that is added` (addition, gain). Example: "addition to property taxes", "cattle's gain in weight".
    *   Sense 2: `a change resulting in an increase`. Example: "the increase is scheduled for next month".
    *   Sense 3: `a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important` (increment, growth). Example: "the increase in unemployment", "the growth of population".
    *   Sense 4: `the amount by which something increases` (increment). Example: "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare".
    *   Sense 5: `the act of increasing something` (step-up). Example: "he gave me an increase in salary".

    *   The sentence says: "...causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
    *   The "increase" here is specified as a numerical value ("between 0,6 and 0,9%").
    *   This refers to the *amount* or *magnitude* of the change.

    *   Sense 1 (quantity added): Possible, but usually refers to a physical addition or a specific gain.
    *   Sense 2 (a change resulting in an increase): Too general.
    *   Sense 3 (a process of becoming larger): This describes the *process* (growth), not the specific amount.
    *   Sense 4 (the amount by which something increases): This fits perfectly. The context specifies the amount (0.6 to 0.9%). The example "an increase of 15 percent in the fare" is almost identical in structure to "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay".
    *   Sense 5 (the act of increasing): This refers to the action/decision (like a boss giving a raise).

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit because it specifically refers to the amount of the increase, which is exactly what "between 0,6 and 0,9%" describes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `fact`
    *   Target surface form: `fact`
    *   Context: "...And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `fact%1:09:01::`: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
        2.  `fact%1:10:01::`: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
        3.  `fact%1:26:01::`: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed.
        4.  `fact%1:09:02::`: a concept whose truth can be proved.

    *   The phrase is "the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth".
    *   Here, "fact" is used to introduce a clause ("that the diversity...") which describes a state of affairs or a reality that the author considers true.
    *   It's not a "piece of information" (sense 1) in the sense of a data point, nor is it a "statement or assertion" (sense 2) (though it's expressed as one, the "fact" refers to the reality itself).
    *   Sense 3 ("an event known to have happened or something known to have existed") often covers the general notion of "reality" or "truth" (e.g., "basis in fact").
    *   Sense 4 ("a concept whose truth can be proved") is more about the nature of a "fact" in a scientific or philosophical context.

    *   Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist..." (Often used for specific details).
    *   Sense 2: "a statement or assertion..." (Focuses on the communication of the fact).
    *   Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" (Focuses on the reality/existence).
    *   Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved" (Focuses on provability).

    In the phrase "the fact that [clause]", "fact" usually refers to the reality described by the clause.
    Looking at the examples for Sense 3: "your fears have no basis in fact". This refers to the reality of the situation.
    Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "collect all the facts of the case". These are specific pieces of information.
    Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". These are statements/assertions.

    The context "the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to..." is describing a general truth or a state of affairs.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist"
    Sense 3: "something known to have existed" (or an event known to have happened).

    Actually, "the fact that..." is a very common construction. In many linguistic frameworks, this refers to the *proposition* being true.
    Between the options:
    1. Piece of information.
    2. Statement/assertion.
    3. Something known to have existed/happened.
    4. Provable concept.

    The "fact" here is that diversity contributes to growth. This is a state of affairs/reality. Sense 3 ("something known to have existed") is the closest to "reality" or "truth".

    Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist".
    Is "diversity contributes to growth" a "piece of information"? Yes.
    Is it "something known to have existed"? It's more of a general truth than a specific event.

    Let's compare:
    "The fact that he is tall..." -> Is this a piece of information (1) or something known to exist (3)?
    Usually, "the fact that..." refers to the reality of the situation.

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed".
    Let's look at Sense 1 again: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist".

    In the context "without taking into account the fact that...", the author is referring to a reality/truth.
    If I say "the fact that the earth is round", is that a piece of information (1) or something known to exist (3)?
    Sense 1 seems more like a "datum".
    Sense 3 seems more like "the truth of the matter".

    Let's check Sense 2: "a statement or assertion". The author isn't referring to the *statement* itself, but the *truth* the statement conveys.

    Let's check Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved". This is too narrow.

    Comparing 1 and 3 again:
    1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist"
    3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"

    "The diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas" is a circumstance that exists.
    Is it a "piece of information" or "something known to have existed"?
    "Something known to have existed" (Sense 3) is often used for "fact" in the sense of "truth" (e.g., "basis in fact").

    Let's try to find which one fits "the fact that..." better.
    Example for Sense 1: "collect all the facts of the case". (Specific details).
    Example for Sense 3: "your fears have no basis in fact". (The general reality).

    The context "the fact that the diversity... contributes to..." is a general reality/truth, not a specific detail of a case. Therefore, Sense 3 is a better fit.

    Wait, let me double-check.
    Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist"
    Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"

    Actually, "the fact that..." often maps to the sense of "reality".
    "The fact that he is here" -> The reality that he is here.
    Sense 3: "something known to have existed".

    Let's look at Sense 1 again. "a piece of information about circumstances that exist".
    If I say "The fact that the sun is hot is well known", is that a piece of information? Yes.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 1: "first you must collect all the facts of the case" (plural, specific details).
    Sense 3: "your fears have no basis in fact" (singular, the concept of truth/reality).

    In the target sentence, "the fact" is singular and refers to a general truth/reality. This aligns better with Sense 3.

    Target: "the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth"
    This is a general truth/reality.
    Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" (Example: "basis in fact").
    Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist" (Example: "facts of the case").

    Sense 3 is the most appropriate for "the fact that..." when it refers to a general truth or reality.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `diversity`
    *   Target surface form: `diversity`
    *   Context: "...without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `diversity%1:07:02::`: noticeable heterogeneity (synonyms: diverseness, multifariousness, variety)
        2.  `diversity%1:07:01::`: the condition or result of being changeable

    *   The sentence discusses how immigrants bring "diversity" which leads to the creation of ideas and economic growth.
    *   In this context, "diversity" refers to the variety of backgrounds, perspectives, skills, and cultures that immigrants bring to a society.
    *   This aligns with "noticeable heterogeneity" or "variety."
    *   It does *not* refer to "the condition or result of being changeable" (which would imply instability or volatility).

    *   Sense 1: Noticeable heterogeneity / variety. (Fits perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Condition of being changeable. (Does not fit)

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `creation`
    *   Target surface form: `creation`
    *   Context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth..."

    *   Sense 1: `creation%1:04:00` - the human act of creating (creative activity).
    *   Sense 2: `creation%1:06:00` - an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone.
    *   Sense 3: `creation%1:11:00` - the event that occurred at the beginning of something (conception).
    *   Sense 4: `creation%1:04:01` - the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new (initiation, founding, innovation).
    *   Sense 5: `creation%1:04:02` - (theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence.
    *   Sense 6: `creation%1:17:00` - everything that exists anywhere (universe).

    *   The phrase is "creation of ideas".
    *   This refers to the process of generating or innovating new ideas.
    *   Sense 1 (the human act of creating/creative activity) fits well.
    *   Sense 4 (the act of starting something for the first time/innovation) also seems plausible, but "creation of ideas" is more about the *act* of generating them (creative activity) than the *founding* of an institution or the *initiation* of a process.
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 4 again.
        *   Sense 1: "the human act of creating" / "creative activity".
        *   Sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new" / "innovation".
    *   "Creation of ideas" is a classic example of creative activity. While it leads to innovation, the act itself is the creative process.
    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 4: "innovation". "Creation of ideas" is very close to "innovation".
    *   However, Sense 1 is more general for the act of bringing something (like an idea) into existence.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new". This often refers to organizations, societies, or systems (e.g., "foundation of a new scientific society").
    *   Sense 1: "the human act of creating". This is a broader category that encompasses the generation of ideas.

    *   "Creation of ideas" $\rightarrow$ generating new thoughts/concepts.
    *   Sense 1: "the human act of creating" (creative activity).
    *   Sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time" (initiation, founding).
    *   Generating an idea is the act of creating it. It's not necessarily "starting" something in the sense of founding an organization.

    *   Sense 1: `creation%1:04:00` (the human act of creating)
    *   Sense 4: `creation%1:04:01` (the act of starting something for the first time)
    *   In the context of "creation of ideas", Sense 1 is the most direct fit.

    *   Sense 1: the human act of creating.
    *   Sense 2: an artifact. (No)
    *   Sense 3: the event at the beginning. (No)
    *   Sense 4: starting something for the first time/founding. (Less likely than Sense 1 for "ideas")
    *   Sense 5: God's act. (No)
    *   Sense 6: the universe. (No)

    *   "Creation of ideas" is the process of coming up with new ideas. This is the "human act of creating".

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 4 again. "innovation" is a synonym. Is "creation of ideas" more "innovation" or "creative activity"?
    *   Innovation usually refers to the application of new ideas. The *creation* of the ideas themselves is the creative act.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `idea`
    *   Target surface form: `ideas`
    *   Context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)."

    *   Sense 1: `idea%1:09:00::` - the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about (synonym: thought).
    *   Sense 2: `idea%1:09:01::` - your intention; what you intend to do (synonym: mind).
    *   Sense 3: `idea%1:09:03::` - a personal view.
    *   Sense 4: `idea%1:09:02::` - an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth (synonym: estimate).
    *   Sense 5: `idea%1:10:00::` - (music) melodic subject of a musical composition.

    *   The sentence discusses how diversity from immigrants leads to the "creation of ideas" and "economic growth."
    *   It mentions Nobel prize winners and the founders of major tech companies (Google, Intel, etc.).
    *   In this context, "ideas" refers to innovations, concepts, inventions, or intellectual contributions.
    *   Looking at the senses:
        *   Sense 1 (content of cognition/thought) is the broadest and fits the notion of intellectual creation/innovation.
        *   Sense 2 (intention) doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 3 (personal view) doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 4 (estimate) doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 5 (music) doesn't fit.

    *   While "innovation" isn't explicitly listed as a synonym for Sense 1, "the content of cognition" or "thought" is the closest match among the provided options for the intellectual output that leads to economic growth and Nobel prizes. In many WordNet versions, "idea" as an invention or a plan is grouped under the general "thought/cognition" sense or a similar one. Let's re-evaluate if any other sense fits better.
    *   Sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about".
    *   Wait, is there a sense for "innovation" or "invention"? Not in the provided list.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 to the others:
        *   Sense 2: Intention (No)
        *   Sense 3: Personal view (No)
        *   Sense 4: Estimate (No)
        *   Sense 5: Music (No)
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the only plausible choice.

    *   The context "creation of ideas" in the context of Nobel prizes and tech companies clearly refers to intellectual concepts, inventions, or innovations. Sense 1 is the general sense for a thought or mental concept.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `proportion`
    *   Target surface form: `proportion`
    *   Context: "...a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `proportion%1:24:00::`: the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole.
        2.  `proportion%1:07:00::`: magnitude or extent (e.g., "a building of vast proportions").
        3.  `proportion%1:25:00::`: balance among the parts of something (symmetry).
        4.  `proportion%1:24:01::`: the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree (ratio) (e.g., "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations").
        5.  `proportion%1:07:01::`: harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (proportionality, balance).

    *   The sentence is: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners".
    *   Here, "proportion" refers to the part of the group (naturalised immigrants) that fits a certain description (Nobel prize winners) relative to the whole group.
    *   This is a quantitative relationship.

    *   Sense 1: "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole". This is the mathematical definition of a proportion/percentage.
    *   Sense 4: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree". Example: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations".

    *   Sense 1 is the mathematical result (the quotient).
    *   Sense 4 is the relation/ratio.
    *   In common usage, "a large proportion of [group] are [attribute]" usually refers to the ratio or the relative size of the part compared to the whole.
    *   Looking at the example for Sense 4: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations". This is structurally almost identical to "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners".
    *   Sense 1 is more about the specific number (the quotient), whereas Sense 4 is about the relative amount.

    *   Sense 1: quotient (the number itself).
    *   Sense 4: relation/ratio (the comparative quantity).
    *   In the sentence "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants...", "proportion" is used to describe the relative size of the subset. This matches the example in Sense 4 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: quotient (e.g., 0.25).
    *   Sense 4: relation/ratio (e.g., "a large proportion").
    *   The phrase "a large proportion" fits Sense 4's example "an inordinate proportion" much better than the mathematical quotient definition in Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `american`
    *   Target surface form: `American`
    *   Context: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `american%3:01:01::`: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture.
        2.  `american%3:01:00::`: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas.

    *   The sentence mentions "American Nobel prize winners" and lists companies like "Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo".
    *   These companies are headquartered in the United States.
    *   The context refers to naturalized immigrants who became citizens of the US and won Nobel prizes (or are associated with the US).
    *   The term "American" here clearly refers to the United States of America, not the entire American continent (North and South America).

    *   Sense 1: United States of America.
    *   Sense 2: The Americas (continents).
    *   The context fits Sense 1 perfectly.