[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "only"
    *   Context: "...They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

    *   The sentence describes genetic deletions found in different types of cells:
        *   Some deletions existed *only* in benign polyps.
        *   Others existed in malignant cells.
        *   Many existed in both.
    *   In this context, "only" means that these specific deletions were found *exclusively* in benign polyps and not in malignant cells.

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just). Example: "I was merely asking." (This is more about degree or simplicity).
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone). Example: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children." (This fits the "exclusively in benign polyps" meaning).
    *   Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" (He arrived only to find...). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome" (These news will only make you more upset). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: "except that" (It was the same story; only this time...). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: "never except when" (only if, only when). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: "as recently as" (I spoke to him only an hour ago). (Incorrect).

    *   The context "some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells" clearly indicates exclusivity.
    *   Sense 2 ("without any others being included or involved", synonyms: exclusively, solely) is the perfect fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign <t>polyps</t>, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: The text discusses colon cancer, cancer suppressor genes, and growths in the bowel ("development of polyps in the bowel", "benign polyps", "malignant cells").
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g., a hydra or coral).

    *   The context is medical, specifically oncology (colon cancer, bowel, malignant cells).
    *   "polyps in the bowel" and "benign polyps" clearly refer to growths on a mucous membrane (the lining of the colon/bowel).
    *   Sense 1 describes a vascular growth on a mucous membrane.
    *   Sense 2 describes a biological form of coelenterates (like coral).

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A passage about cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, genetic damage, chromosomes, polyps, malignant cells).
    *   Specific sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

    *   Sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
    *   Sense 2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...
    *   Sense 3: a device that delivers an electric current... (electric cell)
    *   Sense 4: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (cadre)
    *   Sense 5: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (cellphone)
    *   Sense 6: small room in which a monk or nun lives (cubicle)
    *   Sense 7: a room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell)

    *   The context is heavily biological/medical (cancer, chromosomes, genetic deletions, malignant).
    *   "Malignant cells" refers to cancer cells, which are biological units.
    *   Sense 2 is the biological definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both <t>polyps</t> and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: The text discusses colon cancer, cancer suppressor genes, and the development of growths in the bowel that can become malignant. Specifically, "development of polyps in the bowel," "benign polyps," and "malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane (synonym: polypus).
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g., a hydra or coral).

    *   The context is medical/biological, specifically referring to growths in the bowel (colon) related to cancer.
    *   Sense 1 describes a vascular growth on a mucous membrane (which fits the description of colon polyps).
    *   Sense 2 describes a stage in the life cycle of coelenterates (like coral or hydra), which is completely unrelated to human colon cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: The text discusses cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer), genetic damage, chromosomes, polyps, and "malignant cells".
    *   Specific sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>."

    *   Sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
    *   Sense 2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...
    *   Sense 3: a device that delivers an electric current... (electric cell)
    *   Sense 4: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (cadre)
    *   Sense 5: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (cellphone)
    *   Sense 6: small room in which a monk or nun lives (cubicle)
    *   Sense 7: a room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell)

    *   The context is heavily biological/medical (cancer, chromosomes, genetic deletions, malignant).
    *   "Malignant cells" refers to the biological units of the body that have become cancerous.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms".

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the biological context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: coherent
Target surface form: coherent
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=coherent%3:00:00:: | definition=marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts | synonyms=consistent, logical, ordered | examples=a coherent argument
2. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:rational:00 | definition=capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner | synonyms=logical, lucid | examples=a lucid thinker; she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident
3. sense_key=coherent%3:00:01:: | definition=(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation
4. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:adhesive:00 | definition=sticking together | synonyms=tenacious | examples=two coherent sheets; tenacious burrs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "coherent"
    *   Context: "Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged."
    *   Meaning: The text describes a process of gathering confusing data (genetic deletions) and eventually forming a clear, logical, and consistent understanding (a "picture") of how cancer develops.

    *   Sense 1: "marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts" (Synonyms: consistent, logical, ordered; Example: "a coherent argument").
    *   Sense 2: "capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner" (Synonyms: logical, lucid; Example: "a lucid thinker").
    *   Sense 3: "(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation".
    *   Sense 4: "sticking together" (Synonyms: tenacious; Example: "two coherent sheets").

    *   The "picture of cancer development" is not a person thinking (Sense 2).
    *   It is not about physics/waves (Sense 3).
    *   It is not about physical adhesion/sticking together (Sense 4).
    *   It is about a logical, consistent, and orderly understanding or explanation (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. A "coherent picture" in this context means a logical and consistent explanation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: picture
Target surface form: picture
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=picture%1:06:00:: | definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
2. sense_key=picture%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
3. sense_key=picture%1:09:00:: | definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
4. sense_key=picture%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
5. sense_key=picture%1:10:00:: | definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
6. sense_key=picture%1:10:02:: | definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
7. sense_key=picture%1:10:01:: | definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
8. sense_key=picture%1:10:03:: | definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland
9. sense_key=picture%1:09:01:: | definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
10. sense_key=picture%1:06:02:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `picture`
    *   Context: "Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged."
    *   Surrounding text: The text describes Dr. Vogelstein's research into colon cancer, the discovery of genetic deletions, and the process of understanding how cancer develops in stages.

    *   Sense 1: Visual representation (image, icon).
    *   Sense 2: Graphic art (painting).
    *   Sense 3: A clear and telling mental image (mental picture, impression).
    *   Sense 4: A situation treated as an observable object (scene, e.g., "the political picture").
    *   Sense 5: Illustrations in a text.
    *   Sense 6: Movie/film.
    *   Sense 7: Television transmission (video).
    *   Sense 8: Graphic or vivid verbal description (word picture, depiction).
    *   Sense 9: Typical example of some state or quality (e.g., "picture of despair").
    *   Sense 10: Photograph/print.

    *   The "picture of cancer development" refers to the overall understanding, the conceptual framework, or the mental model that emerged from the research data.
    *   It's not a literal painting (Sense 2), photograph (Sense 10), or movie (Sense 6).
    *   It's not a verbal description (Sense 8) in the sense of a literary device, but rather a conceptual understanding.
    *   It's not a "typical example" (Sense 9).
    *   It's not a "situation treated as an observable object" in the sense of a "scene" (Sense 4), although Sense 4 is close. However, "coherent picture" often refers to a mental synthesis of information.
    *   Let's compare Sense 3 ("a clear and telling mental image") and Sense 4 ("a situation treated as an observable object").
    *   Sense 3: "he had no clear picture of himself or his world". This fits the idea of a conceptual understanding or a mental model.
    *   Sense 4: "the political picture is favorable". This refers to the state of affairs.
    *   In the context of scientific discovery ("a coherent picture of cancer development emerged"), it means a comprehensive understanding or a conceptual model.

    *   Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image" / "impression".
    *   Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object" / "scene".
    *   Looking at the context again: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged." This is a very common way to describe a scientific theory or understanding coming together.
    *   Is it a "mental image" (Sense 3) or a "situation" (Sense 4)?
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet's typical usage, "the big picture" or "a clear picture of the situation" often maps to Sense 4 (situation treated as an observable object) or Sense 3.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 4: "the political picture is favorable". This is about the current state of things.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "he had no clear picture of himself or his world". This is about understanding.
    *   "A coherent picture of cancer development" is an understanding of how the process works. This aligns better with Sense 3 (mental image/impression/understanding).

    *Wait*, let me check Sense 4 again. "a situation treated as an observable object". "The political picture" is the situation. "The picture of cancer development" is the *process* or *mechanism* as understood.

    Let's look at Sense 8: "a graphic or vivid verbal description". No, that's not it.

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "a clear and telling mental image". Synonyms: "mental picture, impression".

    Let's look at Sense 4 again: "a situation treated as an observable object". Synonyms: "scene".

    Actually, in many NLP datasets for WSD, "the picture" meaning "the overall understanding of a situation" is often mapped to the sense of "mental image" or "conceptualization".

    Let's compare:
    - "The picture is becoming clearer" (Understanding is increasing) -> Sense 3.
    - "The political picture is grim" (The situation is bad) -> Sense 4.

    In the sentence "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged", it means the researchers now *understand* the process. This is a mental synthesis of the facts.

    Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image"
    Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object"

    If I say "the picture of the economy", I'm talking about the state of the economy (Sense 4).
    If I say "I finally have a clear picture of how this works", I'm talking about my understanding (Sense 3).

    "A coherent picture of cancer development emerged" means the *understanding* of the process emerged.

    Let's double-check Sense 4 again. "the political picture is favorable". This is describing the *state* of the situation.
    "A coherent picture of cancer development" describes the *mechanism* of the disease.

    Actually, looking at other WSD examples, "the big picture" or "the whole picture" often falls under the "situation" or "mental image" categories.

    Let's try to find the most precise fit.
    Sense 3: mental image, impression.
    Sense 4: situation, scene.

    "A coherent picture of cancer development" is more of a conceptual model (mental image/impression of how it works) than a "scene" or "situation".

    Wait, let me look at Sense 8 again: "a graphic or vivid verbal description". No.

    Let's reconsider Sense 4. "the political picture is favorable".
    If the "picture of cancer development" is the "situation" of how cancer develops... no, that doesn't sound right.

    Sense 3 seems the most plausible for "a coherent picture [of a process] emerged".

    *Self-Correction:* Let me search for "coherent picture emerged" in a corpus. It almost always refers to a conceptual understanding or a theory.

    Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image"
    Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object"

    If you have a "coherent picture" of a scientific process, you have a mental model of it.

    Let's check Sense 4 again. "the religious scene in England has changed". This is about the current state of affairs.

    The "picture of cancer development" is not a "scene" or a "current state of affairs"; it's a conceptual understanding of a biological process.

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A passage discussing Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer, genetic damage, suppressor genes, polyps, and malignant cells. The specific sentence is: "Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancer%1:26:00::`: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (malignant neoplastic disease)
        2.  `cancer%1:18:00::`: (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer.
        3.  `cancer%1:17:00::`: a small zodiacal constellation.
        4.  `cancer%1:15:00::`: the fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  `cancer%1:05:00::`: type genus of the family Cancridae.

    *   The context is medical/biological.
    *   Keywords: "colon cancer", "lung cancer", "cancer suppressor genes", "malignant", "genetic damage", "chromosomes", "benign polyps".
    *   The target word "cancer" in "cancer development" clearly refers to the disease characterized by malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition of a malignant growth/disease.
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 are astrological/astronomical.
    *   Sense 5 is biological (genus of crabs), but not the disease.

    *   Sense 1 is the only one that fits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `development`
    *   Target surface form: `development`
    *   Context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses how colon cancer arises from multiple "hits" on suppressor genes, developing in stages, starting with polyps and progressing to malignancy. It's about the process of how cancer forms and progresses.

    *   Sense 1: act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (e.g., development of a plan).
    *   Sense 2: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) (synonym: evolution).
    *   Sense 3: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level (synonyms: growth, maturation).
    *   Sense 4: a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation.
    *   Sense 5: the act of making some area of land or water more profitable.
    *   Sense 6: a district that has been developed.
    *   Sense 7: a state in which things are improving.
    *   Sense 8: processing a photosensitive material.
    *   Sense 9: (music) the section of a composition.

    *   The context is about the progression of cancer (from benign polyps to malignant cells).
    *   Sense 3 is specifically biological growth/maturation of an organism. While cancer is biological, "cancer development" here refers to the *process* of the disease progressing through stages (benign -> malignant).
    *   Sense 2 is a more general "process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage."
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 3: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level."
        *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)."
    *   Cancer is not the "organism" growing organically in the sense of normal biological development (ontogeny). It is a pathological process of progression.
    *   The text says: "develop in stages," "progressing from less severe to deadly," "cascade of genetic damage." This fits the "passes by degrees to a different stage" description of Sense 2 very well.
    *   However, in many medical contexts, "disease development" or "cancer development" is treated as a biological process. Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny. Cancer growth is a thing, but "cancer development" as a "coherent picture" usually refers to the *mechanism* or *evolution* of the disease.
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution". The progression of cancer from benign to malignant is exactly this.

    *   Sense 2: General process of passing through stages.
    *   Sense 3: Biological growth of an organism (ontogeny).
    *   Cancer is a disease, not an organism (though it involves cells). The "development of cancer" is the evolution of the disease state.

    *   "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    *   The text describes the *stages* (benign polyps -> malignant cells).
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: Yes.
    *   Sense 3: No (too focused on normal organism growth/ontogeny).
    *   Sense 4: No.
    *   Sense 5: No.
    *   Sense 6: No.
    *   Sense 7: No.
    *   Sense 8: No.
    *   Sense 9: No.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `emerge`
    *   Target surface form: `emerged`
    *   Context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>."
    *   Meaning: A "coherent picture" (an understanding or a theory) became clear or known after research and analysis.

    *   Sense 1: `come out into view, as from concealment` (Physical appearance from hiding).
    *   Sense 2: `come out of` (Physical movement out of a space).
    *   Sense 3: `become known or apparent` (Abstract appearance, like results from a study).
    *   Sense 4: `come up to the surface of or rise` (Physical rising to the surface).
    *   Sense 5: `happen or occur as a result of something` (Occurrence/result).

    *   The "coherent picture" is not a physical object coming out of concealment (Sense 1), coming out of a hole (Sense 2), or rising to the surface of water (Sense 4).
    *   It is an abstract concept (a scientific understanding) that became clear or apparent as a result of the research described in the preceding sentences.
    *   Sense 3 ("become known or apparent") fits perfectly. The example "Some nice results emerged from the study" is very similar to "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged" from the research.
    *   Sense 5 ("happen or occur as a result of something") is close, but "become known or apparent" is a more precise description of a "picture" (understanding) emerging.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context: "If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Biology.

    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:00::` - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., transcript).
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:06:00::` - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone, reproduction).
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:10:01::` - matter to be printed (written matter).
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:02::` - material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The context refers to "copies of a certain gene".
    *   In genetics, humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent). These are identical or nearly identical versions of the same gene.
    *   Sense 1 (written record) is too specific to documents.
    *   Sense 3 (matter to be printed) is about publishing.
    *   Sense 4 (journalistic material) is about journalism.
    *   Sense 2 (a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing) fits best. While a gene isn't "made" by a person like a dress, in a biological sense, the second copy is an identical version of the first. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" strongly supports the biological application of "copy" as an identical version.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the biological context of identical genetic sequences.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `certain`
    *   Target surface form: `certain`
    *   Context: "If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "a certain gene" refers to a specific gene, although it isn't explicitly named in that sentence. It means "a particular" or "a specific" gene.

    *   Sense 1: `definite but not specified or identified` (Example: "set aside a certain sum each week") - This fits perfectly. "A certain gene" means a specific gene that hasn't been named yet in the sentence.
    *   Sense 2: `having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured` (Example: "felt certain of success") - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: `established beyond doubt or question; definitely known` (Example: "what is certain is that every effect must have a cause") - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: `certain to occur; destined or inevitable` (Example: "he was certain to fail") - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 5: `established irrevocably` (Example: "his fate is sealed") - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 6: `reliable in operation or effect` (Example: "a quick and certain remedy") - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 7: `exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance` (Example: "be certain to disconnect the iron") - Does not fit.

    *   The phrase "a certain gene" refers to a specific, though unnamed, gene. This matches Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: knock_out
Target surface form: knocked out
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were <t>knocked out</t>, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=knock out a target
2. sense_key=knock_out%2:35:00:: | definition=knock unconscious or senseless | synonyms=knock cold, kayo | examples=the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds
3. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:00:: | definition=destroy or break forcefully | examples=The windows were knocked out
4. sense_key=knock_out%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with admiration | examples=All the guys were knocked out by her charm
5. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:02:: | definition=empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out | examples=knocked out a pipe

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `knock_out`
    *   Target surface form: `knocked out`
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were <t>knocked out</t>, benign polyps would develop."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Cancer research.
    *   Meaning: In genetics, a "knockout" refers to the inactivation or elimination of a gene.

    *   Sense 1: `eliminate` (Example: knock out a target)
    *   Sense 2: `knock unconscious or senseless` (Example: boxing champion)
    *   Sense 3: `destroy or break forcefully` (Example: windows were knocked out)
    *   Sense 4: `overwhelm with admiration` (Example: knocked out by her charm)
    *   Sense 5: `empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out` (Example: knocked out a pipe)

    *   The context describes genetic deletions and the loss of function of cancer suppressor genes.
    *   "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out" means the genes were eliminated or made non-functional.
    *   Sense 1 (`eliminate`) fits best. While "destroy" (Sense 3) is close, "eliminate" is the standard term for gene knockouts in a biological context (removing the function or the gene itself).

    *   Sense 1: eliminate. (Fits perfectly with gene knockout).
    *   Sense 2: unconscious. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: destroy/break forcefully. (Usually refers to physical objects like windows).
    *   Sense 4: admiration. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: empty pipe. (Incorrect).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign <t>polyps</t> would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: The text discusses colon cancer, cancer suppressor genes, development in stages, "polyps in the bowel," "benign polyps," and "malignant cells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g., a hydra or coral).

    *   The context is medical/biological, specifically referring to growths in the bowel (colon) that can become malignant (cancerous).
    *   Sense 1 describes a vascular growth on a mucous membrane (which fits the description of colon polyps).
    *   Sense 2 describes a stage in the life cycle of coelenterates (like coral or hydra), which is completely unrelated to colon cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "develop"
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>."
    *   Meaning: In this medical/biological context, "develop" refers to the emergence or growth of benign polyps in the bowel due to genetic mutations.

    *   Sense 1: make something new (product/creation) - No.
    *   Sense 2: work out (theory) - No.
    *   Sense 3: gain through experience (skill/aversion) - No.
    *   Sense 4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features/attributes) - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is close (medical condition).
    *   Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape - Example: "A new religious movement originated...". This is about originating.
    *   Sense 6: change use of land - No.
    *   Sense 7: elaborate theories - No.
    *   Sense 8: create by training - No.
    *   Sense 9: be gradually disclosed (plot) - No.
    *   Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation... - Example: "A flower developed on the branch". This fits biological growth/differentiation.
    *   Sense 11: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   Sense 12: cause to grow (transitive) - No (the polyps are the subject).
    *   Sense 13: generate gradually (customers) - No.
    *   Sense 14: grow emotionally - No.
    *   Sense 15: chemical solutions (film) - No.
    *   Sense 16: geometry - No.
    *   Sense 17: chess - No.
    *   Sense 18: chess - No.
    *   Sense 19: music - No.
    *   Sense 20: happen (news) - No.
    *   Sense 21: series (math) - No.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains".
    *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - Example: "A new religious movement originated...".
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - Example: "A flower developed on the branch".

    *   The sentence is: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."
    *   Polyps are physical growths.
    *   Sense 4 is often used for diseases or symptoms ("developed a cough", "developed abdominal pains").
    *   Sense 10 is used for biological growth and differentiation ("A flower developed on the branch").
    *   Sense 5 is more about originating/arising.

    Let's look at Sense 4 again: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)".
    Let's look at Sense 10 again: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation...".

    In the context of cancer and polyps, the polyps are growing/forming as a result of a biological process (genetic mutation). Sense 10 specifically mentions "natural growth, differentiation". Sense 4 is more about the *patient* developing something.

    Wait, let's re-read Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains".
    In the target sentence, the *polyps* are the subject: "benign polyps would develop".
    If the sentence were "The patient would develop benign polyps", Sense 4 would be perfect.
    But since the *polyps* are the subject, they are "coming into existence" or "growing/differentiating".

    Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
    Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation...".

    Comparing Sense 5 and Sense 10:
    Sense 5: "A new religious movement originated..."
    Sense 10: "A flower developed on the branch..."

    Polyps growing in the bowel is much closer to a flower developing on a branch (biological growth/differentiation) than a religious movement originating.

    Let's double-check Sense 4 again. If the subject is the thing being developed (the polyps), does Sense 4 still apply? "The patient developed abdominal pains" (Patient = subject). "Benign polyps would develop" (Polyps = subject). In Sense 4, the subject is the person who *gets* the condition. In the target sentence, the subject is the condition itself.

    Therefore, Sense 10 (grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of natural growth, differentiation) is the most accurate for the polyps themselves developing.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 5 again: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
    And Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation...".

    Polyps don't just "come into existence" (Sense 5); they grow and differentiate from existing tissue due to genetic changes. This aligns perfectly with Sense 10.

    *   Target: "benign polyps would develop"
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
    *   Example: "A flower developed on the branch"
    *   This fits the biological process of polyp formation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Biology (discussing genes, chromosomes, polyps, cancer).

    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:00::` - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., transcript).
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:06:00::` - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone, reproduction).
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:10:01::` - matter to be printed (written matter).
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:02::` - material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The context refers to "copies of a certain gene".
    *   In genetics, humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent). These are identical or nearly identical versions of the same gene.
    *   Sense 1 (written record) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (printed matter) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (journalistic material) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing) fits best. While a gene isn't "made" by a person like a dress, in a biological sense, the two alleles/copies are identical or similar versions of the same genetic sequence. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" strongly supports the biological application of "copy" as a duplicate or identical version.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the concept of biological duplication or identical versions of a genetic sequence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "second"
    *   Target surface form: "second"
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `second%5:00:00:ordinal:00`: coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude.
        2.  `second%3:00:00::`: a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first.

    *   The sentence describes a sequence of events: first, copies of a "certain gene" are knocked out; then, copies of a "second gene" are deleted.
    *   "Second" here refers to the ordinal position in a sequence of genes involved in the process.

    *   Sense 1: "coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first". This refers to music or hierarchy (e.g., second flute), which is not applicable here.

    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "then"
    *   Target surface form: "then"
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

    *   Sense 1: subsequently or soon afterward (temporal sequence).
    *   Sense 2: in that case or as a consequence (logical consequence/conditional).
    *   Sense 3: at that time (specific point in time).

    *   The sentence is a conditional structure: "If [Condition A], [Result A]. If [Condition B] were <t>then</t> deleted, [Result B]."
    *   The word "then" here indicates a sequence of events in the process of cancer development.
    *   First, gene 1 is knocked out $\rightarrow$ benign polyps.
    *   *Subsequently* (after the first event), if gene 2 is deleted $\rightarrow$ malignancy.
    *   It describes a step-by-step progression (a "cascade of genetic damage").

    *   Sense 1 (subsequently/soon afterward) fits the temporal/sequential progression of the genetic damage.
    *   Sense 2 (in that case/as a consequence) usually follows an "if" clause in a logical deduction (e.g., "If it rains, then we stay home"). While there is an "if" here, the "then" is placed inside the "if" clause ("If both copies... were then deleted"), which is atypical for the logical "if... then..." construction. Instead, it's describing a sequence of events.
    *   Sense 3 (at that time) refers to a specific point in the past or future, which doesn't fit the process description here.

    *   The context describes a "cascade" and "progressing from less severe to deadly."
    *   "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted" means "If, *after that*, both copies of a second gene were deleted."
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward."

    *   Sense 1: subsequently or soon afterward. (Correct)
    *   Sense 2: in that case or as a consequence. (Incorrect placement for the logical connector; it's modifying the action of deletion, not the result of the if-clause).
    *   Sense 3: at that time. (Incorrect).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: delete
Target surface form: deleted
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=delete%2:35:00:: | definition=remove or make invisible | synonyms=cancel | examples=Please delete my name from your list
2. sense_key=delete%2:32:00:: | definition=wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information | synonyms=erase | examples=Who erased the files form my hard disk?
3. sense_key=delete%2:30:00:: | definition=cut or eliminate | synonyms=edit, blue-pencil | examples=she edited the juiciest scenes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `delete`
    *   Target surface form: `deleted`
    *   Context: "If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Biology (cancer development, chromosomes, genes).

    *   Sense 1: `remove or make invisible` (synonym: `cancel`). Example: "Please delete my name from your list."
    *   Sense 2: `wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information` (synonym: `erase`). Example: "Who erased the files from my hard disk?"
    *   Sense 3: `cut or eliminate` (synonyms: `edit`, `blue-pencil`). Example: "she edited the juiciest scenes."

    *   The context describes genetic deletions ("uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions").
    *   In genetics, a "deletion" is the removal of a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA.
    *   Sense 1 (remove or make invisible) is a general sense of removal.
    *   Sense 2 (digital/magnetic) is clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (cut or eliminate/edit) refers to editing text or film.

    *   Wait, looking at the senses again:
        *   Sense 1: remove or make invisible.
        *   Sense 2: wipe out digitally.
        *   Sense 3: cut or eliminate (edit).
    *   In the context of genetics, "deleted" means the genetic material was removed.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general "remove".
    *   Sense 3 is specifically about editing (like a manuscript).
    *   Sense 2 is specifically about digital data.

    *   Is genetic deletion "editing"? In a metaphorical sense, yes, but in a literal sense, it's the removal of a segment.
    *   Is it "removing or making invisible"? It's removing.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "remove or make invisible" (synonym: cancel).
    *   Sense 3: "cut or eliminate" (synonyms: edit, blue-pencil).
    *   Actually, in many WordNet versions, "delete" in a biological context (like DNA deletion) is treated as "remove".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms. "Cancel" (Sense 1) doesn't fit well. "Edit/blue-pencil" (Sense 3) doesn't fit well.
    *   However, "remove" (Sense 1) is the core meaning of a genetic deletion.

    *   Wait, let me look at the senses again.
    *   1: remove or make invisible.
    *   2: wipe out digitally.
    *   3: cut or eliminate.
    *   In the context of "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted", the gene is removed from the genome.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general "remove".
    *   Sense 3 is "cut or eliminate" but the synonyms "edit, blue-pencil" strongly suggest textual editing.

    *   Let's compare "remove" (1) and "eliminate" (3).
    *   Genetic deletion is the removal of a sequence.
    *   Sense 1: "remove or make invisible".
    *   Sense 3: "cut or eliminate".
    *   Usually, "delete" in the sense of removing a part of a whole (like a gene from a chromosome) maps to the most general sense of removal.

    *   Let's double-check the WordNet hierarchy if possible.
    *   Delete (v):
        1. remove or make invisible (e.g., delete a name from a list)
        2. erase (digital)
        3. edit (text)

    *   In the sentence "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted", the genes are removed. This fits "remove" (Sense 1) better than "edit" (Sense 3) or "erase digitally" (Sense 2).

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again: "cut or eliminate". "Eliminate" is a very strong synonym for genetic deletion. But the synonyms "edit, blue-pencil" are very specific to text.
    *   Sense 1: "remove or make invisible". "Remove" is the standard term for genetic deletion.

    *   Let's re-read: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions... If both copies of a second gene were then deleted..."
    *   This is a physical/biological removal of DNA.
    *   Sense 1: remove.
    *   Sense 2: digital erase.
    *   Sense 3: edit text.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the <t>polyps</t> would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: The text discusses the development of cancer in the bowel, mentioning "polyps in the bowel," "benign polyps," and "malignant cells." It describes a genetic process where benign polyps can progress to malignancy (colon cancer).
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g., a hydra or coral).

    *   The context is medical/biological, specifically referring to growths in the bowel (colon).
    *   Sense 1 describes a vascular growth on a mucous membrane (which fits the description of bowel polyps).
    *   Sense 2 describes a stage in the life cycle of coelenterates (like coral or hydra), which is completely unrelated to human bowel cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `malignancy`
    *   Target surface form: `malignancy`
    *   Context: A medical discussion about polyps in the bowel, genetic damage, cancer development, and the progression from benign polyps to malignancy.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `malignancy%1:26:00::`: (medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death.
        2.  `malignancy%1:07:00::`: quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will.

    *   The text mentions "polyps in the bowel", "malignant in identifiable stages", "genetic damage", "benign polyps", "malignant cells", "cancer development", and "colon cancer".
    *   The specific sentence is: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>."
    *   This is clearly a medical context referring to the development of cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is the medical definition (cancerous state).
    *   Sense 2 is the behavioral/moral definition (evil intent).

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.