[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inspiration
Target surface form: inspiration
Context:
"As I experienced it during this trial, I think there's a real danger that the inclusion of new technology in the courtroom is affecting an individual's fair-trial rights," said Thomas J. Ullmann, Mr. Hayes's chief defense lawyer. The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the <t>inspiration</t> for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inspiration%1:09:02:: | definition=arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity
2. sense_key=inspiration%1:06:00:: | definition=a product of your creative thinking and work | synonyms=brainchild | examples=he had little respect for the inspirations of other artists; after years of work his brainchild was a tangible reality
3. sense_key=inspiration%1:09:01:: | definition=a sudden intuition as part of solving a problem
4. sense_key=inspiration%1:09:00:: | definition=(theology) a special influence of a divinity on the minds of human beings | synonyms=divine guidance | examples=they believe that the books of Scripture were written under divine guidance
5. sense_key=inspiration%1:04:01:: | definition=arousing to a particular emotion or action | synonyms=stirring
6. sense_key=inspiration%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing | synonyms=inhalation, aspiration, intake, breathing in

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "inspiration"
    *   Target surface form: "inspiration"
    *   Context: "The crime is believed by some to have been the <t>inspiration</t> for the television show and the movie 'The Fugitive.'"

    *   Sense 1: arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity (The process of being inspired).
    *   Sense 2: a product of your creative thinking and work (synonym: brainchild). *Wait, let me re-read this. "a product of your creative thinking" usually refers to the result, but in the context of "the inspiration for...", it often refers to the source that sparked the creativity.*
    *   Sense 3: a sudden intuition as part of solving a problem.
    *   Sense 4: (theology) divine guidance.
    *   Sense 5: arousing to a particular emotion or action (stirring).
    *   Sense 6: the act of inhaling.

    *   "The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie 'The Fugitive.'"
    *   Here, "inspiration" refers to the source or stimulus that led to the creation of the show and movie.

    *   Sense 1: "arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity". This describes the *state* or *process* of being inspired.
    *   Sense 2: "a product of your creative thinking and work". This describes the *result* (brainchild).
    *   Wait, looking at the senses again. None of them explicitly say "the source of inspiration". Let's re-examine.
    *   Sense 1: "arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity". If the crime *caused* the arousal of the mind, it is the inspiration.
    *   Sense 2: "a product of your creative thinking and work". The crime is not the product; the show is the product.
    *   Sense 3: "a sudden intuition". The crime is not an intuition.
    *   Sense 4: Divine guidance. No.
    *   Sense 5: Arousing to a particular emotion or action. No.
    *   Sense 6: Inhaling. No.

    *   In many WordNet-style datasets, "inspiration" as the *source* of a creative work is often mapped to the general sense of "arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity" (Sense 1) or sometimes a specific sense of "stimulus".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity". If the crime is the "inspiration", it is the thing that *did* the arousing.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "a product of your creative thinking and work". This is definitely the *result*.
    *   Is there another way to interpret Sense 1? "The crime was the [arousal of the mind] for the show." That doesn't quite fit grammatically.
    *   However, in common usage, "the inspiration for X" refers to the stimulus.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   If I say "The crime was the inspiration for the movie," I mean the crime *inspired* the movie.
    *   Sense 1: "arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity".
    *   Sense 2: "a product of your creative thinking and work".
    *   Wait, let me check if "inspiration" can mean "the thing that inspires".
    *   Looking at other WordNet versions or similar tasks: "Inspiration" as the source of a creative work is often categorized under the sense of "the process of being inspired" or "the stimulus".
    *   Let's look at the options again.
    *   1: arousal of the mind...
    *   2: a product of your creative thinking...
    *   3: a sudden intuition...
    *   4: divine guidance...
    *   5: arousing to a particular emotion...
    *   6: inhaling...

    *   If the crime is the "inspiration", it is the *cause* of the arousal.
    *   Sense 1 is the most plausible among these, as it relates to the creative process. Sense 2 is the *result* of the process. Sense 3 is a *moment* of insight.

    *   "The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show..."
    *   This means the crime provided the idea or stimulus.
    *   Sense 1: "arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity".
    *   While not a perfect fit (it describes the *state* rather than the *source*), it is the only one that captures the creative spark.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 2: "a product of your creative thinking and work". Example: "he had little respect for the inspirations of other artists". In this example, "inspirations" refers to the *works* (the products). So Sense 2 is definitely the result.
    *   Sense 1: "arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity". This is the most general sense of creative inspiration.

    *   Sense 1: Arousal of the mind... (The stimulus/process)
    *   Sense 2: Product of creative thinking... (The result)
    *   Sense 3: Sudden intuition... (The "aha!" moment)
    *   Sense 4: Divine guidance... (Theology)
    *   Sense 5: Arousing to emotion... (Stirring)
    *   Sense 6: Inhaling... (Physiology)

    The crime is the *source* that caused the arousal of the mind. In many linguistic datasets, this is mapped to the general "creative inspiration" sense (Sense 1).

    *Self-Correction:* Let me think if Sense 5 ("arousing to a particular emotion or action") could fit. "The crime was the [arousing to a particular emotion or action] for the show." No, that doesn't make sense.

    *Conclusion:* Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conviction
Target surface form: conviction
Context:
The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's <t>conviction</t> half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conviction%1:09:00:: | definition=an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence | synonyms=strong belief, article of faith
2. sense_key=conviction%1:04:00:: | definition=(criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed | synonyms=judgment of conviction, condemnation, sentence | examples=the conviction came as no surprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `conviction`
    *   Target surface form: `conviction`
    *   Context: "Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's <t>conviction</t> half a century later might be intrigued by the argument..."
    *   Surrounding context: Mentions of "trial judge", "jury", "appeals courts", "overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath", "murder of his wife", "death penalty".

    *   Sense 1: "an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence" (strong belief, article of faith).
    *   Sense 2: "(criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed" (judgment of conviction, condemnation, sentence).

    *   The context is clearly legal/criminal.
    *   "appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction" refers to the legal judgment of guilt.
    *   This matches Sense 2 perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: half
Target surface form: half
Context:
The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction <t>half</t> a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=half%1:23:00:: | definition=one of two equal parts of a divisible whole | synonyms=one-half | examples=half a loaf; half an hour
2. sense_key=half%1:28:00:: | definition=one of two divisions into which some games or performances are divided: the two divisions are separated by an interval

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "half"
    *   Target surface form: "half"
    *   Context: "...Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction <t>half</t> a century later might be intrigued..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `half%1:23:00::`: one of two equal parts of a divisible whole (e.g., half a loaf, half an hour).
        2.  `half%1:28:00::`: one of two divisions into which some games or performances are divided.

    *   The phrase is "half a century later".
    *   "Century" is a unit of time (100 years).
    *   "Half a century" means 50 years (one of two equal parts of 100 years).

    *   Sense 1 refers to one of two equal parts of a divisible whole (like time, e.g., "half an hour"). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 refers to sports or performance divisions (e.g., first half of a football game). This does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: century
Target surface form: century
Context:
The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a <t>century</t> later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=century%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 100 years
2. sense_key=century%1:23:00:: | definition=ten 10s | synonyms=hundred, 100, C, one C

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `century`
    *   Target surface form: `century`
    *   Context: "...Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a <t>century</t> later might be intrigued by the argument..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `century%1:28:00::` | definition: a period of 100 years
        2.  `century%1:23:00::` | definition: ten 10s | synonyms: hundred, 100, C, one C

    *   The phrase is "half a century later".
    *   In this context, "century" refers to a span of time (100 years).
    *   "Half a century" means 50 years.

    *   Sense 1: "a period of 100 years" (Time duration)
    *   Sense 2: "ten 10s" (The number 100)

    *   The context "half a century later" clearly refers to a duration of time, not the number 100 in a mathematical or counting sense.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: argument
Target surface form: argument
Context:
The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the <t>argument</t> that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=argument%1:10:02:: | definition=a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true | synonyms=statement | examples=it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true
2. sense_key=argument%1:10:03:: | definition=a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement | synonyms=controversy, contention, contestation, disputation, disceptation, tilt | examples=they were involved in a violent argument
3. sense_key=argument%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal | synonyms=argumentation, debate | examples=the argument over foreign aid goes on and on
4. sense_key=argument%1:10:01:: | definition=a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie | synonyms=literary argument | examples=the editor added the argument to the poem
5. sense_key=argument%1:10:04:: | definition=(computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program | synonyms=parameter
6. sense_key=argument%1:09:00:: | definition=a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variable
7. sense_key=argument%1:09:01:: | definition=a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning | synonyms=argumentation, logical argument, line of reasoning, line | examples=I can't follow your line of reasoning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "argument"
    *   Context: "Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the <t>argument</t> that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case."
    *   Meaning in context: The "argument" here refers to a specific claim or assertion being made by lawyers to the court—specifically, the claim that new rules are necessary.

    *   Sense 1: "a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true" (synonym: statement).
    *   Sense 2: "a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement" (synonym: controversy).
    *   Sense 3: "a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal" (synonym: debate).
    *   Sense 4: "a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work..." (synonym: literary argument).
    *   Sense 5: "(computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function..." (synonym: parameter).
    *   Sense 6: "a variable in a logical or mathematical expression..."
    *   Sense 7: "a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning" (synonym: line of reasoning).

    *   The context says "the argument that new rules could be necessary".
    *   This is a specific assertion or claim being put forward to persuade the court.
    *   Sense 1 ("a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true") fits well.
    *   Sense 7 ("a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood") also fits, but Sense 1 is more about the *assertion* itself ("the argument that..."), whereas Sense 7 is more about the *process* or *line* of reasoning.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 7.
        *   Sense 1: "a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true" (Example: "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true").
        *   Sense 7: "a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning" (Example: "I can't follow your line of reasoning").
    *   In the sentence "the argument that new rules could be necessary", the word "argument" is followed by a "that"-clause, which typically introduces the content of the assertion. This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

    *   Sense 2 (dispute) - No.
    *   Sense 3 (debate) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (summary) - No.
    *   Sense 5 (CS) - No.
    *   Sense 6 (Math) - No.

    *   Sense 1: "a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true"
    *   Sense 7: "a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood"
    *   The phrase "the argument that [proposition]" is a classic way to introduce a specific assertion (Sense 1). While a legal argument involves reasoning (Sense 7), the specific structure here points to the assertion being made.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again: "a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true".
    *   Let me look at Sense 7 again: "a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood".
    *   In legal contexts, an "argument" is often the reasoning used to support a conclusion. However, "the argument that X" usually refers to the claim itself.
    *   Let's check the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true"
        *   Sense 7: "I can't follow your line of reasoning"
    *   The example for Sense 1 is almost identical in structure to the target sentence ("the argument that new rules could be necessary" vs "argument that his hypothesis was true").

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new <t>rules</t> could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rule`
    *   Target surface form: `rules`
    *   Context: "...Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new <t>rules</t> could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case."

    *   The context discusses legal proceedings, appeals courts, and the need for "new rules" to "govern ways of communicating from courtrooms."
    *   These "rules" are intended to regulate behavior or procedures within a legal/courtroom setting.

    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" (synonym: regulation).
    *   Sense 2: "something regarded as a normative example" (synonym: convention).
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (synonym: prescript).
    *   Sense 4: "(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice".
    *   Sense 5: "a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct" (synonym: principle).
    *   Sense 6: "the duration of a monarch's or government's power".
    *   Sense 7: "dominance or power through legal authority" (synonym: dominion).
    *   Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".
    *   Sense 9: "any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order".
    *   Sense 10: "a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system".
    *   Sense 11: "(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems".
    *   Sense 12: "measuring stick...".

    *   The "rules" in the text are formal requirements or regulations for courtroom communication.
    *   Sense 1 (regulation) and Sense 3 (prescribed guide for conduct or action) are very close.
    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" (synonym: regulation).
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (synonym: prescript).
    *   In a legal context, "rules" (like the Rules of Civil Procedure) are prescribed guides/regulations for conduct.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation". The first example is a personal habit; the second is a dress code.
    *   Sense 3 is more general: "prescribed guide for conduct or action".
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" (synonym: regulation).
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (synonym: prescript).
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet's structure (though not provided here, but based on general knowledge of it), Sense 1 often refers to personal rules or general regulations, while Sense 3 is often used for more formal prescriptions.
    *   However, "regulation" (synonym for Sense 1) fits "rules to govern ways of communicating" very well.
    *   Let's check Sense 1 again: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior".
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again: "prescribed guide for conduct or action".
    *   In the context of "new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms", these are formal regulations.
    *   Comparing "regulation" (Sense 1) and "prescript" (Sense 3).
    *   Usually, "rules of court" are regulations.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1 again: "short haircuts were the regulation". This is a formal rule.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action".
    *   Actually, in many WordNet versions, Sense 1 is the most common for "regulation".
    *   Let's re-read the context: "new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms".
    *   This sounds like formal regulations.
    *   Is there a better fit?
    *   Sense 1: regulation.
    *   Sense 3: prescript.
    *   Sense 1 seems slightly more aligned with "regulation" in a legal/administrative sense.

    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" (synonym: regulation).
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (synonym: prescript).
    *   If I have to choose the *best* one, "regulation" (Sense 1) is a very strong synonym for legal rules.
    *   Wait, let me double-check the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior"
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action"
    *   "Prescribed guide" (Sense 3) sounds more like a set of instructions, whereas "regulation" (Sense 1) sounds more like a law or official rule.
    *   Courtroom rules are official regulations.

    *   Sense 1: regulation.
    *   Sense 3: prescript.
    *   In the context of "rules... to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms", these are formal regulations.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1 again: "short haircuts were the regulation". This is a formal rule.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action".
    *   Actually, Sense 1's definition "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" might be too broad or too focused on "customarily".
    *   Wait, "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (Sense 3) is very precise for a rule of law or procedure.
    *   Let's search for "prescript" vs "regulation". A prescript is an authoritative rule.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior".
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "prescribed guide for conduct or action".
    *   Actually, in many contexts, "rules" in a legal sense (like "rules of evidence") are "prescribed guides for conduct".
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 1: "regulation".
    *   If the synonym is "regulation", Sense 1 is very strong.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast" (personal rule), "short haircuts were the regulation" (institutional rule).
    *   Courtroom rules are institutional rules.

    *   Sense 1: regulation.
    *   Sense 3: prescript.
    *   Looking at the provided options, Sense 1's synonym "regulation" is a very common term for legal rules.
    *   Let's try to see if Sense 3 is better. "Prescribed guide for conduct or action".
    *   Actually, "regulation" is often used for the *act* of regulating or the *result* (the rule itself).
    *   Let's look at the context again: "new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating".
    *   This is almost the definition of a regulation.

    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" | synonyms=regulation
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" | synonyms=prescript
    *   In legal contexts, "rules" are often "regulations".
    *   Let's check if there's any other sense.
    *   Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted". (Not a game).
    *   Sense 5: "a basic generalization... basis for reasoning". (Not a generalization).
    *   Sense 1 seems the most fitting because of the synonym "regulation".

    *   Wait, I just noticed Sense 1 says "customarily governs". Court rules aren't just "customary"; they are mandatory.
    *   Sense 3 says "prescribed guide". "Prescribed" means officially laid down. This fits "rules of court" much better than "customarily".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "customarily governs behavior" (synonym: regulation).
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (synonym: prescript).
    *   "Prescribed" is a much better fit for legal rules than "customarily".

    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior"
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action"
    *   Legal rules are prescribed. They are not just customary.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is a better fit.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1's synonym "regulation" again. Regulations are also prescribed.
    *   But the definition for Sense 1 says "customarily governs".
    *   The definition for Sense 3 says "prescribed guide".
    *   In the context of "new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms", these would be *prescribed* rules.

    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior"
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action"
    *   If I search for "prescribed guide for conduct or action", it's a very standard definition for a rule.
    *   Let's double-check the synonym "prescript" for Sense 3. A prescript is an authoritative rule.
    *   This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" (synonym: regulation)
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (synonym: prescript)
    *   The word "prescribed" in Sense 3 is the key. Legal rules are prescribed.
    *   The word "customarily" in Sense 1 makes it feel more like a habit or a convention.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the most accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: ways
Context:
The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern <t>ways</t> of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `way`
    *   Target surface form: `ways`
    *   Context: "...new rules could be necessary to govern <t>ways</t> of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case."

    *   The sentence discusses the need for rules to govern "ways of communicating from courtrooms."
    *   "Ways of communicating" refers to the methods, modes, or manners in which communication happens (e.g., social media, live streaming, etc., as opposed to traditional reporting).

    *   Sense 1: `way%1:07:01::` - how something is done or how it happens (manner, mode, style, fashion).
    *   Sense 2: `way%1:04:01::` - how a result is obtained or an end is achieved (means, agency).
    *   Sense 3: `way%1:15:00::` - a line leading to a place or point (direction).
    *   Sense 4: `way%1:26:00::` - the condition of things generally.
    *   Sense 5: `way%1:04:00::` - a course of conduct (path, way of life).
    *   Sense 6: `way%1:06:00::` - any artifact consisting of a road or path.
    *   Sense 7: `way%1:04:02::` - a journey or passage.
    *   Sense 8: `way%1:23:00::` - space for movement.
    *   Sense 9: `way%1:07:02::` - the property of distance in general.
    *   Sense 10: `way%1:09:00::` - doing as one pleases or chooses.
    *   Sense 11: `way%1:09:01::` - a general category of things (in the way of).
    *   Sense 12: `way%1:21:00::` - a portion of something divided into shares.

    *   "Ways of communicating" describes the *manner* or *mode* of communication.
    *   Sense 1 (manner, mode, style, fashion) fits well.
    *   Sense 2 (means, agency) also fits well. "Means of communicating" is a very common phrase.

    *   Sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" (manner, mode).
    *   Sense 2: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" (means, agency).
    *   In "ways of communicating," is it the *manner* (how the communication is phrased or styled) or the *means* (the tool or method used to achieve the communication)?
    *   The context mentions "new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating... unimagined at the time," and "the impact of the new media." This strongly suggests the *means* or *modes* of communication (e.g., the internet, social media) rather than the *style* of speaking.
    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms again.
        *   Sense 1: manner, mode, style, fashion.
        *   Sense 2: means, agency.
    *   "Ways of communicating" often maps to "means of communication."
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "how something is done." Communicating is done in certain ways.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "how a result is obtained." The result is the communication.
    *   Actually, in many WordNet-based datasets, "ways of [verb]-ing" often maps to Sense 1 (manner/mode) if it's about the process, or Sense 2 (means) if it's about the tool.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "his rapid manner of talking."
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "a means of control."
    *   "Ways of communicating" in the context of "new media" refers to the *means* (the technology/channels) used to communicate.

    *   Sense 1: manner, mode, style, fashion.
    *   Sense 2: means, agency.
    *   If the text says "ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time," it refers to the *means* (e.g., Twitter, live streams) that didn't exist in 1966.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 (means) is a stronger fit than Sense 1 (manner/style).

    *   Wait, let me double-check. "Mode" is listed as a synonym for Sense 1. "Mode of communication" is a very common phrase.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "how something is done or how it happens."
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved."
    *   Is "communicating" the *result* or the *action*? Communicating is the action. The *way* it is done is the manner or mode.
    *   If I say "a way of communicating," I usually mean a method or a means.
    *   Let's compare "manner of communicating" vs "means of communicating."
    *   "Manner" = how you say it (politely, loudly).
    *   "Means" = what you use to say it (email, phone).
    *   The context "unimagined at the time" and "new media" clearly points to the *means* (the technology).

    *   Sense 2: `way%1:04:01::` | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency.
    *   This fits "means of communicating" perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: manner, mode, style, fashion.
    *   Sense 2: means, agency.
    *   If the "ways" are "unimagined," it's almost certainly the *means* (the technology/medium).

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: case
Context:
The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's <t>case</t>. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "case"
    *   Context: "...new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's <t>case</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses trial judges, court rulings, appeals courts, convictions, the Supreme Court, and a specific legal battle (Sheppard v. Maxwell).

    *   1: occurrence of something (instance, example)
    *   2: special set of circumstances (event)
    *   3: comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law (lawsuit, suit, cause)
    *   4: actual state of things
    *   5: portable container
    *   6: person requiring professional services
    *   7: person subjected to experimental procedures
    *   8: problem requiring investigation (e.g., detective case)
    *   9: statement of facts and reasons to support an argument
    *   10: quantity contained in a case
    *   11: grammatical case
    *   12: specific state of mind
    *   13: person of a specified kind (eccentric)
    *   14: font/typeface
    *   15: enveloping structure (biology)
    *   16: housing or outer covering
    *   17: frame around door/window
    *   18: printing receptacle
    *   19: pillowcase
    *   20: display case

    *   The text refers to "Dr. Sheppard's case."
    *   Dr. Sheppard was convicted of murder, and the Supreme Court overturned the conviction in "Sheppard v. Maxwell."
    *   This clearly refers to the legal proceeding/lawsuit/trial.

    *   Sense 3: "a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy" (synonyms: lawsuit, suit, cause).
    *   Sense 8: "a problem requiring investigation" (like a detective case). While the murder was a "case" for the police, the context here is about the *courtroom* and the *legal proceeding* (the trial and the appeal).

    *   The sentence mentions "communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case." This refers to the legal proceedings/trial. Sense 3 is the most precise fit for a court proceeding.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general <t>reason</t> for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `reason`
    *   Target surface form: `reason`
    *   Context: "There is a general <t>reason</t> for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials...
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses the impact of media on trial fairness, citing legal precedents and the views of a law professor.

    *   Sense 1: `a rational motive for a belief or action` (synonym: ground). Example: "the reason that war was declared".
    *   Sense 2: `an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon`. Example: "the reason a steady state was never reached...".
    *   Sense 3: `the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination` (synonym: understanding, intellect). Example: "man is endowed with reason".
    *   Sense 4: `the state of having good sense and sound judgment` (synonym: rationality, reasonableness). Example: "his rationality may have been impaired".
    *   Sense 5: `a justification for something existing or happening` (synonym: cause, grounds). Example: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice".
    *   Sense 6: `a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion`. Example: "there is reason to believe he is lying".

    *   The phrase is "There is a general reason for concern".
    *   This means there is a justification or a ground for being concerned.
    *   Comparing Sense 5 and Sense 6:
        *   Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" (e.g., "good reason to rejoice").
        *   Sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" (e.g., "reason to believe he is lying").
    *   "Reason for concern" is very similar to "reason to believe" or "reason to rejoice".
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 5 vs Sense 6.
        *   Sense 5: "justification for something existing or happening" (e.g., "no cause to complain").
        *   Sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" (e.g., "reason to believe").
    *   "Concern" is more of a state or a feeling (like rejoicing or complaining) than a premise or conclusion.
    *   Wait, "reason for concern" often means there are grounds/justifications for being concerned.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action". Concern is a belief/feeling.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion".

    *   "There is a general reason for concern" $\approx$ "There are general grounds for concern".
    *   Sense 5 synonyms: cause, grounds. Example: "he had no cause to complain".
    *   Sense 6 example: "there is reason to believe he is lying".
    *   "Reason for concern" is almost identical in structure to "reason to believe" (Sense 6) and "reason to rejoice" (Sense 5).
    *   Is "concern" a premise/conclusion (Sense 6) or something existing/happening (Sense 5)?
    *   Actually, "reason to believe" (Sense 6) is about a logical justification for a conclusion. "Reason for concern" is about a justification for a feeling/state.
    *   Looking at Sense 5: "justification for something existing or happening" (e.g., "no cause to complain"). Complaining is an action/happening. Concern is a state.
    *   Looking at Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action". Concern is a belief/state.

    *   Sense 1: rational motive for belief/action.
    *   Sense 5: justification for something existing/happening.
    *   Sense 6: fact that logically justifies some premise/conclusion.

    "There is a general reason for concern" means there is a justification for the state of being concerned.
    Comparing "reason to believe" (6) and "reason to rejoice" (5).
    "Reason to believe" $\rightarrow$ belief is a conclusion.
    "Reason to rejoice" $\rightarrow$ rejoicing is a reaction/happening.
    "Reason for concern" $\rightarrow$ concern is a reaction/state.

    Let's check Sense 5 again: "a justification for something existing or happening".
    Let's check Sense 6 again: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion".

    Actually, "reason for concern" is a very common idiom. In many WordNet-based datasets, "reason for [emotion/state]" maps to the "justification" sense.

    Let's look at the examples again:
    Sense 5: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice"
    Sense 6: "there is reason to believe he is lying"

    "Concern" is closer to "rejoice" (an emotional state/reaction) than to "believe he is lying" (a factual conclusion).

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action".
    Is "concern" a belief? Yes, often.

    Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 5.
    Sense 1: rational motive for a belief or action.
    Sense 5: justification for something existing or happening.

    "Reason for concern" $\rightarrow$ "Justification for concern".
    If I say "I have reason to be concerned", I am saying I have a justification for that state.

    Let's look at Sense 5's synonyms: "cause, grounds".
    "There are grounds for concern." (Perfect fit).

    Let's look at Sense 1's synonyms: "ground".
    "The reason that war was declared" (This is more like a cause/motive).

    Sense 5 seems the most fitting for "reason for [emotion/state]".

    *   Sense 1: Motive (Why did they do it?)
    *   Sense 2: Explanation (How did it happen?)
    *   Sense 3: Intellect (Human reason)
    *   Sense 4: Sanity/Rationality (He lost his reason)
    *   Sense 5: Justification (Reason to complain/rejoice)
    *   Sense 6: Logical evidence (Reason to believe)

    "Reason for concern" $\rightarrow$ Justification for the feeling of concern. This matches Sense 5.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 6 again. "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion".
    Is "concern" a conclusion? "I conclude that I should be concerned."
    Is "concern" something happening? "The state of concern exists."

    Comparing "reason to rejoice" (5) and "reason to believe" (6).
    Rejoicing is an emotional response.
    Believing is a cognitive conclusion.
    Concern is an emotional/cognitive state.

    In the context "There is a general reason for concern", it means there are grounds for being concerned. Sense 5 specifically lists "grounds" as a synonym and gives the example "reason to rejoice". This is the closest match.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again: "a rational motive for a belief or action".
    Is "concern" a belief? "I believe there is a problem, therefore I am concerned."
    But "reason for concern" is more about the *justification* for the feeling than the *motive* for the feeling.

    Let's re-verify Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening".
    "Concern" (the state of being concerned) is something existing.

    Let's check Sense 6 one more time: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion".
    "There is reason to believe..."
    "There is reason for concern..."
    These are very similar. However, "concern" is less of a "conclusion" and more of a "state/reaction".

    Let's look at the phrase "general reason for concern".
    If we replace "reason" with "grounds": "There are general grounds for concern." (Sense 5)
    If we replace "reason" with "fact": "There is a general fact that logically justifies the conclusion of concern." (Sense 6)

    Sense 5 feels more natural.

    Sense 5: justification for something existing or happening.
    Example: "he had no cause to complain" (complaining is the action/happening).
    Example: "they had good reason to rejoice" (rejoicing is the action/happening).
    Context: "reason for concern" (concern is the state/happening).

    Sense 6: fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion.
    Example: "there is reason to believe he is lying" (believing he is lying is the conclusion).

    "Concern" is more like "rejoicing" or "complaining" than "believing he is lying".

    Therefore, Sense 5 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concern
Target surface form: concern
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for <t>concern</t> about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concern%1:09:00:: | definition=something that interests you because it is important or affects you | examples=the safety of the ship is the captain's concern
2. sense_key=concern%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=care, fear | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=concern%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of sympathy for someone or something | examples=She felt strong concern for those less fortunate
4. sense_key=concern%1:09:01:: | definition=something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness | synonyms=worry, headache, vexation | examples=New York traffic is a constant concern; it's a major worry
5. sense_key=concern%1:14:00:: | definition=a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it | synonyms=business, business concern, business organization, business organisation | examples=he bought his brother's business; a small mom-and-pop business

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `concern`
    *   Target surface form: `concern`
    *   Context: "There is a general reason for <t>concern</t> about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials...
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses the potential for unfair trials due to media coverage (e.g., "carnival atmosphere," "limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer").

    *   Sense 1: `something that interests you because it is important or affects you` (e.g., "the safety of the ship is the captain's concern").
    *   Sense 2: `an anxious feeling` (synonyms: care, fear; e.g., "fear of public reaction").
    *   Sense 3: `a feeling of sympathy for someone or something` (e.g., "concern for those less fortunate").
    *   Sense 4: `something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness` (synonyms: worry, headache, vexation; e.g., "New York traffic is a constant concern").
    *   Sense 5: `a commercial or industrial enterprise` (synonyms: business).

    *   The sentence is: "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media."
    *   Is it a business (Sense 5)? No.
    *   Is it sympathy (Sense 3)? No.
    *   Is it something that interests someone because it's important (Sense 1)? Possibly, but the context is about the *negative* impact (unfair trials), which implies anxiety or worry.
    *   Is it an anxious feeling (Sense 2) or a source of anxiety (Sense 4)?
        *   "Reason for concern" usually refers to the *feeling* of being worried or the *existence* of a worry.
        *   Let's compare Sense 2 ("an anxious feeling") and Sense 4 ("something or someone that causes anxiety").
        *   In "reason for concern," "concern" is the object of the preposition "for."
        *   If "concern" means "an anxious feeling," the sentence means "There is a reason to feel anxious."
        *   If "concern" means "a source of anxiety," the sentence means "There is a reason for [the thing that causes anxiety]." This is slightly awkward. Usually, you have a reason for *feeling* concern.

    *   Sense 2: "an anxious feeling" (synonyms: care, fear).
    *   Sense 4: "something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness" (synonyms: worry, headache).
    *   Example for Sense 4: "New York traffic is a constant concern." (Here, traffic is the concern).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "they hushed it up out of fear [concern] of public reaction."
    *   In the target sentence: "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media."
    *   Is "concern" here the *feeling* of worry or the *thing* causing the worry?
    *   "Reason for concern" is a common idiom. It typically means there is a reason to be worried.
    *   If we replace "concern" with "fear" (Sense 2 synonym): "There is a general reason for fear about the impact..." (Fits well).
    *   If we replace "concern" with "worry" (Sense 4 synonym): "There is a general reason for worry about the impact..." (Also fits, but "worry" can be both a feeling and a source).
    *   Wait, let's look at the WordNet definitions again.
    *   Sense 2: "an anxious feeling"
    *   Sense 4: "something or someone that causes anxiety"
    *   In "reason for concern," the "concern" is the state of being worried.
    *   Compare: "The impact of new media is a concern" (Sense 4 - the impact is the source).
    *   Compare: "There is reason for concern" (Sense 2 - there is reason to feel anxious).

    *   "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media."
    *   The "concern" is the feeling/state of being worried about the impact.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 ("an anxious feeling") is the best fit.

    *   Sense 1: Interest/Importance. (Too neutral).
    *   Sense 2: Anxious feeling. (Fits "reason for concern").
    *   Sense 3: Sympathy. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Source of anxiety. (The "impact of new media" is the source, not the "concern" itself in this phrasing).
    *   Sense 5: Business. (Incorrect).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the <t>impact</t> of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `impact`
    *   Target surface form: `impact`
    *   Context: "...There is a general reason for concern about the <t>impact</t> of the new media" in high-profile trials..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `impact%1:11:00::`: the striking of one body against another (Physical collision).
        2.  `impact%1:19:00::`: a forceful consequence; a strong effect (Influence/Effect).
        3.  `impact%1:04:00::`: influencing strongly (Impingement/Encroachment).
        4.  `impact%1:04:01::`: the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat (Military shock).

    *   The sentence is: "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media in high-profile trials..."
    *   Here, "impact" refers to the effect or influence that new media has on the fairness of high-profile trials.

    *   Sense 1 (Physical collision) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (Forceful consequence; strong effect) fits perfectly. Example: "the book had an important impact on my thinking".
    *   Sense 3 (Influencing strongly/impingement/encroachment) is similar, but "impingement" usually implies a negative intrusion or infringement on rights/territory. While "impact" can be negative, "strong effect" (Sense 2) is the standard meaning for "the impact of [something] on [something]".
    *   Sense 4 (Combat shock) is incorrect.

    *   Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect".
    *   Context: "impact of the new media" -> "strong effect of the new media".
    *   This is the most natural fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trial
Target surface form: trials
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile <t>trials</t>, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trial%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=test, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
2. sense_key=trial%1:09:00:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial run, test, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
3. sense_key=trial%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=test | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
4. sense_key=trial%1:04:02:: | definition=(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law | examples=he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty; most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial
5. sense_key=trial%1:11:01:: | definition=(sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications | examples=the trials for the semifinals began yesterday
6. sense_key=trial%1:11:00:: | definition=an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event | synonyms=tribulation, visitation | examples=his mother-in-law's visits were a great trial for him; life is full of tribulations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `trial`
    *   Target surface form: `trials`
    *   Context: The text discusses legal cases, appeals courts, convictions, the Supreme Court, "carnival atmosphere at trial", "courtrooms", and "high-profile trials".
    *   Specific sentence: "...the impact of the new media in high-profile <t>trials</t>, said John J. Donohue III..."

    *   Sense 1: `trial%1:04:00` - the act of testing something (experimental/scientific).
    *   Sense 2: `trial%1:09:00` - trying something to find out about it (sample/tryout).
    *   Sense 3: `trial%1:04:03` - the act of undergoing testing (test of skill/battle).
    *   Sense 4: `trial%1:04:02` - (law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law.
    *   Sense 5: `trial%1:11:01` - (sports) a preliminary competition.
    *   Sense 6: `trial%1:11:00` - an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event (tribulation).

    *   The context is explicitly legal: "appeals courts", "conviction", "Supreme Court", "courtrooms", "lawyers".
    *   The phrase "high-profile trials" refers to legal proceedings to determine guilt or innocence.
    *   Sense 4 specifically defines `trial` in a legal context: "(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law".

    *   Sense 4 is the perfect match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: connecticut
Target surface form: Connecticut
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the <t>Connecticut</t> death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=connecticut%1:15:00:: | definition=a New England state; one of the original 13 colonies | synonyms=Nutmeg State, Constitution State, CT
2. sense_key=connecticut%1:17:00:: | definition=a river in the northeastern United States; flows south from northern New Hampshire along the border between New Hampshire and Vermont and through Massachusetts and Connecticut where it empties into Long Island Sound | synonyms=Connecticut River
3. sense_key=connecticut%1:15:01:: | definition=one of the British colonies that formed the United States

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `connecticut`
    *   Target surface form: `Connecticut`
    *   Context: "...said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the <t>Connecticut</t> death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `connecticut%1:15:00::`: a New England state; one of the original 13 colonies.
        2.  `connecticut%1:17:00::`: a river in the northeastern United States.
        3.  `connecticut%1:15:01::`: one of the British colonies that formed the United States.

    *   The phrase is "the Connecticut death penalty".
    *   Death penalty laws are established and enforced by states (or national governments), not rivers or colonial entities (in a modern context, as the professor is a current Stanford Law School professor discussing current/recent legal issues).
    *   Therefore, "Connecticut" refers to the state of Connecticut.

    *   Sense 1: a New England state (Matches).
    *   Sense 2: a river (Does not match).
    *   Sense 3: one of the British colonies (Does not match - the context is about a modern death penalty).

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a <t>report</t> that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `report`
    *   Target surface form: `report`
    *   Context: "...said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a <t>report</t> that said it was arbitrarily enforced."

    *   Sense 1: `report%1:10:03::` - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (synonyms: study, written report).
    *   Sense 2: `report%1:10:01::` - the act of informing by verbal report (synonyms: account).
    *   Sense 3: `report%1:10:00::` - a short account of the news (synonyms: news report, story, account, write up).
    *   Sense 4: `report%1:11:00::` - a sharp explosive sound (gun firing).
    *   Sense 5: `report%1:10:04::` - a written evaluation of a student's scholarship (report card).
    *   Sense 6: `report%1:10:02::` - an essay (assignment) (synonyms: composition, paper, theme).
    *   Sense 7: `report%1:09:00::` - general estimation public has for a person (synonyms: reputation).

    *   The context says Professor Donohue "studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced."
    *   This describes a formal document based on a study/research.
    *   Sense 1 ("a written document describing the findings of some individual or group") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 ("a short account of the news") is for journalism, not a research finding.
    *   Sense 6 ("an essay... written as an assignment") is for students, not a professor's research findings on the death penalty.
    *   Senses 2, 4, 5, and 7 are clearly incorrect.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appeal
Target surface form: appeals
Context:
For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some <t>appeals</t> judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appeal%1:10:00:: | definition=earnest or urgent request | synonyms=entreaty, prayer | examples=an entreaty to stop the fighting; an appeal for help
2. sense_key=appeal%1:07:00:: | definition=attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates | synonyms=appealingness, charm | examples=his smile was part of his appeal to her
3. sense_key=appeal%1:04:00:: | definition=(law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial | examples=their appeal was denied in the superior court
4. sense_key=appeal%1:10:02:: | definition=request for a sum of money | synonyms=solicitation, collection, ingathering | examples=an appeal to raise money for starving children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `appeal`
    *   Target surface form: `appeals`
    *   Context: "Professor Donohue said some <t>appeals</t> judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer."
    *   Surrounding context: "appeals courts", "overturned the conviction", "reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction", "higher court", "legal proceeding".

    *   Sense 1: earnest or urgent request (e.g., appeal for help).
    *   Sense 2: attractiveness (e.g., charm).
    *   Sense 3: (law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision...
    *   Sense 4: request for a sum of money (e.g., solicitation).

    *   The word "appeals" modifies "judges".
    *   "Appeals judges" are judges who hear appeals (legal proceedings to review lower court decisions).
    *   The entire passage is about the legal system, convictions, courts, and the process of reviewing trial fairness.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 3.

    *   Sense 3 is the legal definition. "Appeals judges" are judges presiding over the legal proceedings described in Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: judge
Target surface form: judges
Context:
For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals <t>judges</t> might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=judge%1:18:00:: | definition=a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice | synonyms=justice, jurist
2. sense_key=judge%1:18:01:: | definition=an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality | synonyms=evaluator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `judge`
    *   Target surface form: `judges`
    *   Context: "Professor Donohue said some appeals <t>judges</t> might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `judge%1:18:00::`: a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice (synonyms: justice, jurist).
        2.  `judge%1:18:01::`: an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality (synonyms: evaluator).

    *   The sentence mentions "appeals judges", "courtrooms", "trials", and "appeals courts".
    *   The context is clearly legal/judicial.
    *   "Appeals judges" refers to the public officials who preside over appeals courts.

    *   Sense 1: Public official in a court of justice. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Authority estimating worth/quality (e.g., a talent judge). (Does not match)

    *   The correct sense is index 1.