[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: human
Target surface form: human
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `human`
    *   Target surface form: `human`
    *   Context: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `human%3:01:00::` (characteristic of humanity) - e.g., human nature.
        2.  `human%3:01:01::` (relating to a person) - e.g., human subjects.
        3.  `human%3:00:00::` (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings) - e.g., human beings; the human body.

    *   The phrase is "human cancer cells".
    *   The context compares genes found in "human cancer cells" with genes found in "experiments with mice".
    *   The distinction is between cells from a human (Homo sapiens) and cells from a mouse (Mus musculus).

    *   Sense 1: "characteristic of humanity" (abstract qualities like empathy, error). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "relating to a person" (often used in medical/experimental contexts, e.g., "human subjects").
    *   Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings" (biological species definition).

    *   "Human cancer cells" refers to cells belonging to the species *Homo sapiens*.
    *   Sense 3 defines "human" as having human form/attributes as opposed to animals. This is the biological classification.
    *   Sense 2 defines "human" as relating to a person.
    *   In biological/medical contexts, "human cells" usually refers to the species (Sense 3) rather than a specific person (Sense 2), although the line is thin. However, the contrast here is explicitly between humans and mice (animals).
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 2: "human subjects" (people in a study).
        *   Sense 3: "human beings", "the human body".
    *   "Human cancer cells" is more akin to "the human body" (biological entity of the species) than "human subjects" (individuals in a study).

    *   Sense 3 is the general adjective for the species *Homo sapiens*.
    *   Sense 2 is more about the individual person.
    *   The contrast "human cancer cells" vs "experiments with mice" strongly points to the species distinction.

    *   Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals..."
    *   This fits perfectly with the contrast between human cells and mouse cells.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they <t>found</t> the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they <t>found</t> the two were identical..."

    *   The sentence describes a comparison between two genes.
    *   The result of the comparison is that "the two were identical."
    *   The word "found" here introduces the result of an observation or a comparison.

    *   Sense 1: come upon by accident (not applicable).
    *   Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice).
    *   Sense 3: come upon after searching (regain) (not applicable).
    *   Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain).
    *   Sense 5: come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (feel) (not applicable).
    *   Sense 6: perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see) (not applicable).
    *   Sense 7: get something for a specific purpose (not applicable).
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding (discover) (usually refers to a new entity/phenomenon).
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (discover) (e.g., "She found that he had lied to her").
    *   Sense 10: obtain through effort (not applicable).
    *   Sense 11: decide on and make a declaration about (rule) (not applicable).
    *   Sense 12: receive a specified treatment (not applicable).
    *   Sense 13: perceive oneself to be in a certain condition (not applicable).
    *   Sense 14: get or find back (not applicable).
    *   Sense 15: succeed in reaching (not applicable).
    *   Sense 16: accept and make use of one's personality (not applicable).

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice).
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out, ascertain).
    *   Sense 9: "make a discovery" (discover) (Example: "She found that he had lied to her").

    *   The scientists compared two genes and *found* (discovered/determined) that they were identical.
    *   Sense 4 ("establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study") fits well because comparing genes is a scientific investigation/experiment.
    *   Sense 9 ("make a discovery" - "She found that he had lied to her") also fits the structure "found that [clause]".
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 4 vs Sense 9.
        *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain.
        *   Sense 9: "make a discovery". Synonym: discover. Example: "She found that he had lied to her".
    *   In the context of scientific research ("compared the gene... they found the two were identical"), this is the result of a specific scientific process (comparison/investigation).
    *   Wait, let's re-examine Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 9: "make a discovery". Example: "She found that he had lied to her". This is often used for discovering a fact.
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".

    *   "they found the two were identical"
    *   This is a discovery of a fact resulting from a comparison (an investigation).
    *   Sense 4 is very strong for scientific results ("establish after a... investigation").
    *   Sense 9 is more general ("make a discovery").
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 9 again: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 4 again: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint".

    *   Comparing the genes and finding they are identical is establishing a fact through investigation.
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   Sense 9: "make a discovery".

    *   Actually, looking at the structure "found [that] the two were identical", Sense 9's example "She found that he had lied to her" is a perfect structural match.
    *   However, Sense 4's definition "establish after a... investigation" is a perfect semantic match for scientific research.

    *   Let's check if there's a better fit.
    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   Sense 9: "make a discovery".

    *   In many WordNet-based datasets, "find that [clause]" where it's a result of an investigation is often mapped to the "determine/ascertain" sense (Sense 4).

    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 9: "make a discovery".

    *   The scientists compared the genes (investigation) and found (established) they were identical. This fits Sense 4 very well.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". "The two were identical" is a fact.

    *   Let's compare Sense 4 and Sense 9 again.
        Sense 4: determine, find out, ascertain.
        Sense 9: discover.

    *   "They found (determined/ascertained) the two were identical."
    *   "They found (discovered) the two were identical."

    *   Usually, "find that..." in a scientific context is "determine" or "ascertain".

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers" (calculation), "The physicist who found the elusive particle" (experiment/study).
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her" (discovery of a fact).

    *   Is "the two were identical" a discovery of a fact (Sense 9) or an establishment after investigation (Sense 4)? It's both, but Sense 4 is more specific to the scientific context provided.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint". This is more about detecting something's presence.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 9: "make a discovery". Example: "She found that he had lied to her". This is discovering a truth/fact.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

    *   The context is: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene... they found the two were identical".
    *   The "comparing" is the "investigation/study". The "found" is the "establishment" of the result.

    *   Therefore, Sense 4 seems the most precise.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 9 again. "She found that he had lied to her". This is a discovery of a fact. "They found the two were identical" is also a discovery of a fact.
    *   Is there a nuance between "discover" (Sense 9) and "determine/ascertain" (Sense 4)?
    *   "Determine" often implies a process of establishing something exactly. "Discover" can be more accidental or a general finding.
    *   The scientists *compared* the genes to see if they were the same. This is a process of determination.

    *   Let's check Sense 4 again: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   This fits the "compared the gene... they found" sequence perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: detect/observe (e.g., "found traces of lead").
    *   Sense 4: determine/ascertain (e.g., "find the product of two numbers").
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery (e.g., "discovered X-rays").
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (e.g., "found that he had lied").

    *   The difference between 8 and 9 is often that 8 is for a new entity/phenomenon (X-rays, a new particle) and 9 is for a fact (he lied).
    *   "The two were identical" is a fact.
    *   But Sense 4 specifically mentions "investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

    *   Let's look at the sentence again: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene... they found the two were identical".
    *   The act of comparing is the investigation. The result is the finding.

    *   If I have to choose between 4 and 9:
        4: establish after investigation.
        9: make a discovery (of a fact).

    *   In a scientific context, "found that" is almost always "determined" or "ascertained" (Sense 4).

    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 one more time: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    *   Wait, "determine... the fact of" is in Sense 2.
    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice.
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain.

    *   Let's compare:
        Sense 2: "determine the... fact of" (detect, observe)
        Sense 4: "establish after a... investigation" (determine, find out, ascertain)

    *   "They compared the gene... they found the two were identical."
    *   This is establishing a result after an investigation.

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint". These are about *detecting* something.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". These are about *determining* something through a process.

    *   Comparing two genes to see if they are identical is a process of determination.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 9 again: "She found that he had lied to her". This is a very common structure for "find that...".

    *   Let's think about "found the two were identical".
    *   Is it "discovered that they were identical" or "determined that they were identical"?
    *   Both work. But "determined" (Sense 4) fits the "compared" (investigation) part better.

    *   Let's re-read the prompt's candidate senses one more time.
    *   Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain.
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her.

    *   In scientific writing, "we found that..." usually means "our results showed that..." or "we determined that...". This aligns with Sense 4.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 again. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    *   If the scientists "found the two were identical", they determined the fact that they were identical.

    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 4: "determine, find out, ascertain".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "detect, observe, discover, notice".

    *   "They compared the genes and *ascertained/determined* that they were identical." (Sense 4)
    *   "They compared the genes and *detected/observed* that they were identical." (Sense 2)

    *   "Ascertained/determined" is a much better fit for the result of a comparison.

    *   Is it Sense 4 or Sense 9?
    *   Sense 4: establish after investigation.
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (of a fact).
    *   The "compared" part strongly points to Sense 4.

    *   Let's re-verify Sense 4's example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". This is a discovery, but it's one made through an experiment/study.
    *   Wait, Sense 8 is also "make a discovery" (Roentgen discovered X-rays).
    *   This is confusing. Let's look at the differences again.
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding (e.g., X-rays, new particle).
    *   Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (e.g., product of two numbers, elusive particle).

    *   Wait, the "elusive particle" example is in Sense 4, but "discovered X-rays" is in Sense 8. This means the distinction is very fine.

    *   Let's look at the structure again: "they found the two were identical".
    *   This is not discovering a new particle or X-rays. It's establishing a fact (that two things are the same) after a comparison.

    *   This fits "establish after a... investigation" (Sense 4) perfectly.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 9 one more time: "She found that he had lied to her". This is discovering a fact, but not necessarily through a formal investigation/experiment.

    *   Given the scientific context ("scientists compared the gene"), Sense 4 is the most appropriate.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identical
Target surface form: identical
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were <t>identical</t>; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:00 | definition=exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different | synonyms=indistinguishable | examples=rows of identical houses; cars identical except for their license plates
2. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:02 | definition=being the exact same one; not any other: | synonyms=selfsame, very | examples=this is the identical room we stayed in before; the themes of his stories are one and the same
3. sense_key=identical%3:00:00:: | definition=(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum | synonyms=monovular | examples=identical twins are monovular
4. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:isotropic:00 | definition=having properties with uniform values along all axes
5. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:congruent:00 | definition=coinciding exactly when superimposed | synonyms=superposable | examples=identical triangles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "identical"
    *   Context: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were <t>identical</t>"
    *   Meaning: The two genes (the one found by Johns Hopkins and the one found by Arnold Levine) were exactly the same in sequence/structure.

    *   Sense 1: "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different" (Synonym: indistinguishable). Example: "rows of identical houses".
    *   Sense 2: "being the exact same one; not any other" (Synonym: selfsame, very). Example: "this is the identical room we stayed in before".
    *   Sense 3: "(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum".
    *   Sense 4: "having properties with uniform values along all axes" (Isotropic).
    *   Sense 5: "coinciding exactly when superimposed" (Congruent). Example: "identical triangles".

    *   The context describes two different samples/findings of a gene.
    *   They are not the *selfsame* physical object (Sense 2), but rather they are *exactly alike* in their sequence/nature (Sense 1).
    *   It's not about twins (Sense 3), isotropy (Sense 4), or geometric congruence (Sense 5).

    *   Sense 1 fits best: "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different". In genetics, when two sequences are "identical", it means they have the same sequence of nucleotides.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turned out
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it <t>turned out</t> that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `turn_out`
    *   Target surface form: `turned out`
    *   Context: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it <t>turned out</t> that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

    *   Sense 1: `be shown or be found to be` (e.g., "She proved to be right")
    *   Sense 2: `prove to be in the result or end` (e.g., "It turns out that he was right")
    *   Sense 3: `produce quickly or regularly` (e.g., "factory turns out saws")
    *   Sense 4: `result or end` (e.g., "How will the game turn out?")
    *   Sense 5: `come, usually in answer to an invitation` (e.g., "How many people turned out?")
    *   Sense 6: `bring forth` (e.g., "apple tree bore delicious apples")
    *   Sense 7: `put out or expel` (e.g., "student was excluded")
    *   Sense 8: `come and gather for a public event` (e.g., "turned out for the rally")
    *   Sense 9: `outfit or equip` (e.g., "actors were turned out lavishly")
    *   Sense 10: `turn outward` (e.g., "rotate their legs out")
    *   Sense 11: `cause to stop operating` (e.g., "Turn off the stereo")
    *   Sense 12: `get up and out of bed` (e.g., "get up at 7 A.M.")

    *   The sentence says: "...it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53..."
    *   This is a classic "it turns out that [clause]" construction.
    *   It means that a fact was discovered or became known over time.

    *   Sense 1: `be shown or be found to be` (Synonyms: prove, turn up). Example: "She proved to be right."
    *   Sense 2: `prove to be in the result or end`. Example: "It turns out that he was right."

    *   Sense 1 is often used when the subject is the thing being described (e.g., "The medicine turned out to save her life").
    *   Sense 2 is specifically used for the impersonal "it turns out that..." construction, where "it" is a dummy subject and the real subject is the following clause.
    *   The context "it turned out that..." matches the example for Sense 2 ("It turns out that he was right") perfectly.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit for the "it turned out that..." construction.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's <t>cancer</t> studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific text discussing DNA, genes (p53), cell transformation, and cancer research (Dr. Vogelstein, Arnold Levine, cancer-suppressing genes).
    *   Specific sentence: "...it turned out that in Mr. Levine's <t>cancer</t> studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer. (Astrological)
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` - a small zodiacal constellation... (Astronomical)
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` - the fourth sign of the zodiac... (Astrological)
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` - type genus of the family Cancridae (Biological - Crustaceans)

    *   The context is clearly about medical/biological research into malignant growths and the genes that cause or suppress them.
    *   "cancer studies" refers to studies of the disease.
    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/disease. (Correct)
    *   Sense 2: Person born in Cancer. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Constellation. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs. (Incorrect)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer <t>studies</t>, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `study`
    *   Target surface form: `studies`
    *   Context: "...it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer <t>studies</t>, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

    *   1: a detailed critical inspection (survey)
    *   2: applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (work)
    *   3: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report)
    *   4: a state of deep mental absorption
    *   5: a room used for reading and writing and studying
    *   6: a branch of knowledge (discipline, subject)
    *   7: preliminary drawing for later elaboration (sketch)
    *   8: attentive consideration and meditation (cogitation)
    *   9: someone who memorizes quickly and easily
    *   10: a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

    *   The phrase is "Mr. Levine's cancer studies".
    *   Mr. Levine is a researcher.
    *   He was "observing a damaged form of p53".
    *   "Studies" here refers to the scientific investigations or research projects he conducted.

    *   Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection". This is close, as scientific research involves inspection/investigation.
    *   Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings". While researchers write papers (studies), the context "in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing..." suggests the *process* of investigation/research rather than just the final written report. However, in common usage, "studies" often refers to the research projects themselves.
    *   Sense 6: "a branch of knowledge". "Cancer studies" could be a field, but the context "in Mr. Levine's cancer studies" refers to his specific work/experiments, not the general field of oncology.

    *   Sense 1 (detailed critical inspection) vs. Sense 3 (written document).
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again: "a detailed critical inspection". In a scientific context, a "study" is often an investigation.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings".
    *   Let's look at the sentence again: "...in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53".
    *   You don't "observe" something *inside* a written document; you observe it *during* the study (the investigation).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 (detailed critical inspection/investigation) fits better than Sense 3 (the report).

    *   Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" (synonym: survey).
    *   In scientific terminology, a "study" is an investigation. "Detailed critical inspection" is a bit narrow but is the closest match among the provided options for the act of scientific research.

    *   Sense 2: Learning/understanding (no).
    *   Sense 4: Mental absorption (no).
    *   Sense 5: Room (no).
    *   Sense 6: Branch of knowledge (no, "his studies" refers to his specific research, not the field).
    *   Sense 7: Sketch (no).
    *   Sense 8: Meditation (no).
    *   Sense 9: Person (no).
    *   Sense 10: Musical composition (no).

    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate for "scientific studies" (investigations).

    *   Wait, let me double-check if "study" as in "scientific investigation" is usually mapped to Sense 1 or Sense 3 in WordNet.
    *   WordNet often uses "study" (noun) for "a detailed investigation and analysis of a subject or situation" (which matches Sense 1's "detailed critical inspection").
    *   Sense 3 is specifically the *report* of that study.
    *   Since he was "observing" something, he was in the process of the investigation.

    *   Sense 1: a detailed critical inspection.
    *   Context: "in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing..."
    *   This fits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observing
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been <t>observing</t> a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `observe`
    *   Target surface form: `observing`
    *   Context: "...it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been <t>observing</t> a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

    *   Sense 1: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (synonyms: detect, find, discover, notice).
    *   Sense 2: make mention of (synonyms: note, mention, remark).
    *   Sense 3: observe with care or pay close attention to (synonyms: note, take note).
    *   Sense 4: watch attentively.
    *   Sense 5: show respect towards (synonyms: respect, honor).
    *   Sense 6: behave as expected during holidays or rites (synonyms: celebrate, keep).
    *   Sense 7: follow with the eyes or the mind (synonyms: watch, follow).
    *   Sense 8: stick to correctly or closely (synonyms: keep, maintain).
    *   Sense 9: conform one's action or practice to (synonyms: keep).

    *   The context describes a scientific study. Mr. Levine was studying a gene (p53).
    *   The sentence says he had "unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53".
    *   In a scientific context, "observing" a phenomenon or a biological entity often means studying it, detecting it, or finding it in a certain state.
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 4.
        *   Sense 1: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, find, discover).
        *   Sense 4: "watch attentively".
    *   Mr. Levine wasn't just "watching" the gene (which is microscopic and requires tools); he was studying its effects and properties. He had "found" or "detected" a specific form of the gene without realizing it was damaged.
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This fits well because he was working with a specific form of the gene (the damaged one) without knowing it.
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again: "watch attentively". This is more about visual observation.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3: "observe with care or pay close attention to". This is similar to studying.
    *   However, the key phrase is "unknowingly been observing". This implies that what he *thought* he was seeing/studying was one thing, but it was actually another. He had "detected" or "found" a damaged form.
    *   Looking at the synonyms for Sense 1: "detect, find, discover, notice".
    *   Looking at the context: "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53". This means the object of his study (the thing he found/detected/worked with) was actually a damaged form.

    *   Sense 1: discover/determine existence/presence. (He found/detected the damaged form).
    *   Sense 4: watch attentively. (Too literal/visual).
    *   Sense 3: pay close attention to. (Possible, but Sense 1 captures the "discovery/detection" aspect of scientific research better).

    *   "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53"
    *   If we replace "observing" with "detecting" or "finding": "he had unknowingly been detecting/finding a damaged form of p53". This makes sense.
    *   If we replace it with "watching": "he had unknowingly been watching a damaged form of p53". This sounds slightly off for a gene.
    *   If we replace it with "paying close attention to": "he had unknowingly been paying close attention to a damaged form of p53". This also works, but "observing" in science often refers to the detection and study of a phenomenon.

    *   Sense 1: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.
    *   Sense 4: watch attentively.
    *   In the context of scientific research, "observing" often means detecting a result or a state. The phrase "unknowingly been observing" suggests that the *nature* of the thing he was studying (the "fact" of it being damaged) was what he was unaware of.

    *   Sense 1: detect, find, discover, notice.
    *   Sense 4: watch attentively.
    *   Sense 3: note, take note.
    *   The context is about a researcher who thought he was studying one thing (p53 promoting growth) but was actually studying another (a damaged form of p53). He had "found" or "detected" this damaged form in his experiments.

    *   Sense 1: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    *   This fits the scientific context of identifying a specific variant of a gene.

    *   Sense 1: discover/determine existence/presence.
    *   Sense 4: watch attentively.
    *   Sense 7: follow with the eyes or the mind.
    *   In scientific papers, "observing" a result means detecting it. "We observed an increase in..." means "We detected an increase in...". This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a <t>damaged</t> form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damaged`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a <t>damaged</t> form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damaged%3:00:00::`: harmed or injured or spoiled (e.g., damaged goods, damaged buildings).
        2.  `damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00`: being unjustly brought into disrepute (e.g., discredited politician, damaged reputation).

    *   The context discusses DNA, genes (p53), and cancer research.
    *   The phrase is "a damaged form of p53".
    *   In genetics, a "damaged" gene refers to a mutation or a structural change that impairs its function (spoiled/harmed).
    *   It does *not* refer to the gene's reputation or social standing (disreputable).

    *   Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled". This fits the biological context of a mutated or non-functional gene.
    *   Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute". This does not fit.

    *   The best fit is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged <t>form</t> of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "form"
    *   Context: "...he had unknowingly been observing a damaged <t>form</t> of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "form" refers to a specific version or variant of the p53 gene (a "damaged form").

    *   1: Phonological/orthographic sound/appearance of a word. (Incorrect)
    *   2: A category of things distinguished by some common characteristic (kind, sort, variety). (Possible, but maybe too general)
    *   3: A perceptual structure (shape, pattern). (Incorrect)
    *   4: Spatial attributes (shape, configuration). (Incorrect)
    *   5: Human body. (Incorrect)
    *   6: Spatial arrangement vs substance. (Incorrect)
    *   7: Visual appearance. (Incorrect)
    *   8: Printed document. (Incorrect)
    *   9: (Biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups (variant, strain). (Very close, but refers to *organisms* within a species, not necessarily a gene variant).
    *   10: Arrangement of elements in a composition. (Incorrect)
    *   11: A particular mode in which something is manifested. (Possible)
    *   12: (Physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter (phase). (Incorrect)
    *   13: Body of students. (Incorrect)
    *   14: Ability to perform well. (Incorrect)
    *   15: Mannequin. (Incorrect)
    *   16: Mold for concrete. (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" (kind, sort, variety).
    *   Sense 9: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups" (variant, strain).
    *   Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested".

    *   The text says "a damaged form of p53". p53 is a gene.
    *   Is a "damaged form of a gene" a "variant" or "strain" of an organism (Sense 9)? No, it's a variant of the gene itself.
    *   Is it a "category of things" (Sense 2)? "Variety" is a synonym. A damaged version of a gene is a variety/kind of that gene.
    *   Is it a "particular mode in which something is manifested" (Sense 11)? Not really.

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety".
    *   Let's look at Sense 9 again: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var."
    *   Actually, in biological contexts, "form" often means a variant. While Sense 9 specifies "organisms within a species", the word "variant" is a very strong synonym for a mutated or damaged gene. However, the definition explicitly says "group of organisms".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "A damaged form of p53" $\approx$ "A damaged variety/kind of p53". This fits well.

    *   Is there a better sense?
    *   Sense 2: kind, sort, variety.
    *   Sense 9: variant, strain (but for organisms).
    *   Sense 11: mode of manifestation.

    *   Comparing "damaged form" to "damaged variety" (Sense 2) vs "damaged variant" (Sense 9).
    *   In genetics, a "form" of a gene is often called an allele or a variant.
    *   If Sense 9 is strictly for organisms, Sense 2 is the broader, more applicable one.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 examples: "sculpture is a form of art".
    *   Let's double-check Sense 9 examples: "a new strain of microorganisms".

    *   "Damaged form of p53" means a version of the p53 gene that has been mutated.
    *   Is a mutated gene a "variety" (Sense 2) or a "variant" (Sense 9)?
    *   Usually, "variant" is the precise term in genetics. But Sense 9's definition is "a group of organisms". A gene is not an organism.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 ("kind, sort, variety") is the most fitting general sense.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 11 again: "a particular mode in which something is manifested". "His resentment took the form of extreme hostility." This doesn't fit "damaged form of p53".

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 2 vs Sense 9.
    *   Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality"
    *   Sense 9: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups"
    *   If the target is a gene, it's not a group of organisms.

    *   Is there any other sense?
    *   Sense 12: phase (physical chemistry). No.

    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. "Variety" is a synonym. A damaged form of a gene is a variety of that gene.

    *   Wait, let me search for "form" in a biological context in WordNet.
    *   Often, "form" meaning "variant" is used for both organisms and molecules/genes.
    *   If Sense 9 is too narrow (organisms only), Sense 2 is the best fit.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality".
    *   A "damaged form of p53" is a version of p53 that has the characteristic of being damaged.

    *   Let's check if "form" could be Sense 11. "a particular mode in which something is manifested". No.

    *   Let's check Sense 2 again. "kind, sort, variety".
    *   "a damaged variety of p53". This works.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 9 again. "variant, strain, var."
    *   In many biological contexts, "form" is used interchangeably with "variant". Even if the definition says "organisms", the synonyms "variant, strain" are very close to what a mutated gene is. However, the definition is quite specific about "organisms within a species".

    *   Let's compare:
        Sense 2: category of things (kind, sort, variety)
        Sense 9: group of organisms (variant, strain)

    *   A gene is a "thing". A damaged gene is a "variety" of that gene.

    *   Let's think about "form" in "damaged form of p53".
    *   It means a specific version.
    *   Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality".
    *   This seems the most plausible.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 11 again. "a particular mode in which something is manifested".
    *   Could "damaged form" be a "mode in which p53 is manifested"? No.

    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. "sculpture is a form of art".
    *   "a damaged form of p53" $\approx$ "a damaged kind of p53".

    *   Let's double-check if there are any other biological senses.
    *   Sense 9 is the only other biological one.

    *   If I have to choose between 2 and 9:
        Sense 2 is general ("things").
        Sense 9 is specific ("organisms").
        A gene is not an organism.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit.

    *   Wait, let me search for "form" in a dictionary.
    *   Merriam-Webster: "a particular manifestation of something" or "a type or variety".
    *   Oxford: "a particular type or character".

    *   Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety".
    *   This matches "type or variety".

    *   Let's re-verify Sense 9: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups".
    *   This is definitely about organisms (like a variety of plant or a strain of bacteria), not a single gene.

    *   Final check:
        Context: "damaged form of p53"
        Sense 2: "category of things... kind, sort, variety"
        Sense 9: "group of organisms... variant, strain"
        Sense 11: "particular mode in which something is manifested"

        Sense 2 is the most accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The <t>discovery</t> "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "discovery"
    *   Context: A scientific narrative about Dr. Vogelstein and Arnold Levine discovering the role of the p53 gene in cancer. The specific sentence is: "The <t>discovery</t> 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   Candidate Senses:
        1.  `discovery%1:04:00::`: the act of discovering something (the process/action).
        2.  `discovery%1:10:00::`: something that is discovered (the object/result).
        3.  `discovery%1:09:00::`: a productive insight (breakthrough, find).
        4.  `discovery%1:10:01::`: (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure.

    *   The text describes a scientific finding: the realization that p53 is a cancer-suppressing gene.
    *   The sentence "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation'" refers to the *finding* or the *breakthrough* itself, which has significant implications for cancer research.
    *   Is it the *act* of discovering (Sense 1)? No, the sentence isn't about the process of finding it, but the result/impact of the finding.
    *   Is it *something that is discovered* (Sense 2)? Yes, the fact that p53 is a suppressor gene is something that was discovered.
    *   Is it a *productive insight/breakthrough* (Sense 3)? Yes, the context emphasizes the significance ("puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation"), which strongly aligns with "breakthrough" or "productive insight."

    *   Sense 2 (`something that is discovered`) is very general.
    *   Sense 3 (`a productive insight`, synonyms: `breakthrough`, `find`) is more specific to scientific or intellectual achievements that change understanding.
    *   The quote "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" highlights the *impact* and the *nature* of the discovery as a breakthrough in understanding cancer.

    *   In scientific contexts, when a "discovery" changes the paradigm or provides a key piece of the puzzle, "breakthrough" (Sense 3) is often the most precise fit.
    *   Let's re-read: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation'". This refers to the *fact* discovered (the insight) rather than just the object discovered.

    *   Sense 1: Act of discovering (No)
    *   Sense 2: Something discovered (Possible, but generic)
    *   Sense 3: Productive insight/breakthrough (Best fit for a scientific advancement)
    *   Sense 4: Legal disclosure (No)

    *   Sense 3 specifically lists "breakthrough" and "find" as synonyms. The discovery of the p53 gene's role as a suppressor is definitely a scientific breakthrough.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suddenly
Target surface form: suddenly
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "<t>suddenly</t> puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:02:: | definition=happening unexpectedly | synonyms=all of a sudden, of a sudden | examples=suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side
2. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:00:: | definition=quickly and without warning | synonyms=abruptly, short, dead | examples=he stopped suddenly
3. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:04:: | definition=on impulse; without premeditation | synonyms=on the spur of the moment | examples=he decided to go to Chicago on the spur of the moment; he made up his mind suddenly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "suddenly"
    *   Context: "The discovery '<t>suddenly</t> puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   Meaning: The discovery has changed the understanding of the gene's role quickly or unexpectedly.

    *   Sense 1: "happening unexpectedly" (synonyms: all of a sudden). Example: "suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side".
    *   Sense 2: "quickly and without warning" (synonyms: abruptly). Example: "he stopped suddenly".
    *   Sense 3: "on impulse; without premeditation" (synonyms: on the spur of the moment). Example: "he made up his mind suddenly".

    *   Sense 3 (impulse) is clearly wrong. A discovery doesn't act on impulse.
    *   Sense 2 (quickly and without warning) usually refers to a physical action or a sudden stop/change in motion/state (e.g., "stopped suddenly").
    *   Sense 1 (happening unexpectedly) fits better here. The discovery *unexpectedly* changes the status of the gene from obscure to central.

    *   "The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit..."
    *   Does it mean "abruptly" (Sense 2) or "unexpectedly" (Sense 1)?
    *   In this context, "suddenly" describes the shift in scientific understanding. It's not a physical movement or a sudden stop. It's an unexpected shift in perspective or status.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1 is more about the *occurrence* being unexpected. Sense 2 is more about the *manner* (speed/abruptness).
    *   Actually, looking at the examples: "suddenly she felt a sharp pain" (Sense 1) vs "he stopped suddenly" (Sense 2).
    *   The discovery "suddenly puts" the gene in the cockpit. This is a metaphorical shift. It happened unexpectedly as a result of the discovery.

    *   Sense 1: happening unexpectedly.
    *   Sense 2: quickly and without warning.
    *   In many contexts, these are very close. However, "suddenly" in the sense of "now, all of a sudden, we realize..." aligns more with the "unexpectedly" aspect of Sense 1.

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate. "The discovery suddenly puts..."
    *   If I say "The news suddenly changed everything," is that "unexpectedly" or "abruptly"?
    *   Usually, "abruptly" (Sense 2) implies a sharp break or a sudden stop.
    *   "Unexpectedly" (Sense 1) implies it happened when not anticipated.
    *   The discovery made the gene's importance apparent in a way that wasn't expected before.

    *   Sense 1: happening unexpectedly.
    *   Sense 2: quickly and without warning.
    *   Sense 3: on impulse.
    *   The discovery didn't happen "on impulse".
    *   The discovery didn't "stop suddenly".
    *   The discovery "unexpectedly" puts the gene in the cockpit.

    *   Sense 1: "happening unexpectedly"
    *   Sense 2: "quickly and without warning"
    *   In the sentence "The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit...", the word "suddenly" modifies the action of putting the gene in the cockpit. This is a change in state/status.
    *   Is it "abrupt" (Sense 2) or "unexpected" (Sense 1)?
    *   Usually, "suddenly" meaning "all of a sudden" (Sense 1) is used for events that occur unexpectedly.
    *   "Abruptly" (Sense 2) often refers to the speed or the jarring nature of the change.
    *   The shift in scientific understanding is an unexpected development.

    *   Sense 1: suddenly she felt a sharp pain (unexpected event).
    *   Sense 2: he stopped suddenly (abrupt action).
    *   The discovery putting the gene in the cockpit is more like an unexpected event/realization than an abrupt physical stop.

    *   Sense 1: happening unexpectedly.
    *   Sense 2: quickly and without warning.
    *   Actually, "suddenly" in "suddenly puts" suggests that the status changed quickly and unexpectedly.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms:
        *   Sense 1: all of a sudden.
        *   Sense 2: abruptly.
    *   "The discovery all of a sudden puts..." vs "The discovery abruptly puts..."
    *   "All of a sudden" feels slightly more natural for a shift in status/understanding.

    *   Sense 1: happening unexpectedly.
    *   Sense 2: quickly and without warning.
    *   The discovery *unexpectedly* changes the role of the gene.

    *   Sense 1: happening unexpectedly.
    *   Sense 2: quickly and without warning.
    *   Sense 3: on impulse.
    *   The discovery is the cause. The result is that the gene is now in the cockpit. This happened "suddenly" (unexpectedly/quickly).
    *   Between 1 and 2, 1 is the broader "unexpectedly" sense, while 2 is more about the "abruptness" of the action. The discovery's effect is an unexpected shift.

    *   Sense 1: suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side. (Unexpected event)
    *   Sense 2: he stopped suddenly. (Abrupt action)
    *   "The discovery suddenly puts..." is more like "Suddenly, the discovery puts..." (Unexpected event/realization).

    *   Sense 1: happening unexpectedly.
    *   Sense 2: quickly and without warning.
    *   Sense 3: on impulse.
    *   The discovery's effect is an unexpected shift in the gene's status. Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: put
Target surface form: puts
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly <t>puts</t> an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=put%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=set, place, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
2. sense_key=put%2:35:05:: | definition=cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation | examples=That song put me in awful good humor; put your ideas in writing
3. sense_key=put%2:32:00:: | definition=formulate in a particular style or language | synonyms=frame, redact, cast, couch | examples=I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language
4. sense_key=put%2:34:00:: | definition=attribute or give | synonyms=assign | examples=She put too much emphasis on her the last statement; He put all his efforts into this job
5. sense_key=put%2:40:00:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, commit, place | examples=Put money into bonds
6. sense_key=put%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=place, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
7. sense_key=put%2:39:13:: | definition=cause (someone) to undergo something | examples=He put her to the torture
8. sense_key=put%2:36:13:: | definition=adapt | examples=put these words to music
9. sense_key=put%2:31:00:: | definition=arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events | synonyms=arrange, set up, order | examples=arrange my schedule; set up one's life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `put`
    *   Target surface form: `puts`
    *   Context: "The discovery 'suddenly <t>puts</t> an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   Meaning: The discovery places the gene in a central, critical position (the "cockpit") regarding how cancer forms.

    *   Sense 1: `put into a certain place or abstract location` (synonyms: set, place, pose, position, lay). Example: "Put your things here."
    *   Sense 2: `cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation`. Example: "That song put me in awful good humor."
    *   Sense 3: `formulate in a particular style or language`. Example: "I wouldn't put it that way."
    *   Sense 4: `attribute or give`. Example: "She put too much emphasis on her the last statement."
    *   Sense 5: `make an investment`. Example: "Put money into bonds."
    *   Sense 6: `estimate`. Example: "We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M."
    *   Sense 7: `cause (someone) to undergo something`. Example: "He put her to the torture."
    *   Sense 8: `adapt`. Example: "put these words to music."
    *   Sense 9: `arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events`. Example: "arrange my schedule."

    *   The phrase "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" is metaphorical.
    *   "In the cockpit" means in a position of control or central importance.
    *   This is placing something in an *abstract location* (the "cockpit" of a process).
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "put into a certain place or abstract location."
    *   Sense 2 is about a state or relation. While "being in the cockpit" is a state, "putting something in a location" (even abstract) fits Sense 1 better.
    *   Sense 4 (attribute/give) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 9 (arrange) doesn't fit.

    *   Sense 1: "put into a certain place or abstract location" -> "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit [abstract location] of cancer formation."
    *   This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene <t>right</t> in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `right`
    *   Target surface form: `right`
    *   Context: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene <t>right</t> in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   Target word usage: "...puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit..."

    *   Sense 1: `precisely, exactly` (e.g., "stand right here!")
    *   Sense 2: `immediately` (e.g., "she called right after dinner")
    *   Sense 3: `exactly` (synonym: flop - this seems like a WordNet error or very specific usage, "fell flop on his face" doesn't fit "right" in the usual sense, but let's look at the definition "exactly").
    *   Sense 4: `toward or on the right` (directional)
    *   Sense 5: `in the right manner` (properly)
    *   Sense 6: `interjection expressing agreement`
    *   Sense 7: `completely` (e.g., "she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap")
    *   Sense 8: `(Southern regional intensive) very`
    *   Sense 9: `in accordance with moral or social standards`
    *   Sense 10: `in an accurate manner` (correctly)

    *   "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation"
    *   Here, "right" is used as an intensifier to emphasize the position ("in the cockpit").
    *   Compare with:
        *   "stand right here!" (Sense 1: precisely, exactly)
        *   "he fell right into the trap" (Sense 7: completely)
    *   "Right in the cockpit" means "precisely in the cockpit" or "directly in the cockpit."

    *   Sense 1: `precisely, exactly` (Example: "stand right here!")
    *   Sense 7: `completely` (Example: "he fell right into the trap")

    Let's look at the nuance. "Right in the cockpit" is similar to "right here" or "right there." It emphasizes the exact location.

    *   Sense 1: `precisely, exactly` (Example: "stand right here!")
    *   Sense 7: `completely` (Example: "he fell right into the trap")

    "Right in the cockpit" is more about the precision of the location than "completely" in the cockpit. If someone is "right in the middle," it means "precisely in the middle."

    Wait, let's re-examine Sense 7: "completely" (Example: "he fell right into the trap"). "Right into the trap" is very similar to "right in the cockpit."

    Let's look at Sense 1 again: "precisely, exactly" (Example: "stand right here!").

    In the phrase "right in the cockpit," "right" emphasizes the position. "Precisely in the cockpit" fits well. "Completely in the cockpit" also fits, but "precisely" or "directly" is a more common interpretation of "right" when followed by a prepositional phrase of location.

    Let's check other examples of Sense 1: "stand right here!"
    Let's check other examples of Sense 7: "she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap."

    "Right in the cockpit" is a metaphorical location. "Right into the trap" is also a location/situation.

    Wait, let's look at the WordNet senses again.
    Sense 1: precisely, exactly.
    Sense 7: completely.

    If I say "He is right in the middle," I mean "precisely in the middle."
    If I say "He fell right into the trap," it means he fell "completely" or "directly" into it.

    "Puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit" means the gene is now placed *precisely* or *directly* in the central position of importance.

    Comparing "stand right here" (Sense 1) and "fell right into the trap" (Sense 7).
    "Right in the cockpit" feels closer to "right here" (Sense 1) than "right at home" (Sense 7).

    Let's double-check Sense 1 vs Sense 7.
    Sense 1: precisely, exactly.
    Sense 7: completely.

    "Right in the cockpit" = "Precisely in the cockpit."

    Let's look at Sense 1 again. "stand right here!"
    Let's look at Sense 7 again. "he fell right into the trap."

    Actually, "right into the trap" and "right in the cockpit" are very similar. But "right here" is the quintessential "precisely" usage.

    Let's search for "right in the [location]" usage.
    "Right in the middle" -> precisely in the middle.
    "Right in the center" -> precisely in the center.

    Sense 1 seems the most fitting for emphasizing a specific location.

    Sense 1: precisely, exactly.
    Sense 2: immediately.
    Sense 3: exactly (synonym flop - this is weird).
    Sense 4: right side.
    Sense 5: properly.
    Sense 6: agreement.
    Sense 7: completely.
    Sense 8: very.
    Sense 9: moral.
    Sense 10: correctly.

    "Right in the cockpit" = "Precisely in the cockpit."

    Is it "completely in the cockpit"? Not really. It's more about the *exactness* of the position.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of <t>cancer</t> formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific discussion about Dr. Vogelstein, p53 gene, cancerous cells, cancer-suppressing genes, and "cancer formation."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Astrological sign (person born under Cancer).
        3.  Zodiacal constellation.
        4.  Fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  Genus of crabs (Cancridae).

    *   The text mentions "cancerous ones" (cells), "p53 gene caused cancer," "human cancer cells," "cancer-suppressing gene," and "cancer formation."
    *   This is clearly referring to the medical condition of malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Constellation - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs - Incorrect.

    *   The best sense is index 1.