[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discover
Target surface form: discovered
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `discover`
    *   Target surface form: `discovered`
    *   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Meaning: Scientists found/identified a family of genes (oncogenes) in the early 1980s.

    *   Sense 1: `discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of` (detect, observe, find, notice). Example: "detected high levels of lead".
    *   Sense 2: `get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally` (learn, hear). Example: "learned that she has two grown-up children".
    *   Sense 3: `make a discovery, make a new finding` (find). Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
    *   Sense 4: `make a discovery` (find). Example: "found that he had lied to her".
    *   Sense 5: `find unexpectedly` (chance upon). Example: "archeologists chanced upon an old tomb".
    *   Sense 6: `make known to the public information...` (disclose, reveal). Example: "disclose the price".
    *   Sense 7: `see for the first time; make a discovery`. Example: "Who discovered the North Pole?".
    *   Sense 8: `identify as in botany or biology, for example` (identify, key, describe, name).

    *   The context is scientific research (genetics).
    *   "discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes" refers to the scientific discovery of a class of genes.
    *   Sense 3 ("make a discovery, make a new finding") fits perfectly with scientific breakthroughs like X-rays or elementary particles.
    *   Sense 8 ("identify as in botany or biology") is also a strong candidate because it specifically mentions biology. However, "discovered" in the context of a new class of genes usually refers to the initial scientific discovery (Sense 3) rather than just the taxonomic identification/naming process (Sense 8).
    *   Let's compare Sense 3 and Sense 8 again.
        *   Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (Example: Roentgen discovered X-rays).
        *   Sense 8: "identify as in botany or biology, for example" (Synonyms: identify, key, describe, name).
    *   In the sentence "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes", the word "identified" is used just before for the new genes, and "discovered" is used for the older ones. This suggests a parallel. If "identified" is used for the new ones, "discovered" for the old ones likely means the act of scientific discovery.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 3: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This is very similar to finding a new class of genes.
    *   Looking at Sense 8: "identify as in botany or biology". This is more about classification/identification of a specimen.
    *   Sense 3 is the broader, standard term for scientific discovery of a phenomenon or entity.

    *   Sense 1: Detecting presence (like lead in water). Not quite.
    *   Sense 2: Learning a fact. Not quite.
    *   Sense 4: Finding out a fact (like a lie). Not quite.
    *   Sense 5: Stumbling upon something. Not quite.
    *   Sense 6: Revealing a secret. Not quite.
    *   Sense 7: Exploring/finding a place (North Pole). Not quite.
    *   Sense 8: Identifying/naming a biological specimen.

    *   Sense 3 is the most fitting for the scientific discovery of a class of genes.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 8: "identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name".
    *   And Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
    *   The discovery of oncogenes was a major scientific finding, similar to X-rays or a new particle. Sense 3 is the standard "scientific discovery" sense.

    *   Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
    *   Context: "genes discovered in the early 1980s"
    *   This is a classic scientific discovery.

    *   Sense 8 is more about identifying a specific specimen (e.g., "I discovered the plant to be a *Rosa canina*").
    *   Sense 3 is about the discovery of the entity itself (e.g., "I discovered a new species of rose").
    *   Oncogenes are a class of genes, so their discovery is a scientific finding.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "early"
    *   Target surface form: "early"
    *   Context: "...discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `early%3:00:00::`: at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time.
        2.  `early%3:00:02::`: being or occurring at an early stage of development.
        3.  `early%5:00:00:past:00`: belonging to the distant past.
        4.  `early%5:00:00:young:00`: very young.
        5.  `early%3:00:01::`: of an early stage in the development of a language or literature.
        6.  `early%5:00:01:future:00`: expected in the near future.

    *   The phrase is "the early 1980s".
    *   "1980s" is a period of time (a decade).
    *   "Early" here refers to the beginning part of that decade (e.g., 1980, 1981, 1982).

    *   Sense 1: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events". This fits perfectly. "The early 1980s" means the beginning of the 1980s.
    *   Sense 2: "being or occurring at an early stage of development". This usually refers to biological or evolutionary development (e.g., "early forms of life"). While the 1980s is a stage in the history of science, the phrase "early [decade]" is a standard temporal marker for the beginning of that period.
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past". The 1980s are not generally considered the "distant past" in the way "early inhabitants of Europe" are.
    *   Sense 4: "very young". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "early stage in the development of a language or literature". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: "expected in the near future". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate description of "early" when used with a time period like "the early 1980s".

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `called`
    *   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes."

    *   The sentence is talking about genes.
    *   A specific family of genes is being identified by the name "oncogenes".
    *   "called oncogenes" means "named oncogenes" or "given the name oncogenes".

    *   Sense 1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to` (Synonym: name). Example: "They named their son David".
    *   Sense 2: `ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality`. Example: "He called me a bastard".
    *   Sense 3: `get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone`.
    *   Sense 4: `utter a sudden loud cry`.
    *   Sense 5: `order, request, or command to come`.
    *   Sense 6: `pay a brief visit`.
    *   Sense 7: `call a meeting`.
    *   Sense 8: `read aloud to check for omissions`.
    *   Sense 9: `send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.`.
    *   Sense 10: `utter a characteristic note or cry`.
    *   Sense 11: `stop or postpone because of adverse conditions`.
    *   Sense 12: `greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name`.
    *   Sense 13: `make a stop in a harbour`.
    *   Sense 14: `demand payment of (a loan)`.
    *   Sense 15: `make a demand, as for a card or a suit`.
    *   Sense 16: `give the calls for a square dance`.
    *   Sense 17: `indicate a decision in regard to`.
    *   Sense 18: `make a prediction about`.
    *   Sense 19: `require the presentation of for redemption`.
    *   Sense 20: `challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement`.
    *   Sense 21: `declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee`.
    *   Sense 22: `lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal`.
    *   Sense 23: `order or request or give a command for`.
    *   Sense 24: `order, summon, or request for a specific duty`.
    *   Sense 25: `utter in a loud voice or announce`.
    *   Sense 26: `challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of`.
    *   Sense 27: `consider or regard as being`.
    *   Sense 28: `rouse somebody from sleep`.

    *   The context "genes... called oncogenes" is about naming a category or a specific group of things.
    *   Sense 1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to`.
    *   Sense 2: `ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality`.
    *   Is "oncogenes" a proper name or a common noun reflecting a quality? "Oncogene" is a technical term (a common noun in biological terminology), but in the context of naming a class of genes, it functions as the name assigned to them.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    *   Wait, "oncogenes" is the name of the genes. In scientific contexts, naming a discovery or a class of objects usually falls under "naming" (Sense 1).
    *   Let's compare: "They called the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" (earlier in the text). This is the same usage.
    *   Sense 1 is "name". Sense 2 is more like "labeling" someone with a characteristic (e.g., "called me a bastard").
    *   "Oncogenes" is the name given to this family of genes.

    *   Sense 1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to` (Synonym: name).
    *   Sense 2: `ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality`.
    *   In "called oncogenes", "oncogenes" is the name of the family of genes. This is a naming action.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "They named their son David".
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "He called me a bastard".
    *   "Oncogenes" is not an insult or a quality like "lazy"; it's the designation/name of the genes.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit for assigning a name to something.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `present`
    *   Target surface form: `present`
    *   Context: "Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `present%3:00:01::`: temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration.
        2.  `present%3:00:02::`: being or existing in a specified place.

    *   The sentence says: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   In this biological context, "present" means that the oncogenes must exist or be located within the cell.
    *   It's not referring to the current time (temporal sense), but rather to the existence/presence of the genes in a specific location (the cell).

    *   Sense 1: Temporal (now). Example: "the present leader".
    *   Sense 2: Existing in a specified place. Example: "the murderer is present in this room".

    *   The oncogenes are "present" in the cell. This matches Sense 2 (being or existing in a specified place).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Target surface form: "cell"
    *   Context: A passage discussing cancer, genes, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, and cell division. Specifically: "Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
        2.  (Biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
        3.  Electric current device.
        4.  Political movement unit.
        5.  Mobile phone.
        6.  Monk/nun room.
        7.  Prisoner room.

    *   The context is heavily biological: "cancer", "genes", "tumor-suppressors", "proteins", "cell division", "malignant", "oncogenes".
    *   The sentence "Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant" clearly refers to the biological unit of life.

    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `become`
    *   Target surface form: `become`
    *   Context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `become%2:30:00::`: enter or assume a certain state or condition (synonyms: go, get; example: "He became annoyed")
        2.  `become%2:42:01::`: undergo a change or development (synonyms: turn; example: "The water turned into ice")
        3.  `become%2:42:00::`: come into existence
        4.  `become%2:42:03::`: enhance the appearance of (synonyms: suit)

    *   The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   "Malignant" is an adjective describing a state or condition of a cell.
    *   The cell is transitioning from a normal state to a malignant state.

    *   Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition". This fits perfectly. "Malignant" is a state/condition.
    *   Sense 2: "undergo a change or development". This also seems plausible, but usually, "become" + [adjective] maps to Sense 1, while "become" + [noun] (like "became her worst enemy") or a complete transformation (like "water turned into ice") maps to Sense 2.
    *   Sense 3: "come into existence". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "enhance the appearance of". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1: "He became annoyed" (become + adjective).
    *   Sense 2: "The water turned into ice" (become/turn + noun/transformation).
    *   In the target sentence: "become malignant" (become + adjective).

    *   Sense 1 is the most precise fit for "become [adjective]" meaning to enter a state.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "...but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Target word: `found` (past participle of `find`)

    *   The sentence discusses researchers observing the presence of oncogenes in both normal and cancerous cells.
    *   "Researchers have found them [oncogenes] in normal as well as in cancerous cells."
    *   This is about detecting or observing the presence of something in a specific location/state.

    *   Sense 1: come upon, as if by accident (not quite, this is scientific research).
    *   Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice). Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint." (This fits very well: detecting the presence of oncogenes in cells).
    *   Sense 3: come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (not about lost items).
    *   Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain). Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." (This is close, but Sense 2 is more about *presence*).
    *   Sense 5: come to believe on the basis of emotion... (not this).
    *   Sense 6: perceive or be contemporaneous with (not this).
    *   Sense 7: get something for a specific purpose (not this).
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding (synonyms: discover). Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." (This is about discovering a *new* thing, whereas the context is about finding the *presence* of known things in specific cells).
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (synonyms: discover). Example: "She found that he had lied to her." (More about discovering a fact).
    *   Sense 10: obtain through effort (not this).
    *   Sense 11: decide on and make a declaration (legal) (not this).
    *   Sense 12: receive a specified treatment (not this).
    *   Sense 13: perceive oneself to be in a certain condition (not this).
    *   Sense 14: get or find back (not this).
    *   Sense 15: succeed in reaching (not this).
    *   Sense 16: accept and make use of one's personality (not this).

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (synonyms: detect, observe). Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint."
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (synonyms: determine, find out).
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (synonyms: discover).

    The context is "researchers have found them [oncogenes] in normal as well as in cancerous cells." This is specifically about detecting the *presence* of oncogenes in those cells. Sense 2's definition ("determine the existence, presence, or fact of") and example ("found traces of lead in the paint") align perfectly with finding oncogenes in cells.

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" -> "found [oncogenes] in normal as well as in cancerous cells." (Perfect fit).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `normal`
    *   Target surface form: `normal`
    *   Context: "...researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `normal%3:00:01::`: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
        2.  `normal%3:00:02::`: in accordance with scientific laws.
        3.  `normal%3:00:03::`: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
        4.  `normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00`: forming a right angle.

    *   The sentence compares "normal" cells with "cancerous" cells.
    *   "Cancerous" refers to cells that have become malignant (abnormal growth).
    *   Therefore, "normal" here means cells that are not cancerous, i.e., not abnormal in the context of pathology.

    *   Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal". This fits perfectly. A non-cancerous cell is a "normal" cell (not abnormal).
    *   Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws". This is too broad and doesn't fit the contrast with "cancerous".
    *   Sense 3: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development". This refers to human development/intelligence, not cellular pathology.
    *   Sense 4: "forming a right angle". This is a geometric term.

    *   The contrast is between "normal cells" and "cancerous cells".
    *   "Normal" in a medical/biological context usually means "not diseased" or "not abnormal".
    *   Sense 1 explicitly mentions "not abnormal".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancerous`
    *   Target surface form: `cancerous`
    *   Context: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02`: relating to or affected with cancer (e.g., "a cancerous growth").
        2.  `cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00`: like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (e.g., "remorse was cancerous within him").

    *   The context discusses genes, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, cell division, and malignant cells.
    *   The specific phrase is "normal as well as in cancerous cells".
    *   This is clearly referring to biological cancer (cells affected by cancer), not a metaphorical "evil that grows and spreads".

    *   Sense 1: "relating to or affected with cancer" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads" -> Metaphorical, does not fit.

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A passage discussing cancer, genes (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes), proteins, cell division, and malignancy. Specifically: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
        2.  (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
        3.  Electric current device (electric cell).
        4.  Small unit of a political movement (cadre).
        5.  Mobile radiotelephone (cellphone).
        6.  Small room for a monk/nun.
        7.  Room for a prisoner.

    *   The context is heavily biological/medical: "cancer", "genes", "proteins", "cell division", "malignant", "oncogenes".
    *   The phrase "cancerous cells" clearly refers to the biological unit of life.

    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggesting
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `suggest`
    *   Target surface form: `suggesting`
    *   Context: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

    *   Sense 1: make a proposal, declare a plan (propose, advise). (e.g., "the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax")
    *   Sense 2: drop a hint; intimate by a hint (hint).
    *   Sense 3: imply as a possibility (intimate). (e.g., "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification")
    *   Sense 4: suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine (indicate). (e.g., "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases")
    *   Sense 5: call to mind (evoke, paint a picture). (e.g., "this remark evoked sadness")

    *   The sentence says: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Here, the fact that oncogenes are found in both normal and cancerous cells *implies* or *indicates* as a possibility that they aren't the sole cause of cancer.
    *   This is a case of evidence leading to a conclusion or hypothesis.

    *   Sense 1 (proposal) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (hinting) is usually used for people hinting at something.
    *   Sense 3 (imply as a possibility) fits perfectly. The evidence (finding oncogenes in normal cells) implies the possibility that they don't cause cancer alone.
    *   Sense 4 (medical intervention) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (call to mind/evoke) is incorrect.

    *   Sense 3: "imply as a possibility", synonym "intimate", example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification".
    *   The context "researchers have found them... suggesting that..." matches the "evidence suggests..." pattern.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cause`
    *   Target surface form: `cause`
    *   Context: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cause%2:36:00::`: give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally (synonyms: do, make; examples: cause a commotion).
        2.  `cause%2:32:00::`: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner (synonyms: induce, stimulate, have, get, make; examples: The ads induced me to buy a VCR).

    *   The sentence is: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Here, "cause" is used in the sense of bringing about the existence or occurrence of a disease (cancer).
    *   It is not about causing someone or something to *act* in a certain way (which is what sense 2 describes).

    *   Sense 1: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" -> Fits perfectly. Cancer is the result/occurrence.
    *   Sense 2: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner" -> Does not fit. Cancer is not an action performed by a subject in this context.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific passage discussing genes, tumor-suppressors, anti-cancer genes, cell growth, malignant cells, and oncogenes. Specifically, the sentence is: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancer%1:26:00::`: malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
        2.  `cancer%1:18:00::`: (astrology) person born while the sun is in Cancer.
        3.  `cancer%1:17:00::`: zodiacal constellation.
        4.  `cancer%1:15:00::`: fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  `cancer%1:05:00::`: type genus of the family Cancridae.

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, focusing on genetics, tumors, and malignancy.
    *   Sense 1 describes a malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal cell division. This matches the context perfectly.
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 relate to astrology/astronomy.
    *   Sense 5 relates to biology (genus of crabs), but not the medical condition.

    *   The best fit is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `recent`
    *   Target surface form: `recent`
    *   Context: "In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `new` (e.g., recent graduates, recent addition)
        2.  `of the immediate past or just previous to the present time` (e.g., a late development, their late quarrel)

    *   The phrase is "In recent months".
    *   This refers to a period of time immediately preceding the present.
    *   Sense 1 ("new") usually refers to things that have just been created or people who have just finished something (like graduates).
    *   Sense 2 ("of the immediate past or just previous to the present time") specifically describes time periods or events that happened shortly before now.

    *   "Recent months" fits perfectly with "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time".

    *   Sense 1: new (not quite right for "months")
    *   Sense 2: of the immediate past (perfect for "months")


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `month`
    *   Target surface form: `months`
    *   Context: "In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `month%1:28:01::`: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month).
        2.  `month%1:28:00::`: a time unit of approximately 30 days.

    *   The phrase "In recent months" refers to a period of time leading up to the present.
    *   Does it refer to specific calendar months (January, February, etc.) or just a duration of time measured in units of roughly 30 days?
    *   Usually, "in recent months" refers to the general passage of time (duration) rather than specific calendar divisions, although the distinction is subtle.
    *   Let's look at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "he paid the bill last month" (refers to the previous calendar month).
        *   Sense 2: "he was given a month to pay the bill" (refers to a duration of 30 days).
    *   "In recent months" is more akin to "in the last few months," which describes a duration of time.

    *   Sense 1 (Calendar month): Specific divisions of the year.
    *   Sense 2 (Time unit): A general measure of time (approx 30 days).
    *   "In recent months" typically means "during the last few months." This is a measure of time elapsed, not necessarily referring to the specific calendar boundaries.

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate. "Last month" (Sense 1) and "recent months" are very similar.
    *   However, "a month" (Sense 2) is a duration.
    *   In "In recent months," we are talking about a period of time.
    *   Comparing "calendar month" vs "time unit of approximately 30 days":
        *   If I say "I've been exercising for three months," that's a duration (Sense 2).
        *   If I say "I'll see you in March," that's a calendar month (Sense 1).
        *   "In recent months" functions similarly to "for the past few months."

    *   Let's check common usage in WSD datasets (like SemCor). "Recent months" is almost always mapped to the duration sense (Sense 2) because it's not referring to a specific named month of the year, but rather a quantity of time.

    *   Sense 1: Calendar month (January, February...).
    *   Sense 2: Duration of ~30 days.
    *   "In recent months" = "In the last few [units of 30 days]".

    *   Sense 1: "he paid the bill last month" (This is a specific calendar month).
    *   Sense 2: "he was given a month to pay the bill" (This is a duration).
    *   "In recent months" is a duration of time.

    *   Sense 1: calendar month.
    *   Sense 2: time unit.
    *   "In recent months" refers to the time unit.

    *   Wait, let me double-check. If I say "last month," it's Sense 1. If I say "three months ago," it's Sense 2. "In recent months" is plural. It means "during the period of the last few months." This is a duration.

    *   Sense 1: calendar month.
    *   Sense 2: time unit.
    *   "In recent months" -> Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: come
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "come"
    *   Context: "In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
    *   Usage: "come to believe"

    *   Sense 1: move toward/approach (physical movement).
    *   Sense 2: reach a destination (physical arrival).
    *   Sense 3: come to pass/arrive in due course (events).
    *   Sense 4: reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position. Example: "We came to understand the true meaning of life."
    *   Sense 5: be the product or result.
    *   Sense 6: be found or available.
    *   Sense 7: come forth/issue forth.
    *   Sense 8: be a native of.
    *   Sense 9: extend or reach.
    *   Sense 10: exist or occur in a series.
    *   Sense 11: cover a certain distance.
    *   Sense 12: be classified or included.
    *   Sense 13: happen as a result.
    *   Sense 14: add up in number.
    *   Sense 15: develop into.
    *   Sense 16: be received.
    *   Sense 17: come to mind/suggest itself.
    *   Sense 18: be connected by blood.
    *   Sense 19: proceed or get along.
    *   Sense 20: experience orgasm.
    *   Sense 21: have a certain priority.

    *   The phrase "come to believe" describes a transition into a state of belief or a change in understanding over time.
    *   This matches Sense 4: "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position."
    *   The example for Sense 4, "We came to understand the true meaning of life," is almost identical in structure and meaning to "researchers have come to believe."

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses "tumor-suppressors", "anti-cancer genes", "malignant" cells, "oncogenes", and "cell division".

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: "(astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer" (Astrology)
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation..." (Astronomy)
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." (Astrology)
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Biology/Crustaceans)

    *   The context is clearly about oncology, genetics, and malignant cell growth.
    *   The phrase "cancer genes" refers to genes associated with the disease cancer.
    *   Sense 1 is the only one that fits the medical/biological context of malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `turn`
    *   Target surface form: `turn`
    *   Context: "An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Meaning: The oncogene causes the cells to become malignant.

    *   1: change orientation or direction (physical/abstract) - No.
    *   2: undergo a transformation or change of position or action (intransitive/reflexive usually) - No.
    *   3: undergo a change or development (become) - This is intransitive ("The water turned into ice"). The target usage is transitive ("turn proliferating cells malignant").
    *   4: cause to move around or rotate - No.
    *   5: change to the contrary (reverse) - No.
    *   6: pass to the other side of - No.
    *   7: pass into a condition gradually (become) - Intransitive ("The weather turned nasty").
    *   8: let fall or spill - No.
    *   9: move around an axis - No.
    *   10: cause to move around a center to show another side - No.
    *   11: send or let go - No.
    *   12: break and turn over earth - No.
    *   13: shape by rotating on a lathe - No.
    *   14: change color - No.
    *   15: twist suddenly (sprain) - No.
    *   16: cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics - Example: "The princess turned the frog into a prince", "turn lead into gold". This fits the transitive structure "turn [object] [adjective/noun]".
    *   17: accomplish by rotating - No.
    *   18: get by buying and selling - No.
    *   19: cause to move along an axis or into a new direction - No.
    *   20: channel attention - No.
    *   21: cause plastic object to assume crooked form - No.
    *   22: alter functioning or setting - No.
    *   23: direct at someone - No.
    *   24: have recourse to - No.
    *   25: go sour or spoil - No.
    *   26: become one year older - No.

    *   The sentence is: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant..."
    *   Structure: [Subject: oncogene] [Verb: turn] [Object: proliferating cells] [Object Complement: malignant].
    *   Meaning: To cause the cells to become malignant.
    *   Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics". This matches perfectly.

    *   Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" (Intransitive/Become).
    *   Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually" (Intransitive/Become).
    *   Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different" (Transitive/Cause to become).

    The target usage is transitive ("turn proliferating cells malignant"), so Sense 16 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A scientific text discussing genes, tumor-suppressors, anti-cancer genes, proteins, cell division, malignancy, and oncogenes. Specifically: "An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
        2.  (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
        3.  Electric current device (battery).
        4.  Political movement unit (cadre).
        5.  Mobile phone.
        6.  Monk/nun's room.
        7.  Prisoner's room.

    *   The context is heavily biological/medical (genes, proteins, cancer, malignant, cell division).
    *   The phrase "proliferating cells" refers to the biological units that divide and can become cancerous.

    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "only"
    *   Context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just) - *Example: I was merely asking.*
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely) - *Example: was entirely to blame.*
    *   Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" - *Example: He arrived only to find his wife dead.*
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome" - *Example: These news will only make you more upset.*
    *   Sense 5: "except that" - *Example: It was the same story; only this time she came out better.*
    *   Sense 6: "never except when" (only if, only when) - *Example: call me only if your cold gets worse.*
    *   Sense 7: "as recently as" - *Example: I spoke to him only an hour ago.*

    *   Sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Analysis: The word "only" modifies the condition "after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." It means that the oncogene turns cells malignant *if and only if* (or *never except when*) the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

    *   Sense 6 ("never except when") fits perfectly. The structure "only after" is a common way to express "never except after" or "only if/when."

    *   Sense 1 (merely): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant merely after..." (Doesn't fit the logic).
    *   Sense 2 (exclusively): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant exclusively after..." (Close, but Sense 6 is more precise for conditional time/event markers).
    *   Sense 3 (nevertheless): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant, but then the tumor-suppressor gene was damaged." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 4 (final outcome): "In the final outcome, an oncogene may turn..." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 5 (except that): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant, except that after..." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 7 (recently): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant as recently as after..." (Doesn't fit).

    *   Sense 6: "never except when" (synonyms: only if, only when).
    *   Context: "only after" = "never except after". This matches the logic of the sentence.