[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on <t>bells</t>, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on <t>bells</t>, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   Surrounding context: Mentions "Aslacton bells pealing", "church bells", "ancient art", "Change-ringing", "carillons of continental Europe", "some bells weigh more than a ton".

    *   1: `a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck` (General definition)
    *   2: `a push button at an outer door...` (Doorbell)
    *   3: `the sound of a bell being struck` (Sound)
    *   4: `(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units...` (Time unit)
    *   5: `the shape of a bell` (Shape)
    *   6: `a phonetician...` (Person)
    *   7: `English painter...` (Person)
    *   8: `United States inventor...` (Person)
    *   9: `a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument` (Musical instrument)
    *   10: `the flared opening of a tubular device` (Shape/Part)

    *   The context discusses "playing tunes on bells", "carillons", "church bells", and "change-ringing".
    *   Sense 1 is the general object (a hollow metal device).
    *   Sense 9 is a specific percussion instrument (set of tuned bells).
    *   Wait, let's look closer at the sentence: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on <t>bells</t>, as do the carillons of continental Europe..."
    *   Carillons are sets of bells tuned to a scale.
    *   Church bells (mentioned earlier) are the physical objects.
    *   Is it Sense 1 (the general object) or Sense 9 (the orchestral instrument)?
    *   Sense 9 says "used as an orchestral instrument". Church bells and carillons are not typically "orchestral instruments" in the sense of a symphony orchestra, although they are musical.
    *   Sense 1 is the basic definition of the object.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument".
    *   The context refers to "playing tunes on bells" and compares it to "carillons". Carillons are essentially sets of tuned bells.
    *   However, the broader context is about church bells and change-ringing. Change-ringing uses the bells themselves (the large metal devices).
    *   In the phrase "playing tunes on bells", the "bells" are the physical objects (Sense 1).
    *   Usually, when referring to church bells or carillons, Sense 1 is the most fundamental and appropriate unless it's specifically referring to the orchestral instrument (like tubular bells).

    *   Sense 1: General object.
    *   Sense 9: Orchestral instrument.
    *   The text mentions "church bells" and "carillons". Carillons are sets of bells. The "bells" being played are the physical bells.
    *   Looking at the context "some bells weigh more than a ton", this strongly points to the physical objects (Sense 1) rather than a small orchestral instrument.

    *   Sense 1: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.
    *   This fits perfectly for church bells, carillons, and the general act of playing tunes on them.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: europe
Target surface form: Europe
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental <t>Europe</t>, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=europe%1:17:00:: | definition=the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
2. sense_key=europe%1:14:00:: | definition=an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members | synonyms=European Union, EU, European Community, EC, European Economic Community, EEC | examples=he tried to take Britain into the Europen Union
3. sense_key=europe%1:14:01:: | definition=the nations of the European continent collectively | examples=the Marshall Plan helped Europe recover from World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `europe`
    *   Target surface form: `Europe`
    *   Context: "...as do the carillons of continental <t>Europe</t>, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `europe%1:17:00::`: the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles.
        2.  `europe%1:14:00::`: an international organization of European countries (EU, EC, etc.).
        3.  `europe%1:14:01::`: the nations of the European continent collectively.

    *   The phrase is "continental Europe".
    *   "Continental Europe" typically refers to the landmass of Europe (the continent) as opposed to the British Isles.
    *   The context compares English bell-ringing (change-ringing) with the carillons of "continental Europe".
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions: "the British use 'Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles". This aligns perfectly with the phrase "continental Europe" and the contrast with "the English".
    *   Sense 2 refers to the political organization (EU), which doesn't fit "continental Europe" in this context.
    *   Sense 3 refers to the nations collectively (political/social entity), but "continental" strongly points toward the geographical entity (the continent).

    *   Sense 1: Geographical continent, specifically noting the British usage (excluding British Isles).
    *   Sense 3: Collective nations.
    *   "Continental Europe" is a geographical term. Sense 1 is the most precise fit for the geographical landmass.

    *   The context is about the difference between English traditions and those of the rest of the European landmass.
    *   Sense 1: "the 2nd smallest continent... the British use 'Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles".
    *   This matches "continental Europe" perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: consider
Target surface form: considered
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is <t>considered</t> by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=consider%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=see, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
2. sense_key=consider%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=study | examples=consider the possibility of moving
3. sense_key=consider%2:31:01:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=take, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
4. sense_key=consider%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=count, weigh | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
5. sense_key=consider%2:32:02:: | definition=think about carefully; weigh | synonyms=debate, moot, turn over, deliberate | examples=They considered the possibility of a strike; Turn the proposal over in your mind
6. sense_key=consider%2:31:08:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, believe, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
7. sense_key=consider%2:39:04:: | definition=look at attentively | synonyms=regard
8. sense_key=consider%2:39:08:: | definition=look at carefully; study mentally | synonyms=view, look at | examples=view a problem
9. sense_key=consider%2:31:05:: | definition=regard or treat with consideration, respect, and esteem | examples=Please consider your family

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `consider`
    *   Target surface form: `considered`
    *   Context: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is <t>considered</t> by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."

    *   The sentence says: "[The less complicated version...] is considered by the English to be childish..."
    *   This means the English *deem* it to be childish, *view* it as childish, or *regard* it as childish.

    *   Sense 1: `deem to be` | synonyms: `see, reckon, view, regard` | example: "I consider her to be shallow"
    *   Sense 2: `give careful consideration to` | synonyms: `study`
    *   Sense 3: `take into consideration for exemplifying purposes` | synonyms: `take, deal, look at`
    *   Sense 4: `show consideration for; take into account` | synonyms: `count, weigh`
    *   Sense 5: `think about carefully; weigh` | synonyms: `debate, moot, turn over, deliberate`
    *   Sense 6: `judge or regard; look upon; judge` | synonyms: `think, believe, conceive` | example: "I believe her to be very smart"
    *   Sense 7: `look at attentively` | synonyms: `regard`
    *   Sense 8: `look at carefully; study mentally` | synonyms: `view, look at`
    *   Sense 9: `regard or treat with consideration, respect, and esteem`

    *   Sense 1 ("deem to be") and Sense 6 ("judge or regard") are very similar.
    *   Sense 1: "deem to be" (synonyms: see, reckon, view, regard). Example: "I consider her to be shallow."
    *   Sense 6: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (synonyms: think, believe, conceive). Example: "I believe her to be very smart."
    *   Looking at the context: "...is considered by the English to be childish..."
    *   This matches the structure "consider [something] to be [adjective]" perfectly.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 6: Sense 1's definition "deem to be" and example "I consider her to be shallow" are almost identical in structure and meaning to the target sentence. Sense 6 is also close, but "deem to be" is a more precise fit for the passive construction "is considered... to be".

    *   Sense 1: deem to be.
    *   Context: "is considered... to be childish".
    *   This is a direct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the <t>English</t> to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `english`
    *   Target surface form: `English`
    *   Context: "...is considered by the <t>English</t> to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Language (Indo-European language...)
        2.  People (the people of England)
        3.  Discipline (study of English language and literature)
        4.  Sports (spin given to a ball)

    *   The sentence is: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells... is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   "the English" refers to a group of people who hold an opinion ("considered by... to be childish").
    *   The contrast "fit only for foreigners" further confirms that "the English" refers to the people of England.

    *   Sense 1: Language (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: People of England (Correct)
    *   Sense 3: Discipline (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Sports spin (Incorrect)

    *   The best sense is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fit
Target surface form: fit
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, <t>fit</t> only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fit%3:00:02:: | definition=meeting adequate standards for a purpose | examples=a fit subject for discussion; it is fit and proper that you be there
2. sense_key=fit%5:00:00:ready:00 | definition=(usually followed by `to' or `for') on the point of or strongly disposed | synonyms=primed, set | examples=in no fit state to continue; fit to drop
3. sense_key=fit%3:00:01:: | definition=physically and mentally sound or healthy | examples=felt relaxed and fit after their holiday; keeps fit with diet and exercise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `fit`
    *   Target surface form: `fit`
    *   Context: "...The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells... is considered by the English to be childish, <t>fit</t> only for foreigners."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `fit%3:00:02::`: meeting adequate standards for a purpose (e.g., "a fit subject for discussion").
        2.  `fit%5:00:00:ready:00`: (usually followed by `to` or `for`) on the point of or strongly disposed (e.g., "fit to drop").
        3.  `fit%3:00:01::`: physically and mentally sound or healthy (e.g., "keeps fit with diet and exercise").

    *   The sentence says: "...is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   In this context, "fit only for foreigners" means that the less complicated version of bell ringing is considered appropriate or suitable only for foreigners (and not for the English, who prefer the more complex change-ringing).

    *   Sense 1: "meeting adequate standards for a purpose" (suitable/appropriate). This matches the context perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "on the point of or strongly disposed" (e.g., "fit to burst"). This does not match.
    *   Sense 3: "physically and mentally sound or healthy". This does not match.

    *   The word "fit" here means "suitable" or "appropriate".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "meeting adequate standards for a purpose".
    *   Example for Sense 1: "a fit subject for discussion".
    *   This aligns with "fit only for foreigners".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit <t>only</t> for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "only"
    *   Context: "...The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit <t>only</t> for foreigners."

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just, but). Example: "I was merely asking."
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone). Example: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children."
    *   Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result". Example: "He arrived only to find his wife dead."
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome". Example: "These news will only make you more upset."
    *   Sense 5: "except that". Example: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better."
    *   Sense 6: "never except when" (only if, only when). Example: "call me only if your cold gets worse."
    *   Sense 7: "as recently as". Example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago."

    *   The phrase is "fit only for foreigners."
    *   This means that the English believe the less complicated version of playing bells is suitable *exclusively* or *solely* for foreigners, and not for themselves.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1 (merely/simply): "fit merely for foreigners" (possible, but "exclusively" fits better).
        *   Sense 2 (exclusively/solely): "fit exclusively for foreigners" (fits perfectly).
        *   Sense 3 (nevertheless): Doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 4 (final outcome): Doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 5 (except that): Doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 6 (never except when): Doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 7 (as recently as): Doesn't fit.

    *   Sense 1 (merely/simply) often implies a reduction in importance or scale ("it's just a game").
    *   Sense 2 (exclusively/solely) implies a restriction to a specific group or thing ("devoted entirely to").
    *   "Fit only for foreigners" means it is restricted to foreigners in the eyes of the English. It's not that it's "merely" for foreigners, but that it's *only* (exclusively) for them.

    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (synonyms: exclusively, solely).
    *   "Fit exclusively for foreigners" matches the context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foreigner
Target surface form: foreigners
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for <t>foreigners</t>. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country | synonyms=alien, noncitizen, outlander
2. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:01:: | definition=someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group | synonyms=outsider

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `foreigner`
    *   Target surface form: `foreigners`
    *   Context: "...The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for <t>foreigners</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `foreigner%1:18:00::`: a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country (synonyms: alien, noncitizen, outlander).
        2.  `foreigner%1:18:01::`: someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group (synonyms: outsider).

    *   The sentence compares the English style of bell ringing (change-ringing) with the "less complicated version" used in "continental Europe".
    *   The English consider the European style "childish, fit only for foreigners".
    *   In this context, "foreigners" refers to people from other countries (specifically, those in continental Europe, as opposed to the English).

    *   Sense 1: Person from a foreign country. (Fits perfectly: people from continental Europe are foreigners to the English).
    *   Sense 2: Someone excluded from a group/outsider. (While technically an outsider to the English bell-ringing tradition, the explicit mention of "continental Europe" strongly points to the national/geographic meaning of "foreigner").

    *   The contrast is between "the English" and people from "continental Europe". This is a clear distinction based on nationality/country of origin.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the <t>English</t> invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `english`
    *   Target surface form: `English`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the <t>English</t> invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Language (Indo-European language...)
        2.  People (the people of England)
        3.  Discipline (study of English language and literature)
        4.  Sports (spin given to a ball)

    *   The sentence is: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago..."
    *   "the English" refers to the group of people who invented change-ringing.
    *   It cannot be the language (languages don't invent exercises), the discipline (the study of language doesn't invent exercises), or the sports spin (spin doesn't invent exercises).
    *   It clearly refers to the people of England.

    *   Sense 1: Language (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: People of England (Correct)
    *   Sense 3: Discipline (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Sports spin (Incorrect)

    *   The best sense is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: invent
Target surface form: invented
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English <t>invented</t> 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=invent%2:36:00:: | definition=come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort | synonyms=contrive, devise, excogitate, formulate, forge | examples=excogitate a way to measure the speed of light
2. sense_key=invent%2:36:01:: | definition=make up something artificial or untrue | synonyms=fabricate, manufacture, cook up, make up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `invent`
    *   Target surface form: `invented`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English <t>invented</t> 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `invent%2:36:00::`: come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort (synonyms: contrive, devise, excogitate, formulate, forge).
        2.  `invent%2:36:01::`: make up something artificial or untrue (synonyms: fabricate, manufacture, cook up, make up).

    *   The sentence refers to "Change-ringing," which is described as a "mind-boggling exercise."
    *   The English "invented" this exercise 380 years ago.
    *   In this context, "invented" means they created or devised a new method/system of ringing bells.

    *   Sense 1: "come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort." This fits perfectly with creating a complex system like change-ringing.
    *   Sense 2: "make up something artificial or untrue." This refers to lying or fabricating a story. This does not fit the context of creating a tradition or a method of bell ringing.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 <t>years</t> ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `year`
    *   Target surface form: `years`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 <t>years</t> ago..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `year%1:28:01::`: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (standard calendar year).
        2.  `year%1:28:02::`: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year (e.g., school year).
        3.  `year%1:28:00::`: the period of time for a planet to revolve around the sun (astronomical year).
        4.  `year%1:14:00::`: a body of students who graduate together (class).

    *   The phrase is "380 years ago".
    *   This refers to a duration of time measured in standard calendar years.
    *   It is not referring to a school year (sense 2), an astronomical revolution (sense 3), or a graduating class (sense 4).
    *   It fits the definition of a period of 365/366 days (sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 3: "the period of time that it takes for a planet... to make a complete revolution" - While technically true for Earth, sense 1 is the standard usage for counting time elapsed in human history.
    *   Sense 4: "a body of students" - Does not match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: require
Target surface form: requires
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, <t>requires</t> physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=require%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=require%2:32:01:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=require%2:32:00:: | definition=make someone do something | synonyms=command
4. sense_key=require%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, need | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `require`
    *   Target surface form: `requires`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, <t>requires</t> physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

    *   Sense 1: `require as useful, just, or proper` (Synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve). Example: "success usually requires hard work".
    *   Sense 2: `consider obligatory; request and expect` (Synonyms: ask, expect). Example: "We require our secretary to be on time".
    *   Sense 3: `make someone do something` (Synonyms: command).
    *   Sense 4: `have need of` (Synonyms: want, need). Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner".

    *   The sentence says "Change-ringing... requires physical dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   This means that in order to perform change-ringing, physical dexterity and mental concentration are *necessary* or *essential*.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" / "necessitate". Example: "success usually requires hard work". This fits perfectly. Change-ringing necessitates physical dexterity.
        *   Sense 2: "consider obligatory; request and expect". This implies a person or authority making a demand. Change-ringing (an activity) cannot "request and expect" in this way.
        *   Sense 3: "make someone do something". This is a command. Not applicable here.
        *   Sense 4: "have need of". This often refers to a lack or a deficiency that needs fixing (e.g., the piano example). While "need" is a synonym for "require", Sense 1's "necessitate" is a better fit for a skill or quality needed for an activity.

    *   Sense 1: "success usually requires hard work" $\approx$ "Change-ringing requires physical dexterity".
    *   The structure is: [Activity/Goal] requires [Necessary Quality/Condition]. This is exactly what Sense 1 describes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: physical
Target surface form: physical
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=physical%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit | examples=physical exercise; physical suffering
2. sense_key=physical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics | examples=physical sciences; physical laws
3. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:material:01 | definition=having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses | examples=a physical manifestation; surrounded by tangible objects
4. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:natural:03 | definition=according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter) | examples=a reflex response to physical stimuli
5. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:energetic:00 | definition=characterized by energetic bodily activity | examples=a very physical dance performance
6. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:forceful:00 | definition=impelled by physical force especially against resistance | synonyms=forcible, strong-arm | examples=forcible entry; a real cop would get physical
7. sense_key=physical%5:00:02:material:01 | definition=concerned with material things | examples=physical properties; the physical characteristics of the earth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "physical"
    *   Context: "Change-ringing... requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   Key phrase: "physical dexterity"
    *   Contrast: "combined with intense mental concentration" (physical vs. mental).

    *   Sense 1: "involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit" (Examples: physical exercise; physical suffering).
    *   Sense 2: "relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics" (Examples: physical sciences; physical laws).
    *   Sense 3: "having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses" (Examples: a physical manifestation; surrounded by tangible objects).
    *   Sense 4: "according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter)" (Examples: a reflex response to physical stimuli).
    *   Sense 5: "characterized by energetic bodily activity" (Examples: a very physical dance performance).
    *   Sense 6: "impelled by physical force especially against resistance" (Synonyms: forcible, strong-arm).
    *   Sense 7: "concerned with material things" (Examples: physical properties; the physical characteristics of the earth).

    *   The context explicitly contrasts "physical dexterity" with "intense mental concentration."
    *   "Dexterity" refers to skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands (body).
    *   Sense 1 ("involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit") fits perfectly here, as it directly addresses the body/mind distinction present in the sentence.
    *   Sense 5 ("characterized by energetic bodily activity") is close, but "dexterity" is about skill/coordination, not necessarily "energetic activity" (though ringing heavy bells is energetic, the word "physical" modifies "dexterity").
    *   Sense 3, 4, 7 relate to matter/materiality, not the human body's capabilities.
    *   Sense 2 relates to physics.
    *   Sense 6 relates to force/coercion.

    *   The contrast "physical dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration" strongly points to Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some <t>bells</t> weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some <t>bells</t> weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   Other context clues: "East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing", "England's church bells", "playing tunes on bells", "carillons of continental Europe", "highest-pitched bell to the lowest", "as many as 12 bells".

    *   1: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck (General definition of a bell).
    *   2: a push button at an outer door (Doorbell).
    *   3: the sound of a bell being struck (The sound).
    *   4: nautical time units (Ship's bell).
    *   5: the shape of a bell (Bell shape).
    *   6: Melville Bell (Person).
    *   7: Vanessa Bell (Person).
    *   8: Alexander Graham Bell (Person).
    *   9: a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells... used as an orchestral instrument (Orchestral bells/chimes).
    *   10: the flared opening of a tubular device (e.g., trumpet bell).

    *   The context describes "church bells", "change-ringing", and specifically mentions that "some <t>bells</t> weigh more than a ton".
    *   This refers to the physical objects (the hollow metal devices) found in church towers.
    *   Sense 1 is the general definition of the physical object.
    *   Sense 9 refers to a specific orchestral instrument (tubular bells/chimes), which is not what is being described here (church bells in a tower).
    *   Sense 3 is the sound, but the text says they "weigh more than a ton", which refers to the physical object.

    *   Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck". This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: weigh
Target surface form: weigh
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells <t>weigh</t> more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=weigh%2:42:01:: | definition=have a certain weight
2. sense_key=weigh%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=consider, count | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
3. sense_key=weigh%2:42:00:: | definition=determine the weight of | synonyms=librate | examples=The butcher weighed the chicken
4. sense_key=weigh%2:42:03:: | definition=have weight; have import, carry weight | synonyms=count, matter | examples=It does not matter much
5. sense_key=weigh%2:42:04:: | definition=to be oppressive or burdensome; , | synonyms=press | examples=weigh heavily on the mind; Something pressed on his mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `weigh`
    *   Target surface form: `weigh`
    *   Context: "...some bells <t>weigh</t> more than a ton..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `weigh%2:42:01::` - have a certain weight
        2.  `weigh%2:32:00::` - show consideration for; take into account
        3.  `weigh%2:42:00::` - determine the weight of
        4.  `weigh%2:42:03::` - have weight; have import, carry weight
        5.  `weigh%2:42:04::` - to be oppressive or burdensome

    *   The sentence is: "some bells weigh more than a ton".
    *   Here, "weigh" describes the weight of the bells (the bells *have* a weight of more than a ton).

    *   Sense 1: "have a certain weight" - This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "show consideration for" - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "determine the weight of" - This would mean someone is weighing the bells (e.g., "The man weighed the bells"), but the bells themselves are the subject and they "weigh more than a ton".
    *   Sense 4: "have import, carry weight" - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 5: "to be oppressive or burdensome" - Does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: intense
Target surface form: intense
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=intense%3:00:00:: | definition=possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree | examples=intense heat; intense anxiety
2. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:sharp:04 | definition=extremely sharp or intense | synonyms=acute | examples=acute pain; felt acute annoyance
3. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:saturated:03 | definition=(of color) having the highest saturation | synonyms=vivid | examples=vivid green; intense blue

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "intense"
    *   Context: "...combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `intense%3:00:00::`: possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree (examples: intense heat, intense anxiety).
        2.  `intense%5:00:00:sharp:04`: extremely sharp or intense (synonym: acute; examples: acute pain, felt acute annoyance).
        3.  `intense%5:00:00:saturated:03`: (of color) having the highest saturation (synonym: vivid; examples: vivid green, intense blue).

    *   The phrase is "intense mental concentration".
    *   "Mental concentration" is a state of focus or a mental effort.
    *   "Intense" here describes the degree or strength of that concentration.

    *   Sense 3 is for colors (saturated/vivid). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2 is for "sharp" or "acute" (often associated with pain or sudden emotions like annoyance). While "acute" can sometimes mean intense, the examples provided (pain, annoyance) are more about sharpness or severity of a feeling.
    *   Sense 1 is "possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree". Examples: "intense heat", "intense anxiety". "Mental concentration" fits well here as a feature/state being heightened.

    *   "Intense heat" (Sense 1) is a high degree of heat.
    *   "Intense mental concentration" is a high degree of mental concentration.
    *   Sense 2 ("acute pain") is more about the sharpness/severity of a sensation.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and fitting description for a high degree of a quality like concentration.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mental
Target surface form: mental
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mental%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the mind or an intellectual process | examples=mental images of happy times; mental calculations
2. sense_key=mental%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the mind | examples=mental powers; mental development
3. sense_key=mental%3:01:03:: | definition=of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks
4. sense_key=mental%3:01:04:: | definition=of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw | synonyms=genial
5. sense_key=mental%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=affected by a disorder of the mind | examples=a mental patient; mental illness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `mental`
    *   Target surface form: `mental`
    *   Context: "...Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration."

    *   Sense 1: `mental%3:00:00::` - involving the mind or an intellectual process (e.g., mental images, mental calculations).
    *   Sense 2: `mental%3:01:00::` - of or relating to the mind (e.g., mental powers, mental development).
    *   Sense 3: `mental%3:01:03::` - of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks.
    *   Sense 4: `mental%3:01:04::` - of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw.
    *   Sense 5: `mental%5:00:00:unhealthy:00` - affected by a disorder of the mind (e.g., mental patient, mental illness).

    *   The phrase is "intense mental concentration".
    *   "Concentration" in this context refers to the focus of the mind.
    *   Sense 3 and 4 are anatomical (insects/jaw) and clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 refers to mental illness and is clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 1 ("involving the mind or an intellectual process") and Sense 2 ("of or relating to the mind") are very similar.

    *   Sense 1: "involving the mind or an intellectual process" (Examples: mental images, mental calculations).
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to the mind" (Examples: mental powers, mental development).
    *   "Mental concentration" describes the *type* of concentration. Concentration is a process of the mind.
    *   Looking at the examples: "mental calculations" (Sense 1) is very similar to "mental concentration" (an intellectual process/effort). "Mental powers" (Sense 2) is more about capacity.
    *   However, in many WordNet-based disambiguation tasks, "mental concentration" or "mental effort" aligns better with the "intellectual process" aspect (Sense 1) or the general "relating to the mind" aspect (Sense 2).
    *   Let's re-evaluate:
        *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
        *   Sense 2: of or relating to the mind.
    *   "Concentration" is an intellectual process. Therefore, "mental concentration" is concentration involving the mind/intellectual process.
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples again. "Mental calculations" (Sense 1) are calculations done in the head. "Mental powers" (Sense 2) are the abilities of the mind.
    *   "Mental concentration" is the act of focusing the mind. This is an intellectual process.

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to the mind.
    *   Often, Sense 1 is used for specific activities (calculations, images), while Sense 2 is used for general attributes (health, development, powers).
    *   Concentration is an activity/process.

    *   Sense 1: mental images, mental calculations.
    *   Sense 2: mental powers, mental development.
    *   "Mental concentration" fits the pattern of "mental calculations" (an active process) better than "mental powers" (a state or capacity).

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to the mind.
    *   Actually, "mental concentration" is a very common collocation. Is it an "intellectual process" or just "relating to the mind"?
    *   Concentration is the *process* of focusing.
    *   Let's check if "mental" in "mental concentration" is used to distinguish it from "physical concentration" (which doesn't really exist) or just to specify the domain.
    *   The sentence contrasts "physical dexterity" with "mental concentration".
    *   Physical dexterity (physical ability) vs Mental concentration (mental ability/process).
    *   This contrast suggests "mental" is being used in the sense of "relating to the mind" (Sense 2) to oppose "physical".

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to the mind.
    *   If the contrast is Physical vs Mental, Sense 2 ("of or relating to the mind") is the most direct opposite of "physical".

    *   Sense 1: mental calculations, mental images. (Specific tasks)
    *   Sense 2: mental powers, mental development. (General attributes/faculties)
    *   Concentration is a faculty or a process.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "involving the mind or an intellectual process".
    *   Concentration *is* an intellectual process.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "of or relating to the mind".
    *   This is a broader category.

    *   In many datasets, "mental effort" or "mental concentration" is mapped to the sense "relating to the mind" when contrasted with "physical".
    *   Let's re-read: "requires physical dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   Physical (body) vs Mental (mind).
    *   This is the classic dichotomy. Sense 2 ("of or relating to the mind") is the standard definition for this dichotomy.

    *   Sense 1: mental calculations (doing math in your head).
    *   Sense 2: mental powers (the mind's capacity).
    *   "Mental concentration" is more like a "mental power" or "mental faculty" being applied than a "mental calculation".

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to the mind.
    *   Wait, "mental calculations" are calculations *done* in the mind. "Mental concentration" is concentration *of* the mind.
    *   Actually, Sense 1's "involving the mind or an intellectual process" is a very strong fit for "concentration".
    *   Let's search for "mental concentration" in WordNet-based corpora.
    *   Usually, "mental" as in "mental health", "mental state", "mental process" falls under "relating to the mind".
    *   Let's try to find the most distinct difference. Sense 1 is often "done in the head" (like mental arithmetic). Sense 2 is "pertaining to the mind".
    *   "Mental concentration" isn't "concentration done in the head" (as opposed to concentration done on paper); it's concentration *of* the mind.

    *   Sense 2: of or relating to the mind.
    *   This fits the "physical vs mental" contrast perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: mental images, mental calculations. (These are things *created* or *performed* in the mind).
    *   Sense 2: mental powers, mental development. (These are *properties* or *aspects* of the mind).
    *   Concentration is a property/faculty of the mind.

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to the mind.
    *   If I have to choose the *best* one, and the context is a contrast with "physical", Sense 2 is the most linguistically sound choice for the "physical/mental" antonym pair.

    *   Sense 1: mental calculations (doing it in your head).
    *   Sense 2: mental powers (relating to the mind).
    *   "Mental concentration" is not "concentration done in your head" (as if there were another kind of concentration). It is concentration *of* the mind. Therefore, Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concentration
Target surface form: concentration
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
2. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
3. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
4. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density
5. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
6. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
7. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "concentration"
    *   Context: "...Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>."
    *   Key phrase: "intense mental concentration"

    *   Sense 1: strength of a solution (chemistry) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: spatial property of being crowded together (density) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: strengthening the concentration (process of removing diluting material) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: increase in density - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: complete attention; intense mental effort (synonyms: engrossment, absorption, immersion) - Matches "intense mental concentration".
    *   Sense 6: bringing together military forces - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7: great and constant diligence and attention (synonyms: assiduity, assiduousness) - Close, but Sense 5 specifically mentions "intense mental effort" and "complete attention," which fits "intense mental concentration" better in the context of a "mind-boggling exercise."

    *   Sense 5: "complete attention; intense mental effort"
    *   Sense 7: "great and constant diligence and attention"
    *   The context says "intense mental concentration." Sense 5's definition "intense mental effort" is a near-perfect match. Sense 7 is more about diligence/assiduity (hard work over time).

    *   The best fit is Sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `english`
    *   Target surface form: `English`
    *   Context: "Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses church bells in England, the "ancient art" of change-ringing invented by "the English," and the distinction between this and carillons of continental Europe.

    *   Sense 1: `of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people` (e.g., English history).
    *   Sense 2: `of or relating to the English language`.

    *   The word "English" modifies "bells."
    *   The text is about the tradition of bell ringing in England.
    *   It is not referring to the language spoken by the people, but rather to the bells characteristic of England/English culture.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly (characteristic of England/its culture).
    *   Sense 2 does not fit (bells do not speak a language).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English <t>bells</t> are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: "Proper English <t>bells</t> are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest..."
    *   Surrounding context: "England's church bells", "playing tunes on bells", "carillons of continental Europe", "Change-ringing", "some bells weigh more than a ton", "ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound".

    *   Sense 1: `a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck` (General definition of a bell).
    *   Sense 2: `a push button at an outer door...` (Doorbell).
    *   Sense 3: `the sound of a bell being struck` (The sound/toll).
    *   Sense 4: `(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units...` (Nautical time).
    *   Sense 5: `the shape of a bell` (Bell shape).
    *   Sense 6: `a phonetician...` (Person).
    *   Sense 7: `English painter...` (Person).
    *   Sense 8: `United States inventor...` (Person).
    *   Sense 9: `a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells... used as an orchestral instrument` (Orchestral instrument).
    *   Sense 10: `the flared opening of a tubular device` (Trumpet/horn bell).

    *   The context describes church bells, change-ringing, bells weighing more than a ton, and bells being rung in rounds.
    *   This clearly refers to the physical objects (hollow metal devices) rather than the sound (Sense 3), the shape (Sense 5), or a specific orchestral instrument (Sense 9 - though church bells are instruments, Sense 1 is the primary definition for the physical object).
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of a church bell.

    *   Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells... used as an orchestral instrument" - This usually refers to tubular bells or glockenspiels in an orchestra, not the massive bells in a church tower.

    *   The target word "bells" in "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'" refers to the physical bells in the church tower.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: round
Target surface form: rounds
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "<t>rounds</t>, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=round%1:06:01:: | definition=a charge of ammunition for a single shot | synonyms=unit of ammunition, one shot
2. sense_key=round%1:28:01:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
3. sense_key=round%1:15:00:: | definition=a regular route for a sentry or policeman | synonyms=beat | examples=in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name
4. sense_key=round%1:04:00:: | definition=(often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order) | examples=the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning; the postman's rounds
5. sense_key=round%1:04:03:: | definition=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf | synonyms=round of golf | examples=a round of golf takes about 4 hours
6. sense_key=round%1:04:01:: | definition=the usual activities in your day | synonyms=daily round | examples=the doctor made his rounds
7. sense_key=round%1:28:00:: | definition=(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive | synonyms=turn, bout
8. sense_key=round%1:17:00:: | definition=the course along which communications spread | examples=the story is going the rounds in Washington
9. sense_key=round%1:13:01:: | definition=a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic) | synonyms=round of drinks | examples=he ordered a second round
10. sense_key=round%1:13:00:: | definition=a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg
11. sense_key=round%1:10:00:: | definition=a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time | synonyms=troll | examples=they enjoyed singing rounds
12. sense_key=round%1:10:01:: | definition=an outburst of applause | examples=there was a round of applause
13. sense_key=round%1:06:03:: | definition=a crosspiece between the legs of a chair | synonyms=rung, stave
14. sense_key=round%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=circle | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "rounds" (plural of "round")
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Meaning in context: In the context of bell ringing (specifically change-ringing), "rounds" refers to the sequence of bells being rung in a specific, repeating order (usually from highest to lowest pitch).

    *   1: Ammunition (No)
    *   2: Interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs (cycle, rhythm) (Possible, but maybe too general)
    *   3: Sentry/policeman route (No)
    *   4: Professional calls (No)
    *   5: Golf (No)
    *   6: Daily activities (No)
    *   7: Sports division (No)
    *   8: Communications spread (No)
    *   9: Serving of drinks (No)
    *   10: Cut of beef (No)
    *   11: Partsong in which voices follow each other (troll) (This is musical, but refers to singing, not bells. However, the structure is similar: a sequence of sounds following each other).
    *   12: Applause (No)
    *   13: Chair crosspiece (No)
    *   14: Circular mechanism (No)

    *   Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm".
    *   Sense 11: "a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time".

    Wait, let me re-read the context carefully: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale... Then... the ringers begin varying the order..."

    In bell ringing, "rounds" is the basic sequence (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6...). It is a cycle.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm".
    Let's look at Sense 11 again: "a partsong in which voices follow each other...". This is specifically about singing.

    Is there another sense? Let's check the list again.
    1. Ammunition
    2. Interval/cycle/rhythm
    3. Sentry route
    4. Professional calls
    5. Golf
    6. Daily activities
    7. Sports division
    8. Communications spread
    9. Drinks
    10. Beef
    11. Partsong
    12. Applause
    13. Chair rung
    14. Circular mechanism

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 11:
    Sense 11 is about a specific musical form (a round/canon).
    Sense 2 is a general "cycle" or "recurring sequence".

    In change-ringing, "rounds" is the sequence of bells rung in order. It's the basic cycle from which changes are made.

    Wait, let me search for the definition of "rounds" in bell ringing.
    "Rounds: The bells rung in their natural order (usually treble to tenor)."

    Does Sense 2 ("an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs") fit?
    Does Sense 11 ("a partsong in which voices follow each other") fit? No, that's a canon.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs". A sequence of bells ringing in order is a recurring sequence.

    Is there any other possibility?
    Sense 4: "a series of professional calls (usually in a set order)". No.
    Sense 6: "the usual activities in your day". No.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again. "cycle, rhythm".
    If the bells ring 1-2-3-4-5-6 and then repeat 1-2-3-4-5-6, that is a cycle.

    Let's double-check if "round" in bell ringing is considered a "round" in the musical sense (Sense 11).
    A musical round (like "Row, Row, Row Your Boat") is a canon where voices enter at different times.
    Bell ringing "rounds" are not a canon; they are just the bells rung in order.

    Therefore, Sense 2 seems the most plausible among the choices, as it describes a recurring sequence or cycle.

    Wait, let me look at the options again. Is there any other sense of "round" that I missed?
    Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons"

    Let's think if "rounds" could be Sense 11. "a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time".
    In bell ringing, the bells do follow each other. But they aren't singing different parts of a song at the same time in the way a canon does. They are just ringing a scale.

    Let's re-read the context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale... Then... the ringers begin varying the order..."

    This describes a sequence. Sense 2 is "a recurring sequence of events".

    Let's check if there's any other sense of "round" in WordNet that isn't listed here. (The prompt says "Choose the single best indexed sense" from the *provided* list).

    Looking at the provided list again:
    Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm"
    Sense 11: "a partsong in which voices follow each other..."

    If I have to choose between a "recurring sequence" (Sense 2) and a "partsong" (Sense 11), Sense 2 is much closer to the meaning of a sequence of bells ringing in order.

    Wait, let me search for "bell ringing rounds" and "WordNet".
    Actually, in some contexts, "rounds" in bell ringing is simply the sequence.

    Let's re-examine Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs".
    If the bells ring 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6... that is a recurring sequence.

    Let's re-examine Sense 11: "a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time".
    This is definitely a canon. Bell ringing "rounds" are not a canon.

    Is there any other sense?
    Sense 4: "a series of professional calls (usually in a set order)". No.
    Sense 6: "the usual activities in your day". No.

    Let's think about Sense 2 again. "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs".
    Is "rounds" in bell ringing an "interval"? Not really. It's the sequence itself.
    But "cycle" is a synonym. A cycle of bells.

    Let's double-check the other senses one more time.
    1. Ammunition
    2. Cycle/Rhythm
    3. Sentry beat
    4. Professional calls
    5. Golf
    6. Daily activities
    7. Sports turn
    8. Communications spread
    9. Drinks
    10. Beef
    11. Partsong
    12. Applause
    13. Chair rung
    14. Circular mechanism

    Sense 2 is the only one that fits the idea of a repeating sequence.

    Wait, let me search for "rounds" in a dictionary.
    Oxford English Dictionary or similar:
    "Rounds (bell ringing): The sequence of bells rung in their natural order."

    Comparing this to Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs".
    Comparing this to Sense 11: "a partsong in which voices follow each other".

    Sense 2 is the best fit.

    Wait, let me think about Sense 11 again. Could "rounds" in bell ringing be considered a "round" in the musical sense?
    A musical round is a specific type of composition. Bell ringing "rounds" are not a composition; they are just the bells in order.

    Let's look at Sense 2's example: "the never-ending cycle of the seasons".
    The seasons go Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring, Summer...
    The bells go 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6...
    It's a very similar structure.

    Final check:
    Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale..."
    Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm"
    This seems the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high-pitched
Target surface form: highest-pitched
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high-pitched%3:00:00:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high
2. sense_key=high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01 | definition=set at a sharp or high angle or slant | examples=a high-pitched roof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `high-pitched`
    *   Target surface form: `highest-pitched`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `high-pitched%3:00:00::`: used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency (synonym: high).
        2.  `high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01`: set at a sharp or high angle or slant (example: a high-pitched roof).

    *   The context discusses church bells, "playing tunes," "descending scale," and "highest-pitched bell to the lowest."
    *   This clearly refers to the auditory pitch (frequency) of the bells, not the angle of a roof.

    *   Sense 1: High in pitch or frequency. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Sharp or high angle/slant. (Does not match)

    *   The correct sense index is 1.