[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the <t>same</t> damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "same"
    *   Target surface form: "same"
    *   Context: "...two other research teams uncovered evidence that the <t>same</t> damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers."

    *   Sense 1: "same in identity" (e.g., the same man I saw yesterday). This refers to the exact same individual entity.
    *   Sense 2: "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" (e.g., curtains the same color as the walls). This refers to identity of type or property.
    *   Sense 3: "equal in amount or value" (e.g., like amounts).
    *   Sense 4: "unchanged in character or nature" (e.g., the village stayed the same).

    *   The sentence says: "...two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers."
    *   Does "same" here mean the *exact same physical molecule* of the gene (Sense 1)? No, because the gene is present in different tissues (lung and breast) in different people/samples.
    *   Does "same" mean the *same type* of gene (the p53 gene) or the *same specific mutation/damage* to that gene (Sense 2)? Yes. It means the same *kind* of genetic defect (the damaged p53 gene) is found across different types of cancer.
    *   Does it mean equal in amount (Sense 3)? No.
    *   Does it mean unchanged over time (Sense 4)? No.

    *   Sense 1 (Identity): "The same man" (one person).
    *   Sense 2 (Similarity/Kind): "The same color" (not the same physical paint, but the same hue).
    *   In the context of genetics, when scientists say "the same gene" is found in different cancers, they mean the same *type* of gene or the same *specific mutation* (a shared characteristic), not the identical physical piece of DNA.

    *   Sense 2 fits best because it refers to being "comparable in kind". The "damaged p53 gene" is a type of genetic error. Finding the "same" one in lung and breast cancers means finding the same *kind* of error.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same <t>damaged</t> p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damaged`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same <t>damaged</t> p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damaged%3:00:00::`: harmed or injured or spoiled (e.g., damaged goods, damaged buildings).
        2.  `damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00`: being unjustly brought into disrepute (e.g., discredited politician, damaged reputation).

    *   The context discusses a gene (p53) that, if "impaired," leads to cancer.
    *   The word "damaged" refers to the p53 gene.
    *   In biological/genetic terms, a "damaged gene" refers to a mutation or impairment of the gene's structure or function.
    *   This aligns with "harmed or injured or spoiled" (sense 1) rather than "disreputable" or "discredited" (sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: Physical or functional harm/impairment. (Fits "impaired gene").
    *   Sense 2: Loss of reputation. (Does not fit a gene).

    *   The best fit is sense 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is <t>present</t> in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `present`
    *   Target surface form: `present`
    *   Context: "...two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is <t>present</t> in tissue from lung and breast cancers."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `present%3:00:01::`: temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration.
        2.  `present%3:00:02::`: being or existing in a specified place.

    *   The sentence says the "damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers."
    *   This refers to the *existence* or *occurrence* of the gene within a specific location (the tissue).
    *   It is not referring to the current time (temporal sense), but rather to the presence of a biological entity in a physical location.

    *   Sense 1: Temporal (now). Example: "the present leader". (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Being or existing in a specified place. Example: "the murderer is present in this room". (Correct - the gene is present in the tissue).

    *   The target word "present" in the context "present in tissue" clearly matches the definition "being or existing in a specified place".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in <t>tissue</t> from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `tissue`
    *   Target surface form: `tissue`
    *   Context: "...two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in <t>tissue</t> from lung and breast cancers."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `tissue%1:08:00::`: part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function.
        2.  `tissue%1:27:02::`: a soft thin (usually translucent) paper.

    *   The sentence discusses cancer research, genes (p53), and specific organs (lung and breast).
    *   The word "tissue" refers to the biological material from lung and breast cancers.

    *   Sense 1: Biological tissue (aggregate of cells). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Paper tissue. This does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the <t>most</t> common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "most"
    *   Target surface form: "most"
    *   Context: "Colon, lung and breast cancers are the <t>most</t> common and lethal forms of the disease..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `most%4:02:00::`: used to form the superlative (e.g., "the most dangerous snake").
        2.  `most%4:02:01::`: very (e.g., "a most welcome relief").
        3.  `most%4:02:02::`: slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but (e.g., "the job is (just) about done").

    *   The sentence is: "Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease..."
    *   Here, "most" modifies "common and lethal".
    *   It is used to indicate the highest degree of commonness and lethality among the forms of the disease.
    *   This is a classic superlative construction ("the most [adjective]").

    *   Sense 1: "used to form the superlative" / "to the highest degree". Example: "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake". This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "very". Example: "a most welcome relief". This is an intensifier, not a superlative comparison.
    *   Sense 3: "slightly short of or not quite accomplished". Example: "the job is (just) about done". This is a synonym for "almost".

    *   The usage in the context is clearly the superlative form.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most <t>common</t> and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "common"
    *   Target surface form: "common"
    *   Context: "Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most <t>common</t> and lethal forms of the disease..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "common" refers to the frequency of occurrence of these types of cancer in the population.

    *   Sense 1: belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public (e.g., common good). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual (e.g., common man). -> Close, but more about "ordinary" than "frequent".
    *   Sense 3: common to or shared by two or more parties (e.g., common friend). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: commonly encountered; synonyms: usual (e.g., a common complaint). -> This fits well. "Commonly encountered" describes the prevalence of the cancers.
    *   Sense 5: everyday language (e.g., common parlance). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: associated with the great masses (e.g., common people). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7: low or inferior quality (e.g., common cloths). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 8: lacking refinement (e.g., coarse manners). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 9: to be expected; standard (e.g., common decency). -> Incorrect.

    *   Sense 2: "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
    *   Sense 4: "commonly encountered; synonyms: usual"
    *   Looking at the context: "Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease".
    *   "Common" here means they occur frequently.
    *   Sense 4 specifically lists "commonly encountered" and "usual" as synonyms. A "common complaint" is a medical example similar to "common forms of the disease".
    *   Sense 2 is more about being "ordinary" or "average" (the common man).

    *   Sense 4 is the most precise fit for "frequently occurring" or "prevalent" in a medical/statistical context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: forms
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal <t>forms</t> of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "forms" (plural of "form")
    *   Context: "Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal <t>forms</t> of the disease..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "forms" refers to different types or varieties of cancer (colon, lung, breast).

    *   1: Phonological/orthographic sound/appearance of a word. (Incorrect)
    *   2: A category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality (synonyms: kind, sort, variety). (Strong candidate)
    *   3: A perceptual structure (synonyms: shape, pattern). (Incorrect)
    *   4: Spatial attributes/outline (synonyms: shape, configuration). (Incorrect)
    *   5: Human body/physique. (Incorrect)
    *   6: Spatial arrangement vs. substance. (Incorrect)
    *   7: Visual appearance. (Incorrect)
    *   8: Printed document. (Incorrect)
    *   9: (Biology) A group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways (synonyms: variant, strain). (Possible, but "forms of the disease" usually refers to types/kinds rather than biological strains of a species).
    *   10: Arrangement of elements in a composition. (Incorrect)
    *   11: A particular mode in which something is manifested. (Possible, but "kind/sort" is more direct for types of cancer).
    *   12: (Physical chemistry) State of matter. (Incorrect)
    *   13: Body of students. (Incorrect)
    *   14: Ability to perform well. (Incorrect)
    *   15: Life-size dummy. (Incorrect)
    *   16: Mold for concrete. (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" (kind, sort, variety).
    *   Sense 9: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups" (variant, strain).
    *   Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested".

    "Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease."
    Here, "forms" means "types" or "kinds" of cancer. Sense 2 ("kind, sort, variety") fits perfectly. Sense 9 is specifically about organisms within a species, and cancer is a disease, not a species of organism. Sense 11 is more about how an abstract feeling or quality manifests (e.g., "resentment took the form of hostility").

    Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: kill
Target surface form: killing
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively <t>killing</t> almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=kill%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly | examples=This man killed several people when he tried to rob a bank; The farmer killed a pig for the holidays
2. sense_key=kill%2:41:01:: | definition=thwart the passage of | synonyms=shoot down, defeat, vote down, vote out | examples=kill a motion; he shot down the student's proposal
3. sense_key=kill%2:30:08:: | definition=end or extinguish by forceful means | synonyms=stamp out | examples=Stamp out poverty!
4. sense_key=kill%2:42:00:: | definition=be fatal | examples=cigarettes kill; drunken driving kills
5. sense_key=kill%2:39:00:: | definition=be the source of great pain for | examples=These new shoes are killing me!
6. sense_key=kill%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with hilarity, pleasure, or admiration | examples=The comedian was so funny, he was killing me!
7. sense_key=kill%2:35:06:: | definition=hit with so much force as to make a return impossible, in racket games | examples=She killed the ball
8. sense_key=kill%2:35:05:: | definition=hit with great force | examples=He killed the ball
9. sense_key=kill%2:35:02:: | definition=deprive of life | examples=AIDS has killed thousands in Africa
10. sense_key=kill%2:35:01:: | definition=cause the death of, without intention | examples=She was killed in the collision of three cars
11. sense_key=kill%2:34:00:: | definition=drink down entirely | synonyms=toss off, pop, bolt down, belt down, pour down, down | examples=He downed three martinis before dinner; She killed a bottle of brandy that night
12. sense_key=kill%2:30:00:: | definition=mark for deletion, rub off, or erase | synonyms=obliterate, wipe out | examples=kill these lines in the President's speech
13. sense_key=kill%2:30:04:: | definition=tire out completely | examples=The daily stress of her work is killing her
14. sense_key=kill%2:30:03:: | definition=cause to cease operating | examples=kill the engine
15. sense_key=kill%2:30:02:: | definition=destroy a vitally essential quality of or in | examples=Eating artichokes kills the taste of all other foods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `kill`
    *   Target surface form: `killing`
    *   Context: "Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively <t>killing</t> almost 200,000 Americans a year."

    *   Sense 1: cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly (e.g., robbing a bank, killing a pig).
    *   Sense 2: thwart the passage of (e.g., kill a motion).
    *   Sense 3: end or extinguish by forceful means (e.g., stamp out poverty).
    *   Sense 4: be fatal (e.g., cigarettes kill; drunken driving kills).
    *   Sense 5: be the source of great pain for (e.g., shoes are killing me).
    *   Sense 6: overwhelm with hilarity, pleasure, or admiration (e.g., comedian was killing me).
    *   Sense 7: hit with so much force as to make a return impossible (racket games).
    *   Sense 8: hit with great force.
    *   Sense 9: deprive of life (e.g., AIDS has killed thousands in Africa).
    *   Sense 10: cause the death of, without intention (e.g., killed in a collision).
    *   Sense 11: drink down entirely.
    *   Sense 12: mark for deletion, rub off, or erase.
    *   Sense 13: tire out completely.
    *   Sense 14: cause to cease operating.
    *   Sense 15: destroy a vitally essential quality of or in.

    *   The sentence says "Colon, lung and breast cancers... collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year."
    *   The subject is "cancers" (diseases).
    *   The action is causing death to a large number of people.

    *   Sense 1 (intentional/knowing) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (be fatal) - "Cigarettes kill" is very similar.
    *   Sense 9 (deprive of life) - "AIDS has killed thousands in Africa" is almost identical in structure and meaning to "cancers... killing almost 200,000 Americans a year."
    *   Sense 10 (without intention) - Usually refers to accidents (collision).

    *   Sense 4: "be fatal" (intransitive or general property).
    *   Sense 9: "deprive of life" (transitive, often used for diseases/epidemics).
    *   Looking at the example for Sense 9: "AIDS has killed thousands in Africa."
    *   Looking at the example for Sense 4: "cigarettes kill; drunken driving kills."
    *   In the target sentence, "killing" is used transitively ("killing almost 200,000 Americans"). Sense 9 fits the transitive usage with a disease as the subject perfectly.

    *   Sense 9: "deprive of life" (Example: AIDS has killed thousands in Africa).
    *   Target: "cancers... killing almost 200,000 Americans a year."
    *   This is a perfect match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: Americans
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 <t>Americans</t> a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%1:18:00:: | definition=a native or inhabitant of the United States
2. sense_key=american%1:10:00:: | definition=the English language as used in the United States | synonyms=American English, American language
3. sense_key=american%1:18:01:: | definition=a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `american`
    *   Target surface form: `Americans`
    *   Context: "...collectively killing almost 200,000 <t>Americans</t> a year."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `american%1:18:00::`: a native or inhabitant of the United States
        2.  `american%1:10:00::`: the English language as used in the United States
        3.  `american%1:18:01::`: a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country

    *   The sentence says "collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year."
    *   The preceding context mentions "laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain".
    *   The context discusses cancer statistics.
    *   In common usage, especially when paired with "U.S." in the same paragraph, "Americans" typically refers to people from the United States.
    *   Sense 1: Native or inhabitant of the United States.
    *   Sense 2: The English language (incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: Native or inhabitant of any country in the Americas (North, Central, or South).

    *   While "American" can technically mean anyone from the Americas (Sense 3), in the context of medical statistics and the mention of "the U.S." specifically in the next sentence, it almost certainly refers to people in the United States.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3: Sense 1 is the specific meaning for the USA. Sense 3 is the broad meaning for the continents. In a news-style report about cancer deaths and US laboratories, Sense 1 is the standard interpretation.

    *   Sense 1: a native or inhabitant of the United States.
    *   Sense 3: a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country.
    *   The context "killing almost 200,000 Americans a year" refers to the US population.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a <t>year</t>. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `year`
    *   Target surface form: `year`
    *   Context: "...collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a <t>year</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `year%1:28:01::`: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (twelvemonth, yr).
        2.  `year%1:28:02::`: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity (e.g., school year).
        3.  `year%1:28:00::`: the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun.
        4.  `year%1:14:00::`: a body of students who graduate together (class).

    *   The phrase is "200,000 Americans a year".
    *   This refers to a rate of occurrence over a standard 12-month period.
    *   Sense 1 describes the standard 365/366 day period.
    *   Sense 2 describes a specific *type* of year (like a school year).
    *   Sense 3 describes the astronomical definition.
    *   Sense 4 describes a graduating class.

    *   The context "killing almost 200,000 Americans a year" clearly refers to the standard calendar/time duration of 365/366 days.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: Right
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. <t>Right</t> now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `right`
    *   Target surface form: `Right`
    *   Context: "...collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. <t>Right</t> now about a dozen laboratories... are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."

    *   1: precisely, exactly (e.g., "stand right here!")
    *   2: immediately (e.g., "she called right after dinner")
    *   3: exactly (synonym: flop - this looks like a mistake in the provided WordNet list, "flop" doesn't fit "exactly")
    *   4: toward or on the right (direction)
    *   5: in the right manner (properly)
    *   6: interjection expressing agreement
    *   7: completely (e.g., "right at home")
    *   8: (Southern regional intensive) very
    *   9: in accordance with moral or social standards (justly)
    *   10: in an accurate manner (correctly)

    *   The phrase is "Right now".
    *   "Right now" means "at this very moment" or "immediately".
    *   Looking at the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "precisely, exactly" (e.g., "stand right here!") - This is often used for spatial or temporal precision.
        *   Sense 2: "immediately" (e.g., "she called right after dinner") - This is used for temporal immediacy.

    *   "Right now" is a common idiom. Does it mean "precisely now" or "immediately now"?
    *   In the context "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing", it means "at the present time" or "currently".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 and Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: "precisely, exactly" (stand right here!).
    *   Sense 2: "immediately" (she called right after dinner).
    *   Wait, "Right now" usually means "at this moment".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "precisely, exactly". "Right now" = "precisely now".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "immediately". "Right after dinner" = "immediately after dinner".
    *   Actually, "Right now" is often categorized under the "precisely/exactly" sense when referring to time (like "right here" for space).

    *   Sense 1: precisely, exactly. Example: "stand right here!" (Spatial precision).
    *   Sense 2: immediately. Example: "she called right after dinner". (Temporal immediacy).
    *   "Right now" means "at this very moment". This is more about precision ("precisely now") than immediacy ("immediately now"), although they are close.
    *   However, in many WordNet-based datasets, "right now" is mapped to the sense of "precisely" or "exactly" (Sense 1).
    *   Let's check if "immediately" (Sense 2) fits better. "Right after dinner" means "immediately after". "Right now" means "at this moment".
    *   If I say "Do it right now!", it means "immediately".
    *   If I say "Right now, we are studying...", it means "at this present time".

    *   "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing..."
    *   This means "At the present time".
    *   Comparing "precisely/exactly" (1) and "immediately" (2).
    *   "Right now" as "at this moment" is a temporal application of "precisely".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "immediately". "She called right after dinner." This is a modifier for "after dinner".
    *   "Right now" is a modifier for "now".
    *   In WordNet, "right" as an adverb meaning "exactly" or "precisely" (Sense 1) covers "right now", "right here", "right there".

    *   Sense 1: precisely, exactly.
    *   Sense 2: immediately.
    *   "Right now" = "precisely now".
    *   "Right after" = "immediately after".
    *   The context "Right now about a dozen laboratories..." is describing the current state of affairs. This aligns better with "precisely/exactly" (at this specific time) than "immediately" (which usually implies a sequence of events).

    *   Sense 1: precisely, exactly.
    *   Sense 2: immediately.
    *   "Right now" (at this moment) vs "Right after" (immediately after).
    *   Sense 1 is the standard choice for "right now" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right <t>now</t> about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "now"
    *   Target surface form: "now"
    *   Context: "Right <t>now</t> about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Surrounding text: Discusses the history of cancer-suppressor discoveries (1986, last spring, soon after) and then shifts to the current state of research.

    *   Sense 1: historical present (narration of past events). (Not applicable here; the text is describing current ongoing research).
    *   Sense 2: in these times; nowadays. (Possible, but "Right now" usually implies a more immediate present).
    *   Sense 3: preface a command/reproof. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 4: at the present moment; at present. (Fits well: "Right now" = "At the present moment").
    *   Sense 5: without delay; immediately. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 6: change of subject/activity. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 7: in the immediate past. (Not applicable).

    *   "Right now" in the sentence "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing" refers to the current state of affairs at the time of writing.
    *   Sense 4 ("at the present moment") is the most precise fit for "Right now" in this context.
    *   Sense 2 ("nowadays") is similar but usually refers to a broader era rather than the specific current moment of activity. "Right now" strongly points to Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now <t>about</t> a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "about"
    *   Target surface form: "about"
    *   Context: "Right now <t>about</t> a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Target word usage: "about a dozen laboratories"

    *   Sense 1: (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct (synonyms: approximately, roughly).
    *   Sense 2: all around or on all sides (synonyms: around).
    *   Sense 3: in the area or vicinity (synonyms: around).
    *   Sense 4: movement to or among many different places (synonyms: around).
    *   Sense 5: in or to a reversed position or direction (synonyms: around).
    *   Sense 6: in rotation or succession.
    *   Sense 7: slightly short of or not quite accomplished (synonyms: almost, nearly).

    *   The phrase is "about a dozen laboratories".
    *   "A dozen" is a quantity (12).
    *   "About" here modifies the quantity "a dozen", meaning approximately 12.

    *   Sense 1 specifically refers to quantities being imprecise but fairly close to correct. Synonyms include "approximately" and "roughly". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 7 ("almost", "nearly") is close, but "about a dozen" usually means "approximately 12" (could be 11, 12, or 13), whereas "almost a dozen" would specifically mean slightly less than 12. In this context, "about" is used as an approximation of a number.

    *   Sense 1: "approximately", "roughly" -> "approximately a dozen laboratories". (Correct)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratories
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen <t>laboratories</t>, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `laboratory`
    *   Target surface form: `laboratories`
    *   Context: "Right now about a dozen <t>laboratories</t>, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `laboratory%1:06:00::`: a workplace for the conduct of scientific research (synonyms: lab, research lab, etc.)
        2.  `laboratory%1:15:00::`: a region resembling a laboratory (synonyms: testing ground)

    *   The context mentions "scientists", "cancer-suppressors", "researchers", "gene called p53", "research teams", and "unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes".
    *   The "laboratories" are located in the "U.S., Canada and Britain".
    *   They are "racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes".
    *   This clearly refers to physical workplaces where scientific research is conducted.

    *   Sense 1: "a workplace for the conduct of scientific research". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a region resembling a laboratory... testing ground". This does not fit; the context is about actual scientific research facilities, not a metaphorical testing ground or a region.

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the <t>U.S.</t>, Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `u.s.`
    *   Target surface form: `U.S.`
    *   Context: "...Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the <t>U.S.</t>, Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `u.s.%1:14:00::`: The federal government of the United States.
        2.  `us%1:15:00::`: The North American republic (the country).

    *   The sentence lists "the U.S., Canada and Britain".
    *   Canada and Britain are countries.
    *   Therefore, "U.S." in this list refers to the country (the United States of America), not the federal government.

    *   Sense 1: Government.
    *   Sense 2: Country.
    *   The context clearly points to the country.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: racing
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are <t>racing</t> to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=rush, hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street
2. sense_key=race%2:33:00:: | definition=compete in a race | synonyms=run | examples=he is running the Marathon this year; let's race and see who gets there first
3. sense_key=race%2:41:03:: | definition=to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others | examples=We are racing to find a cure for AIDS
4. sense_key=race%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=rush | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `race`
    *   Target surface form: `racing`
    *   Context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are <t>racing</t> to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Meaning: The laboratories are working very quickly and competitively to achieve a scientific goal (unmasking genes).

    *   Sense 1: `move fast` (physical movement, e.g., "cars raced down the street").
    *   Sense 2: `compete in a race` (athletic competition, e.g., "running the Marathon").
    *   Sense 3: `to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others` (metaphorical race, e.g., "racing to find a cure for AIDS").
    *   Sense 4: `cause to move fast or to rush or race` (transitive, e.g., "raced the rats through a maze").

    *   The context describes laboratories working to "unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   This is a scientific goal, not physical movement (Sense 1), an athletic race (Sense 2), or causing something else to move fast (Sense 4).
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "work as fast as possible towards a goal" and gives the example "racing to find a cure for AIDS," which is almost identical in nature to "racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask <t>other</t> suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `other`
    *   Target surface form: `other`
    *   Context: "...Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask <t>other</t> suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `other%3:00:00::`: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied.
        2.  `other%5:00:00:past:00`: recently past.
        3.  `other%5:00:02:past:00`: belonging to the distant past.
        4.  `other%5:00:00:strange:00`: very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected.

    *   The sentence says: "...racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Previous context mentions two cancer-suppressors already discovered (retinoblastoma gene and p53).
    *   The "other" genes are those *besides* the ones already mentioned.

    *   Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - This fits perfectly. The text mentions two genes and then talks about finding *others* (different ones).
    *   Sense 2: "recently past" - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: "very unusual" - Does not fit.

    *   The word "other" in "other suspected tumor-suppressing genes" refers to genes that are not the ones already mentioned (retinoblastoma and p53). This matches Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have <t>about</t> seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "about"
    *   Target surface form: "about"
    *   Context: "They have <t>about</t> seven candidates."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses research into tumor-suppressing genes. "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing... They have about seven candidates."

    *   Sense 1: (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct (approximately, roughly).
    *   Sense 2: all around or on all sides (around).
    *   Sense 3: in the area or vicinity (around).
    *   Sense 4: movement to or among many different places (around).
    *   Sense 5: in or to a reversed position or direction (around).
    *   Sense 6: in rotation or succession.
    *   Sense 7: (of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished (almost).

    *   The sentence is "They have about seven candidates."
    *   "Seven candidates" is a quantity.
    *   "About" here means "approximately" or "roughly."

    *   Sense 1 matches "imprecise but fairly close to correct" and synonyms "approximately, roughly." This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `say`
    *   Context: "Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Meaning: Researchers are stating a finding, a conclusion, or a scientific claim based on their work.

    *   1: express in words (state, tell) - General expression.
    *   2: report or maintain (allege, aver) - Reporting a claim or maintaining a position.
    *   3: express a supposition (suppose) - Hypothetical.
    *   4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - Textual content.
    *   5: give instructions (order, tell) - Command.
    *   6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce) - Phonetics.
    *   7: communicate or express nonverbally - Non-verbal.
    *   8: utter aloud - Physical act of speaking.
    *   9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - Expressing a judgment.
    *   10: recite or repeat a fixed text - Recitation.
    *   11: indicate - (e.g., a clock).

    *   The researchers are not just "uttering aloud" (8) or "pronouncing" (6).
    *   They are not "supposing" (3) in a hypothetical sense ("Let's say...").
    *   They are not "ordering" (5).
    *   They are not "reciting" (10).
    *   They are not "indicating" like a clock (11).
    *   They are not "expressing nonverbally" (7).
    *   They are not "reading" from a text (4).
    *   This leaves 1, 2, and 9.

    *   Sense 1: "express in words" (state, tell). Very general.
    *   Sense 2: "report or maintain" (allege, aver). This fits scientific reporting well. "Researchers report that..."
    *   Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". This is more about a personal opinion or a decision ("I say let's forget this whole business").

    *   In scientific contexts, "researchers say" usually means they are reporting their findings or maintaining a scientific position based on evidence.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war." These involve reporting a claim or maintaining a position.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you." These are more about simple communication of thoughts/desires.

    *   The sentence "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial..." is a report of a scientific claim/finding.
    *   Sense 2 ("report or maintain") is a better fit for reporting scientific conclusions than the generic "express in words" (Sense 1) or the opinionated "declare" (Sense 9).

    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell).
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver).
    *   In many corpora, "say" in the context of "Researchers say..." is treated as "state" or "report".
    *   If we look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "allege, aver". "Aver" means to state or assert to be the case. "Allege" is to claim without proof.
    *   If we look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "state, tell".
    *   Actually, "Researchers state that..." is a very common paraphrase.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2 again: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This is a claim about a situation.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1 again: "He said that he wanted to marry her." This is a statement of a personal desire.
    *   The researchers are making a claim about a biological process. This aligns more with "report or maintain" (Sense 2) than simple expression (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: express in words.
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain.
    *   In the context of scientific reporting, "say" is often used as a synonym for "report" or "claim".
    *   Example: "Researchers say that the new drug is effective." -> "Researchers report that the new drug is effective."
    *   This fits Sense 2 better than Sense 1.

    *   Sense 2: report or maintain. Synonyms: allege, aver.
    *   Sense 1: express in words. Synonyms: state, tell.
    *   Is "Researchers say..." more like "Researchers state..." or "Researchers report/aver..."?
    *   Actually, "state" is listed as a synonym for Sense 1.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "report or maintain".
    *   In the context of the paragraph: "researchers reported finding a gene... Soon after that report... Researchers say the inactivation..."
    *   The text explicitly uses the word "reported" earlier. This strongly suggests that "say" in the later sentence is functioning as a synonym for "report".

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit because it captures the "reporting" aspect of scientific communication.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alone
Target surface form: alone
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alone%4:02:00:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, only | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
2. sense_key=alone%4:02:01:: | definition=without anybody else or anything else | synonyms=solo, unaccompanied | examples=the child stayed home alone; the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "alone"
    *   Target surface form: "alone"
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `alone%4:02:00::`: without any others being included or involved (synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, only).
        2.  `alone%4:02:01::`: without anybody else or anything else (synonyms: solo, unaccompanied).

    *   The sentence discusses the "inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination".
    *   This means the inactivation of *one* gene by itself (solely/exclusively) or the inactivation of *multiple* genes together (in combination).
    *   It's not about a person being lonely or a pillar standing by itself (physical isolation/unaccompanied). It's about whether a single factor is sufficient or if multiple factors are needed.

    *   Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved" (solely, exclusively). This fits perfectly. "The inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, solely or in combination..."
    *   Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" (solo, unaccompanied). This usually refers to physical presence or lack of company.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit for the context of a biological mechanism where a factor acts "alone" (solely) or "in combination".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: combination
Target surface form: combination
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:04:: | definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:02:: | definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock | examples=he forgot the combination to the safe
4. sense_key=combination%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose | examples=they were a winning combination
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:03:: | definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
6. sense_key=combination%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `combination`
    *   Target surface form: `combination`
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Meaning: The inactivation of one gene or the inactivation of multiple genes together.

    *   Sense 1: `combination%1:14:00` - a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities.
    *   Sense 2: `combination%1:14:04` - a coordinated sequence of chess moves.
    *   Sense 3: `combination%1:14:02` - a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock.
    *   Sense 4: `combination%1:14:01` - a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose.
    *   Sense 5: `combination%1:14:03` - an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose.
    *   Sense 6: `combination%1:04:01` - the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order (mathematical sense).
    *   Sense 7: `combination%1:04:00` - the act of combining things to form a new whole.

    *   The phrase "alone or in combination" refers to the state of genes being inactivated.
    *   It means either one gene is inactivated (alone) or several genes are inactivated together (in combination).
    *   This refers to a collection or assemblage of inactivated genes.
    *   Sense 1 ("a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities") fits best.
    *   Sense 7 ("the act of combining") refers to the process, whereas "in combination" here refers to the resulting state/grouping.

    *   Sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined" -> Fits "in combination" (meaning as a group/collection).
    *   Sense 7: "the act of combining" -> This is the process. "In combination" usually refers to the state of being combined, not the act itself.

    *   "alone or in combination" is a common phrase meaning "individually or together as a group".
    *   This aligns with Sense 1 (an assemblage/collection).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `appear`
    *   Target surface form: `appears`
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "appears" means that based on the evidence, it *seems* or *is likely* that the inactivation of these genes is crucial.

    *   Sense 1: `give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect` (look, seem). Example: "She seems to be sleeping." (Focuses on outward appearance/impression).
    *   Sense 2: `come into sight or view`. Example: "He suddenly appeared at the wedding." (Physical appearance).
    *   Sense 3: `be issued or published`. Example: "Did your latest book appear yet?" (Publication).
    *   Sense 4: `seem to be true, probable, or apparent`. Example: "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad." (Focuses on probability/truth based on evidence).
    *   Sense 5: `come into being or existence`. Example: "Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago." (Origin).
    *   Sense 6: `appear as a character on stage`. Example: "Gielgud appears briefly in this movie." (Performance).
    *   Sense 7: `present oneself formally`. Example: "He had to appear in court." (Legal).

    *   The sentence is: "Researchers say the inactivation... appears crucial..."
    *   This is a statement about a scientific hypothesis or finding. It means "it seems to be true" or "it is apparent from the evidence."
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4:
        *   Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" (often visual or superficial).
        *   Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" (often based on evidence or reasoning).
    *   In the context of scientific research ("Researchers say..."), the word "appears" is used to express a conclusion that seems probable based on the data. This aligns perfectly with Sense 4.

    *   Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   Context: "...appears crucial to the development..." (It seems probable/true that it is crucial).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crucial
Target surface form: crucial
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "crucial"
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Meaning: The inactivation of these genes is essential or a key factor in the development of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" (Examples: crucial moment, crucial election). This emphasizes a turning point or a crisis resolution.
    *   Sense 2: "having crucial relevance" (Example: crucial to the case). This emphasizes relevance, often in a legal or evidentiary context.
    *   Sense 3: "of the greatest importance" (Synonyms: all-important, essential, of the essence). This is a general sense of being essential or necessary for something to happen.

    *   The context describes a biological mechanism: the inactivation of genes is necessary/essential for the development of cancer.
    *   Sense 1 (crisis resolution) doesn't fit well; the development of cancer isn't a "crisis" being resolved in this sense.
    *   Sense 2 (relevance) is too weak. It's not just "relevant" to the development; it's a driving factor.
    *   Sense 3 (of the greatest importance/essential) fits best. The inactivation is "essential" or "all-important" for the cancer to develop.

    *   Sense 3 is the most general and fits the "essential/necessary" meaning required by the biological context.