[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clear
Target surface form: clear
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
4. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags
5. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall
8. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property
9. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow
10. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values
11. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable
16. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "clear"
    *   Context: "It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
    *   Meaning: In this sentence, "clear" means obvious, evident, or readily apparent based on the evidence provided in the preceding sentences.

    *   1: readily apparent to the mind (Example: a clear and present danger; a clear explanation) - *Fits well.*
    *   2: free from confusion or doubt (Example: a complex problem requiring a clear head) - *Refers more to a person's state of mind.*
    *   3: affording free passage or view (Example: a clear view) - *Physical obstruction.*
    *   4: allowing light to pass through (Example: clear water) - *Transparency.*
    *   5: free from contact or proximity (Example: clear of the danger) - *Physical distance.*
    *   6: freedom from troubling thoughts (Example: a clear conscience) - *Emotional state.*
    *   7: (of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims - *Sensory quality.*
    *   8: free from any encumbrance or limitation (Example: clear title) - *Legal term.*
    *   9: clear and distinct to the senses (Example: clear footprints) - *Perceptual clarity.*
    *   10: accurately stated or described (Example: well-defined values) - *Precision.*
    *   11: free from clouds or mist (Example: on a clear day) - *Weather.*
    *   12: free of restrictions or qualifications (Example: a clear winner) - *Unqualified.*
    *   13: free from flaw or blemish (Example: clear perfect diamond) - *Purity.*
    *   14: clear of charges or deductions (Example: a clear profit) - *Financial.*
    *   15: easily deciphered (Example: legible) - *Writing.*
    *   16: freed from any question of guilt (Example: absolved) - *Legal/Moral.*
    *   17: characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving (Example: clear mind) - *Cognitive ability.*

    *   The sentence "It was clear that..." is a common construction meaning "It was obvious that..." or "It was evident that...".
    *   Sense 1 ("readily apparent to the mind") matches this usage perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: "readily apparent to the mind" -> "It was readily apparent to the mind that more than one gene had to be damaged..." (Correct)
    *   Sense 2: "free from confusion or doubt" -> This usually describes a person (e.g., "He was clear about the rules"). While similar, Sense 1 is the standard for "It is clear that...".


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Active sense (e.g., "The snow damaged the roof").
        2.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Passive/Intransitive sense (e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily").

    *   The sentence is: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
    *   The structure is "had to be damaged" (passive voice).
    *   The meaning is that the genes suffered damage (genetic deletions).

    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon". This is the transitive use (Agent damages Object). In the passive "be damaged", the object (gene) becomes the subject.
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". This is an intransitive use (Subject damages/is damaged).

    *   Wait, let's look closer at the WordNet definitions provided.
    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (Transitive). Example: "The snow damaged the roof."
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (Intransitive). Example: "These fine china cups damage easily."

    *   In the sentence "more than one gene had to be damaged", "damaged" is the past participle used in a passive construction.
    *   Passive construction: "X was damaged [by Y]". This is the passive form of the transitive verb "to damage" (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 2 is an ergative/intransitive use ("cups damage easily"), meaning they are *prone* to damage.

    *   Does "had to be damaged" mean "had to suffer damage" (Sense 2) or "had to be inflicted with damage" (Sense 1)?
    *   Usually, "be damaged" is the passive of "to damage" (Sense 1).
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". "These fine china cups damage easily." This describes a property of the cups.
    *   In the context "more than one gene had to be damaged", it means the genes underwent a process of being damaged (deletions). This is the passive of "something damaged the genes".

    *   Sense 1: `inflict damage upon` (Transitive) -> Passive: `be damaged` (to have damage inflicted upon it).
    *   Sense 2: `suffer or be susceptible to damage` (Intransitive).

    *   If I say "The car was damaged", I am usually using the passive of "Someone damaged the car" (Sense 1).
    *   If I say "The car damages easily", I am using Sense 2.

    *   The sentence "more than one gene had to be damaged" fits the passive of Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    *   Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    *   "had to be damaged" -> The genes were the recipients of the damage. This is the passive of "inflict damage upon".

    *   Wait, let me double-check if "be damaged" could be Sense 2. "Suffer damage" is often listed as a separate sense in some dictionaries, but here Sense 2 is "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
    *   Example for Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily." This is an intransitive use.
    *   Example for Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof." Passive: "The roof was damaged by the snow."

    *   The target sentence "more than one gene had to be damaged" is a passive construction. The passive of "inflict damage upon" (Sense 1) is "be damaged".

    *   Sense 1: Transitive (X damages Y).
    *   Sense 2: Intransitive (X damages).
    *   "be damaged" is the passive of the transitive.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "develop"
    *   Context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "develop" refers to the onset or emergence of a disease (colon cancer) in a person.

    *   Sense 1: make something new (product/creation) - No.
    *   Sense 2: work out (theory) - No.
    *   Sense 3: gain through experience (acquire a sense of right/wrong) - No.
    *   Sense 4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) - Examples: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains." (This fits medical conditions/symptoms).
    *   Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape - Examples: "A new religious movement originated..." (More about movements or abstract things).
    *   Sense 6: change the use of land - No.
    *   Sense 7: elaborate theories - No.
    *   Sense 8: create by training - No.
    *   Sense 9: be gradually disclosed (plot) - No.
    *   Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold (natural growth/evolution) - Examples: "A flower developed on the branch." (More about biological growth/evolution of a species or organism).
    *   Sense 11: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   Sense 12: cause to grow (make grow) - No.
    *   Sense 13: generate gradually (customers) - No.
    *   Sense 14: grow emotionally/mature - No.
    *   Sense 15: chemical solutions (film) - No.
    *   Sense 16: geometry - No.
    *   Sense 17: chess - No.
    *   Sense 18: chess - No.
    *   Sense 19: music - No.
    *   Sense 20: happen (news/political movements) - No.
    *   Sense 21: series (math) - No.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains."
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - Example: "A flower developed on the branch."

    *   "Colon cancer to develop" is very similar to "The patient developed abdominal pains." It describes the onset of a medical condition.
    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "come to have" and gives a medical example ("abdominal pains").
    *   Sense 10 is more about biological growth or evolutionary progress.

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit for the onset of a disease.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `report`
    *   Context: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions... Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged... Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists."
    *   Key clues: "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions", "coherent picture of cancer development emerged", "galvanized other molecular biologists", "confirming evidence we all needed".

    *   Sense 1: `report%1:10:03::` - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (synonyms: study, written report).
    *   Sense 2: `report%1:10:01::` - the act of informing by verbal report (synonyms: account).
    *   Sense 3: `report%1:10:00::` - a short account of the news (synonyms: news report, story, account, write up).
    *   Sense 4: `report%1:11:00::` - a sharp explosive sound (gun firing).
    *   Sense 5: `report%1:10:04::` - a written evaluation of a student's scholarship (report card).
    *   Sense 6: `report%1:10:02::` - an essay (assignment).
    *   Sense 7: `report%1:09:00::` - general estimation (reputation).

    *   The context describes scientific research (genetic deletions, cancer development).
    *   The "report" is the result of this research that "galvanized other molecular biologists" and provided "confirming evidence".
    *   This fits perfectly with Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (synonym: study).

    *   Sense 2 (verbal report) is less likely for scientific findings that galvanize a field.
    *   Sense 3 (news report) is a summary of news, not the primary scientific document itself.
    *   Sense 4 (sound), Sense 5 (report card), Sense 6 (student essay), and Sense 7 (reputation) are clearly incorrect.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: galvanize
Target surface form: galvanized
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `galvanize`
    *   Target surface form: `galvanized`
    *   Context: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed...'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `galvanize%2:37:00::` - to stimulate to action (synonyms: startle, galvanise; examples: galvanized into action)
        2.  `galvanize%2:35:00::` - cover with zinc (synonyms: galvanise; examples: galvanize steel)
        3.  `galvanize%2:29:02::` - stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock (synonyms: galvanise)

    *   The sentence is: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."
    *   The report provided "confirming evidence," which caused other biologists to take notice or act upon the findings.
    *   This is a metaphorical use of "galvanize," meaning to shock or excite someone into taking action.

    *   Sense 1: "to stimulate to action" - Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "cover with zinc" - Incorrect (this is the chemical process).
    *   Sense 3: "stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock" - Incorrect (this is the literal electrical process).

    *   The best fit is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "other"
    *   Target surface form: "other"
    *   Context: "Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `other%3:00:00::`: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied.
        2.  `other%5:00:00:past:00`: recently past.
        3.  `other%5:00:02:past:00`: belonging to the distant past.
        4.  `other%5:00:00:strange:00`: very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected.

    *   The sentence is: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."
    *   "Their report" refers to the report by the researchers mentioned previously.
    *   "other molecular biologists" refers to molecular biologists *besides* the ones who wrote the report.

    *   Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". This fits perfectly. The "other" biologists are those distinct from the authors of the report.
    *   Sense 2: "recently past". (e.g., "the other evening"). Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past". (e.g., "former generations"). Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected". (e.g., "a strange, other dimension"). Does not fit.

    *   The word "other" in "other molecular biologists" is used as a determiner meaning "additional" or "different from the ones already mentioned". This aligns with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confirming
Target surface form: confirming
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `confirming`
    *   Target surface form: `confirming`
    *   Context: "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `confirming%3:00:02::`: indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen (e.g., positive pregnancy test).
        2.  `confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00`: serving to support or corroborate (e.g., collateral evidence).

    *   The sentence discusses scientific evidence regarding gene losses and cancer development.
    *   "confirming evidence" here means evidence that supports or corroborates a hypothesis or theory (that gene losses are critical).
    *   It is not referring to a medical test indicating the presence of a pathogen or condition in a patient (like a pregnancy test).

    *   Sense 1 is specific to medical diagnostics (pathogens/conditions).
    *   Sense 2 is general support or corroboration of a claim or theory.

    *   The context fits Sense 2 perfectly ("serving to support or corroborate").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `evidence`
    *   Target surface form: `evidence`
    *   Context: "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `evidence%1:09:00::`: basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief (synonym: grounds). Example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling".
        2.  `evidence%1:10:01::`: an indication that makes something evident. Example: "his trembling was evidence of his fear".
        3.  `evidence%1:10:00::`: (law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved.

    *   The context is scientific research (cancer development, gene losses, molecular biologists).
    *   The speaker (Ray White) says, "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical..."
    *   This refers to scientific data or findings that support a hypothesis or theory.

    *   Sense 3 is legal evidence. This is not a legal trial. (Discard)
    *   Sense 2 is an "indication" (like trembling indicating fear). While scientific evidence can be an indication, the context here is about a body of knowledge/data confirming a scientific theory ("confirming evidence we all needed that...").
    *   Sense 1 is "basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief". The example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" is almost identical in nature to the target sentence ("evidence... that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor").

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly as it describes the scientific basis for believing a specific biological mechanism.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `need`
    *   Target surface form: `needed`
    *   Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `need%2:42:00::`: require as useful, just, or proper (e.g., "success usually requires hard work").
        2.  `need%2:34:00::`: have need of (e.g., "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner").
        3.  `need%2:34:01::`: have or feel a need for (e.g., "always needing friends and money").

    *   The sentence is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed..."
    *   The subject "we" (molecular biologists) felt a lack of confirming evidence and desired/required it to validate their theories.
    *   This is a state of wanting or requiring something that is missing.

    *   Sense 1 (`require as useful, just, or proper`): This often describes a requirement imposed by a situation or a standard (e.g., "The job requires experience"). While the situation required evidence, the phrase "we all needed" focuses on the people's need.
    *   Sense 2 (`have need of`): This is very similar to Sense 3. Let's look at the examples. "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner." This is more about a thing needing something to be fixed or maintained.
    *   Sense 3 (`have or feel a need for`): "always needing friends and money." This describes a person feeling a need for something.

    *   "We all needed" fits the pattern of people feeling a need for something (confirming evidence).
    *   Sense 1 is more about the *requirement* of the task/situation.
    *   Sense 2 is often used for objects or general requirements.
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "feel a need for," which aligns well with "we all needed" in the context of scientists seeking confirmation.

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper".
    *   Sense 3: "have or feel a need for".
    *   In "the confirming evidence we all needed", the scientists are the ones experiencing the need. They felt the need for evidence to confirm their hypothesis.

    *   Sense 1: "It takes nerve to do what she did" (The action requires nerve).
    *   Sense 2: "This piano wants the attention..." (The object requires something).
    *   Sense 3: "always needing friends and money" (The person feels a need).

    The context "we all needed" matches the subject-verb-object structure of Sense 3 (Person -> need -> thing).

    *   Sense 1: `require as useful, just, or proper` (often impersonal or situational).
    *   Sense 2: `have need of` (often used for things needing repair or specific requirements).
    *   Sense 3: `have or feel a need for` (personal desire or requirement).

    The scientists "felt a need for" the evidence.

    *Self-Correction:* Is it Sense 1? "Success usually requires hard work." (Success needs hard work). "The evidence we all needed." (The situation needed evidence). But the subject is "we". "We needed evidence." This is a classic "have/feel a need for" scenario.

    Let's double-check Sense 2 again. "have need of". "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner." This is almost identical to "have or feel a need for". However, Sense 3's example "needing friends and money" is much closer to "needing evidence" than a piano needing a tuner.

    Actually, looking at WordNet's structure (if I recall), `need%2:34:00` and `need%2:34:01` are very close.
    `34:00` is often "to be in need of".
    `34:01` is "to feel a need for".

    "We all needed" = "We all felt a need for".

    Let's re-read Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper". This is often used when something is a prerequisite. "The evidence we all needed" could be seen as the evidence that was required to move the field forward. But the phrasing "we all needed" emphasizes the scientists' state.

    Comparing Sense 2 and 3 again:
    Sense 2: `have need of` (synonyms: want, require).
    Sense 3: `have or feel a need for`.

    In many WordNet versions, `need%2:34:00` is the more general "require" and `need%2:34:01` is the more internal "feel a need". "We all needed" in this context is the internal drive for confirmation.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 1: "It takes nerve..." (Requirement)
    Sense 2: "This piano wants..." (Requirement/Lack)
    Sense 3: "needing friends and money" (Personal lack/desire)

    "Confirming evidence we all needed" fits Sense 3 best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `loss`
    *   Target surface form: `losses`
    *   Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor..."
    *   Surrounding context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out... If both copies of a second gene were then deleted... more than one gene had to be damaged..."

    *   Sense 1: `something that is lost` (e.g., total loss, loss of livestock).
    *   Sense 2: `gradual decline in amount or activity` (e.g., weight loss, loss of business).
    *   Sense 3: `the act of losing someone or something` (e.g., losing a game).
    *   Sense 4: `the disadvantage that results from losing something` (e.g., loss of credibility).
    *   Sense 5: `the experience of losing a loved one`.
    *   Sense 6: `the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue` (financial loss).
    *   Sense 7: `military personnel lost by death or capture`.
    *   Sense 8: `euphemistic expressions for death`.

    *   The text discusses genes being "knocked out" or "deleted".
    *   "Gene losses" refers to the fact that genes (the things themselves) were lost/deleted from the genome.
    *   This fits "something that is lost" (Sense 1).
    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 (gradual decline). Gene deletion is usually a discrete event (a gene is gone), not necessarily a "gradual decline in amount" in the way weight loss is.
    *   Let's double-check Sense 3 (the act of losing). "Gene losses" here refers to the *occurrences* or the *things lost* (the genes themselves), rather than the abstract act of losing.
    *   Sense 1 ("something that is lost") fits best because the "losses" are the genes that were deleted.

    *   Sense 1: "something that is lost" -> "gene losses" = the genes that were lost.
    *   Sense 2: "gradual decline" -> doesn't fit "deleted genes".
    *   Sense 3: "the act of losing" -> "the act of losing genes" is possible, but "gene losses" usually refers to the deletions themselves.
    *   Sense 4: "disadvantage" -> "gene losses" are the cause of the disadvantage, not the disadvantage itself.

    *   In biological contexts, "gene loss" often refers to the loss of a gene from a genome. This is the "something that is lost".

    *   Sense 1: `something that is lost` (e.g., "loss of livestock"). If livestock are lost, the loss is the livestock. If genes are lost, the loss is the genes.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 2: "gradual decline in amount or activity". Gene loss can be a process, but "gene losses" (plural) suggests specific instances of genes being gone.
    *   Sense 1: "something that is lost". This fits "gene losses" as the specific genes that were deleted.

    *   Sense 1: something that is lost.
    *   Sense 2: gradual decline.
    *   Sense 3: the act of losing.
    *   Sense 4: disadvantage.
    *   Sense 5: losing a loved one.
    *   Sense 6: financial loss.
    *   Sense 7: military casualties.
    *   Sense 8: death.

    The context says "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out... If both copies of a second gene were then deleted... gene losses were critical". The "losses" are the deletions of the genes. This is most accurately described as "something that is lost".

    *Self-Correction:* Is it "the act of losing" (Sense 3)? "The act of losing genes were critical"? No, "gene losses" (plural) refers to the events or the things lost. "Something that is lost" (Sense 1) covers the things that were lost.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt". In "loss of livestock", the livestock are the things lost. In "gene losses", the genes are the things lost.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "weight loss". Weight loss is a decline in amount. Gene loss isn't really a decline in the *amount* of a gene, but the disappearance of the gene itself.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "critical"
    *   Context: "...gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "critical" means that the gene losses were essential or absolutely necessary for the tumor to develop.

    *   Sense 1: Tendency to find errors (critical attitude) - No.
    *   Sense 2: Abrupt change/critical mass (physics/chemistry) - No.
    *   Sense 3: Careful evaluation (critical reading) - No.
    *   Sense 4: Indispensable, urgently needed, absolutely necessary (vital) - Yes.
    *   Sense 5: Turning point or crisis (decisive) - Possible, but "indispensable" fits better for a biological requirement.
    *   Sense 6: State of crisis or emergency (critical illness) - No.
    *   Sense 7: Characteristic of critics (critical acclaim) - No.

    *   Sense 4: "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" (synonym: vital). Example: "a critical element of the plan".
    *   Sense 5: "forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis" (synonym: decisive). Example: "a critical point in the campaign".
    *   In the sentence "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor", the meaning is that the gene losses were *necessary* for the process to occur. This aligns perfectly with Sense 4.

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `development`
    *   Target surface form: `development`
    *   Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses cancer development, gene knockouts, benign polyps progressing to malignancy, and the role of gene losses in the formation of tumors.

    *   Sense 1: Act of improving by expanding/enlarging/refining (e.g., research and development).
    *   Sense 2: A process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially more advanced/mature) (e.g., evolution of ideas).
    *   Sense 3: (Biology) The process of an individual organism growing organically; biological unfolding of events (e.g., osseous development in children).
    *   Sense 4: A recent event (e.g., recent developments in Iraq).
    *   Sense 5: Making land/water more profitable (exploitation).
    *   Sense 6: A district developed for a purpose.
    *   Sense 7: A state in which things are improving (e.g., chess).
    *   Sense 8: Processing photosensitive material.
    *   Sense 9: Music (sonata form).

    *   The context is biological/medical: "cancer development", "gene losses", "common tumor".
    *   The "development of a common tumor" refers to the biological process by which a tumor forms and grows.
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". While a tumor isn't a whole organism, in biological terms, the growth and progression of a disease or a tissue mass (like a tumor) often falls under this biological "development" sense.
    *   Sense 2 is a more general "process of passing by degrees to a different stage".
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3: Sense 3 is specifically biological. The context is explicitly biological (genes, polyps, malignancy, tumor).

    *   "cancer development"
    *   "polyps would develop"
    *   "colon cancer to develop"
    *   "development of a common tumor"
    *   All these refer to the biological process of growth and progression of a disease/mass.

    *   Sense 3: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...
    *   Wait, is a tumor an "individual organism"? No. But "biological unfolding of events" fits well.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". This is very broad and fits the progression from benign polyps to malignancy.
    *   However, in medical/biological contexts, "development of a disease" or "development of a tumor" is almost always categorized under the biological growth/unfolding sense (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 2: Evolution, passing by degrees to a different stage.
    *   Sense 3: Biology, growth, maturation, ontogeny.
    *   The text says "cancer development", "polyps would develop", "colon cancer to develop", "development of a common tumor". This is the biological process of the tumor forming and growing.

    *   Sense 3 is specifically labeled "(biology)".
    *   The context is purely biological.
    *   The process of a tumor developing is a biological process of growth and change.

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: Possible, but Sense 3 is more specific to biology.
    *   Sense 3: Very likely.
    *   Sense 4: No.
    *   Sense 5: No.
    *   Sense 6: No.
    *   Sense 7: No.
    *   Sense 8: No.
    *   Sense 9: No.

    *   Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
    *   In many WordNet-based datasets, the biological growth of a disease or tumor is mapped to the biological development sense.

    *   "development of a common tumor"
    *   This is the biological process of the tumor's growth and progression. Sense 3 is the biological sense.

    *   Sense 2 is "evolution".
    *   Sense 3 is "growth, growing, maturation".
    *   The development of a tumor is more like "growth" than "evolution" (though cancer evolves, the *development* of the tumor itself is growth).

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "common"
    *   Context: "...gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor..."
    *   Meaning: The tumor is "common," meaning it occurs frequently in the population (colon cancer, as mentioned earlier in the text).

    *   Sense 1: Public/community (e.g., common good). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: No special distinction/average/ordinary (e.g., common man). -> Possible, but usually refers to status or quality.
    *   Sense 3: Shared by two or more parties (e.g., common friend). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Commonly encountered/usual (e.g., common complaint). -> This fits perfectly. A "common tumor" is one that is frequently encountered or usual in medical terms.
    *   Sense 5: Everyday language (e.g., common parlance). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: Great masses of people (e.g., common people). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7: Low or inferior quality (e.g., common cloths). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 8: Lacking refinement (e.g., coarse manners). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 9: To be expected/standard (e.g., common decency). -> Incorrect.

    *   The context refers to colon cancer, which is a frequent type of cancer.
    *   "Commonly encountered" (Sense 4) is the standard way to describe a disease or condition that occurs often.

    *   Sense 4: "commonly encountered", synonyms: "usual", example: "a common (or familiar) complaint".
    *   This matches "a common tumor" (a frequently occurring type of tumor).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `says`
    *   Context: "...'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' <t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell) - General expression of a thought or fact.
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver) - Often used for claims that might be disputed or formal reports.
    *   Sense 3: express a supposition (suppose) - Hypothetical ("Let's say...").
    *   Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - Used for texts/laws ("The sign says...").
    *   Sense 5: give instructions/direct (order, tell) - Command.
    *   Sense 6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (articulate) - Phonetics.
    *   Sense 7: communicate or express nonverbally - (e.g., a painting).
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud - (e.g., "She said 'Hello'").
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - (e.g., "I say let's forget this").
    *   Sense 10: recite or repeat a fixed text - (e.g., "Say grace").
    *   Sense 11: indicate - (e.g., "The clock says noon").

    *   The sentence is a direct quote from Ray White.
    *   Ray White is stating a fact or an observation about the significance of the evidence.
    *   This is a standard attribution of a spoken or written statement.

    *   Sense 1 ("express in words") is the most general and fits best for attributing a quote.
    *   Sense 2 ("report or maintain") is often used for allegations or claims that are not necessarily proven. While this is a report, Sense 1 is the primary sense for "X says '...'" in journalistic or narrative writing.
    *   Sense 8 ("utter aloud") is more about the physical act of speaking a specific word or phrase.
    *   Sense 9 ("state as one's opinion") is close, but Sense 1 is the standard for attributing a quote.

    *   "It was the confirming evidence we all needed... says Ray White."
    *   This is a straightforward expression of a thought/fact in words.
    *   Sense 1: "express in words" (synonyms: state, tell). This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "yet"
    *   Target surface form: "yet"
    *   Context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

    *   Sense 1: "up to the present time" (Example: "I have yet to see the results")
    *   Sense 2: "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point" (Example: "the sun isn't up yet")
    *   Sense 3: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" (Example: "even more interesting")
    *   Sense 4: "within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time" (Example: "flowers that were yet to show themselves")
    *   Sense 5: "used after a superlative" (Example: "the largest drug bust yet")
    *   Sense 6: "despite anything to the contrary" (Example: "however", "nevertheless")

    *   The phrase is "had yet to nail".
    *   This construction ("have yet to [verb]") means that something has not happened up to the present time (or the time being discussed in the narrative).
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "up to the present time" (Example: "I have yet to see the results"). This matches the "have yet to" construction perfectly.
        *   Sense 2: "used in negative statement". While "have yet to" is semantically negative, it's not a "negative statement" in the grammatical sense (like "hasn't... yet").
        *   Sense 4: "within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time". This is more about future expectation than the current state of not having achieved something.

    *   The example "I have yet to see the results" in Sense 1 is a direct parallel to "Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity".

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `nail`
    *   Target surface form: `nail`
    *   Context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "nail the identity of the gene" means to identify it precisely or locate it exactly.

    *   Sense 1: attach something somewhere by means of nails (Physical attachment) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: take into custody (Arrest) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: hit hard (Smash) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: succeed in obtaining a position (e.g., a spot at Harvard) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: succeed at easily (e.g., ace an exam) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: locate exactly (Synonym: pinpoint; Example: "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome") - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 7: complete a pass (Sports) - Incorrect.

    *   The context "nail the identity of the gene" is almost identical to the example provided in Sense 6: "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `identity`
    *   Target surface form: `identity`
    *   Context: "...But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `identity%1:07:00::`: distinct personality of an individual (individuality).
        2.  `identity%1:09:00::`: individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known. (Example: "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it").
        3.  `identity%1:24:01::`: operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates (mathematics).
        4.  `identity%1:07:02::`: exact sameness (identicalness).

    *   The sentence is about identifying a specific gene responsible for a biological process (colon cancer malignancy).
    *   "nail the identity of the gene" means to figure out *which* gene it is.

    *   Sense 1 (personality) is for people/entities. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2 (characteristics for recognition/knowing what it is) fits perfectly. The example "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it" is almost identical to the target context.
    *   Sense 3 (mathematical operator) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (exact sameness) refers to two things being the same. Not applicable here.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop... Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Active sense (e.g., "The snow damaged the roof").
        2.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Passive/Intransitive sense (e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily").

    *   The sentence is: "...the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Here, "damaged" is used in a passive construction ("if [the gene were] damaged").
    *   Sense 1 is the transitive verb "to inflict damage upon". In the passive voice ("the gene was damaged"), the action of inflicting damage is what happened to the gene.
    *   Sense 2 is the intransitive verb "to suffer or be susceptible to damage" (e.g., "it damages easily").

    *   "If the gene were damaged" means "If something damaged the gene" or "If the gene suffered damage".
    *   In English, the passive form of the transitive verb "to damage" (Sense 1) is used to describe the state of having been damaged.
    *   Sense 2 describes a property of the object (susceptibility). The gene isn't "damaging easily" in this context; it's the event of being damaged (the result of an external or internal cause) that triggers the malignancy.

    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (Transitive). Passive: "be damaged" (to have damage inflicted upon it).
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (Intransitive).

    The context "if damaged" is a shortened form of "if it were damaged". This is the passive of the transitive verb "to damage" (Sense 1).

    *Wait, let me double-check Sense 2.*
    Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily"). This is an ergative/middle voice usage.
    In "if damaged", the gene is the patient of the action.

    If I say "The car was damaged", I am using the passive of "damage" (Sense 1: to inflict damage upon).
    If I say "The car damages easily", I am using Sense 2.

    The context "if damaged" clearly refers to the event of damage being inflicted on the gene.

    Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.

    In "if damaged", the gene is the object of the damage. This aligns with the passive of Sense 1.

    Let's look at the examples:
    Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" -> "The roof was damaged by the snow."
    Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily."

    The context "if damaged" matches the passive of Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `flip`
    *   Target surface form: `flipped`
    *   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Meaning: The gene's damage caused the cell to change its state from benign/normal to malignant (cancerous). This is a sudden change or switch in state.

    *   1: Lightly throw to see which side comes up (coin toss). (Incorrect)
    *   2: Cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation (switch on the light). (Close, but usually refers to a switch/lever).
    *   3: Look through a book. (Incorrect)
    *   4: Toss with a sharp movement. (Incorrect)
    *   5: Cause to move with a flick. (Incorrect)
    *   6: Throw or toss with a light motion. (Incorrect)
    *   7: Move with a flick or light motion. (Incorrect)
    *   8: Turn upside down. (Incorrect)
    *   9: React in an excited way. (Incorrect)
    *   10: Go mad. (Incorrect)
    *   11: Reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action). Synonyms: interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop. (Possible, but "reverse" might not be the best fit for "changing state to malignancy").

    *   Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" (like a switch).
    *   Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)".

    Looking at the context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." This describes a transition or a switch in the cell's state. In biological contexts, "flipping a switch" is a common metaphor for triggering a process.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation". This fits the "triggering" aspect of the gene damage causing the malignancy.
    Let's re-evaluate Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". This doesn't quite fit "into full-blown malignancy" as well as a "switch" does.

    Wait, is there a better sense?
    Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" (synonyms: throw, switch).
    Example: "switch on the light; throw the lever".
    In the sentence, the gene damage "flipped" the cell into malignancy. This is very similar to "flipping a switch" to activate a process.

    Let's check if "flip" in this context means "change suddenly".
    Sense 11 mentions "switch".
    Sense 2 mentions "switch".

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 11:
    Sense 2 is about activation/engagement (like a switch).
    Sense 11 is about reversal/interchanging.

    The transition from a normal cell to a malignant cell is more of an activation of a disease state than a reversal of a previous state.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "throw, switch".
    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 11: "interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop".

    "Flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" suggests a trigger. "Flipping a switch" is the idiomatic expression here. Sense 2 specifically mentions "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation".

    Wait, let me double-check if there's any other sense.
    Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation"
    Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)"

    Actually, looking at the phrase "flipped [something] into [something else]", it often implies a sudden change of state.
    If I "flip a switch", I change the state from off to on.
    If a gene "flips" a cell into malignancy, it changes the state from benign to malignant.

    Sense 2 is about the action of flipping the switch itself ("cause to go on").
    Sense 11 is about the result of reversing/switching.

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation".
    Let's re-read Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)".

    Actually, "flipped into" often aligns with a sudden change. Let's see if "switch" in Sense 11 fits better. "Reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". A cell's state isn't really a "direction, attitude, or course of action".

    Let's look at Sense 2 again. "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation". This is the most likely intended meaning (triggering the malignancy).

    Wait, let me search for "flip into" in a dictionary.
    "Flip into" often means to suddenly change into another state.
    Example: "The conversation flipped into an argument."
    This is a sudden change.

    Does Sense 2 or Sense 11 cover "sudden change of state"?
    Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation"
    Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)"

    Neither is a perfect fit for "change state", but Sense 2 (triggering/activating) is closer to the biological mechanism described (a gene mutation triggering cancer).

    Let's reconsider Sense 11. "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". If the cell was going one way (benign) and now it's going another (malignant), maybe? No, that's a stretch.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again. "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation". If the "malignancy" is the "operation" being set in motion, this fits.

    Let's think if there are any other options.
    Sense 8: "turn upside down". (No)
    Sense 1: "lightly throw". (No)

    Is there any other sense of "flip" that means "change"?
    In some contexts, "flip" means to change suddenly.
    Looking at the provided senses again:
    Sense 2: cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation.
    Sense 11: reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action).

    If we think of the cell as a switch, the gene damage "flipped" the switch, causing the cell to "go on" (become malignant).

    Let's double-check Sense 11's synonyms: "interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop".
    Let's double-check Sense 2's synonyms: "throw, switch".

    "Switch" is in both. But Sense 2's "cause to go on or to be engaged" is a better fit for triggering a process like malignancy.

    Wait, let me re-read the context one more time. "...the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    This is almost certainly using "flip" as in "flip a switch".
    Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation".
    This matches the "flip a switch" meaning perfectly.