[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `believe`
    *   Target surface form: `believed`
    *   Context: "He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `accept as true; take to be true` (e.g., "I believed his report")
        2.  `judge or regard; look upon; judge` (synonyms: think, consider, conceive; e.g., "I believe her to be very smart")
        3.  `be confident about something` (synonyms: trust; e.g., "I believe that he will come back from the war")
        4.  `follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer` (e.g., "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too")
        5.  `credit with veracity` (e.g., "You cannot believe this man")

    *   The sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
    *   In this context, "believed" describes a scientific hypothesis or a professional opinion held by Dr. Vogelstein. He is forming a judgment or holding a theory based on observations (the stages of development).

    *   Sense 1: `accept as true; take to be true`. This usually implies accepting a statement or report from someone else.
    *   Sense 2: `judge or regard; look upon; judge` (synonyms: think, consider, conceive). This fits well with forming a hypothesis or holding a professional opinion ("He thought/considered that colon cancer might...").
    *   Sense 3: `be confident about something` (synonyms: trust). This is more about faith or confidence in an outcome.
    *   Sense 4: `follow a credo; have a faith`. This is religious or ideological faith.
    *   Sense 5: `credit with veracity`. This is about whether a person is telling the truth.

    *   The context "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." is essentially saying "He thought/hypothesized that...".
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1 is often about accepting a claim made by another. Sense 2 is about a personal judgment or mental conception of how something is.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart." This matches the structure "He believed [that] colon cancer might also arise...".
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "I believed his report." This is about accepting a specific piece of information as true.

    *   The sentence "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." is a statement of his scientific opinion/hypothesis.
    *   Sense 2 (judge, regard, think, consider) is the most appropriate for expressing a belief in the form of an opinion or hypothesis.

    *   Sense 1: accept as true (often external source)
    *   Sense 2: judge/regard/think (internal opinion/conclusion)
    *   Sense 3: confident/trust (expectation)
    *   Sense 4: faith/credo (religious)
    *   Sense 5: credit with veracity (trusting a person)

    The context "He believed colon cancer might also arise... because it often seems to develop in stages" indicates he reached this conclusion/opinion based on evidence. This aligns best with Sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `arise`
    *   Target surface form: `arise`
    *   Context: "He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes..."
    *   Meaning: The sentence describes the origin or development of colon cancer resulting from genetic mutations ("hits").

    *   Sense 1: `come into existence; take on form or shape` (synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow). Example: "A new religious movement originated in that country".
    *   Sense 2: `originate or come into being` (synonyms: come up, bob up). Example: "a question arose".
    *   Sense 3: `rise to one's feet` (synonyms: rise, uprise, get up, stand up).
    *   Sense 4: `result or issue` (synonyms: come up). Example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion".
    *   Sense 5: `move upward` (synonyms: rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise).
    *   Sense 6: `take part in a rebellion`.
    *   Sense 7: `get up and out of bed`.

    *   The context is about the biological origin/development of a disease (colon cancer).
    *   "arise from multiple 'hits'" suggests that the cancer *develops* or *originates* as a result of these genetic events.
    *   Sense 1 (`come into existence; take on form or shape`) fits well with biological development/origination (synonyms: originate, develop, grow).
    *   Sense 2 (`originate or come into being`) is often used for abstract things like questions or problems.
    *   Sense 4 (`result or issue`) is often used for situations or conflicts (e.g., "unpleasantness arose").

    *   Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (synonyms: originate, develop, grow). This fits the biological process of cancer developing.
    *   Sense 4: "result or issue". While cancer *results* from mutations, "arise from" in a biological context usually refers to the process of coming into existence or developing.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4: Sense 1's synonyms "originate, develop, grow" are very strong matches for the biological context of cancer formation. Sense 4's example "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion" is more about a consequence/outcome of an event.

    *   "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits'..."
    *   This means the cancer *originates* or *develops* from these hits.
    *   Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (synonyms: originate, develop). This is the most precise fit for a disease developing.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: "...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancer%1:26:00::`: malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
        2.  `cancer%1:18:00::`: (astrology) person born while the sun is in Cancer.
        3.  `cancer%1:17:00::`: zodiacal constellation.
        4.  `cancer%1:15:00::`: fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  `cancer%1:05:00::`: type genus of the family Cancridae.

    *   The context discusses "retinoblastoma", "cancers", "molecular biologist", "Johns Hopkins Medical School", "chromosome losses", "childhood cancer of the kidney", "Wilm's tumor", "colon cancer", "lung cancer", and "cancer suppressor genes".
    *   The specific phrase is "cancer suppressor genes".
    *   This clearly refers to the medical condition of malignant growth/tumors.

    *   Sense 1: malignant growth or tumor (Medical) - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (Person) - No.
    *   Sense 3: Astronomy (Constellation) - No.
    *   Sense 4: Astrology (Zodiac sign) - No.
    *   Sense 5: Biology (Genus of crabs) - No.

    *   The target word "cancer" in "cancer suppressor genes" refers to the disease.
    *   Sense index 1 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `often%4:02:00::`: many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee".
        2.  `often%4:02:01::`: frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much".
        3.  `often%4:02:02::`: in many cases or instances.

    *   The sentence is: "...because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages."
    *   Here, "it" refers to "colon cancer".
    *   The sentence is saying that in many instances of colon cancer, it develops in stages.
    *   It's not talking about a single instance of cancer happening "many times at short intervals" (Sense 1).
    *   It's not talking about "great quantities" (Sense 2).
    *   It's talking about the frequency of this occurrence across different cases of the disease.

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (Temporal frequency for a single subject).
    *   Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" (Amount/degree).
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" (Frequency across a population or set of occurrences).

    *   "Colon cancer often seems to develop in stages" means "In many cases of colon cancer, it seems to develop in stages." This matches Sense 3 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `seem`
    *   Target surface form: `seems`
    *   Context: "...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages."

    *   Sense 1: `give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect` (look, appear). Example: "She seems to be sleeping." (Focus on outward appearance/impression).
    *   Sense 2: `seem to be true, probable, or apparent` (appear). Example: "It seems that he is very gifted." (Focus on probability or apparent truth based on evidence).
    *   Sense 3: `appear to exist`. Example: "There seems no reason to go ahead..." (Existential).
    *   Sense 4: `appear to one's own mind or opinion`. Example: "I seem to be misunderstood..." (Subjective perception).

    *   The sentence is: "...because it often seems to develop in stages."
    *   The subject is "it" (referring to colon cancer).
    *   The phrase "seems to develop in stages" means that based on the evidence/observations, it *appears to be true* that it develops in stages.
    *   It's not about the "outward aspect" (Sense 1) in a visual sense, but rather about the apparent nature or pattern of the disease's progression.
    *   It's not about existence (Sense 3).
    *   It's not about a personal feeling of the subject (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 1 (outward aspect) vs. Sense 2 (true, probable, or apparent).
    *   "It seems to develop in stages" is a statement about the apparent mechanism of the disease. This aligns more closely with "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" (Sense 2) than with "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" (Sense 1).
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping" (outward appearance).
        *   Sense 2: "It seems that he is very gifted" (apparent truth/probability).
    *   In the context of a scientific observation ("it often seems to develop in stages"), the author is saying that the evidence suggests this is how it happens. This is a claim about the apparent truth of the process.

    *   Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
    *   Sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"
    *   The phrase "seems to develop in stages" describes a pattern that is apparent from the evidence. This fits Sense 2 better.

    *   Sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping" (Visual/outward impression).
    *   Sense 2: "It seems that he is very gifted" (Inference based on evidence).
    *   "Colon cancer... seems to develop in stages" is an inference based on medical evidence (polyps, etc.).

    *   Sense 1: look, appear.
    *   Sense 2: appear.
    *   Both use "appear".

    *   Sense 1 is often used for visual appearance or a general impression.
    *   Sense 2 is used for conclusions drawn from evidence (it appears to be the case that...).
    *   The context "because it often seems to develop in stages" is a justification for a belief ("He believed colon cancer might also arise from..."). This strongly suggests Sense 2 (apparent truth/probability).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "develop"
    *   Context: "...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages."
    *   Meaning: The sentence describes how colon cancer progresses or evolves through a series of stages (starting from polyps and becoming malignant).

    *   1: make something new (product/creation) - No.
    *   2: work out (theory) - No.
    *   3: gain through experience (skill/aversion) - No.
    *   4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features/attributes) - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is close (medical condition), but the context emphasizes the *process* of stages.
    *   5: come into existence; take on form or shape - No.
    *   6: change the use of (land) - No.
    *   7: elaborate (theories) - No.
    *   8: create by training - No.
    *   9: be gradually disclosed (plot) - No.
    *   10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment - Example: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower". This fits the "in stages" and "progressing" aspect well.
    *   11: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   12: cause to grow (agriculture) - No.
    *   13: generate gradually (customers) - No.
    *   14: grow emotionally - No.
    *   15: chemical solutions (film) - No.
    *   16: geometry - No.
    *   17: chess - No.
    *   18: chess - No.
    *   19: music - No.
    *   20: happen (news) - No.
    *   21: series (math) - No.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is often used for the *onset* of a disease.
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Example: "A flower developed on the branch".

    The context says "develop in stages" and mentions "progressing from less severe to deadly". This strongly suggests a process of progression/evolution over time rather than just the onset of a symptom. Sense 10 specifically mentions "progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of... natural growth, differentiation". This aligns perfectly with the biological progression of cancer from polyps to malignancy.

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)".
    And Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".

    In the context of cancer "developing in stages", it's describing the *way* it grows and progresses. Sense 10 is a better fit for the "in stages" and "progressing" aspect.

    Let's double-check Sense 4 again. "The patient developed abdominal pains." This is about the *acquisition* of a condition.
    The text says "colon cancer might also arise... because it often seems to develop in stages." This is about the *manner* of its growth/progression.

    Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation..."
    This fits the biological process of cancer progression (differentiation, growth, stages).

    Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)".
    While cancer is a change in physical attributes, the "in stages" part points more towards the process described in Sense 10.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 10: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower". These show a progression from one state to another.

    Let's look at Sense 4 again: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains". These are more about the appearance or onset.

    The phrase "develop in stages" is a classic description of biological progression. Sense 10 is the most comprehensive for this.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". No.
    Sense 20: "happen". No.

    Comparing 4 and 10 again.
    Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"
    Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"

    The context "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly" strongly aligns with "progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of... natural growth, differentiation".

    Therefore, Sense 10 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `stage`
    *   Target surface form: `stages`
    *   Context: "...because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

    *   Sense 1: `any distinct time period in a sequence of events` (synonym: phase). Example: "transitional stage".
    *   Sense 2: `a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process` (synonyms: degree, level, point). Example: "at what stage are the social sciences?".
    *   Sense 3: `a large platform on which people can stand...` (theater stage).
    *   Sense 4: `the theater as a profession`.
    *   Sense 5: `a large coach-and-four...` (stagecoach).
    *   Sense 6: `a section or portion of a journey or course` (synonym: leg).
    *   Sense 7: `any scene regarded as a setting...` (metaphorical stage).
    *   Sense 8: `a small platform on a microscope...`.

    *   The context describes cancer development: "develop in stages", "increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".
    *   This refers to a sequence of events or a progression through distinct phases of a disease.
    *   Sense 1 ("any distinct time period in a sequence of events") and Sense 2 ("a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process") are the closest.

    *   Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" (synonym: phase).
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (synonyms: degree, level, point).
    *   In medical contexts, "cancer stages" usually refer to the progression of the disease over time (Phase 1, Phase 2, etc.) or the level of severity/spread.
    *   The text says "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly". This implies a sequence of events/phases.
    *   Comparing "phase" (Sense 1) vs "degree/level/point" (Sense 2).
    *   "Develop in stages" strongly aligns with "distinct time period in a sequence of events" (Sense 1).
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   Cancer staging is often described as a process of progression.
    *   Let's re-read the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised" (a period of time).
        *   Sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?" (a point in a process).
    *   The text says "develop in stages" and "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This sounds like a sequence of phases.
    *   In many WordNet-based datasets, "stages of a disease" are mapped to Sense 1 (phase).

    *   Sense 1: phase, distinct time period in a sequence.
    *   Sense 2: degree, level, point in a process.
    *   "Develop in stages" -> "Develop in phases".
    *   "Identifiable stages" -> "Identifiable phases".
    *   The progression from "less severe to deadly" describes a sequence of events/phases.

    *   Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
    *   If the focus is on the *progression* (the sequence), Sense 1 is better. If the focus is on the *level* (the point reached), Sense 2 is better.
    *   "develop in stages" suggests the process of moving through them.
    *   "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" suggests a sequence of phases.

    *   Sense 1: phase.
    *   Sense 2: degree, level, point.
    *   Cancer stages (Stage I, II, III, IV) are levels of severity, but they are also phases of progression.
    *   However, "develop in stages" is a very common idiom for "develop in phases".

    *   Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
    *   Looking at the phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly", this emphasizes the sequence/phases.

    *   Sense 1: phase.
    *   Sense 2: degree, level, point.
    *   "Develop in stages" -> "Develop in phases".
    *   "Identifiable stages" -> "Identifiable phases".
    *   Sense 1 fits the "sequence of events" (the progression of the cancer) better than a "position in a continuum" (though it's close).

    *   Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
    *   Actually, "a specific identifiable position... especially in a process" (Sense 2) sounds very much like "Stage 1, Stage 2" of cancer.
    *   But "develop in stages" (plural) usually refers to the phases.
    *   Let's check the synonyms again. Sense 1: phase. Sense 2: degree, level, point.
    *   Cancer stages are often called "phases" of the disease.

    *   Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
    *   If I say "The disease progressed through several stages," I mean phases (Sense 1).
    *   If I say "At what stage is the disease?" I mean the point/level (Sense 2).
    *   The text says "develop in stages" and "identifiable stages -- progressing from...". This emphasizes the sequence/phases.

    *   Sense 1: phase.
    *   Sense 2: degree, level, point.
    *   "Develop in stages" = "Develop in phases".
    *   "Identifiable stages" = "Identifiable phases".
    *   Sense 1 is the most natural fit for a sequence of progression.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `often%4:02:00`: many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes) - Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee"
        2.  `often%4:02:01`: frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal) - Example: "I don't drink much"
        3.  `often%4:02:02`: in many cases or instances

    *   The sentence is: "It [colon cancer] <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
    *   Here, "often" describes the frequency of a medical occurrence (colon cancer being preceded by polyps).
    *   Does it mean "many times at short intervals" (Sense 1)? No, it's not about a repeating action over a short time for one subject.
    *   Does it mean "frequently or in great quantities" (Sense 2)? No, it's not about quantity (like drinking much).
    *   Does it mean "in many cases or instances" (Sense 3)? Yes. In many cases of colon cancer, it is preceded by polyps.

    *   Sense 1: Temporal frequency (repeated actions).
    *   Sense 2: Quantity/Degree.
    *   Sense 3: Prevalence/Occurrence across different instances.

    The context "It often is preceded by..." refers to the prevalence of this sequence of events across different patients/cases of colon cancer. This aligns perfectly with "in many cases or instances".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `precede`
    *   Target surface form: `preceded`
    *   Context: "It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
    *   Meaning: Colon cancer is often preceded by the development of polyps. This means the polyps develop *before* the cancer develops.

    *   Sense 1: `be earlier in time; go back further` (Synonyms: predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate; Example: Stone tools precede bronze tools). This refers to chronological order or historical precedence.
    *   Sense 2: `come before` (Synonyms: predate; Example: Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify). This often refers to spatial or sequential order (like in a sentence).
    *   Sense 3: `be the predecessor of` (Synonyms: come before; Example: Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands). This refers to a sequence of people or roles.
    *   Sense 4: `move ahead (of others) in time or space` (Synonyms: lead). This refers to physical movement or leading the way.
    *   Sense 5: `furnish with a preface or introduction` (Synonyms: preface, premise, introduce). This refers to adding an introduction.

    *   The context is about a biological process: polyps develop, and then colon cancer develops.
    *   This is a temporal sequence (one event happens before another).
    *   Sense 1 ("be earlier in time") fits well for events/phenomena.
    *   Sense 2 ("come before") is often used for spatial/linear order (like adjectives in a sentence).
    *   Sense 3 ("be the predecessor of") is usually for people/roles.
    *   Sense 4 ("move ahead") is for physical movement.
    *   Sense 5 ("furnish with a preface") is for introductions.

    *   Sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further" (Example: Stone tools precede bronze tools). This describes a chronological sequence of events or eras.
    *   Sense 2: "come before" (Example: Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify). This describes a sequence in a string or list.

    In the sentence "It [colon cancer] often is preceded by the development of polyps," the development of polyps happens *earlier in time* than the cancer. This is a temporal sequence of events.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 1 vs Sense 2 again.
    Sense 1: `be earlier in time; go back further` (predate).
    Sense 2: `come before` (predate).

    Actually, looking at WordNet's structure (which these senses are derived from), "precede" has several nuances.
    - `precede` (be earlier in time) -> Sense 1.
    - `precede` (come before in order/position) -> Sense 2.

    The development of polyps happens *before* the cancer in a temporal sequence.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further".
    Example: "Stone tools precede bronze tools". (Chronological order of eras/technologies).
    Context: "Colon cancer... is preceded by the development of polyps". (Chronological order of biological events).

    This fits Sense 1 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Temporal/Chronological.
    *   Sense 2: Sequential/Positional (like adjectives).
    *   Sense 3: Predecessor (people/roles).
    *   Sense 4: Physical movement.
    *   Sense 5: Introduction.

    The context is clearly temporal.

    Wait, let me double-check if "come before" (Sense 2) is better.
    Sense 2 example: "Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify". This is positional.
    Sense 1 example: "Stone tools precede bronze tools". This is temporal.

    The polyps coming before the cancer is temporal.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "development"
    *   Context: "It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   Meaning: The emergence or growth of polyps in the bowel.

    *   Sense 1: act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (e.g., development of a plan). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 2: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) (synonym: evolution). -> This is general.
    *   Sense 3: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level (synonyms: growth, growing, maturation). -> This is biological.
    *   Sense 4: a recent event (e.g., recent developments in Iraq). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 5: making land/water more profitable (exploitation). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 6: a district developed for a purpose. -> Not this.
    *   Sense 7: a state in which things are improving (e.g., chess). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 8: processing photosensitive material. -> Not this.
    *   Sense 9: music section. -> Not this.

    *   The context describes the biological process of polyps forming and progressing in the bowel.
    *   Sense 2 is a general process of passing by degrees to a different stage.
    *   Sense 3 is specifically biological growth/unfolding.
    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 3: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   Does the "development of polyps" fit Sense 3 (biological growth) or Sense 2 (general process of passing by degrees)?
    *   Polyps are biological growths. Their "development" refers to their growth and progression.
    *   Sense 3 mentions "growth, growing, maturation".
    *   Sense 2 mentions "evolution" and "passing by degrees to a different stage".
    *   The text says "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This sounds like a process of progression (Sense 2) but it's happening biologically (Sense 3).
    *   However, Sense 3 is usually about the development of an *organism* (ontogeny). Polyps are not separate organisms; they are growths within an organism.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...".
    *   The development of a disease or a symptom (like polyps) is often categorized under the general "process of passing by degrees" (Sense 2) unless it's specifically the growth of the organism itself.
    *   Wait, "development of polyps" means the polyps *formed* and *grew*.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "the development of his ideas took many years".
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "indicator of osseous development in children". (Osseous development = bone growth).
    *   Polyps growing in the bowel is very similar to bone growth in children (biological growth/maturation of tissue).
    *   Actually, looking at the context "progressing from less severe to deadly", it emphasizes the *stages* of the process.
    *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 again.
        *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
        *   Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically".
    *   Is a polyp an "individual organism"? No. Is the "development of polyps" the process of an organism growing? No, it's the process of a growth occurring within an organism.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 (the general process of passing by degrees to a different stage) fits better than Sense 3 (which is specifically about the growth of an organism/ontogeny).

    *   Wait, let me double-check. In medical contexts, "development of a disease" or "development of a tumor" is often mapped to the sense of "coming into existence" or "evolving".
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children".
    *   "Osseous development" is the growth of bone. "Development of polyps" is the growth of polyps.
    *   Is a polyp an "individual organism"? No. But "osseous development" isn't the development of an individual organism either; it's the development of a *part* of an organism.
    *   Wait, the definition of Sense 3 says "the process of an individual organism growing organically". This usually refers to the whole organism (embryo to adult).
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". The text says "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This matches Sense 2 perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: Process of passing by degrees to a different stage.
    *   Sense 3: Biological growth of an organism.
    *   The context emphasizes the *stages* and *progression* ("identifiable stages", "progressing from less severe to deadly"). This strongly points to Sense 2.

    *   Wait, let me search for "development of polyps" in a corpus. It usually means the *occurrence* or *growth*.
    *   If it means "the act of coming into existence", that's not explicitly in Sense 2 or 3.
    *   But Sense 2 says "passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   A polyp starting as a small growth and becoming a malignant tumor is a biological unfolding of events changing from a simple to a more complex (malignant) level.

    *   Let's compare:
        *   Sense 2: General process of progression.
        *   Sense 3: Biological process of growth/complexity.
    *   The context is heavily biological ("molecular biologist", "cancer suppressor genes", "malignant", "genetic damage").
    *   The phrase "development of polyps" refers to the biological process of these growths forming and evolving.
    *   Sense 3's "biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" fits the progression from a benign polyp to a malignant tumor.

    *   Wait, I just noticed Sense 2's synonym is "evolution". The progression of a tumor is often called "tumor evolution".
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years".
        *   Sense 3: "osseous development in children".
    *   "Osseous development" is the growth of bone. "Development of polyps" is the growth of polyps.
    *   Actually, Sense 3 is often used for the growth of tissues/organs (like osseous development).
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   The text says: "development of polyps... which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".
    *   This describes the *process* of the polyps changing stages.

    *   Let's think about "development of [disease/symptom]".
    *   If I say "the development of the disease", am I talking about the biological growth of the organism (Sense 3) or the process of the disease progressing through stages (Sense 2)? Definitely Sense 2.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 3 again. "the process of an individual organism growing organically". A polyp is not an organism.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most fitting.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 2 again. "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   Is the "development of polyps" the *process* of passing by degrees, or is it the *result* (the polyps themselves)?
    *   "It often is preceded by the development of polyps..."
    *   This means the *occurrence* or *formation* of polyps.
    *   Does Sense 2 cover "formation"? "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   If the "something" is the tissue in the bowel, and it passes to the stage of having polyps, then yes.

    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again. "the process of an individual organism growing organically".
    *   If we consider the polyp as the "something" growing, Sense 3's "growth, growing" synonyms fit.

    *   Let's search for "development of polyps" in a medical context. It usually refers to the *formation* and *growth* of the polyps.
    *   Looking at the WordNet senses again:
        *   Sense 2: process of passing by degrees to a different stage.
        *   Sense 3: biological process of growing organically.
    *   The context says "development of polyps... which... become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages".
    *   The "development" part is the first step (the polyps appearing), and then they "become increasingly malignant" (the progression).
    *   So "development" here means the process of the polyps forming and growing.
    *   This sounds more like Sense 3 (growth, growing) than Sense 2 (passing through stages), although the *subsequent* process is described as passing through stages.

    *   Wait, let me re-read: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages".
    *   The "development" is the *preceding* event. The "becoming increasingly malignant" is what happens *after* or *during* the development.
    *   So "development of polyps" = the polyps forming and growing.
    *   Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".

    *   Let's look at Sense 3's synonyms: "growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis".
    *   "The growth of polyps" is a very common way to say "the development of polyps".

    *   Let's look at Sense 2's synonyms: "evolution".
    *   "The evolution of polyps" is less common than "the growth of polyps".

    *   Wait, I just found a similar example in a WordNet-based dataset. "Development of a tumor" is often mapped to the biological growth sense.

    *   Let's re-examine Sense 3: "the process of an individual organism growing organically".
    *   Is a polyp an organism? No. But is "osseous development" (the example for Sense 3) the development of an organism? No, it's the development of bone.
    *   This suggests that "organism" in the definition of Sense 3 can refer to a part of an organism or a biological structure.

    *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 one more time.
        *   Sense 2: General progression (ideas, civilization).
        *   Sense 3: Biological growth (bone development).
    *   "Development of polyps" is biological growth.

    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: "It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral).

    *   The context mentions "colon cancer", "bowel", and "malignant".
    *   "Polyps in the bowel" refers to growths on the lining of the colon/bowel.
    *   This matches the medical definition of a polyp (a growth on a mucous membrane).
    *   It does not match the zoological definition (coelenterates/coral).

    *   Sense 1: Medical growth on mucous membrane. (Matches)
    *   Sense 2: Coelenterate form. (Does not match)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `case`
    *   Target surface form: `cases`
    *   Context: "...It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."

    *   The sentence discusses the development of colon cancer.
    *   It mentions that polyps in the bowel sometimes become malignant.
    *   "in some cases" refers to the instances or occurrences where this happens.

    *   1: `an occurrence of something` (synonyms: instance, example) - *Fits well. "In some instances/examples, polyps become malignant."*
    *   2: `a special set of circumstances` (synonyms: event) - *Similar, but "occurrence" (1) is more general and fits "in some cases" better.*
    *   3: `proceeding in a court of law` - *Incorrect.*
    *   4: `the actual state of things` - *Incorrect.*
    *   5: `portable container` - *Incorrect.*
    *   6: `a person requiring professional services` - *Incorrect (though medical, it refers to the person, not the occurrence of the disease).*
    *   7: `a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures` - *Incorrect (refers to the subject).*
    *   8: `a problem requiring investigation` - *Incorrect.*
    *   9: `a statement of facts and reasons` - *Incorrect.*
    *   10: `quantity contained in a case` - *Incorrect.*
    *   11: `grammatical case` - *Incorrect.*
    *   12: `specific state of mind` - *Incorrect.*
    *   13: `a person of a specified kind` - *Incorrect.*
    *   14: `specific size and style of type` - *Incorrect.*
    *   15: `enveloping structure or covering` - *Incorrect.*
    *   16: `housing or outer covering` - *Incorrect.*
    *   17: `enclosing frame around a door or window` - *Incorrect.*
    *   18: `receptacle in which a compositor has his type` - *Incorrect.*
    *   19: `bed linen (pillowcase)` - *Incorrect.*
    *   20: `glass container` - *Incorrect.*

    *   Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" (instance, example).
    *   Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances" (event).
    *   In the phrase "in some cases," it almost always means "in some instances" or "in some occurrences."

    *   Sense 1: "it was a case of bad judgment"
    *   Sense 2: "in that event, the first possibility is excluded"
    *   The context "in some cases [polyps] become increasingly malignant" aligns perfectly with "in some instances."

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `become`
    *   Target surface form: `become`
    *   Context: "...polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `become%2:30:00::`: enter or assume a certain state or condition (synonyms: go, get; example: "He became annoyed").
        2.  `become%2:42:01::`: undergo a change or development (synonyms: turn; example: "The water turned into ice").
        3.  `become%2:42:00::`: come into existence.
        4.  `become%2:42:03::`: enhance the appearance of (synonyms: suit).

    *   The sentence describes polyps that "become increasingly malignant".
    *   "Malignant" is a state or condition.
    *   "Increasingly malignant" suggests a progression or change in state.
    *   Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition".
    *   Sense 2: "undergo a change or development".

    *   Sense 1 (enter/assume a state) is often used for adjectives describing a state (e.g., "became annoyed", "getting more serious").
    *   Sense 2 (undergo a change/development) often implies a transformation from one thing to another (e.g., "water turned into ice", "friend became enemy").
    *   In "become increasingly malignant", the polyps are not turning into a different entity (like water to ice), but rather their *state* is changing (becoming more malignant).
    *   Comparing "become increasingly malignant" to "getting more serious" (Sense 1 example) and "turned into ice" (Sense 2 example). "Increasingly malignant" is much closer to "getting more serious".

    *   Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition".
    *   Sense 2: "undergo a change or development".
    *   Wait, "increasingly malignant" describes a process of development. However, "malignant" is a state.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms. Sense 1: go, get. "Get increasingly malignant" works. Sense 2: turn. "Turn increasingly malignant" is less common than "become increasingly malignant".
    *   Usually, "become" + adjective (especially with "increasingly") maps to Sense 1 (assuming a state).

    *   Sense 1: "He became annoyed" (state), "getting more serious" (state).
    *   Sense 2: "water turned into ice" (transformation), "friend became enemy" (transformation).
    *   "Polyps become increasingly malignant" is a change in the *degree* of a state (malignancy), which fits Sense 1 better than a complete transformation into a different category of thing (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition.
    *   Sense 2: undergo a change or development.
    *   Actually, "undergo a change or development" (Sense 2) could also fit. But "become [adjective]" is the classic pattern for Sense 1.
    *   Let's re-read: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This emphasizes the *process* of change.
    *   However, "malignant" is a property/state.
    *   Let's check WordNet's typical usage. "Become" + adjective usually goes to the "assume a state" sense.

    *   Sense 1: "He became annoyed" (adjective).
    *   Sense 2: "The water turned into ice" (noun).
    *   In the target sentence, "malignant" is an adjective.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit for "become [adjective]".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `stage`
    *   Target surface form: `stages`
    *   Context: "...which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   Key phrases: "increasingly malignant", "identifiable stages", "progressing from less severe to deadly".

    *   Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" (synonym: phase).
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (synonyms: degree, level, point).
    *   Sense 3: "a large platform on which people can stand..." (theater stage).
    *   Sense 4: "the theater as a profession".
    *   Sense 5: "a large coach-and-four..." (stagecoach).
    *   Sense 6: "a section or portion of a journey or course" (leg).
    *   Sense 7: "any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something".
    *   Sense 8: "a small platform on a microscope...".

    *   The context describes the progression of cancer (malignancy) from less severe to deadly.
    *   This is a process of progression through a series of levels or points of severity.
    *   Sense 1 (distinct time period/phase) and Sense 2 (identifiable position in a continuum/series/process) are the closest.
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" (e.g., "transitional stage").
        *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (e.g., "at what stage are the social sciences?").
    *   In medical contexts, "stages of cancer" usually refer to the extent of the disease (the level/degree of progression), which fits "identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (Sense 2) very well. However, it also fits "distinct time period in a sequence of events" (Sense 1) if viewed as phases of development.
    *   Wait, let's re-read the context: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This emphasizes the *position* or *level* of malignancy.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 (phase) and Sense 2 (degree, level, point).
    *   Cancer staging is the process of determining the *extent* (level/degree) of the cancer.
    *   Example for Sense 1: "transitional stage".
    *   Example for Sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?".
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet's typical usage, "stages of a disease" often maps to Sense 1 (phases) or Sense 2 (levels).
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   The phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly" suggests a continuum or a series of levels.
    *   In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "stages" of a disease are often mapped to the "phase" or "step" sense.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms: Sense 1 (phase), Sense 2 (degree, level, point).
    *   "Identifiable stages" in the context of cancer progression (less severe to deadly) sounds more like levels/degrees of severity (Sense 2) than just time periods (Sense 1).
    *   However, "stages" in cancer (Stage I, II, III, IV) are often described as phases of progression.
    *   Let's check the examples again. Sense 1: "transitional stage". Sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?".
    *   Actually, "identifiable stages" in a process of progression (less severe to deadly) fits "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (Sense 2) very precisely.

    *   Sense 1: phase, time period.
    *   Sense 2: degree, level, point in a process.
    *   The text says "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This describes the *level* of malignancy.
    *   If I say "The cancer is in the third stage," I am referring to its level/position in the progression.

    *   Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
    *   The context "progressing from less severe to deadly" strongly implies a continuum or series of levels.

    *   Wait, let me double-check common WordNet mappings for "cancer stages".
    *   Often, "stage" as in "stage of a disease" is mapped to the sense of "a step in a process" or "a phase".
    *   Looking at the provided senses:
        Sense 1: phase
        Sense 2: degree, level, point
    *   "Identifiable stages" where it's "progressing from less severe to deadly" fits "identifiable position in a continuum or series" (Sense 2) slightly better than "distinct time period" (Sense 1).

    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   The progression of cancer is a process. The "stages" are the identifiable positions (levels) within that process.

    *   Sense 1: phase
    *   Sense 2: degree, level, point
    *   "Identifiable stages" = "identifiable levels/points".
    *   This seems to be the most accurate fit.

    *   Wait, let me think about "phase" (Sense 1) again. Is a stage of cancer a "time period"? Not necessarily. It's a state of the disease.
    *   Is it a "position in a continuum or series"? Yes, Stage I, II, III, IV.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `progress`
    *   Target surface form: `progressing`
    *   Context: "...polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

    *   Sense 1: `develop in a positive way` (e.g., "progressed well in school").
    *   Sense 2: `move forward, also in the metaphorical sense` (e.g., "Time marches on").
    *   Sense 3: `form or accumulate steadily` (e.g., "Resistance... built up quickly").

    *   The context describes the progression of a disease (cancer/polyps) from "less severe to deadly."
    *   Is it "developing in a positive way" (Sense 1)? No, cancer becoming deadly is not positive.
    *   Is it "forming or accumulating steadily" (Sense 3)? While genetic damage accumulates, the word "progressing" here describes the movement through stages (less severe $\rightarrow$ deadly).
    *   Is it "moving forward, also in the metaphorical sense" (Sense 2)? Yes. The disease is advancing through stages. "Move forward" in a medical context often refers to the progression of a disease.

    *   Sense 1 is clearly wrong (positive).
    *   Sense 3 refers to accumulation (build up). While the *damage* builds up, the *polyps* are "progressing from less severe to deadly."
    *   Sense 2 refers to moving forward/advancing. "Progressing from A to B" fits the pattern of moving through a sequence or advancing in a process.

    *   "progressing from less severe to deadly" $\approx$ "advancing from less severe to deadly."
    *   Sense 2 synonyms: advance, move on, go on.
    *   This fits the description of a disease advancing through stages.