[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national <t>policy</t> making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `policy`
    *   Target surface form: `policy`
    *   Context: "...national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress... such votes reflect national <t>policy</t> making..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `policy%1:09:00::`: a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group.
        2.  `policy%1:10:00::`: a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government.
        3.  `policy%1:10:02::`: written contract or certificate of insurance.

    *   The context discusses "national policy making" in the context of the US Congress (House and Senate).
    *   It contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making."
    *   It refers to "roll-call votes" reflecting "national policy making."

    *   Sense 3 (insurance) is completely irrelevant.
    *   Sense 2 (line of argument rationalizing the course of action) is too narrow. It's about the *argument* for the action, not the action/plan itself.
    *   Sense 1 (a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group) fits best. "National policy making" refers to the process of creating plans of action (laws, regulations, strategies) for the country.

    *   Sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" (e.g., "a politician keeps changing his policies"). This aligns well with government policy.
    *   Sense 2: "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government". While it mentions government, "policy making" usually refers to the creation of the plan/law, not just the rationalization of it.

    *   The phrase "national policy making" refers to the creation of national plans of action (laws, etc.). This is the standard meaning of "policy" in a political context. Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of this.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy <t>making</t> and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `making`
    *   Target surface form: `making`
    *   Context: "...national policy <t>making</t>..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `making%1:04:00::`: the act that results in something coming to be (synonyms: devising, fashioning).
        2.  `making%1:07:00::`: an attribute that must be met or complied with (synonym: qualification).
        3.  `making%1:06:00::`: (usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something.

    *   The phrase is "national policy making".
    *   "Policy making" refers to the process of creating, devising, or establishing policies.
    *   This fits the definition of "the act that results in something coming to be" (Sense 1).
    *   It does not fit "qualification" (Sense 2).
    *   It does not fit "components needed" (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 1: "the act that results in something coming to be" / "devising, fashioning". "Policy making" is the act of devising policy. This is a perfect fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `vote`
    *   Target surface form: `votes`
    *   Context: "...Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

    *   Sense 1: `vote%1:04:00` - a choice made by counting people in favor of each alternative (ballot, voting). Example: "17 votes in favor of the motion".
    *   Sense 2: `vote%1:04:01` - the opinion of a group as determined by voting. Example: "put the question to a vote".
    *   Sense 3: `vote%1:07:00` - a legal right (suffrage). Example: "women got the vote".
    *   Sense 4: `vote%1:14:00` - a body of voters with same interests. Example: "the Black vote".
    *   Sense 5: `vote%1:09:00` - total number of voters who participated (voter turnout). Example: "expecting a large vote".

    *   The context mentions "roll-call votes".
    *   A "roll-call vote" is a specific procedure in a legislative body where each member's vote is recorded.
    *   The sentence says "participating in such votes takes away from the time...".
    *   This refers to the act of voting on specific motions or bills (the individual instances of voting/balloting).

    *   Sense 1 (a choice made by counting... ballot, voting) fits best. A roll-call vote is a specific type of ballot/voting process.
    *   Sense 2 (the opinion of a group) is too abstract.
    *   Sense 3 (legal right) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (body of voters) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (voter turnout) is incorrect.

    *   "roll-call votes" -> individual instances of voting on legislation.
    *   Sense 1: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative". This describes the mechanism of a roll-call vote.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `time`
    *   Target surface form: `time`
    *   Context: "...participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

    *   Sense 1: An instance or single occasion (e.g., "this time he succeeded").
    *   Sense 2: A period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something (e.g., "take time to smell the roses", "I didn't have time to finish").
    *   Sense 3: An indefinite period (e.g., "he waited a long time").
    *   Sense 4: A suitable moment (e.g., "it is time to go").
    *   Sense 5: The continuum of experience (future -> present -> past).
    *   Sense 6: A person's experience on a particular occasion (e.g., "had a good time").
    *   Sense 7: A reading of a point in time as given by a clock (e.g., "what time is it?").
    *   Sense 8: The fourth coordinate (fourth dimension).
    *   Sense 9: Rhythm/meter.
    *   Sense 10: Prison term.

    *   The phrase is "takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."
    *   Here, "time" is treated as a limited resource that can be "devoted" to a specific activity (local benefit-seeking).
    *   This matches Sense 2: "a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something."

    *   Sense 1 (instance): No.
    *   Sense 2 (resource): Yes.
    *   Sense 3 (indefinite period): No.
    *   Sense 4 (suitable moment): No.
    *   Sense 5 (continuum): No.
    *   Sense 6 (experience): No.
    *   Sense 7 (clock time): No.
    *   Sense 8 (dimension): No.
    *   Sense 9 (rhythm): No.
    *   Sense 10 (prison): No.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: devote
Target surface form: devote
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise <t>devote</t> to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=devote%2:32:00:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=give, dedicate, consecrate, commit | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
2. sense_key=devote%2:31:00:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=give, pay | examples=give thought to; give priority to
3. sense_key=devote%2:40:00:: | definition=set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use | examples=this land was devoted to mining

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `devote`
    *   Target surface form: `devote`
    *   Context: "...participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise <t>devote</t> to local benefit - seeking."

    *   Sense 1: `give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause` (Synonyms: give, dedicate, consecrate, commit). Example: "She committed herself to the work of God".
    *   Sense 2: `dedicate` (Synonyms: give, pay). Example: "give thought to; give priority to".
    *   Sense 3: `set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use`. Example: "this land was devoted to mining".

    *   The phrase is "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking".
    *   The object being devoted is "time".
    *   The purpose is "local benefit-seeking".
    *   Sense 1 implies a strong commitment or giving oneself entirely (often used with "herself", "himself", or "talents").
    *   Sense 2 is a more general "dedicate" or "give" (e.g., give thought to).
    *   Sense 3 is "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use".

    *   Sense 1: "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause". This is often used for people committing themselves.
    *   Sense 2: "dedicate" (synonyms: give, pay). This is often used for resources like time or attention (e.g., "give thought to").
    *   Sense 3: "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use". This is often used for physical space or specific resources (e.g., "land was devoted to mining").

    *   "Time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."
    *   Is it "giving entirely" (Sense 1)? Not necessarily entirely, just the time available.
    *   Is it "dedicating/giving" (Sense 2)? Yes, "give time to" is a very common usage.
    *   Is it "setting aside" (Sense 3)? While time can be set aside, Sense 3's example ("land was devoted to mining") suggests a more permanent allocation or designation of a resource.

    *   Sense 1: "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause" (often reflexive: "devote oneself to").
    *   Sense 2: "dedicate" (synonyms: give, pay). Example: "give thought to".
    *   Sense 3: "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use".

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again: "dedicate" (synonyms: give, pay). Example: "give thought to".
    Let's look at Sense 1 again: "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause".

    In the context "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking", the legislator is allocating their time.

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
    Sense 1 is often about a life's work or a deep commitment ("devote her life to").
    Sense 2 is more about allocating a resource like attention or time ("devote time to").

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use". This is often used for land or funds.

    Looking at the synonyms for Sense 2: "give, pay". "Give time to" fits perfectly.
    Looking at the synonyms for Sense 1: "give, dedicate, consecrate, commit".

    Actually, "devote time to" is a very standard usage. Let's see if Sense 2 fits better than Sense 1.
    Sense 1: "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause".
    Sense 2: "dedicate" (synonyms: give, pay).

    If I say "I devote an hour a day to exercise", is that Sense 1 (entirely) or Sense 2 (dedicate/give)? It's Sense 2.

    Let's double-check the WordNet structure if possible (mentally).
    Devote (v):
    1. give entirely to (devote oneself to)
    2. dedicate (devote time/attention to)
    3. set aside (devote land to)

    The context "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking" fits the "devote time to" pattern.

    Sense 1: give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause.
    Sense 2: dedicate (synonyms: give, pay).
    Sense 3: set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use.

    Sense 2 seems the most appropriate for "devote time to".

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 1: "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause".
    If the legislator is devoting *time*, they aren't giving *themselves* entirely, but they are giving that *time* to the activity.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "give thought to; give priority to".
    "Devote time to" is very similar to "give thought to".

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use".
    Could "time" be "set aside"? Yes. But "devote time to" is more commonly mapped to the "dedicate/give" sense than the "set aside land" sense.

    Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 again.
    Sense 1: "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause"
    Sense 2: "dedicate" (synonyms: give, pay)

    Actually, in many WordNet versions:
    - devote (something) to (something) = dedicate/give
    - devote (oneself) to (something) = commit/consecrate

    The target is "devote [time] to [local benefit-seeking]". This is "devote (something) to (something)".

    Sense 2: "dedicate" (synonyms: give, pay). Example: "give thought to".
    This matches "give time to".

    Sense 1: "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause". Example: "She committed herself to the work of God". (This is the reflexive "devote oneself" usage).

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to <t>local</t> benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `local`
    *   Target surface form: `local`
    *   Context: "...participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to <t>local</t> benefit - seeking."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `local%3:00:01::`: relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area (e.g., local taxes, local authorities).
        2.  `local%3:01:01::`: of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood (e.g., local customs, local schools).
        3.  `local%3:00:02::`: affecting only a restricted part or area of the body (e.g., local anesthesia).

    *   The text discusses "local benefit-seeking" by members of Congress (legislators).
    *   It contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making."
    *   It mentions "narrow constituent concerns."
    *   The "local" here refers to the specific district or state (the "locality") that the legislator represents, as opposed to the nation as a whole.

    *   Sense 3 (medical) is obviously wrong.
    *   Sense 2 (characteristic of a particular locality/neighborhood) is more about culture, customs, or specific institutions (schools).
    *   Sense 1 (relating to the administration of a city, town, or district rather than a larger area) fits the political context of "local benefit-seeking" (pork-barrel politics, securing funds for one's own district/state) and the contrast with "national policy making."

    *   "Local benefit-seeking" in a political context refers to securing resources or advantages for the specific administrative district the politician represents. This aligns well with "administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area."

    *   Sense 1: Administration/district vs. larger area. (Fits perfectly: District vs. National).
    *   Sense 2: Characteristic of a locality. (Less about administration/policy, more about traits).

    *   The context is about legislators, national policy, and constituent concerns. This is administrative/political. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicate
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `indicate`
    *   Target surface form: `indicate`
    *   Context: "This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House."
    *   Surrounding context: The author is discussing empirical support for a theory. They mention evidence (GOP senators' staff budgets, attendance rates on roll-call votes). The sentence "This is indeed what the data indicate" refers to the data regarding attendance rates supporting the hypothesis that Democrats are more focused on local benefit-seeking.

    *   Sense 1: `be a signal for or a symptom of` (e.g., symptoms indicate illness).
    *   Sense 2: `indicate a place, direction, person, or thing` (e.g., point to a parking space).
    *   Sense 3: `to state or express briefly` (e.g., indicated wishes in a letter).
    *   Sense 4: `give evidence of` (e.g., The results indicate the need for more work).
    *   Sense 5: `suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine` (e.g., Tetracycline is indicated).

    *   The context is about data supporting a hypothesis/theory.
    *   "The data indicate" means the data provide evidence for the claim.
    *   Sense 4 ("give evidence of") fits perfectly. The example "The results indicate the need for more work" is very similar to "the data indicate [the hypothesis]".
    *   Sense 1 ("be a signal for or a symptom of") is more about signs/symptoms (medical or behavioral) rather than empirical data supporting a theoretical claim.
    *   Sense 2 is spatial/designating.
    *   Sense 3 is about stating/expressing.
    *   Sense 5 is medical.

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: case
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "case"
    *   Context: "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House."
    *   Sentence meaning: The data shows a specific pattern (Democratic House attendance rate not exceeding Republican House attendance rate), and this pattern is especially evident when looking at the House of Representatives.

    *   1: an occurrence of something (instance, example)
    *   2: a special set of circumstances (event)
    *   3: legal proceeding (lawsuit)
    *   4: the actual state of things (that was not the case)
    *   5: portable container
    *   6: person requiring professional services
    *   7: person subjected to experimental procedures (subject)
    *   8: problem requiring investigation
    *   9: statement of facts/reasons to support an argument
    *   10: quantity contained in a case
    *   11: grammatical case
    *   12: specific state of mind (jitters)
    *   13: person of a specified kind (character)
    *   14: font/typeface
    *   15: enveloping structure (sheath)
    *   16: housing/outer covering (shell)
    *   17: frame around door/window
    *   18: printing receptacle
    *   19: pillowcase
    *   20: display case

    *   "particularly in the case of the House"
    *   Here, "the case of the House" refers to the specific *instance* or *example* of the House of Representatives being examined within the broader context of legislators (Senators and House members).
    *   Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" (synonyms: instance, example). This fits well. "Particularly in the instance of the House" or "particularly in the example of the House."
    *   Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances" (synonyms: event). This is usually used in "in that case" or "in which case." Not a great fit here.
    *   Sense 4: "the actual state of things." "That was not the case." Doesn't fit the structure "in the case of X."

    *   "In the case of [something/someone]" is a common idiom meaning "with regard to" or "as an example of."
    *   Looking at Sense 1: "an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example".
    *   Example for Sense 1: "it was a case of bad judgment".
    *   Comparing "in the case of the House" to "an instance of the House" or "the example of the House." This aligns with Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: instance, example.
    *   Sense 2: event, special set of circumstances.
    *   Sense 4: state of things.
    *   The phrase "in the case of" often maps to "instance" or "example" when referring to a specific entity being discussed.

    *   "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House."
    *   Meaning: The data indicates this, especially when we look at the example/instance of the House.
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The <t>Democratic</t> House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `democratic`
    *   Target surface form: `Democratic`
    *   Context: "The <t>Democratic</t> House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Surrounding context: Mentions "Democratic legislators", "Republican colleagues", "GOP senators", "Democrats", "Republicans".

    *   Sense 1: `democratic%3:00:00::` - characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality (e.g., democratic government).
    *   Sense 2: `democratic%3:01:00::` - belong to or relating to the Democratic Party (e.g., Democratic senator).
    *   Sense 3: `democratic%5:00:00:common:01` - representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large (synonym: popular).

    *   The text explicitly compares "Democratic legislators" with "Republican colleagues" and "GOP senators".
    *   The specific sentence "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959" refers to the political party (Democratic Party) in contrast to the Republican Party.
    *   This matches Sense 2 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1 is about the system of government (democracy).
    *   Sense 3 is about being "popular" or for the general public.
    *   Sense 2 is about the specific political party.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `attendance`
    *   Target surface form: `attendance`
    *   Context: "The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `attendance%1:04:00::`: the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)
        2.  `attendance%1:28:00::`: the frequency with which a person is present (Example: a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade)
        3.  `attendance%1:14:00::`: the number of people that are present (Example: attendance was up by 50 per cent)

    *   The sentence discusses "attendance rate" in the context of roll-call votes in the House of Representatives.
    *   It compares the "Democratic House attendance rate" with the "Republican House attendance rate".
    *   An "attendance rate" typically refers to the percentage of time or events a person (or group of people on average) was present.
    *   Sense 1 is the general act of being present.
    *   Sense 2 is the *frequency* with which a person is present.
    *   Sense 3 is the *number* of people present (e.g., "attendance at the game was 50,000").

    *   "Attendance rate" refers to how often members of the House are present for votes. This aligns most closely with "the frequency with which a person is present" (Sense 2), applied here as an average or rate for a group.
    *   Sense 3 (number of people) doesn't fit "attendance rate" in the way "frequency" does. If it were "the attendance was low," it could be Sense 3, but "attendance rate" specifically points to the frequency/percentage of presence.

    *   Sense 1: Act of being present. (Too general)
    *   Sense 2: Frequency with which a person is present. (Fits "rate" perfectly)
    *   Sense 3: Number of people present. (Incorrect for "rate" in this context)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rate`
    *   Target surface form: `rate`
    *   Context: "The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `rate%1:28:00::`: magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit (e.g., 55 miles per hour).
        2.  `rate%1:21:00::`: amount of a charge or payment (e.g., phone call cost).
        3.  `rate%1:07:00::`: relative speed of progress or change (e.g., fast pace).
        4.  `rate%1:24:00::`: a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure (e.g., literacy rate, retention rate).

    *   The phrase is "attendance rate".
    *   Attendance rate typically refers to the percentage of people who attend out of the total number of people expected to attend.
    *   This is a proportion (number of attendees / total number of members).

    *   Sense 1: Time unit (miles per hour). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: Charge/payment. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: Speed/pace. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: Proportion of another quantity (literacy rate, retention rate). This fits perfectly. "Attendance rate" is analogous to "literacy rate".

    *   The target word "rate" in "attendance rate" refers to a proportion.
    *   Sense 4 specifically defines it as "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure" and gives "literacy rate" as an example.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the <t>Republican</t> House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `republican`
    *   Target surface form: `Republican`
    *   Context: The text discusses "Democratic legislators" vs "Republican colleagues", "GOP senators", "congressional Republicans", and "the Republican House attendance rate".
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `republican%3:01:01::`: relating to or belonging to the Republican Party (e.g., "a Republican senator").
        2.  `republican%5:00:00:democratic:00`: having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens... (republican form of government).

    *   The context explicitly mentions "Democratic legislators", "GOP senators" (GOP = Grand Old Party, a nickname for the Republican Party), and "congressional Republicans".
    *   The comparison is between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party in the US Congress.
    *   Sense 1 refers specifically to the Republican Party.
    *   Sense 2 refers to the general concept of a republic (government by citizens).

    *   The usage "Republican House attendance rate" clearly refers to the members of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House <t>attendance</t> rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `attendance`
    *   Target surface form: `attendance`
    *   Context: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `attendance%1:04:00::`: the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)
        2.  `attendance%1:28:00::`: the frequency with which a person is present (Example: a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade)
        3.  `attendance%1:14:00::`: the number of people that are present (Example: attendance was up by 50 per cent)

    *   The sentence discusses "attendance rates" for Democratic and Republican House members on roll-call votes.
    *   "Attendance rate" refers to how often members are present for votes.
    *   Sense 1 is the general act of being present.
    *   Sense 2 is the *frequency* with which a person is present.
    *   Sense 3 is the *number* of people present (total count).

    *   The context mentions "attendance rates". A rate is a measure of frequency or proportion over time/events.
    *   Sense 2 ("the frequency with which a person is present") fits perfectly with the concept of an "attendance rate" (e.g., a legislator's attendance rate is the frequency with which they are present for votes).
    *   Sense 3 ("the number of people that are present") refers to a total count (e.g., "attendance at the game was 50,000"), which doesn't fit "attendance rate" in the context of individual or group frequency of presence.

    *   Sense 2: "the frequency with which a person is present" -> "attendance rate" (frequency of presence).
    *   Sense 3: "the number of people that are present" -> "total attendance".

    The context is comparing the frequency (rate) of presence for two groups of legislators.

    *   Sense 1: Act of being present. (Too general)
    *   Sense 2: Frequency of presence. (Matches "attendance rate")
    *   Sense 3: Number of people present. (Does not match "attendance rate")


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rate`
    *   Target surface form: `rate`
    *   Context: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `rate%1:28:00::`: magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit (e.g., 55 miles per hour).
        2.  `rate%1:21:00::`: amount of a charge or payment (e.g., phone call cost).
        3.  `rate%1:07:00::`: relative speed of progress or change (e.g., fast pace).
        4.  `rate%1:24:00::`: quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure (e.g., literacy rate, retention rate).

    *   The phrase is "attendance rate".
    *   Attendance rate refers to the proportion of votes a legislator attended relative to the total number of votes.
    *   This is a proportion/percentage, not a speed, a cost, or a frequency per time unit (though it's a frequency, it's relative to the total number of events, not a specific time unit like "per hour").

    *   Sense 1: "magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit" (e.g., miles per hour). Not a time unit here.
    *   Sense 2: "amount of a charge or payment". Not a payment.
    *   Sense 3: "relative speed of progress or change". Not speed.
    *   Sense 4: "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure" (e.g., literacy rate). This fits perfectly. "Attendance rate" is the proportion of votes attended.

    *   The target word "rate" in "attendance rate" matches the definition of a proportion (Sense 4).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as <t>shown</t> in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `show`
    *   Target surface form: `shown`
    *   Context: "Finally, as <t>shown</t> in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices..."
    *   Meaning: The table presents or displays data that indicates a certain fact.

    *   Sense 1: give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate). (Too active/performance-based).
    *   Sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish). (Possible, but usually refers to a logical proof or experimental result).
    *   Sense 3: provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence). (Similar to 2, but more about evidence).
    *   Sense 4: make visible or noticeable. (Too general).
    *   Sense 5: show in, or as in, a picture (picture, depict, render). (Tables aren't exactly pictures/paintings, but they depict data).
    *   Sense 6: give expression to (express, evince). (Emotional/abstract).
    *   Sense 7: indicate a place, direction, person, or thing (indicate, point, designate). (Spatial/directional).
    *   Sense 8: be or become visible or noticeable. (Intransitive).
    *   Sense 9: indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments (read, register, record). (Specific to instruments).
    *   Sense 10: give evidence of, as of records (The diary shows his distress). (Very close; a table is a record of data).
    *   Sense 11: take (someone) to their seats (usher). (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 12: finish third or better in a race. (Irrelevant).

    *   "as shown in the table"
    *   Is it "establishing validity" (Sense 2)? The table is used to support a claim, but the act of being "shown in the table" is more about the presentation of data.
    *   Is it "providing evidence for" (Sense 3)? Similar to Sense 2.
    *   Is it "depicting" (Sense 5)? Tables depict data, but "depict" usually implies a visual representation like a drawing.
    *   Is it "giving evidence of, as of records" (Sense 10)? A table is a record of data. "The diary shows his distress" $\approx$ "The table shows the allocation".

    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (e.g., "The experiment demonstrated the instability...").
    *   Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" (e.g., "The diary shows his distress").

    Wait, let's look at Sense 5 again: "show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render". A table is a visual representation of data.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment". Often, "as shown in Table X" is used in academic writing to mean "as demonstrated by the data in Table X".

    Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 10.
    Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records". A table is a record.
    Sense 2: "establish the validity of something".

    Actually, looking at common WSD datasets (like SemCor), "shown in the table" often maps to the sense of "demonstrate" or "display".

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Context: "as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion..."
    The table is the "example" or "explanation" (data) that establishes the validity of the claim.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 5: "show in, or as in, a picture".
    Example: "This scene depicts country life."
    A table isn't really a picture in the artistic sense.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records".
    Example: "The diary shows his distress that evening."
    A table is a record.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "establish the validity of something, as by an example...". This fits the academic context perfectly. "As shown in the table" = "As demonstrated by the data in the table".

    Let's check Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father."
    This is very similar to Sense 2 and 10.

    Let's look at the nuances:
    Sense 2: establish validity (prove/demonstrate).
    Sense 3: provide evidence for (testify/evidence).
    Sense 10: give evidence of, as of records.

    In "as shown in the table", the table is presenting data that supports a conclusion. This is a classic use of "demonstrate" (Sense 2).

    Let's double-check Sense 5 again. "show in, or as in, a picture". Some might argue a table is a picture, but usually, that sense is for depictions.

    Let's look at Sense 2's synonyms: "prove, demonstrate, establish".
    "As demonstrated in the table..." - This is a very common phrasing.

    Let's look at Sense 10's example: "The diary shows his distress". This is more about revealing a hidden state or a fact recorded in a narrative.

    Let's look at Sense 3's example: "The blood test showed that he was the father". This is a result of a test.

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
    Sense 2 is more about the *process* of establishing validity (demonstrating).
    Sense 3 is more about the *evidence* itself.

    In academic writing, "as shown in the table" usually means "as demonstrated by the data".

    Let's search for "shown in the table" in WSD contexts. Often it's mapped to "demonstrate" or "display".

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    The table provides the example/data that establishes the validity of the statement "Democrats allocate a higher proportion...".

    Is there a better sense?
    Sense 1: exhibition (no)
    Sense 4: make visible (no)
    Sense 5: picture/depict (maybe, but usually for images)
    Sense 7: indicate a place (no)
    Sense 9: gauge reading (no)

    Between 2, 3, and 10:
    2: establish validity (demonstrate)
    3: provide evidence for (testify)
    10: give evidence of, as of records (diary)

    "As shown in the table" is almost always used to point to data that *demonstrates* a point.

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    This fits well. The table is the "example" or "explanation" (the data) that establishes the validity of the claim.

    Let's re-read Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records".
    A table is a record. "The table shows that..."

    Actually, looking at the examples again:
    Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Sense 10: "The diary shows his distress that evening."

    The "experiment" in Sense 2 is more like a "table of data" than a "diary" is. A table in a research paper is used to demonstrate a finding.

    Let's consider Sense 5 one more time: "show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render".
    If the table is viewed as a figure/illustration, this could work. But "depict" is usually for visual scenes.

    Let's go with Sense 2. It's the most common way "show" is used in this academic context (to demonstrate a point using data).

    Wait, let me think about Sense 3 again: "provide evidence for".
    "The blood test showed that he was the father."
    "The table showed that Democrats allocate..."
    This is also very close.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "prove, demonstrate, establish".
    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence".

    "Demonstrate" (Sense 2) is a much more common synonym for "show" when referring to a table in a paper than "testify" (Sense 3).

    Final check:
    Context: "Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion..."
    Sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment.
    This fits the academic purpose of the table.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: table
Target surface form: table
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=table%1:14:00:: | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1
2. sense_key=table%1:06:01:: | definition=a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs | examples=it was a sturdy table
3. sense_key=table%1:06:02:: | definition=a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it | examples=I reserved a table at my favorite restaurant
4. sense_key=table%1:17:00:: | definition=flat tableland with steep edges | synonyms=mesa | examples=the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water
5. sense_key=table%1:14:01:: | definition=a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game | examples=he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks
6. sense_key=table%1:13:01:: | definition=food or meals in general | synonyms=board | examples=she sets a fine table; room and board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `table`
    *   Target surface form: `table`
    *   Context: "Finally, as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices..." and "...the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `table%1:14:00`: a set of data arranged in rows and columns (tabular array).
        2.  `table%1:06:01`: a piece of furniture (smooth flat top).
        3.  `table%1:06:02`: a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal.
        4.  `table%1:17:00`: flat tableland (mesa).
        5.  `table%1:14:01`: a company of people assembled at a table.
        6.  `table%1:13:01`: food or meals in general (board).

    *   The context mentions "as shown in the table" and "personal staffing differences noted in the table".
    *   The text discusses data regarding GOP and Democratic senators, staff budgets, attendance rates, and staffing proportions.
    *   This clearly refers to a data table (rows and columns) used to present statistical information.

    *   Sense 1: "a set of data arranged in rows and columns" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Furniture - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Dining table - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Mesa - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Group of people - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: Food/board - Incorrect.

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, <t>Democrats</t> allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `democrat`
    *   Target surface form: `Democrats`
    *   Context: The text discusses GOP senators vs. Democrats, Democratic House attendance rates, and the Democratic Party's staffing decisions in the Senate. It explicitly compares "Democrats" with "GOP senators" and "Republicans."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `democrat%1:18:01::`: a member of the Democratic Party.
        2.  `democrat%1:18:00::`: an advocate of democratic principles (synonym: populist).

    *   The context mentions "GOP senators," "Republicans," "Democratic House attendance rate," and "majority-party status."
    *   This clearly refers to the political party (Democratic Party) in the United States, not a general advocate of democracy.

    *   Sense 1: Member of the Democratic Party. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Advocate of democratic principles. (Does not match)

    *   The correct sense index is 1.