[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `called`
    *   Context: `"Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.`
    *   Meaning: In this context, "called" refers to the name given to "Progressive education".

    *   1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to` (Synonym: name) - Example: "They named their son David".
    *   2: `ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality` - Example: "He called me a bastard".
    *   3: `get or try to get into communication... by telephone`
    *   4: `utter a sudden loud cry`
    *   5: `order, request, or command to come`
    *   6: `pay a brief visit`
    *   7: `call a meeting`
    *   8: `read aloud to check for omissions`
    *   9: `send a message... by radio, phone, etc.`
    *   10: `utter a characteristic note or cry`
    *   11: `stop or postpone because of adverse conditions`
    *   12: `greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name`
    *   13: `make a stop in a harbour`
    *   14: `demand payment of (a loan)`
    *   15: `make a demand, as for a card`
    *   16: `give the calls... for a square dance`
    *   17: `indicate a decision in regard to`
    *   18: `make a prediction about`
    *   19: `require the presentation of for redemption`
    *   20: `challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement`
    *   21: `declare in the capacity of an umpire`
    *   22: `lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal`
    *   23: `order or request or give a command for`
    *   24: `order, summon, or request for a specific duty`
    *   25: `utter in a loud voice or announce`
    *   26: `challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of`
    *   27: `consider or regard as being`
    *   28: `rouse somebody from sleep`

    *   The phrase is "Progressive education (as it was once called)".
    *   This means "Progressive education" was the name assigned to this type of education.
    *   Sense 1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to`. This fits perfectly. "Progressive education" is a proper name/term for a specific educational philosophy.
    *   Sense 2: `ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality`. This is more about labels like "bastard" or "lazy".
    *   Sense 27: `consider or regard as being`. This is more about opinion ("I would not call her beautiful").

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate for assigning a name or term to something.

    *   Sense 1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to` | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader.
    *   In the context, "Progressive education" is the name given to the concept.

    *   Wait, is "Progressive education" a proper name? Yes, in the sense of a specific term/label for a movement.
    *   Let's double-check Sense 27: `consider or regard as being`. "I would not call her beautiful." This doesn't fit as well as Sense 1.
    *   Let's double-check Sense 2: `ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality`. "He called me a bastard." This is more about characterization.

    *   The context "as it was once called" is a very common way to refer to the name of something. Sense 1 (assign a name) is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "far"
    *   Target surface form: "far"
    *   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `far%4:02:02::`: to a considerable degree; very much (e.g., "a far far better thing", "felt far worse")
        2.  `far%4:02:00::`: at or to or from a great distance in space (e.g., "traveled far")
        3.  `far%4:02:04::`: at or to a certain point or degree (e.g., "go so far", "how far can we get")
        4.  `far%4:02:01::`: remote in time (e.g., "far into the future")
        5.  `far%4:02:05::`: to an advanced stage or point (e.g., "go very far")

    *   The sentence is: "'Progressive education' ... is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Here, "far" modifies the comparative adjective "more interesting and agreeable".
    *   It means "much more" or "significantly more".

    *   Sense 1: "to a considerable degree; very much". This fits perfectly. "Far more interesting" = "much more interesting".
    *   Sense 2: Spatial distance. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: A certain point or degree (usually used with "so far" or "how far"). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Remote in time. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Advanced stage/point (success). (Incorrect)

    *   The usage of "far" as an intensifier for a comparative adjective ("far more...") aligns exactly with Sense 1 ("to a considerable degree; very much").

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "more"
    *   Target surface form: "more"
    *   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `more%4:02:00::`: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (synonyms: to a greater extent; examples: more interesting; more beautiful).
        2.  `more%4:02:01::`: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent (examples: he works more now; they eat more than they should).

    *   The word "more" is used in the phrase "far more interesting and agreeable".
    *   "Interesting" and "agreeable" are adjectives.
    *   "More" is modifying these adjectives to create a comparative form.

    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" and gives the example "more interesting".
    *   Sense 2 is the comparative of "much" (adverbial/quantifier use), as in "he works more now".

    *   The usage in the context ("more interesting") matches Sense 1 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `agreeable`
    *   Target surface form: `agreeable`
    *   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `agreeable%3:00:00::`: conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature (e.g., "Is the plan agreeable to you?", "he's an agreeable fellow").
        2.  `agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00`: in keeping (e.g., "salaries agreeable with current trends").
        3.  `agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00`: prepared to agree or consent (e.g., "agreeable to the plan").

    *   The sentence says "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   The word "agreeable" is paired with "interesting".
    *   It describes how teachers feel about "Progressive education" compared to "disciplined instruction".
    *   It means that teachers *like* progressive education more; it is more pleasing or pleasant to them.

    *   Sense 1: "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature". This fits perfectly. If something is agreeable to someone, they like it or find it pleasant.
    *   Sense 2: "in keeping" (consistent). This doesn't fit. Progressive education isn't "consistent" with teachers in this context; it's something they prefer.
    *   Sense 3: "prepared to agree or consent". This describes a person's willingness to agree to something (e.g., "I am agreeable to the plan"). In the context, "Progressive education" (the subject) cannot be "prepared to agree or consent".

    *   Sense 1 is the only one that fits the meaning of "pleasing" or "likable" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `teacher`
    *   Target surface form: `teachers`
    *   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `teacher%1:18:00::`: a person whose occupation is teaching (synonym: instructor)
        2.  `teacher%1:09:00::`: a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books, experience)

    *   The text discusses "American education," "the education establishment," "disciplined instruction," and "personality development."
    *   The word "teachers" refers to the people who work in the education system and find "Progressive education" more agreeable than "disciplined instruction."
    *   These are clearly human professionals (instructors), not abstract concepts like "experience" or "books."

    *   Sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching" - Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a personified abstraction that teaches" - Does not fit.

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `disciplined`
    *   Target surface form: `disciplined`
    *   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00`: obeying the rules.
        2.  `disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00`: trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise.

    *   The sentence compares "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction".
    *   "Progressive education" is often associated with student-led, creative, and less structured learning.
    *   "Disciplined instruction" in this context refers to a more traditional, structured, rigorous, and systematic approach to teaching (the opposite of the "personality development" and "creativity" mentioned earlier).
    *   Does "disciplined instruction" mean "instruction that obeys the rules" (Sense 1) or "instruction that is systematic, rigorous, and involves training/exercise" (Sense 2)?
    *   Sense 1 ("obeying the rules") usually describes a person or a group (e.g., a disciplined army).
    *   Sense 2 ("trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise") describes the *result* of discipline or the *nature* of the training. "Disciplined instruction" refers to instruction that is rigorous, structured, and focused on training the mind.

    *   Sense 1: "obeying the rules". Instruction itself doesn't "obey rules" in the way a person does.
    *   Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise". While the definition says "trained", the adjective "disciplined" when applied to "instruction" or "study" typically means rigorous, systematic, and focused.

    *   Wait, let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind".
    *   If instruction is "disciplined", it is instruction that *produces* a disciplined mind or is *characterized* by that kind of rigor.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "obeying the rules". Could "disciplined instruction" mean instruction that follows a strict set of rules/curriculum? Possibly, but "disciplined" in an educational context usually refers to the rigor and systematic nature of the training.

    *   "Progressive education" vs "disciplined instruction".
    *   Progressive education is often criticized for lacking structure and rigor.
    *   "Disciplined instruction" here means structured, rigorous, and systematic teaching.
    *   Sense 2 ("trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise") fits the concept of rigor and systematic training better than Sense 1 ("obeying the rules").

    *   Sense 1: controlled, obeying rules.
    *   Sense 2: trained, rigorous.
    *   In the context of "instruction", "disciplined" means rigorous and systematic. This aligns more closely with the idea of training (Sense 2) than simply obeying rules (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "obeying the rules" (e.g., a disciplined soldier).
    *   Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" (e.g., a disciplined mind).
    *   "Disciplined instruction" is instruction that is rigorous and systematic, aiming to produce a "disciplined mind".

    *   Sense 1 is about behavior/compliance.
    *   Sense 2 is about training/rigor.
    *   The context is about the *method* of education (Progressive vs. Disciplined). The method that is "disciplined" is the one that emphasizes training and rigor.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `instruction`
    *   Target surface form: `instruction`
    *   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses education, teachers, "personality development," "adolescent illiteracy," and "the education establishment." It contrasts "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction."

    *   Sense 1: `instruction%1:10:04::` - a message describing how something is to be done (e.g., directions).
    *   Sense 2: `instruction%1:04:01::` - the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill (synonyms: education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics).
    *   Sense 3: `instruction%1:04:00::` - the profession of a teacher (synonyms: teaching, pedagogy).
    *   Sense 4: `instruction%1:10:02::` - (computer science) a line of code.

    *   The context is about the *act* or *method* of teaching/educating children.
    *   "Disciplined instruction" refers to the process of teaching in a structured way, contrasting it with "Progressive education."
    *   Sense 1 (directions) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (computer science) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (the profession) refers to the career/job of being a teacher.
    *   Sense 2 (the activities of educating) refers to the actual process/act of teaching.

    *   "Progressive education... is far more interesting... than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Here, "instruction" is being compared to "education" (in the sense of the educational approach/activity).
    *   Sense 2: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill."
    *   Sense 3: "the profession of a teacher."
    *   The sentence isn't comparing the *profession* of teaching to progressive education; it's comparing the *method/activity* of disciplined teaching to the *method/activity* of progressive education.

    *   Sense 2 fits best as it describes the activity of imparting knowledge.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "nice"
    *   Target surface form: "nice"
    *   Context: "It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Surrounding context: The author is criticizing "progressive education," arguing that it's more "interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

    *   Sense 1: pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance (e.g., "what a nice fellow", "nice manners").
    *   Sense 2: socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous (e.g., "a nice girl").
    *   Sense 3: done with delicacy and skill; precise (e.g., "a nice bit of craft").
    *   Sense 4: excessively fastidious and easily disgusted (e.g., "too nice about his food").
    *   Sense 5: exhibiting courtesy and politeness (e.g., "a nice gesture").

    *   The sentence says: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..."
    *   The author is contrasting this with "disciplined instruction."
    *   The preceding sentence mentions that progressive education is "more interesting and agreeable to teachers."
    *   In this context, "nice" means that it feels good, is pleasant, or is agreeable to the teachers. It's a subjective feeling of satisfaction or pleasure.

    *   Sense 1 (pleasant/agreeable) fits perfectly. The author is saying it's *pleasant* or *agreeable* for teachers to believe this.
    *   Sense 2 (respectable/virtuous) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3 (precise/skillful) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 (fastidious) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5 (polite) doesn't fit.

    *   The word "agreeable" is used in the previous sentence ("more interesting and agreeable to teachers"), and "nice" is used in the next sentence to echo that sentiment. Sense 1 explicitly includes "agreeable."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `teacher`
    *   Target surface form: `teachers`
    *   Context: A passage discussing American education, "progressive education," "disciplined instruction," and the preferences of those teaching. Specifically: "It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..." and "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `teacher%1:18:00::`: a person whose occupation is teaching (synonym: instructor).
        2.  `teacher%1:09:00::`: a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books, experience).

    *   The context refers to "teachers" in the context of "American education," "education establishment," "disciplined instruction," and a "profession."
    *   It mentions they "pass courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   This clearly refers to human beings whose occupation is teaching, not abstract concepts like "experience" or "books."

    *   Sense 1: Person whose occupation is teaching. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Personified abstraction. (Does not match)

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `think`
    *   Target surface form: `think`
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

    *   The sentence says: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..."
    *   The author is suggesting that teachers *believe* or *regard* themselves as doing "personality development," but the context implies this might be an illusion or a misconception (contrasting it with "disciplined instruction" and "common sense").
    *   The core meaning here is "to believe" or "to hold an opinion/belief," often one that might be mistaken.

    *   Sense 1: `judge or regard; look upon; judge` (synonyms: believe, consider, conceive). Example: "I think he is very smart."
    *   Sense 2: `expect, believe, or suppose` (synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess). Example: "I imagine she earned a lot of money..."
    *   Sense 3: `use or exercise the mind... to make inferences...` (synonyms: cogitate, cerebrate). Example: "I've been thinking all day..."
    *   Sense 4: `recall knowledge from memory` (synonyms: remember, retrieve). Example: "I can't remember saying any such thing."
    *   Sense 5: `imagine or visualize`. Example: "Just think--you could be rich one day!"
    *   Sense 6: `focus one's attention on a certain state`. Example: "Think big."
    *   Sense 7: `have in mind as a purpose` (synonyms: intend, mean). Example: "I mean no harm."
    *   Sense 8: `decide by pondering...`. Example: "Can you think what to do next?"
    *   Sense 9: `ponder; reflect on...`. Example: "Think the matter through."
    *   Sense 10: `dispose the mind in a certain way`. Example: "Do you really think so?"
    *   Sense 11: `have or formulate in the mind`. Example: "think good thoughts."
    *   Sense 12: `be capable of conscious thought`. Example: "Man is the only creature that thinks."
    *   Sense 13: `bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation`. Example: "She thought herself into a state of panic."

    *   The phrase "think they are engaged in..." fits perfectly with "believe" or "regard themselves as."
    *   Sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (synonyms: believe, consider).
    *   Sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose" (synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine).
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1 is often used for opinions or judgments about a state of being or a quality ("I think he is smart").
        *   Sense 2 is often used for suppositions or guesses ("I think it will rain," "I imagine she earned a lot").
        *   In the context "think they are engaged in 'personality development'", the teachers are holding a belief/judgment about their own activity. This aligns well with "believe" or "regard" (Sense 1).

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again: "expect, believe, or suppose".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
    *   "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in..."
    *   If I say "I think I am right," is that Sense 1 or Sense 2?
    *   Sense 1: "I believe/consider myself to be right."
    *   Sense 2: "I suppose I am right."
    *   The context suggests a persistent belief or a way they view their profession ("superior self-definition"). This leans toward "regard" or "believe" in the sense of a held opinion.

    *   Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge (believe, consider, conceive)
    *   Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose (opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess)
    *   The distinction is subtle. Sense 1 is more about a judgment/opinion of a quality or state. Sense 2 is more about a supposition or a guess.
    *   "Think they are engaged in 'personality development'" is a judgment they have made about their work.

    *   Sense 1: "I think he is very smart" (judgment of quality).
    *   Sense 2: "I imagine she earned a lot of money" (supposition).
    *   "Teachers think they are engaged in 'personality development'" is more like "Teachers believe they are doing X" (judgment of their activity).

    *   Sense 1: believe, consider, conceive.
    *   Sense 2: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess.
    *   "Think" in the context of "think they are [something]" usually maps to "believe" or "consider."

    *   Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge.
    *   Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose.
    *   In many WordNet-based datasets, "think" meaning "believe" (as in "I think that...") is often split. Sense 1 is more about "considering" or "regarding" something as being a certain way. Sense 2 is more about "supposing."
    *   The teachers *regard* their work as "personality development." This fits Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge.
    *   Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose.
    *   If the author is implying they are *wrong*, "suppose" (Sense 2) might fit, but "regard" (Sense 1) also fits perfectly (they regard their work as X, even though it's actually Y).
    *   Let's re-read: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..."
    *   This is a belief they hold about their identity/activity.
    *   Looking at the synonyms for Sense 1: believe, consider, conceive.
    *   Looking at the synonyms for Sense 2: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess.
    *   "Believe" is in both, but "consider" and "regard" (Sense 1) feel stronger for a professional self-image.

    *   Sense 1: "I think he is very smart" (judgment/belief about a person's quality).
    *   Context: "think they are engaged in 'personality development'" (judgment/belief about their activity).
    *   This matches the pattern of Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `personality`
    *   Target surface form: `personality`
    *   Context: "...It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in '<t>personality</t> development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `personality%1:07:00::`: the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual.
        2.  `personality%1:18:00::`: a person of considerable prominence.

    *   The phrase is "personality development".
    *   In the context of education and psychology (mentioned later: "educational psychology and educational philosophy"), "personality development" refers to the growth and formation of an individual's character, traits, and mental/emotional attributes.
    *   Sense 1 describes the attributes that characterize a unique individual.
    *   Sense 2 describes a famous person (a celebrity).

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "personality development" = development of the complex of attributes that characterize an individual.
    *   Sense 2 does not fit: "development of a person of considerable prominence" makes no sense in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `development`
    *   Target surface form: `development`
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Key phrase: "personality development"

    *   Sense 1: act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (e.g., development of a plan).
    *   Sense 2: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) (synonym: evolution; e.g., development of ideas).
    *   Sense 3: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically (synonyms: growth, maturation; e.g., osseous development in children).
    *   Sense 4: a recent event (e.g., recent developments in Iraq).
    *   Sense 5: making land/water more profitable (exploitation).
    *   Sense 6: a district developed for a purpose.
    *   Sense 7: a state in which things are improving (e.g., chess development).
    *   Sense 8: processing photosensitive material.
    *   Sense 9: (music) section of a composition.

    *   "Personality development" refers to the process of an individual's personality growing, maturing, or evolving over time.
    *   Sense 3 focuses on biological growth/maturation. While personality is psychological, "development" in the context of a person's growth (especially in an educational context) often aligns with the general process of maturation or passing through stages.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on a process passing by degrees to a more advanced or mature stage (evolution).
    *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3.
        *   Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically... changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level."
        *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)."
    *   "Personality development" is a psychological/educational term. It's not strictly biological (Sense 3), but it is a process of passing through stages to a more mature state (Sense 2).
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining." This could apply to "developing" a skill or a personality.
    *   However, "personality development" is most commonly understood as the process of growth and maturation (Sense 2 or 3).
    *   Looking at Sense 2 again: "the development of his ideas took many years". This is about the evolution of a concept.
    *   Looking at Sense 3 again: "the process of an individual organism growing organically... maturation". Personality development is often grouped with child development, which is maturation.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 3. Sense 3 is specifically biological. Personality is psychological. Sense 2 is more general ("something passes by degrees to a different stage").
    *   Actually, in many WordNet-based datasets, "personality development" or "child development" is mapped to the sense of growth/maturation.
    *   Let's check Sense 2 again: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". This fits "personality development" very well.
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again: "the process of an individual organism growing organically... maturation".
    *   Is personality "growing organically"? Yes. Is it "biological"? Not exclusively.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "osseous development in children".
    *   "Personality development" is more about the psychological maturation of a person.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3: Sense 2 is about the *process* of evolving/maturing. Sense 3 is specifically *biological* growth.
    *   Wait, "personality development" is a standard term in psychology. Is it biological? It's often considered a mix of nature and nurture.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". This seems the most flexible and accurate for "personality development".

    *   Sense 1: Improving/refining a plan. (Not quite)
    *   Sense 2: Process of passing to a more advanced/mature stage. (Fits well)
    *   Sense 3: Biological growth/maturation. (Too narrow/biological)
    *   Sense 4: Recent event. (No)
    *   Sense 5: Land exploitation. (No)
    *   Sense 6: District. (No)
    *   Sense 7: State of improving. (No)
    *   Sense 8: Photo processing. (No)
    *   Sense 9: Music. (No)

    *   "Personality development" is the process of a person's personality maturing.
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   This fits perfectly.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 again. "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   "Purely biological" makes Sense 3 incorrect for "personality development".

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again. "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".
    *   Could "personality development" be "improving/refining" one's personality? In the context of the text ("It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"), the author is being critical of "progressive education." The teachers *think* they are helping students grow/mature/improve their personalities.
    *   Sense 2 is about the *process* of maturation.
    *   Sense 1 is about the *act* of improving.
    *   "Personality development" as a field or a goal usually refers to the process of growth (Sense 2).

    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   This is the definition of "development" in the context of human growth (psychological or physical).

    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
    *   Example: "the development of his ideas took many years"
    *   This matches the concept of personality development.

    *   Wait, let me check if there's any other sense.
    *   Sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining"
    *   Example: "development of a plan"
    *   "Personality development" is more of a process than a single act of refining.

    *   Let's consider if "personality development" is considered "biological" (Sense 3). In some contexts, it is, but "purely biological" in the definition of Sense 3 is a very strong constraint.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 2 is the most appropriate.

    *   Wait, let me search for "personality development" in WordNet contexts.
    *   Often, "development" in "child development" or "personality development" is mapped to the sense of growth/maturation.
    *   If Sense 3 is "purely biological", then Sense 2 ("passes by degrees to a different stage... more advanced or mature stage") is the better fit for psychological development.

    *   Let's double-check the sense keys provided.
    *   Sense 2: development%1:22:02
    *   Sense 3: development%1:22:01
    *   Sense 1: development%1:04:01

    *   Looking at the definitions again:
    *   2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
    *   3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events..."

    *   Personality development is not "purely biological". It is a process of maturing. Sense 2 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `even`
    *   Target surface form: `even`
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `even%4:02:00::`: intensive, something unexpected (e.g., "even an idiot knows that").
        2.  `even%4:02:03::`: in spite of; notwithstanding (e.g., "even when he is sick").
        3.  `even%4:02:01::`: to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons (synonyms: yet, still; e.g., "felt even worse").
        4.  `even%4:02:04::`: to the full extent (e.g., "loyal even unto death").

    *   The sentence is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   The word "even" modifies "nicer".
    *   "Nicer" is a comparative adjective.
    *   The structure is "nice... and even nicer".
    *   This indicates a comparison where the second thing is to a greater degree than the first.

    *   Sense 1: Intensive/unexpected. (Not the primary function here, though "even" can be an intensive, the comparative "nicer" strongly points to Sense 3).
    *   Sense 2: In spite of. (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 3: To a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons. (Fits perfectly: "even nicer" = to a greater degree of niceness).
    *   Sense 4: To the full extent. (Doesn't fit).

    *   The use of "even" with a comparative adjective ("nicer") to indicate a greater degree is the definition of Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `nice`
    *   Target surface form: `nicer`
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance`
        2.  `socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous`
        3.  `done with delicacy and skill`
        4.  `excessively fastidious and easily disgusted`
        5.  `exhibiting courtesy and politeness`

    *   The sentence says: "It is nice for teachers to think... and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   In this context, "nice" and "nicer" refer to something that is pleasing, agreeable, or satisfying for the teachers. It's about the feeling of satisfaction or preference.

    *   Sense 1: `pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance`. This fits perfectly. It's "pleasant" or "agreeable" for teachers to think this way.
    *   Sense 2: `socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous`. This doesn't fit. It's not about being a "nice girl" or from a "decent family."
    *   Sense 3: `done with delicacy and skill`. This doesn't fit. It's not about precision or skill.
    *   Sense 4: `excessively fastidious and easily disgusted`. This doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5: `exhibiting courtesy and politeness`. This doesn't fit. It's not about being polite.

    *   The context "agreeable to teachers" in the previous sentence ("'Progressive education'... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction") strongly supports Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `minimize`
    *   Context: "...It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Meaning: The author is arguing that teachers prefer "progressive education" because it allows them to avoid or reduce the importance/frequency/impact of standardized tests.

    *   Sense 1: `make small or insignificant` (e.g., "minimize the risk"). This often refers to reducing the actual amount, size, or probability of something.
    *   Sense 2: `represent as less significant or important` (synonyms: understate, downplay). This refers to how something is *described* or *presented*.
    *   Sense 3: `cause to seem less serious; play down` (synonyms: belittle, denigrate). This is similar to Sense 2 but often carries a more negative connotation of belittling.

    *   The context is about teachers avoiding "irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Does "minimize those irksome tests" mean:
        a) Reduce the number/frequency/importance of the tests (Sense 1)?
        b) Describe the tests as unimportant (Sense 2)?
        c) Belittle the tests (Sense 3)?
    *   In the context of educational practice, "minimizing tests" usually means reducing their role, frequency, or the weight given to them (making them "small" in the curriculum).
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1 is about the actual reduction/minimization of the thing itself (the tests/their impact), whereas Sense 2 is about the *representation* of the thing.
    *   The sentence says it's "nicer to minimize those irksome tests." This suggests a desire to reduce the actual burden or presence of the tests, not just to talk about them as if they are unimportant.

    *   Sense 1: "make small or insignificant" -> Reducing the role/frequency of tests.
    *   Sense 2: "represent as less significant" -> Saying the tests aren't important.
    *   Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious" -> Belittling the tests.

    Looking at the flow: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction... It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    The author is criticizing the tendency to avoid the rigor of testing. "Minimizing" here likely means reducing the actual occurrence or the weight given to the tests in the classroom.

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    Sense 1: "make small or insignificant" (e.g., minimize risk).
    Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important" (understate, downplay).

    If a teacher "minimizes tests," are they reducing the number of tests they give (Sense 1) or are they telling students/parents that the tests don't matter (Sense 2)?
    Given the contrast with "disciplined instruction," it's more likely they are reducing the actual practice of testing.

    Let's check the synonyms for Sense 1: "minimise".
    Let's check the synonyms for Sense 2: "understate, minimise, downplay".

    Actually, in many contexts, "minimize" in this sense (reducing the importance or frequency of something) fits Sense 1 ("make small or insignificant").

    Let's look at the examples:
    Sense 1: "Let's minimize the risk" (Reduce the actual risk).
    Sense 2: "represent as less significant" (Downplay).

    If the teacher is avoiding the "irksome tests," they are trying to make the tests' role in the classroom small or insignificant. This aligns best with Sense 1.

    *Self-Correction:* Could it be Sense 2? "Represent as less significant." If the tests are "irksome" and have "disappointing results," the teachers might try to downplay their importance. However, the context of "progressive education" vs "disciplined instruction" strongly suggests a change in *practice* (doing fewer tests) rather than just a change in *description* (saying tests aren't important).

    Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
    Sense 2: represent as less significant.
    Sense 3: cause to seem less serious.

    "Minimize those irksome tests" -> Make the tests (or their role/frequency) small or insignificant. This is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `test`
    *   Target surface form: `tests`
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results."
    *   Surrounding context: Discussion about American education, "progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction," teachers, and "personality development."

    *   Sense 1: Trying something to find out about it (trial run).
    *   Sense 2: Standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity, memory, intelligence, aptitude, personality, etc. (psychometric test).
    *   Sense 3: A set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge (examination, exam).
    *   Sense 4: The act of undergoing testing (trial of skill/battle).
    *   Sense 5: The act of testing something (experimental trial).
    *   Sense 6: Hard outer covering (biological).

    *   The context is about education, teachers, and "disciplined instruction."
    *   The "tests" are described as "irksome" and having "disappointing results."
    *   In an educational setting, "tests" usually refer to examinations used to evaluate student knowledge or skill.
    *   Sense 2 (standardized psychometric tests) is a possibility, but Sense 3 (general examinations/exams) is the broader and more common meaning for "tests" in the context of classroom instruction and "disciplined instruction."
    *   Looking closer: "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." This refers to the tools used to measure student achievement.
    *   Sense 3 (examination, exam) fits perfectly. Sense 2 is more specific to intelligence/personality tests. While the text mentions "personality development," it's contrasting that *with* the tests (the tests are the "irksome" part of disciplined instruction).

    *   Sense 3: "a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge" (synonyms: examination, exam). This is the standard meaning of a school test.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "...minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `often%4:02:00::`: many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee".
        2.  `often%4:02:01::`: frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much".
        3.  `often%4:02:02::`: in many cases or instances.

    *   The phrase is "often disappointing results".
    *   Here, "often" modifies the adjective "disappointing".
    *   It means that in many instances, the results of the tests are disappointing.
    *   It doesn't mean the results happen "many times at short intervals" (Sense 1) in the way a recurring event does.
    *   It doesn't mean "in great quantities" (Sense 2).
    *   It means that in many cases, the results are disappointing.

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (Temporal frequency).
    *   Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" (Quantity/Degree).
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" (Occurrence/Frequency across cases).

    *   "often disappointing results" $\rightarrow$ "results that are disappointing in many cases/instances".

    *   Sense 3 fits best because it describes the frequency of the *occurrence* of the quality (disappointing) across different instances of tests/results, rather than a temporal repetition of an action.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `result`
    *   Target surface form: `results`
    *   Context: "...minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `result%1:19:00::`: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome).
        2.  `result%1:10:00::`: a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem (solution, answer).
        3.  `result%1:11:00::`: something that results (resultant, final result, outcome). Example: "he listened for the results on the radio".
        4.  `result%1:10:01::`: semantic role (linguistics).

    *   The word "results" refers to the scores or outcomes of "irksome tests".
    *   When people talk about "test results", they are referring to the final scores or the outcome of the testing process.

    *   Sense 1: General consequence/effect. (e.g., "The result of the crash was a traffic jam").
    *   Sense 2: Solution to a problem. (e.g., "The result to the equation").
    *   Sense 3: Something that results, specifically often used for scores or outcomes of a process (e.g., "results on the radio"). This fits "test results" perfectly.
    *   Sense 4: Linguistic role. (Irrelevant).

    *   Sense 1 is about causality (phenomenon caused by previous phenomenon).
    *   Sense 3 is about the outcome/score of an event or process (like a test or an election).
    *   "Test results" are the outcomes/scores. Sense 3's example "listened for the results on the radio" (likely election results or sports results) is very similar to "test results".

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit for "test results".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `provide`
    *   Target surface form: `provides`
    *   Context: "It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "provides" means that the situation (progressive education/the way things are set up) gives teachers a certain self-definition.

    *   Sense 1: `give something useful or necessary to` (synonyms: supply, render, furnish). Example: "We provided the room with an electrical heater."
    *   Sense 2: `give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance` (synonyms: supply, ply, cater). Example: "The hostess provided lunch for all the guests."
    *   Sense 3: `determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation`. Example: "The will provides that each child should receive half of the money."
    *   Sense 4: `mount or put up`. Example: "put up a good fight."
    *   Sense 5: `make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain`. Example: "This leaves no room for improvement."
    *   Sense 6: `supply means of subsistence; earn a living`. Example: "He provides for his large family."
    *   Sense 7: `take measures in preparation for`. Example: "provide for the proper care of the passengers."

    *   The sentence is: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition..."
    *   Structure: `provide [someone] with [something]`.
    *   Sense 1: `give something useful or necessary to` (furnish/supply). "Provides teachers with a superior self-definition." This fits the structure and the general meaning of giving/supplying something (even if the "something" is abstract like a self-definition).
    *   Sense 2: Focuses on sustenance/food/support. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: Legal/stipulation context. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: Mounting a fight/resistance. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: Making a possibility/opportunity. While "self-definition" is a possibility, the structure "provides [someone] with [something]" is more characteristic of Sense 1.
    *   Sense 6: Earning a living. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 7: Preparation. Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1: "give something useful or necessary to" (synonyms: supply, render, furnish).
    *   Example: "We provided the room with an electrical heater."
    *   Context: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition."
    *   The structure "provide X with Y" is a classic match for Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: provide [someone] with [something] (give/supply).
    *   Sense 5: provide [opportunity/possibility] (allow for).
    *   The context "provides teachers with a superior self-definition" fits the "give/supply" meaning better than "make a possibility."

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.