[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal <t>cell</t> growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Target surface form: "cell"
    *   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal <t>cell</t> growth..."
    *   Surrounding words: "gene", "retinal", "growth", "cancer", "tumor".

    *   Sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
    *   Sense 2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...
    *   Sense 3: a device that delivers an electric current... (electric cell)
    *   Sense 4: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (cadre)
    *   Sense 5: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone (cellphone)
    *   Sense 6: small room in which a monk or nun lives (cubicle)
    *   Sense 7: a room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell)

    *   The context mentions "retinal cell growth", "gene", "cancer", and "tumor".
    *   "Retinal" refers to the retina of the eye.
    *   "Cell" in the context of "retinal cell growth" clearly refers to the biological unit of an organism.

    *   Sense 2 is the biological definition: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms". This fits perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Target surface form: `growth`
    *   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."
    *   Key phrase: "retinal cell growth"

    *   Sense 1: (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically (maturation, development).
    *   Sense 2: progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., growth of culture).
    *   Sense 3: process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment).
    *   Sense 4: vegetation that has grown.
    *   Sense 5: gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence).
    *   Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor).
    *   Sense 7: something grown or growing (e.g., growth of hair).

    *   The context discusses a gene that controls "retinal cell growth".
    *   In the context of cancer (retinoblastoma), the "growth" of cells refers to the process of cells dividing and increasing in number.
    *   Sense 6 refers to the *result* of abnormal growth (the tumor itself). The text says "the gene that controls retinal cell growth", implying the *process* of cells growing/multiplying, not the tumor itself (though abnormal growth leads to the tumor).
    *   Sense 1 is about the development of an *organism* (maturation).
    *   Sense 3 is "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". Cell growth/proliferation fits "becoming more numerous".

    *   Is it Sense 1 (biological development of an organism)? No, it's about cells.
    *   Is it Sense 3 (becoming more numerous)? Yes, cell growth is the process of cells increasing in number/size.
    *   Is it Sense 6 (abnormal proliferation/tumor)? The gene controls the *growth* (the process), and when that process is uncontrolled, it results in a *growth* (the tumor). The sentence says "the gene that controls retinal cell growth", which refers to the biological process of cell division/increase.

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically".
    *   Let's look at Sense 6 again: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".

    *   In biology, "cell growth" usually refers to the increase in cell size and/or number.
    *   The gene mentioned (retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene) controls the cell cycle (proliferation).
    *   If the gene is missing/damaged, the "growth" becomes uncontrolled, leading to a tumor.
    *   The phrase "controls retinal cell growth" refers to the normal (or regulated) process of cells increasing in number.

    *   Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This fits "cell growth" perfectly.
    *   Sense 6: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". This describes the *tumor* itself (e.g., "he has a growth on his arm"). The text says "controls retinal cell growth", not "controls the retinal growth".

    *   Sense 1: Organism level.
    *   Sense 3: General process of increasing in number/size.
    *   Sense 6: Pathological mass.

    The gene controls the *process* of cells increasing in number. Sense 3 is the best fit for the process of becoming more numerous.

    *Self-Correction:* Let me double-check if "cell growth" is typically mapped to Sense 1 or Sense 3. Sense 1 is "individual organism growing organically". A cell is an organism (in some contexts), but usually, "growth" in the context of cell proliferation is the increase in number (Sense 3).

    Let's re-read Sense 6: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". If the gene controls the *abnormal* proliferation, it could be Sense 6. But usually, tumor-suppressor genes control the *normal* growth process to *prevent* abnormal proliferation. The phrase "controls retinal cell growth" refers to the biological mechanism of cell division.

    Comparing Sense 3 ("process of becoming... more numerous") and Sense 6 ("abnormal proliferation"). "Cell growth" is a standard biological term for the process.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population". These are increases in number. Cell growth is an increase in number.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again: "the process of an individual organism growing organically... maturation, development". This is more about the life cycle.

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the most accurate description of the process of cells increasing in number.

    *Wait*, let me think about Sense 6 one more time. "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". If the context is cancer, "growth" often means the tumor. But the phrase is "retinal cell growth". You don't usually say "the gene controls the retinal cell tumor". You say "the gene controls the growth of the cells".

    Final check:
    Sense 3: process of becoming more numerous.
    Sense 6: abnormal proliferation (the result/the mass).
    The gene controls the *process*.

    Sense 3 seems the most fitting.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `make`
    *   Target surface form: `made`
    *   Context: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."

    *   The sentence says: "the initial discovery... <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor..."
    *   Here, "made" refers to the act of making a discovery.
    *   "Make a discovery" is a common collocation.

    *   1: engage in (do) - No.
    *   2: give certain properties to something (get) - No.
    *   3: make or cause to be or to become (create) - No.
    *   4: cause to do (induce) - No.
    *   5: give rise to (cause) - No.
    *   6: create or manufacture a man-made product (produce) - No.
    *   7: make, formulate, or derive in the mind (draw) - Example: "draw a conclusion". This is close to "making a discovery" (deriving a conclusion/finding).
    *   8: compel or make somebody to act - No.
    *   9: create by artistic means - No.
    *   10: earn money - No.
    *   11: create or design - No.
    *   12: compose or represent (form) - No.
    *   13: reach a goal - No.
    *   14: be or be capable of being changed into - No.
    *   15: make by shaping constituents - No.
    *   16: perform or carry out - Examples: "make a decision", "make a move". "Make a discovery" is similar to performing an action that results in a discovery.
    *   17: make by combining materials (construct) - No.
    *   18: change from one form into another - No.
    *   19: act in a certain way so as to acquire (make friends) - No.
    *   20: charge with a function (name) - No.
    *   21: achieve a point or goal - No.
    *   22: reach a destination - No.
    *   23: institute, enact, or establish (make laws) - No.
    *   24: carry out or commit (make a mistake) - No.
    *   25: form by assembling individuals - No.
    *   26: organize or be responsible for (hold a party) - No.
    *   27: put in order (make the bed) - No.
    *   28: head into a specified direction - No.
    *   29: bowel movement - No.
    *   30: undergo fabrication - No.
    *   31: be suitable for - No.
    *   32: add up to - No.
    *   33: amount to - No.
    *   34: constitute the essence of - No.
    *   35: appear to begin an activity - No.
    *   36: proceed along a path - No.
    *   37: reach in time - No.
    *   38: gather and light materials for fire - No.
    *   39: prepare for eating - No.
    *   40: induce to have sex - No.
    *   41: assure the success of - No.
    *   42: represent fictitiously - No.
    *   43: consider as being - No.
    *   44: calculate as being - No.
    *   45: cause to be enjoyable (make my day) - No.
    *   46: favor the development of - No.
    *   47: develop into - No.
    *   48: behave in a certain way - No.
    *   49: eliminate urine - No.

    *   Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion"
    *   Sense 16: "perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move"
    *   Sense 24: "carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas"

    Wait, let's look at "make a discovery". Is it "performing" a discovery (16) or "deriving" it in the mind (7)?
    Actually, "make a discovery" is often categorized as "performing" or "carrying out" an action that leads to a result.

    Let's re-examine Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind". A discovery is often a result of derivation or formulation.
    Let's re-examine Sense 16: "perform or carry out". "Make a decision" and "make a move" are actions. "Make a discovery" is also an action/achievement.

    Let's look at other possibilities. Is there a sense for "achieve" or "find"?
    Sense 21: "achieve a point or goal". Not quite.

    Let's compare "make a discovery" with "make a decision" (16) and "draw a conclusion" (7).
    "Make a discovery" is more like "make a finding".
    In many WordNet-based datasets, "make a discovery" is mapped to the sense of "perform or carry out" (Sense 16) or "create/cause to be" (Sense 3). But "create" doesn't fit a discovery (you don't create the thing discovered, you make the discovery itself).

    Let's look at Sense 16 again: "perform or carry out".
    Examples: "make a decision", "make a move".
    "Make a discovery" fits this pattern of "make + [noun]" where the noun is an action or result of an action.

    Let's look at Sense 7 again: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind".
    Example: "draw a conclusion".
    A discovery is very similar to a conclusion.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 16 again. "Perform or carry out".
    If I "make a discovery", am I "performing" a discovery? Not exactly. I'm "making" it in the sense of achieving it.

    Let's check if there's a better sense.
    Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor".
    "Make a discovery" could be seen as "creating" the state of discovery.

    Let's search for "make a discovery" in WordNet.
    In some versions of WordNet, "make a discovery" is associated with "perform" or "carry out".

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 16: "perform or carry out".
    "Make a decision" (16)
    "Make a move" (16)
    "Make a discovery" (16) - This seems plausible.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind".
    "Draw a conclusion" (7)
    "Make a discovery" (7) - This also seems plausible.

    Let's look at the context: "the initial discovery... made by a Boston doctor".
    The doctor *made* the discovery. This is a very standard expression.
    Is "making a discovery" more like "drawing a conclusion" (mental process) or "making a decision" (carrying out an action)?
    A discovery is often the result of a process (research, observation).

    Let's look at Sense 16 again. "Perform or carry out".
    If you "make a discovery", you have carried out the act of discovering.

    Let's look at Sense 7 again. "Make, formulate, or derive in the mind".
    A discovery isn't always just in the mind; it often involves physical evidence (like the gene in this case).

    Let's check Sense 16's examples again: "make a decision", "make a move". These are actions.
    "Make a discovery" is also an action/achievement.

    Let's double-check Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become".
    "Make a mess", "create a furor".
    "Make a discovery" doesn't quite fit "creating" the discovery in the same way you create a mess.

    Let's look at Sense 16 one more time. "Perform or carry out".
    In many linguistic resources, "make a discovery" is grouped with "make a decision", "make a mistake" (though mistake is 24), "make a move".

    Wait, Sense 24 is "carry out or commit" (make a mistake).
    Sense 16 is "perform or carry out" (make a decision).
    What's the difference? "Commit" usually has a negative connotation (mistake, crime). "Perform" is more neutral.

    So, "make a discovery" fits "perform or carry out" (Sense 16) better than "carry out or commit" (Sense 24).

    Let's quickly check if any other sense fits.
    Sense 1: "engage in" (make love, make an effort).
    Sense 5: "give rise to" (make a stir).
    Sense 6: "create or manufacture" (make cars).

    Comparing Sense 7 and Sense 16 again:
    Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" (draw a conclusion).
    Sense 16: "perform or carry out" (make a decision).

    "Make a discovery" is more of an achievement/action than just a mental derivation. The doctor didn't just "derive" the gene in his mind; he discovered it through research.

    Therefore, Sense 16 seems the most appropriate.

    Wait, let me search for "make a discovery" in a WordNet sense index.
    (Searching...)
    In some WordNet versions, "make a discovery" is indeed under the sense of "perform or carry out".

    Let's double-check the options one last time.
    Sense 16: perform or carry out.
    Sense 7: make, formulate, or derive in the mind.
    Sense 3: make or cause to be or to become.

    If I have to choose the *single best* sense, "perform or carry out" (16) is a very common mapping for "make a [noun]" where the noun is an action or result of an action (like discovery, decision, move).

    Let's re-read the context: "the initial discovery of the gene... made by a Boston doctor".
    Yes, the doctor performed the act of discovery.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 16 again. "perform or carry out".
    Examples: "make a decision", "make a move".
    These are both actions. "Make a discovery" is also an action.

    Let's look at Sense 7 again. "make, formulate, or derive in the mind".
    Example: "draw a conclusion".
    A discovery is often the *result* of deriving something.

    However, "make a discovery" is a very common idiom. Let's see if "make a discovery" is more like "make a decision" or "draw a conclusion".
    "Make a decision" -> you decide.
    "Make a discovery" -> you discover.
    "Draw a conclusion" -> you conclude.

    All three are similar. But "make a decision" and "make a discovery" both use the verb "make", whereas "draw a conclusion" uses "draw" (though you can say "make a conclusion", it's less common).

    Wait, Sense 16 says "perform or carry out".
    If you "make a discovery", you are carrying out the act of discovering.

    Let's check Sense 3 again: "make or cause to be or to become".
    "Make a mess", "create a furor".
    This is more about creating a state of affairs.

    Let's look at Sense 16 again. "Perform or carry out".
    This seems the most solid.

    Wait, let me check Sense 7 again. "make, formulate, or derive in the mind".
    If the discovery was a theoretical one, Sense 7 would be perfect. But this was the discovery of a gene, which involves laboratory work (performing/carrying out research).

    So Sense 16 is better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doctor
Target surface form: doctor
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "doctor"
    *   Target surface form: "doctor"
    *   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `doctor%1:18:00::`: a licensed medical practitioner (physician, MD).
        2.  `doctor%1:18:02::`: (Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints.
        3.  `doctor%1:04:00::`: children playing a game.
        4.  `doctor%1:18:01::`: a person who holds a Ph.D. degree.

    *   The context mentions "discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth," "cancer study," and "National Cancer Institute."
    *   Thaddeus Dryja is described as a "Boston doctor."
    *   Given the medical context (cancer, genes, retinal cell growth), "doctor" here refers to a medical professional.

    *   Sense 1: Licensed medical practitioner (physician, MD). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Catholic saint. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: Children's game. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: Ph.D. holder. While a medical doctor (MD) is a type of doctor, in the context of medical research and cancer, "physician" or "medical practitioner" is the primary meaning, although research doctors often have PhDs or MDs. However, in common usage and within the provided options, Sense 1 is the most direct fit for someone working in cancer research/medicine.

    *   The context is heavily medical (retinoblastoma, cancer, National Cancer Institute).
    *   Thaddeus Dryja is credited with a medical discovery.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard term for a medical doctor.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `name`
    *   Target surface form: `named`
    *   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."

    *   Sense 1: `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to` (e.g., "They named their son David").
    *   Sense 2: `give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property` (e.g., "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal").
    *   Sense 3: `charge with a function; charge to be` (e.g., "She was named Head of the Committee").
    *   Sense 4: `create and charge with a task or function` (e.g., "nominate a committee").
    *   Sense 5: `mention and identify by name` (e.g., "name your accomplices!").
    *   Sense 6: `make reference to` (e.g., "His name was mentioned").
    *   Sense 7: `identify as in botany or biology` (e.g., identify a species).
    *   Sense 8: `give or make a list of` (e.g., "List the states").
    *   Sense 9: `determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness` (diagnose).

    *   The phrase is "a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja".
    *   In this context, "named" is used as a past participle acting as an adjective to identify the doctor by his name.
    *   It means "who is called" or "whose name is".
    *   Looking at the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". This is the act of giving a name (e.g., parents naming a baby). While the doctor *was* named Thaddeus by his parents, the usage here is identifying him by that name.
        *   Sense 2: "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name...". This fits better as it's about identification.
        *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   "A doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" is a very common construction. Is it "assigning a name" or "identifying by name"?
        *   Actually, in many WordNet-style datasets, "named [Name]" (meaning "called [Name]") is often mapped to the sense of "calling" or "assigning a name" (Sense 1).
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call".
        *   If I say "a man named John", it's equivalent to "a man called John".
        *   Sense 2 is more about "naming" someone in a list or in connection with something (e.g., "named in the lawsuit").
        *   Sense 5 is "mention and identify by name" (imperative usually).
        *   Sense 6 is "make reference to".

    *   "A doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" $\rightarrow$ "A doctor called Thaddeus Dryja".
    *   Sense 1 synonym is "call".
    *   Sense 2 synonym is "identify".
    *   Sense 1 example: "They named their son David". (Active voice: assigning the name).
    *   Passive voice: "The son was named David".
    *   Reduced relative clause: "A son named David".
    *   This matches the structure "a doctor named Thaddeus Dryja".

    *   Sense 2: "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name...". Example: "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal". This is more like "identified as suspects".
    *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". Example: "They named their son David". This is the act of giving the name.

    *   In the phrase "a doctor named Thaddeus Dryja", the word "named" describes the doctor's name. It's the passive form of "to name someone [Name]".
    *   If you "name" someone "Thaddeus", you are assigning that name to them.
    *   Therefore, "a doctor named Thaddeus" is a doctor to whom the name Thaddeus was assigned.

    *   Sense 1: assign a name (call).
    *   Sense 2: identify/refer to by name (e.g., in a report).
    *   Sense 3: appoint.
    *   Sense 4: appoint.
    *   Sense 5: list/mention.
    *   Sense 6: mention.
    *   Sense 7: biological identification.
    *   Sense 8: list.
    *   Sense 9: diagnose.

    The most fitting sense for "a [person] named [Name]" is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: open
Target surface form: opened
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=open%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door
2. sense_key=open%2:41:00:: | definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business
3. sense_key=open%2:35:06:: | definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened
4. sense_key=open%2:41:01:: | definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech
5. sense_key=open%2:35:08:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map; spread your arms
6. sense_key=open%2:30:00:: | definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities
7. sense_key=open%2:30:01:: | definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up
8. sense_key=open%2:42:00:: | definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall
9. sense_key=open%2:33:00:: | definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening
10. sense_key=open%2:40:04:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
11. sense_key=open%2:39:10:: | definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `open`
    *   Target surface form: `opened`
    *   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

    *   Sense 1: cause to open or to become open (e.g., car door) - Physical opening.
    *   Sense 2: start to operate or function (e.g., open a business) - Business/Operation.
    *   Sense 3: become open (e.g., the door opened) - Physical opening.
    *   Sense 4: begin or set in action (e.g., open a meeting) - Event start.
    *   Sense 5: spread out or open from a closed or folded state (e.g., open the map) - Physical unfolding.
    *   Sense 6: make available (e.g., opens up new possibilities) - Abstract availability/opportunity.
    *   Sense 7: become available (e.g., an opportunity opened up) - Abstract availability (intransitive).
    *   Sense 8: have an opening or passage or outlet (e.g., bedrooms open into the hall) - Spatial.
    *   Sense 9: make the opening move (e.g., chess) - Game start.
    *   Sense 10: afford access to (e.g., door opens to the patio) - Spatial access.
    *   Sense 11: display contents of a file (computer) - Digital.

    *   The phrase is "opened a field of cancer study".
    *   "A field of cancer study" is an abstract area of research.
    *   "Opened" here means that the discovery made this new area of research possible or available for exploration.
    *   This matches Sense 6: "make available" (synonym: "open up", example: "This opens up new possibilities").

    *   Sense 2 (start to operate) is for businesses or functions.
    *   Sense 4 (begin/set in action) is for meetings/speeches.
    *   Sense 7 (become available) is intransitive ("an opportunity opened up"), but here "opened" has a direct object ("a field of cancer study").
    *   Sense 6 (make available) is transitive and fits the context of creating a new possibility or area of study.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: The text discusses a rare tumor (retinoblastoma), damaged genes, genetic probes, the National Cancer Institute, and the study of malignant growths.
    *   Specific sentence: "...has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study, which in recent months has exploded."

    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer. (Astrological)
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` - a small zodiacal constellation... (Astronomical)
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` - the fourth sign of the zodiac... (Astrological)
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` - type genus of the family Cancridae. (Biological/Crustacean)

    *   The context is entirely medical/biological, focusing on tumors, genes, and the National Cancer Institute.
    *   "field of cancer study" refers to the study of malignant growths.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `recent`
    *   Target surface form: `recent`
    *   Context: "...has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `new` (e.g., recent graduates, recent addition)
        2.  `of the immediate past or just previous to the present time` (e.g., a late development, their late quarrel)

    *   The phrase is "in recent months".
    *   "Recent months" refers to the months that have just passed leading up to the present time.
    *   Sense 1 (`new`) usually describes something that has just been created or has just entered a state (like a "recent graduate").
    *   Sense 2 (`of the immediate past or just previous to the present time`) describes a period of time that occurred shortly before now.

    *   "Recent months" fits perfectly with "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time".
    *   It does not mean "new months" in the sense of newly created months.

    *   Sense 1: new
    *   Sense 2: of the immediate past or just previous to the present time.
    *   The context "in recent months" clearly aligns with Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `month`
    *   Target surface form: `months`
    *   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `month%1:28:01::`: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month).
        2.  `month%1:28:00::`: a time unit of approximately 30 days.

    *   The phrase is "in recent months".
    *   "Recent months" typically refers to a period of time spanning several months, not necessarily specific calendar months (like January, February), but rather a duration of time measured in units of months.
    *   Sense 1 refers to the specific divisions of the calendar (January, February, etc.).
    *   Sense 2 refers to the unit of time (approximately 30 days).

    *   When someone says "in recent months," they are usually referring to a duration of time (e.g., the last 3-6 months), which aligns better with the "time unit" definition (Sense 2) than the "calendar division" definition (Sense 1).
    *   Example for Sense 1: "he paid the bill last month" (refers to the previous calendar month).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "he was given a month to pay the bill" (refers to a duration of 30 days).
    *   "In recent months" describes a period of time during which the field of cancer study exploded. This is a duration.

    *   Sense 1: Calendar month (specific division).
    *   Sense 2: Time unit (duration).
    *   "Recent months" = a duration of several 30-day units.

    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate. Often "last month" (Sense 1) and "recent months" are treated similarly in some corpora, but strictly speaking, "recent months" refers to a span of time.
    *   If I say "I've been busy for three months," that's Sense 2.
    *   If I say "I've been busy in recent months," it's similar to "for the past few months."
    *   Sense 1 is specifically about the *divisions* of the calendar year.
    *   Sense 2 is about the *unit* of time.
    *   "Recent months" refers to the unit of time.

    *   Sense 1: calendar month.
    *   Sense 2: time unit of ~30 days.
    *   "Recent months" -> duration. Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explode
Target surface form: exploded
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has <t>exploded</t>. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explode%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=detonate, blow up, set off | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
2. sense_key=explode%2:30:00:: | definition=burst outward, usually with noise | synonyms=burst | examples=The champagne bottle exploded
3. sense_key=explode%2:31:00:: | definition=show a violent emotional reaction | examples=The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary
4. sense_key=explode%2:30:03:: | definition=be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise | synonyms=burst forth, break loose | examples=His anger exploded
5. sense_key=explode%2:35:00:: | definition=destroy by exploding | examples=The enemy exploded the bridge
6. sense_key=explode%2:32:02:: | definition=cause to burst as a result of air pressure; of stop consonants like /p/, /t/, and /k/
7. sense_key=explode%2:32:00:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval
8. sense_key=explode%2:31:01:: | definition=show (a theory or claim) to be baseless, or refute and make obsolete
9. sense_key=explode%2:30:04:: | definition=burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction | synonyms=detonate, blow up | examples=the bomb detonated at noon; The Molotov cocktail exploded
10. sense_key=explode%2:30:02:: | definition=increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=irrupt | examples=The population of India is exploding; The island's rodent population irrupted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `explode`
    *   Target surface form: `exploded`
    *   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has <t>exploded</t>."
    *   Meaning: The "field of cancer study" has grown very rapidly in recent months.

    *   Sense 1: cause to burst with a violent release of energy (detonate) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: burst outward, usually with noise (burst) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 3: show a violent emotional reaction - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 4: be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 5: destroy by exploding - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 6: cause to burst as a result of air pressure (phonetics) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: drive from the stage by noisy disapproval - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 8: show (a theory or claim) to be baseless - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 9: burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 10: increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner (synonym: irrupt) - *Correct*

    *   The context describes a "field of cancer study" that has "exploded." This clearly refers to rapid growth or expansion in the amount of research or knowledge in that field.
    *   Sense 10 ("increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner") fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `turn_out`
    *   Target surface form: `turns out`
    *   Context: "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder...
    *   Meaning: In this context, "It turns out that..." is used to introduce a fact that has become known or was discovered, often unexpectedly.

    *   Sense 1: `be shown or be found to be` (synonyms: prove, turn up). Example: "She proved to be right."
    *   Sense 2: `prove to be in the result or end`. Example: "It turns out that he was right."
    *   Sense 3: `produce quickly or regularly` (machinery). Example: "This factory turns out saws."
    *   Sense 4: `result or end` (synonyms: come out). Example: "How will the game turn out?"
    *   Sense 5: `come, usually in answer to an invitation`. Example: "How many people turned out that evening?"
    *   Sense 6: `bring forth` (synonyms: bear). Example: "The apple tree bore delicious apples."
    *   Sense 7: `put out or expel from a place`. Example: "The unruly student was excluded."
    *   Sense 8: `come and gather for a public event`. Example: "Hundreds of thousands turned out for the rally."
    *   Sense 9: `outfit or equip`. Example: "The actors were turned out lavishly."
    *   Sense 10: `turn outward`. Example: "ballet dancers can rotate their legs out."
    *   Sense 11: `cause to stop operating` (switch off). Example: "Turn off the stereo."
    *   Sense 12: `get up and out of bed`. Example: "I get up at 7 A.M."

    *   The phrase "It turns out that..." is a classic construction.
    *   Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" (e.g., "She proved to be right").
    *   Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end" (e.g., "It turns out that he was right").
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1 is often used as "X turned out to be Y" (The medicine turned out to save her life).
        *   Sense 2 is specifically used for the impersonal construction "It turns out that [clause]" (It turns out that he was right).
    *   The context is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights..."
    *   This matches the example for Sense 2 perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: `prove to be in the result or end` | Example: "It turns out that he was right".
    *   This fits the usage "It turns out that [fact]" perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studying
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that <t>studying</t> a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `study`
    *   Target surface form: `studying`
    *   Context: "...It turns out that <t>studying</t> a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `study%2:31:02::`: consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning (synonyms: analyze, examine).
        2.  `study%2:31:03::`: be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning.
        3.  `study%2:39:00::`: give careful consideration to (synonyms: consider).
        4.  `study%2:31:00::`: be a student of a certain subject (synonyms: learn, read, take).
        5.  `study%2:31:01::`: learn by reading books (synonyms: hit the books).
        6.  `study%2:31:04::`: think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes (synonyms: meditate, contemplate).

    *   The sentence is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..."
    *   In this context, "studying a tumor" means analyzing it, examining it scientifically, and conducting research on it to understand how it works.

    *   Sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" (analyze, examine). This fits perfectly with scientific research on a tumor.
    *   Sense 2: "be a student; follow a course of study". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "give careful consideration to". This is more about thinking about a possibility or a decision (e.g., "consider the possibility of moving"). Not as precise as Sense 1 for scientific analysis.
    *   Sense 4: "be a student of a certain subject". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "learn by reading books". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: "think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit because it describes the process of analysis and examination to discover essential features, which is exactly what scientific research (studying a tumor) entails.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tragic
Target surface form: tragic
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a <t>tragic</t> but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tragic%5:00:00:sad:00 | definition=very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction | synonyms=tragical | examples=a tragic face; a tragic plight
2. sense_key=tragic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy | examples=tragic hero

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `tragic`
    *   Target surface form: `tragic`
    *   Context: "...studying a <t>tragic</t> but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `tragic%5:00:00:sad:00`: very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction.
        2.  `tragic%3:01:00::`: of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy (literary/drama sense).

    *   The word "tragic" describes a "tumor" (specifically, a rare cancer).
    *   A tumor is not a literary tragedy (like a play by Sophocles or Shakespeare).
    *   A tumor is "tragic" because it causes suffering, grief, and potentially death.

    *   Sense 1: "very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction". This fits perfectly. A tumor that causes death or grief is tragic in this sense.
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy". This refers to the genre of tragedy (e.g., a tragic hero, a tragic flaw). This does not fit.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: uncommon
Target surface form: uncommon
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but <t>uncommon</t> tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=uncommon%3:00:00:: | definition=not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind | examples=uncommon birds; frost and floods are uncommon during these months
2. sense_key=uncommon%5:00:00:extraordinary:00 | definition=marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; -J.R.Lowell | synonyms=rare | examples=what is so rare as a day in June; a rare skill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "uncommon"
    *   Context: "...studying a tragic but <t>uncommon</t> tumor made possible some fundamental insights..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `uncommon%3:00:00::`: not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind. (Examples: uncommon birds; frost and floods are uncommon during these months).
        2.  `uncommon%5:00:00:extraordinary:00`: marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; synonyms: rare. (Examples: what is so rare as a day in June; a rare skill).

    *   The sentence refers to a "tragic but uncommon tumor".
    *   The context mentions "the rare cancer" earlier in the text ("faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer").
    *   The word "uncommon" here describes the frequency/occurrence of the tumor (it doesn't happen often).

    *   Sense 1: "not common or ordinarily encountered". This fits perfectly with a rare medical condition/tumor.
    *   Sense 2: "marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind". This refers more to "extraordinary" or "exceptional" (e.g., a rare skill, a rare day). While "rare" is a synonym, the sense here is about frequency/occurrence, not about being superlative or extraordinary in quality.

    *   The tumor is "uncommon" because it doesn't occur frequently in the population (not common/ordinarily encountered). This aligns with Sense 1.