[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "only"
    *   Context: "...a person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Meaning: The person just needs to lose one more copy (the remaining one) for cancer to develop. It's a minimal requirement.

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (synonyms: merely, simply, just, but). Example: "I was merely asking."
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone). Example: "was entirely to blame."
    *   Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result". Example: "He arrived only to find his wife dead."
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome". Example: "These news will only make you more upset."
    *   Sense 5: "except that". Example: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better."
    *   Sense 6: "never except when" (synonyms: only if, only when). Example: "call me only if your cold gets worse."
    *   Sense 7: "as recently as". Example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago."

    *   "he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy"
    *   Can we replace "only" with "merely", "simply", or "just"?
        *   "he need merely lose the other copy" (Yes)
        *   "he need simply lose the other copy" (Yes)
        *   "he need just lose the other copy" (Yes)
    *   Does it mean "without any others being included"? (Sense 2) - Not quite. It's not about exclusivity in the same way as "solely responsible."
    *   Does it mean "never except when"? (Sense 6) - No, the structure "need only [verb]" is a common idiom meaning "simply needs to."
    *   Does it mean "in the final outcome"? (Sense 4) - No.
    *   Does it mean "as recently as"? (Sense 7) - No.

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" / "merely, simply, just".
    *   In the phrase "need only [do something]", "only" functions as "merely" or "simply".

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `lose`
    *   Target surface form: `lose`
    *   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Meaning: In this biological context, "lose" refers to the loss of a gene copy (likely through mutation or deletion).

    *   Sense 1: `fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense` (Example: lost her purse)
    *   Sense 2: `fail to win` (Example: lost the battle)
    *   Sense 3: `suffer the loss of a person through death or removal` (Example: lost her husband)
    *   Sense 4: `place (something) where one cannot find it again` (Example: misplaced eyeglasses)
    *   Sense 5: `miss from one's possessions; lose sight of` (Example: lost my glasses)
    *   Sense 6: `allow to go out of sight` (Example: lost the man he was shadowing)
    *   Sense 7: `fail to make money in a business` (Example: lost thousands of dollars)
    *   Sense 8: `fail to get or obtain` (Example: lost the opportunity)
    *   Sense 9: `retreat` (Example: fall back)
    *   Sense 10: `fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind` (Example: missed that remark)
    *   Sense 11: `be set at a disadvantage` (Example: suffers in translation)

    *   The context is about a genetic copy. If a person "loses" the other copy of a gene, they no longer have a functional copy.
    *   This fits "cease to have" (Sense 1).
    *   It's not failing to win (Sense 2), losing a person (Sense 3), misplacing an object (Sense 4/5), losing sight of someone (Sense 6), financial loss (Sense 7), failing to obtain (Sense 8), retreating (Sense 9), failing to perceive (Sense 10), or being disadvantaged (Sense 11).

    *   Sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
    *   Losing a gene copy means the cell/person ceases to have that functional copy. This is the most accurate fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "other"
    *   Target surface form: "other"
    *   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `other%3:00:00::`: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied.
        2.  `other%5:00:00:past:00`: recently past.
        3.  `other%5:00:02:past:00`: belonging to the distant past.
        4.  `other%5:00:00:strange:00`: very unusual; different in character or quality.

    *   The sentence discusses tumor-suppressor genes, which are inherited in *two copies*.
    *   It mentions a person born with *one* defective copy or having *one* copy damaged.
    *   It then says they need only lose the "other" copy.
    *   In this context, "other" refers to the second of the two copies (the one that wasn't already defective or damaged).

    *   Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". This fits perfectly. There are two copies; one is mentioned, the "other" is the remaining one.
    *   Sense 2: "recently past". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: "very unusual". Does not fit.

    *   The word "other" refers to the second copy of the gene. This is a clear case of "not the same one already mentioned".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: The text discusses genes, specifically oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. It mentions that tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in "two copies, one from each parent." It further explains that if one "copy" is defective or damaged, the person is prone to cancer if they lose the other "copy."
    *   Target word usage: "...he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop."

    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:00::` - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., transcript). (Incorrect: Not a written record).
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:06:00::` - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a copy of a dress). (Correct: In genetics, alleles or versions of a gene are often referred to as copies. A gene inherited from each parent is an identical or similar version of that gene).
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:10:01::` - matter to be printed; written matter. (Incorrect: Not about printing).
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:02::` - material suitable for a journalistic account. (Incorrect: Not about journalism).

    *   The context is biological/genetic.
    *   "Inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   This refers to the two alleles of a gene.
    *   Sense 2 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") is the only one that fits the concept of a biological duplicate or version of a gene.

    *   Sense 1: Written record (No)
    *   Sense 2: Similar/identical thing (Yes - biological copy/allele)
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed (No)
    *   Sense 4: Journalistic material (No)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific text discussing genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), malignant cells, tumors, and genetic tests for cancer susceptibility.
    *   Specific sentence: "...he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop."

    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer. (Astrological)
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` - a small zodiacal constellation... (Astronomical)
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` - the fourth sign of the zodiac... (Astrological)
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` - type genus of the family Cancridae. (Biological/Crustacean)

    *   The context is entirely about genetics, malignant cells, tumors, and disease.
    *   The phrase "for a cancer to develop" clearly refers to the disease/malignant growth.
    *   Sense 1 matches this perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor. (Correct)
    *   Sense 2: Person born in Cancer. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Constellation. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs. (Incorrect)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "develop"
    *   Context: "...a person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "develop" refers to the onset or emergence of a disease (cancer) in a person.

    *   Sense 1: make something new (product/artistic) - No.
    *   Sense 2: work out (theory) - No.
    *   Sense 3: gain through experience (skill/aversion) - No.
    *   Sense 4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This fits the medical context of acquiring a condition or symptom.
    *   Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape - Example: "A new religious movement originated". This is more about general existence/origination.
    *   Sense 6: change use of land - No.
    *   Sense 7: elaborate theories - No.
    *   Sense 8: create by training - No.
    *   Sense 9: be gradually disclosed (plot) - No.
    *   Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold (natural growth/evolution) - Example: "A flower developed on the branch". This is more about biological growth/maturation.
    *   Sense 11: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   Sense 12: cause to grow (agriculture) - No.
    *   Sense 13: generate gradually (customers) - No.
    *   Sense 14: grow emotionally - No.
    *   Sense 15: chemical solutions (film) - No.
    *   Sense 16: geometry - No.
    *   Sense 17: chess - No.
    *   Sense 18: chess - No.
    *   Sense 19: music - No.
    *   Sense 20: happen (news/political movements) - No.
    *   Sense 21: math (series) - No.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains".
    *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".

    Comparing Sense 4 and Sense 10:
    Sense 4 specifically mentions "The patient developed abdominal pains," which is very close to "a cancer to develop." It's about the onset of a medical condition.
    Sense 10 is more about the process of growth or evolution (like a flower or a superpower). While cancer involves growth, the phrase "for a cancer to develop" usually refers to the onset of the disease.

    Let's re-examine Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". Cancer is a physical change/condition.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 5 again: "come into existence; take on form or shape".

    Let's look at Sense 20: "happen".

    Actually, looking at Sense 4 again: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". This is the standard sense for developing a disease or symptom.

    *   "The patient developed abdominal pains" (Sense 4)
    *   "a cancer to develop" (Context)

    This is a strong match.

    Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". While cancer cells differentiate and grow, the sentence "for a cancer to develop" refers to the disease starting/appearing in the person.

    Sense 4 is the most appropriate for the onset of a medical condition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "emerging"
    *   Target surface form: "Emerging"
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `emerging%5:00:00:future:00`: coming to maturity (synonym: rising; example: the rising generation)
        2.  `emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00`: coming into existence (synonym: emergent; example: an emergent republic)

    *   The sentence refers to "Emerging genetic tests".
    *   These tests are new, being developed, or just starting to become available.
    *   They are "coming into existence" or "becoming available" in the field of medicine.

    *   Sense 1 ("coming to maturity", "rising generation") usually refers to people or groups growing up or reaching a stage of development.
    *   Sense 2 ("coming into existence", "nascent", "emergent") refers to things that are starting to appear or be developed.

    *   "Emerging genetic tests" fits better with "coming into existence" (Sense 2) than "coming to maturity" (Sense 1). While "maturity" can be used for technology, "nascent" or "coming into existence" is a more standard fit for new technologies/tests appearing in a field.

    *   Sense 1: rising generation (people)
    *   Sense 2: emergent republic (a new entity coming into existence)
    *   "Emerging genetic tests" are new developments coming into existence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `genetic`
    *   Target surface form: `genetic`
    *   Context: "Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, inheritance of genes from parents, and defective copies of genes.

    *   Sense 1: `inheritable` (occurring among members of a family usually by heredity). Synonyms: familial, hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: `of or relating to or produced by or being a gene`. Synonyms: genic, genetical.
    *   Sense 3: `pertaining to or referring to origin` (e.g., origin of a literary work).
    *   Sense 4: `of or relating to the science of genetics`. Synonyms: genetical.

    *   The context is about tests that look for defective copies of genes (tumor-suppressor genes) to identify people prone to cancer.
    *   "Genetic tests" in this context refer to tests that analyze the genes themselves (the DNA sequences) to find mutations.
    *   Sense 1 (inheritable/hereditary) is related because the text mentions inheritance, but the *test* itself is looking at the genes.
    *   Sense 2 (of or relating to a gene) describes the nature of the test (it's a test of the genes).
    *   Sense 4 (relating to the science of genetics) is broader.

    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". A genetic test is a test relating to genes.
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics". While genetic tests are part of the science of genetics, the adjective "genetic" in "genetic test" usually refers to the biological entity (the gene) being tested.
    *   Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". While the susceptibility might be hereditary, the test is a "genetic test" regardless of whether the mutation was inherited or acquired (though the text mentions being born with one).

    *   In medical and biological contexts, "genetic test" refers to the analysis of DNA/genes.
    *   Sense 2 ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene") is the most precise description of what the test is analyzing.
    *   Sense 4 ("of or relating to the science of genetics") is more about the field of study.
    *   Sense 1 ("inheritable") describes the trait, not the test.

    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics"
    *   Comparing "genetic research" (Sense 4 example) vs "genetic code" (Sense 2 example). "Genetic tests" are closer to "genetic code" (the physical genes) than to the general "science of genetics".

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics".
    *   Let me re-read Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   A "genetic test" is a test that looks at genes. Therefore, it relates to genes.

    *   Sense 1: familial/hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: genic (relating to genes).
    *   Sense 3: origin.
    *   Sense 4: genetical (relating to the science).

    In the context of "genetic tests", it's almost always Sense 2 (relating to the genes themselves).

    *   "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   The individuals are susceptible because of their genes (specifically, the tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   The test analyzes the genes.
    *   Sense 2 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `able`
    *   Target surface form: `able`
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `able%3:00:00::`: having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something (usually followed by `to`).
        2.  `able%5:00:00:competent:00`: have the skills and qualifications to do things well (synonym: capable).
        3.  `able%5:00:00:capable:00`: having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity.
        4.  `able%5:00:00:fit:01`: having a strong healthy body (synonym: able-bodied).

    *   The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   The subject is "Emerging genetic tests".
    *   The action is "to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals".
    *   "Able" here describes the capacity or capability of the tests to perform a specific function.

    *   Sense 1: "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something". This fits well. Tests have the "means" (the technology/mechanism) to spot individuals.
    *   Sense 2: "have the skills and qualifications to do things well". This usually applies to people (e.g., "able teachers"). Tests don't have "skills" or "qualifications".
    *   Sense 3: "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity". This also usually applies to living beings (e.g., "human beings are able to walk"). While "capacity" is mentioned, "physical or mental ability" doesn't fit a genetic test.
    *   Sense 4: "having a strong healthy body". Definitely not applicable to genetic tests.

    *   Sense 1 is the most general and fits the "be able to [verb]" construction perfectly, especially when referring to the capability of a tool or method (the "means").
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3: Sense 1 focuses on "means, skill, know-how, or authority". Sense 3 focuses on "inherent physical or mental ability". A genetic test doesn't have mental or physical ability in the biological sense, but it does have the "means" (the biochemical capability) to detect something.

    *   Sense 1: "usually followed by `to`" - Matches ("able to spot").
    *   Sense 1: "having the necessary means... to do something" - Matches (the test has the means to spot).

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `individual`
    *   Target surface form: `individuals`
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `individual%1:03:00::` (a human being)
        2.  `individual%1:18:00::` (a single organism)

    *   The text discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, cancer, and genetic tests.
    *   It mentions "A person who is born with one defective copy..."
    *   It mentions "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries..."
    *   The "cancer-susceptible individuals" refers to people who might be prone to cancer based on their genetic makeup.

    *   Sense 1: "a human being" (synonyms: person, someone, somebody).
    *   Sense 2: "a single organism" (broader biological term).

    *   The context specifically talks about "a person" and names specific people ("Bill and Bonnie Quinlan").
    *   While humans are organisms, the context is clearly about human health and medical diagnosis.
    *   Sense 1 is more specific and fits the context of "person" and "predictive cancer diagnosis" for humans.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `believe`
    *   Target surface form: `believe`
    *   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

    *   Sense 1: `accept as true; take to be true` (e.g., "I believed his report") - Focuses on accepting a statement or report as factual.
    *   Sense 2: `judge or regard; look upon; judge` (Synonyms: `think`, `consider`, `conceive`) (e.g., "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart") - Focuses on an opinion, judgment, or belief about a state of affairs.
    *   Sense 3: `be confident about something` (Synonym: `trust`) (e.g., "I believe that he will come back from the war") - Focuses on confidence or trust in a future outcome or person.
    *   Sense 4: `follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer` (e.g., "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too") - Focuses on religious or ideological faith.
    *   Sense 5: `credit with veracity` (e.g., "You cannot believe this man") - Focuses on trusting the truthfulness of a person.

    *   The phrase is "...what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Here, "believe" is used to express an opinion or a professional judgment about the current state of medical science.
    *   It can be paraphrased as: "...what some scientists *think* is a new age..." or "...what some scientists *consider* to be a new age..."

    *   Sense 1 (accept as true) is close, but usually applies to a specific claim or report.
    *   Sense 2 (judge or regard/think/consider) fits perfectly. The scientists are judging the current situation to be a "new age."
    *   Sense 3 (be confident/trust) is about confidence in an outcome, not a judgment of a current state.
    *   Sense 4 (faith/credo) is religious/ideological.
    *   Sense 5 (credit with veracity) is about trusting a person's honesty.

    *   Sense 2 synonyms: `think`, `consider`, `conceive`.
    *   Example: "I believe her to be very smart" matches the structure "believe [something] is [something]".
    *   Context: "...what some scientists believe is a new age..." matches "I believe [it] is a new age."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "new"
    *   Target surface form: "new"
    *   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `new%3:00:00::`: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered.
        2.  `new%5:00:00:original:00`: original and of a kind not seen before (fresh, novel).
        3.  `new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00`: lacking training or experience (raw).
        4.  `new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00`: having no previous example or precedent or parallel (unexampled).
        5.  `new%5:00:00:other:00`: other than the former one(s); different.
        6.  `new%3:00:09::`: unaffected by use or exposure.
        7.  `new%5:00:02:original:00`: (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new (newfangled).
        8.  `new%5:00:02:late:01`: in use after medieval times.
        9.  `new%5:00:01:late:01`: used of a living language; being the current stage in its development (Modern).
        10. `new%5:00:00:early:02`: (of crops) harvested at an early stage of development.
        11. `new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00`: unfamiliar.

    *   The phrase is "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   This refers to a period of time or an era that is just beginning or has recently come into being due to new scientific discoveries (genetic tests).

    *   Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being..." (Fits well: a new age/era).
    *   Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before" (novel). While a "new age" is novel, Sense 1 is the more standard description for a new era/age.
    *   Sense 4: "unprecedented". A "new age" might be unprecedented, but Sense 1 is more general and fits the "coming into being" aspect.
    *   Sense 5: "other than the former one(s)". This implies a replacement. While a new age replaces an old one, Sense 1 is more direct.

    *   "New age" in the sense of a new era is typically described as something that has just come into being.
    *   Example for Sense 1: "a new law" (something recently created).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "a completely novel proof" (something original).
    *   Example for Sense 4: "a time of unexampled prosperity" (something without precedent).

    The "new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" is a period that is starting now because of the "emerging genetic tests." This aligns best with Sense 1 (having just come into being).

    *   Sense 1: `new%3:00:00::` - not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being...
    *   Sense 2: `new%5:00:00:original:00` - original and of a kind not seen before.
    *   Sense 4: `new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00` - having no previous example.

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: "New age" usually means a new era that has just started. Sense 1 is the most general and fitting for "new age" in this context.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "Original and of a kind not seen before." A "new age" is indeed a kind of era not seen before, but "new" in "new age" usually just means it's the current/starting one.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being". This is the classic definition of a "new era" or "new age".

    Sense 1: `new%3:00:00::`
    Sense 2: `new%5:00:00:original:00`
    Sense 4: `new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00`

    In the context of "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age", the focus is on the beginning of a new period. Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `age`
    *   Target surface form: `age`
    *   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `age%1:07:00::`: how long something has existed (e.g., "replaced because of its age").
        2.  `age%1:28:02::`: an era of history having some distinctive feature (e.g., "we live in a litigious age").
        3.  `age%1:28:00::`: a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises (e.g., "school age").
        4.  `age%1:28:03::`: a prolonged period of time (e.g., "known each other for ages").
        5.  `age%1:28:01::`: a late time of life (e.g., "old age").

    *   The phrase is "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   This refers to a new period or era in medical science/history characterized by the ability to predict cancer.

    *   Sense 1 (duration of existence) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 2 (era of history with a distinctive feature) fits perfectly. "A new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" is an era characterized by this specific feature.
    *   Sense 3 (time of life/qualification) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 (prolonged period of time) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5 (late time of life) doesn't fit.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A passage discussing oncogenes, malignant cells, tumor-suppressor genes, genetic tests, and "predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancer%1:26:00::`: malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
        2.  `cancer%1:18:00::`: (astrology) person born while the sun is in Cancer.
        3.  `cancer%1:17:00::`: zodiacal constellation.
        4.  `cancer%1:15:00::`: fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  `cancer%1:05:00::`: type genus of the family Cancridae.

    *   The context mentions "malignant," "cells," "oncogenes," "tumor-suppressor gene," "cell growth," and "diagnosis."
    *   These terms are all related to medicine and biology, specifically the disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This matches the context perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Astronomy (constellation) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Astrology (zodiac sign) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Biology (genus of crabs) - Incorrect.

    *   The target word "cancer" in "predictive cancer diagnosis" refers to the disease.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "first"
    *   Target surface form: "first"
    *   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings."
    *   Meaning: Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the earliest people to benefit from the new findings.

    *   Sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" (e.g., the first house on the right; the first day of spring).
    *   Sense 2: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" (synonym: 1st).
    *   Sense 3: "serving to set in motion" (synonyms: inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden).
    *   Sense 4: "serving to begin" (synonym: beginning).
    *   Sense 5: "ranking above all others" (synonyms: foremost, world-class).
    *   Sense 6: "highest in pitch or chief among parts..." (e.g., first soprano).

    *   The context "among the first beneficiaries" refers to time (the earliest people to benefit).
    *   Sense 1 ("preceding all others in time or space or degree") fits well.
    *   Sense 2 is more about a sequence/ordinal number (1st).
    *   Sense 3 is about initiating something (inaugural).
    *   Sense 4 is about the beginning part of something (beginning verse).
    *   Sense 5 is about rank/quality (foremost).
    *   Sense 6 is about music/pitch.

    *   "Among the first beneficiaries" means they were among the earliest. This aligns with "preceding all others in time" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: preceding all others in time... (Fits: earliest beneficiaries)
    *   Sense 2: 1st (Ordinal - less likely here than the general "earliest")
    *   Sense 3: inaugural (Doesn't fit)
    *   Sense 4: beginning (Doesn't fit)
    *   Sense 5: foremost (Doesn't fit - they aren't the "best" beneficiaries, just the earliest)
    *   Sense 6: pitch (Doesn't fit)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: beneficiary
Target surface form: beneficiaries
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: | definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `beneficiary`
    *   Target surface form: `beneficiaries`
    *   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
    *   Meaning: Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are people who benefit from the new scientific findings (predictive cancer diagnosis).

    *   Sense 1: `beneficiary%1:18:00::` | definition: "the recipient of funds or other benefits" | synonyms: "donee"
    *   Sense 2: `beneficiary%1:10:00::` | definition: "the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause" | synonyms: "benefactive role"

    *   Sense 1 refers to a person who receives a benefit (money, advantage, etc.).
    *   Sense 2 refers to a linguistic/semantic role (a technical term in linguistics).

    *   In the sentence "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings," the word "beneficiaries" refers to the people (Bill and Bonnie) who are receiving the benefit of the scientific findings.
    *   This fits Sense 1 (recipient of benefits).
    *   It does not fit Sense 2 (a semantic role in a clause).

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `new`
    *   Target surface form: `new`
    *   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses emerging genetic tests and a "new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" based on researchers' recent beliefs about cancer genes.

    *   Sense 1: `not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered` (Example: a new law; new cars).
    *   Sense 2: `original and of a kind not seen before` (Synonyms: fresh, novel).
    *   Sense 3: `lacking training or experience` (Synonyms: raw).
    *   Sense 4: `having no previous example or precedent or parallel` (Synonyms: unexampled).
    *   Sense 5: `other than the former one(s); different`.
    *   Sense 6: `unaffected by use or exposure`.
    *   Sense 7: `(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new` (Synonyms: newfangled).
    *   Sense 8: `in use after medieval times`.
    *   Sense 9: `used of a living language; being the current stage in its development`.
    *   Sense 10: `(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development`.
    *   Sense 11: `unfamiliar`.

    *   The "findings" refer to the scientific discoveries mentioned in the previous paragraph (the understanding of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   These findings have "just (or relatively recently) come into being" or were "discovered."
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered."
    *   Sense 2 (original/novel) is possible, but Sense 1 is the standard way to describe recent scientific findings.
    *   Sense 4 (unprecedented) is too strong.
    *   Sense 5 (different from former) doesn't fit as well as "recently discovered."

    *   The findings are recent discoveries.
    *   Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered."
    *   This matches the context of "emerging genetic tests" and "recent months."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finding
Target surface form: findings
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `finding`
    *   Target surface form: `findings`
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `finding%1:04:00`: the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation (determination).
        2.  `finding%1:04:01`: the decision of a court on issues of fact or law.
        3.  `finding%1:17:00`: something that is found.

    *   The text discusses genetic research, cancer genes, and new genetic tests for predictive diagnosis.
    *   "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
    *   In this context, "findings" refers to the results or discoveries made through the research and the development of the genetic tests.

    *   Sense 1: "the act of determining..." (The process/action).
    *   Sense 2: "the decision of a court..." (Legal context - not applicable).
    *   Sense 3: "something that is found" (The result/discovery).

    *   "Findings" in scientific contexts usually refers to the results of a study or research (the things that were found).
    *   Sense 1 is the *act* of finding (the process).
    *   Sense 3 is the *thing* found (the result).
    *   The Quinlans are beneficiaries of the *results* (the knowledge/discoveries), not the *act* of determining them.

    *   Sense 3: "something that is found". Examples: "findings in the gastrointestinal tract", "archaeological findings". While the examples are physical objects, the sense "something that is found" broadly covers discoveries/results in research.

    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation".
    *   Sense 3: "something that is found".
    *   In scientific literature, "findings" almost always means the results/conclusions.
    *   Is "findings" (results) better described as "the act of determining" or "something that is found"?
    *   "Something that is found" (Sense 3) fits "results/discoveries" better than "the act of determining" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: determination (process).
    *   Sense 2: court decision.
    *   Sense 3: something found (result).
    *   The "new findings" are the discoveries about cancer genes and the ability to test for them. These are things that were found.

    *   Sense 3 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: couple
Target surface form: couple
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=couple%1:14:00:: | definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
2. sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: | definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago
3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01:: | definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
4. sense_key=couple%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
5. sense_key=couple%1:17:00:: | definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "couple"
    *   Target surface form: "couple"
    *   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `couple%1:14:00`: a pair who associate with one another (twosome, duo, duet)
        2.  `couple%1:14:01`: a pair of people who live together (mates, match)
        3.  `couple%1:23:01`: a small indefinite number
        4.  `couple%1:23:00`: two items of the same kind (pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke)
        5.  `couple%1:17:00`: (physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces...

    *   The context mentions "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan".
    *   It says "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant...".
    *   Bill and Bonnie are a man and a woman who are partners (likely married or in a long-term relationship, as they are having a child).

    *   Sense 1: "a pair who associate with one another" (general association).
    *   Sense 2: "a pair of people who live together" (more specific to romantic/domestic partners).
    *   Sense 3: "a small indefinite number" (incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: "two items of the same kind" (too generic).
    *   Sense 5: Physics term (incorrect).

    *   Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are described as a "couple". In the context of pregnancy and shared last names (Quinlan), they are romantic partners living together/married.
    *   Sense 2 ("a pair of people who live together") is a more precise fit for a romantic couple than Sense 1 ("a pair who associate with one another").

    *   Sense 1: "the engaged couple"
    *   Sense 2: "a married couple from Chicago"
    *   The context "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan... Bonnie became pregnant" strongly aligns with the "married couple" example in Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `knew`
    *   Context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Meaning: The couple was aware of a specific fact (the 50% risk of retinoblastoma).

    *   Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (Example: "I know that the President lied...")
    *   Sense 2: know how to do or perform something. (Example: "She knows how to knit")
    *   Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. (Example: "I know that I left the key on the table")
    *   Sense 4: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. (Example: "Do you know my sister?")
    *   Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. (Example: "I know the feeling!")
    *   Sense 6: accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority.
    *   Sense 7: have fixed in the mind. (Example: "I know Latin")
    *   Sense 8: have sexual intercourse with.
    *   Sense 9: know the nature or character of.
    *   Sense 10: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different.
    *   Sense 11: perceive as familiar.

    *   The couple "knew... that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk".
    *   This is awareness of a specific piece of information/fact.
    *   Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information".
    *   Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt".

    *   Sense 1 is about possessing information/being aware of a fact.
    *   Sense 3 is more about conviction, belief, or certainty ("regard as true beyond any doubt").
    *   In the context of genetic risk (a 50% chance), they are aware of the fact/information provided by medical knowledge. Sense 1 fits better as a general state of possessing information.

    *   "I know that the President lied to the people" (Sense 1) vs "I know that I left the key on the table" (Sense 3).
    *   The couple's knowledge of the 50% risk is a piece of information they possess.

    *   Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information.
    *   Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something.
    *   The context "knew... that any child of theirs had a 50% chance" is a statement of fact/information. Sense 1 is the most direct fit.