[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Active sense (e.g., "The snow damaged the roof").
        2.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Passive/Intransitive sense (e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily").

    *   The sentence is: "...after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   The structure is "has been damaged" (passive voice).
    *   In "has been damaged", the gene is the recipient of the damage.
    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (transitive). If we use the passive voice of Sense 1, it means "to have damage inflicted upon it".
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (intransitive/middle voice).

    *   Sense 1 (inflict damage upon): "The snow damaged the roof" $\rightarrow$ "The roof was damaged by the snow."
    *   Sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage): "These fine china cups damage easily." (This is an ergative/middle use).

    *   In the context "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged", the gene is the object of the action of damaging.
    *   Looking at the previous sentence: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division..."
    *   This clearly indicates that something (radiation, chemical, accident) is doing the damaging to the genes.
    *   Therefore, "damaged" here is the passive form of the transitive verb "to inflict damage upon".

    *   Sense 1: inflict damage upon (Transitive)
    *   Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage (Intransitive/Middle)
    *   The context "has been damaged" is the passive of the transitive "inflict damage upon".

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
    *   If a gene "has been damaged", it has suffered damage.
    *   However, in English grammar, "X was damaged" is almost always the passive of "Y damaged X".
    *   Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" (Active) $\rightarrow$ "The roof was damaged" (Passive).
    *   Sense 2: "These cups damage easily" (Middle).

    *   The context "has been damaged" fits the passive of Sense 1 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    *   Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    *   "The gene has been damaged" = "Something has inflicted damage upon the gene."

    *   Sense 1 is the active form of the action.
    *   Sense 2 is the property of being easily damaged or the act of suffering damage.
    *   In "has been damaged", the gene is the patient. This is the passive of the transitive verb "to damage" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    *   Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    *   Example for Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily." (This is a characteristic).
    *   Example for Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof." (This is an event).
    *   The context "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged" describes an event (or the result of an event), not a characteristic of the gene.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `inherit`
    *   Target surface form: `inherited`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `obtain from someone after their death` (e.g., a castle)
        2.  `receive from a predecessor` (e.g., problems from a previous chair)
        3.  `receive by genetic transmission` (e.g., good eyesight from my mother)

    *   The sentence discusses "genes," "tumor-suppressor genes," and receiving "two copies, one from each parent."
    *   This is clearly referring to biological/genetic inheritance.

    *   Sense 1: Financial/property inheritance after death. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Abstract inheritance from a predecessor. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Genetic transmission. (Correct)

    *   The best sense is index 3.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
        2.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing
        3.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account

    *   The context discusses genetics: "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   In biology, genes come in pairs (alleles) on homologous chromosomes. Each "copy" is an identical or nearly identical version of the gene.
    *   Sense 1 (written record) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (thing made to be similar or identical to another thing) fits best, as a gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of the genetic sequence.
    *   Sense 3 (matter to be printed) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (journalistic account) is incorrect.

    *   Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Example: "the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This aligns well with the biological concept of gene copies.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `parent`
    *   Target surface form: `parent`
    *   Context: "...tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `parent%1:18:00::`: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
        2.  `parent%1:03:00::`: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

    *   The sentence discusses genetics, tumor-suppressor genes, and inheritance.
    *   "inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   In a biological/genetic context, "parent" refers to the biological organism from which the offspring inherits genetic material.

    *   Sense 1 focuses on the human/social role (father, mother, guardian, nurturing).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the biological organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

    *   While humans are organisms, the context is specifically about genetic inheritance ("inherited in two copies").
    *   Sense 2 is the broader biological definition ("an organism... from which younger ones are obtained"), which fits the scientific context of gene inheritance better than the social/familial definition in Sense 1.
    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate. In common English, when talking about inheriting genes from "parents," we usually mean the biological parents. Sense 1 mentions "one who begets or one who gives birth to." Sense 2 mentions "an organism... from which younger ones are obtained."
    *   Usually, in a scientific text about genes, "parent" refers to the biological source.
    *   Let's look at the nuances:
        *   Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child..."
        *   Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained."
    *   The text is about cancer genes and cell division. It's a biological discussion.
    *   Is it talking about humans specifically? "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent." This is a general biological fact applicable to humans and other diploid organisms.
    *   Sense 2 is the more general biological term. Sense 1 is more focused on the human relationship.
    *   However, "father or mother" (Sense 1) is the most common way to refer to biological parents in humans.
    *   Let's check if "parent" in genetics usually maps to the biological organism sense.
    *   In WordNet, `parent%1:03:00` is under `organism`, while `parent%1:18:00` is under `person`.
    *   The context is scientific/biological. While it could be talking about humans, the phrasing "inherited in two copies, one from each parent" is a standard biological description.
    *   If the text is about human cancer, Sense 1 might seem okay, but Sense 2 is the precise biological definition for the source of genetic material.
    *   Actually, looking at Sense 1 again: "one who begets or one who gives birth to". This covers the biological aspect of humans.
    *   Looking at Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained". This is the general biological definition.
    *   Given the scientific tone ("tumor-suppressor genes", "oncogenes", "malignant"), Sense 2 is the more appropriate linguistic fit for a biological process.

    *   Sense 1: Person-centric (father, mother, guardian).
    *   Sense 2: Organism-centric (plant, animal).
    *   The context is genetics. Genetics applies to all organisms. Even if the text is about humans, the biological role of the parent as the source of the gene is the key.
    *   Let's double-check the WordNet hierarchy if possible. `parent%1:03:00` is a more general biological term.
    *   In most WSD datasets (like SemCor), "parent" in a genetic context is often mapped to the biological organism sense.

    *   "inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   This is a description of Mendelian inheritance.
    *   Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained."
    *   Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child..."
    *   Sense 2 is the broader, scientific definition. Sense 1 is the human-specific/social definition.
    *   The text is a scientific explanation of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: `parent%1:18:00` (Person)
    *   Sense 2: `parent%1:03:00` (Organism)
    *   The context is biological/genetic. Sense 2 is the biological sense.

    *   Wait, let me think again. Is "parent" in "one from each parent" referring to the *person* or the *organism*? In a medical text about cancer (which usually implies humans), "parent" often refers to the father and mother.
    *   However, the definition of Sense 1 includes "one who begets or one who gives birth to".
    *   Let's compare:
        *   S1: father/mother, begets/gives birth, nurtures/raises.
        *   S2: organism from which younger ones are obtained.
    *   In the context of "inherited in two copies", the "begetting/giving birth" part of S1 or the "organism from which younger ones are obtained" part of S2 both fit.
    *   But S2 is the standard biological definition used in genetics.

    *   If the text is about human cancer, "parent" usually means the biological father/mother.
    *   If the text is about general biology, "parent" means the parent organism.
    *   The text mentions "radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division", "oncogenes", "tumor-suppressor genes". This is general molecular biology/oncology.
    *   The phrase "inherited in two copies, one from each parent" is a textbook description of diploid inheritance.
    *   In WordNet, the distinction between `parent%1:18:00` (person) and `parent%1:03:00` (organism) is usually that the former is specifically a human and the latter is any biological entity.
    *   Since the text is scientific, the biological sense (Sense 2) is more appropriate.

    *   Sense 1: `parent%1:18:00`
    *   Sense 2: `parent%1:03:00`
    *   Context: "inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   This is a biological process. Sense 2 is the biological definition.

    *   Wait, I just noticed Sense 1 says "one who begets or one who gives birth to". This is also biological.
    *   Let's look at the "nurtures and raises a child" part of Sense 1. That's the social part.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained".
    *   In the context of genetics, the "parent" is the organism that provides the gamete.
    *   If I have to choose the *best* one, Sense 2 is the more general biological term, which fits the scientific register of the passage.

    *   Sense 1: `parent%1:18:00` (Person)
    *   Sense 2: `parent%1:03:00` (Organism)
    *   The text is about genes and cancer. This is biology.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: reproduction of a written record (transcript).
        2.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone).
        3.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed (written matter).
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The text discusses genetics: "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   In biology, a "copy" of a gene refers to an identical or nearly identical version of that gene (one on each homologous chromosome).
    *   This fits the definition of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (Sense 2).
    *   Senses 1, 3, and 4 are related to writing, printing, or journalism, which are completely irrelevant to genetics.

    *   Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Example: "the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This aligns perfectly with the biological context of gene copies.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `need`
    *   Target surface form: `needed`
    *   Context: "Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Meaning in context: The proteins that are *required* or *necessary* for the purpose of controlling cell growth.

    *   Sense 1: `require as useful, just, or proper` (Synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve). Example: "success usually requires hard work".
    *   Sense 2: `have need of` (Synonyms: want, require). Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner".
    *   Sense 3: `have or feel a need for`. Example: "always needing friends and money".

    *   The context is "proteins needed to control cell growth".
    *   This means the proteins are *required* for the process of controlling cell growth.
    *   Sense 1 describes a requirement for a certain outcome or condition (e.g., "success requires hard work"). In the context, "controlling cell growth" requires "proteins". This fits the "require as useful, just, or proper" (or simply "necessary for") meaning.
    *   Sense 2 ("have need of") usually implies a subject that lacks something (e.g., "the piano needs a tuner"). Here, the proteins aren't "having need of" something; they *are* the things needed.
    *   Sense 3 ("have or feel a need for") describes a psychological or physical feeling of need (e.g., "needing friends"). This is not applicable here.

    *   The proteins are *required* for the function of controlling cell growth.
    *   Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper". This is the most abstract and fits the "necessary for a function" meaning.

    *   Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" -> "proteins [that are] required [as useful/necessary] to control cell growth".
    *   Sense 2: "have need of" -> "proteins [that] have need of to control cell growth" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: "have or feel a need for" -> "proteins [that] feel a need for to control cell growth" (Incorrect).

    *   The target word "needed" is used as a past participle acting as an adjective (reduced relative clause: "proteins [which are] needed").
    *   Sense 1 fits the "necessary/required" meaning perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `control`
    *   Target surface form: `control`
    *   Context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Meaning: The proteins are needed to regulate, limit, or keep cell growth within normal bounds to prevent cancer.

    *   Sense 1: exercise authoritative control or power over (command). (Not applicable - proteins don't have "authority").
    *   Sense 2: lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate). (Fits well - cell growth needs to be kept within limits).
    *   Sense 3: handle and cause to function (operate). (Not applicable - not operating machinery).
    *   Sense 4: control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully (manipulate). (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 5: check or regulate (a scientific experiment) (verify). (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 6: verify by using a duplicate register (control an account). (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 7: be careful or certain to do something (ensure). (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 8: have a firm understanding or knowledge of (master). (Not applicable).

    *   The context describes "growth-suppressing proteins" and the need to "control cell growth" to prevent malignancy.
    *   Sense 2 ("lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits") aligns perfectly with the biological function of tumor-suppressor genes/proteins, which act to curb or check cell proliferation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Target surface form: "cell"
    *   Context: The text discusses genes, radiation, cell division, malignant cells, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer. Specifically, the target word is in the phrase "control <t>cell</t> growth".
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
        2.  (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
        3.  Electric current device (electric cell).
        4.  Small unit of a political movement (cadre).
        5.  Mobile radiotelephone (cellphone).
        6.  Monk/nun's room.
        7.  Prisoner's room.

    *   The context is heavily biological/medical (genes, cancer, malignant, tumor-suppressor, cell division).
    *   The phrase "cell growth" refers to the proliferation of biological cells.
    *   Sense 2 explicitly defines "cell" as the "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms".

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the biological context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Target surface form: `growth`
    *   Context: "...Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses genes, radiation, cell division, growth-suppressing proteins, malignant cells, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer.

    *   Sense 1: (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically (maturation, development).
    *   Sense 2: progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., growth of culture).
    *   Sense 3: process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment).
    *   Sense 4: vegetation that has grown.
    *   Sense 5: gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence).
    *   Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor).
    *   Sense 7: something grown or growing (e.g., growth of hair).

    *   The phrase is "control cell growth".
    *   In biology, "cell growth" usually refers to the increase in cell size or the increase in the number of cells (proliferation).
    *   The text mentions "growth-suppressing proteins" and "proliferating cells".
    *   Sense 6 refers to the *result* of abnormal growth (a tumor/growth). The text says "control cell growth", meaning the process of cells increasing in number/size, not the tumor itself (though the failure to control it leads to a tumor).
    *   Sense 3 defines growth as "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This fits "cell growth" (cells becoming more numerous/larger).
    *   Sense 1 is about the development of an *individual organism* (maturation), which is broader than just cell proliferation.

    *   Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous..." -> This perfectly describes cell proliferation/growth.
    *   Sense 6: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" -> This describes the *tumor* (the "growth" on the body), not the biological process of "cell growth" that the proteins are controlling. The proteins control the *process* (Sense 3), and when they fail, you get a *growth* (Sense 6).

    *   "control cell growth" -> control the process of cells increasing in number.
    *   Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous".

    *   Sense 1: Organismal development. (Too broad)
    *   Sense 2: Cultural/complex evolution. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Increase in number/size. (Correct)
    *   Sense 4: Vegetation. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Emergence. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Tumor. (Incorrect - the proteins control the *process* of growth, not the tumor itself, although the result of uncontrolled growth is a tumor).
    *   Sense 7: Something grown (hair). (Incorrect)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific passage discussing genes, radiation, cell division, malignant growth, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and the development of the disease.
    *   Specific sentence: "...so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired."

    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer. (Astrological)
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` - a small zodiacal constellation... (Astronomical)
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` - the fourth sign of the zodiac... (Astrological)
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` - type genus of the family Cancridae. (Biological/Taxonomic - crabs)

    *   The context mentions "malignant growth", "cell division", "oncogenes", "tumor-suppressor gene", and "proteins needed to control cell growth".
    *   This clearly refers to the medical condition involving uncontrolled cell growth.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `arise`
    *   Target surface form: `arise`
    *   Context: "...so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "arise" refers to the development or emergence of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: `come into existence; take on form or shape` (synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow). Example: "A new religious movement originated in that country".
    *   Sense 2: `originate or come into being` (synonyms: come up, bob up). Example: "a question arose".
    *   Sense 3: `rise to one's feet` (synonyms: rise, uprise, get up, stand up).
    *   Sense 4: `result or issue` (synonyms: come up). Example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion".
    *   Sense 5: `move upward` (synonyms: rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise).
    *   Sense 6: `take part in a rebellion`.
    *   Sense 7: `get up and out of bed`.

    *   The context is about cancer developing/starting.
    *   Sense 1 ("come into existence; take on form or shape", synonyms: "develop", "originate") fits well.
    *   Sense 2 ("originate or come into being") is similar, but often used for abstract things like questions or problems.
    *   Sense 4 ("result or issue") is also close, but usually implies a causal link ("arose from").
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1 includes "develop" as a synonym, and the text later says "for a cancer to develop". This strongly points to Sense 1.

    *   Context: "...so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Later in the text: "...he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Sense 1 synonyms: "originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
    *   This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired."
    *   Meaning: In genetics, "copies" refers to the two versions of a gene (alleles) that an individual inherits (one from each parent).

    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:00::` - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., transcript). (Incorrect: Not a written record).
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:06:00::` - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. (Example: "the clone was a copy of its ancestor"). (Correct: A gene copy is an identical or near-identical version of the same gene).
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:10:01::` - matter to be printed. (Incorrect: Not about printing).
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:02::` - material suitable for a journalistic account. (Incorrect: Not about journalism).

    *   The context describes biological genes. A gene "copy" is a duplicate of the genetic sequence.
    *   Sense 2 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") fits best, especially given the example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor," which is biological in nature.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `impaired`
    *   Target surface form: `impaired`
    *   Context: "...for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses genes, specifically tumor-suppressor genes. It mentions genes being "damaged," "defective," and "damaged early in life."

    *   Sense 1: `diminished in strength, quality, or utility` (Example: impaired eyesight).
    *   Sense 2: `mentally or physically unfit` (Synonym: afflicted).

    *   The context refers to genes (biological molecules).
    *   The text uses "damaged" and "defective" as synonyms or related terms for "impaired" in this context.
    *   "Diminished in strength, quality, or utility" (Sense 1) fits the description of a gene that no longer functions correctly (damaged/defective).
    *   "Mentally or physically unfit" (Sense 2) usually refers to a person or a whole organism (e.g., "he is physically impaired"), not a specific gene or protein.

    *   Sense 1 is a general description of something that doesn't work as well as it should (diminished utility/quality).
    *   Sense 2 is specifically about a person's fitness/health.
    *   Since the target is "copies" (of genes), Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `person`
    *   Target surface form: `person`
    *   Context: "A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `person%1:03:00::`: a human being (synonyms: individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul)
        2.  `person%1:08:00::`: a human body (usually including the clothing)
        3.  `person%1:10:00::`: a grammatical category...

    *   The sentence describes a human being who is born with a genetic defect.
    *   It refers to a biological individual.
    *   Sense 1 ("a human being") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 ("a human body") refers to the physical shell/clothing, which doesn't fit the context of being born with a gene.
    *   Sense 3 ("a grammatical category") is completely irrelevant.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bear`
    *   Target surface form: `born`
    *   Context: "A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Meaning: The person was brought into existence/delivered from the womb with a specific genetic trait.

    *   1: `have` (resemblance, signature) - No.
    *   2: `cause to be born` (give birth, deliver, birth, have) - This is the active form of "to be born". "Born" is the past participle of "bear" in the sense of giving birth.
    *   3: `put up with` (endure, tolerate) - No.
    *   4: `move while holding up` (bear gifts) - No.
    *   5: `bring forth` (plants bearing fruit) - No.
    *   6: `take on expenses/debts` - No.
    *   7: `contain or hold` - No.
    *   8: `bring in` (yield, pay) - No.
    *   9: `have on one's person` (wear, bear a scar) - No.
    *   10: `behave in a certain manner` - No.
    *   11: `have rightfully` (titles, offices) - No.
    *   12: `support or hold in a certain manner` - No.
    *   13: `be pregnant with` (gestate) - No.

    *   The word "born" is the past participle of "bear" (sense 2: cause to be born).
    *   In the phrase "a person who is born", "born" refers to the process of birth.
    *   Sense 2: "cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have". This matches the biological process of birth.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one related to birth/delivery.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Surrounding context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."

    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:00::` - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., transcript).
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:06:00::` - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone, designer dress).
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:10:01::` - matter to be printed; written matter.
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:02::` - material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The context refers to genes.
    *   "inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   A gene "copy" in biology refers to an identical or nearly identical version of a gene (allele) on a chromosome.
    *   Sense 1 (written record) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (printed matter) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (journalistic material) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing) fits best. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is particularly relevant to biological contexts.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the biological meaning of a duplicate or identical version of a genetic sequence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: reproduction of a written record (transcript).
        2.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone, designer dress).
        3.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed (written matter).
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The context discusses genes (tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   It mentions that genes are inherited in "two copies, one from each parent."
    *   It refers to a "defective copy of a suppressor gene" and "one <t>copy</t> is damaged."
    *   In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to an identical or nearly identical version of that gene (alleles).

    *   Sense 1 (written record/transcript): Incorrect. Genes are not written records in the administrative sense.
    *   Sense 2 (thing made to be similar or identical to another thing): Correct. A gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of the genetic sequence. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is very close to the biological context here.
    *   Sense 3 (matter to be printed): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (journalistic material): Incorrect.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the biological context of identical genetic sequences.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Active sense (e.g., "The snow damaged the roof").
        2.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Passive/Intransitive sense (e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily").

    *   The sentence is: "...or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..."
    *   Here, "is damaged" is a passive construction.
    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (transitive). In the passive voice ("is damaged"), it means "damage was inflicted upon it".
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (intransitive/middle voice).

    *   Sense 1 (inflict damage upon): "The snow damaged the roof" -> "The roof was damaged by the snow."
    *   Sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage): "These fine china cups damage easily." (This describes a property of the cups).

    *   In the context "...one copy is damaged early in life...", the gene copy has undergone a process of being harmed or altered. This is the passive form of "inflicting damage upon" the gene.
    *   Sense 2 describes a tendency or susceptibility ("damage easily"). The context isn't saying the gene "damages easily," but that it *has been* damaged (a state resulting from an action).

    *   Sense 1: To inflict damage upon. (Passive: to be damaged).
    *   Sense 2: To be susceptible to damage.

    The sentence "one copy is damaged" means that damage was inflicted upon the copy. This aligns with the passive of Sense 1.

    *Wait, let me re-read Sense 2:* "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
    If "damaged" in "is damaged" means "suffered damage", could it be Sense 2?
    Example for Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily." (Intransitive).
    Example for Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof." (Transitive).

    In "one copy is damaged", "damaged" is the past participle used as a predicate adjective or in a passive construction.
    If it's passive: "Something damaged the copy" -> "The copy was damaged." (Sense 1).
    If it's a state: "The copy is in a damaged state."

    Let's look at the options again.
    1. inflict damage upon
    2. suffer or be susceptible to damage

    "One copy is damaged" = "One copy has suffered damage" or "Damage was inflicted upon one copy".
    Usually, "is damaged" (passive) maps to the transitive verb "to damage" (inflict damage upon).
    Sense 2 is more about the *capacity* to be damaged ("damage easily").

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "early"
    *   Target surface form: "early"
    *   Context: "...or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `early%4:02:01::` | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
        2.  `early%4:02:00::` | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
        3.  `early%4:02:02::` | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

    *   The phrase is "early in life".
    *   This refers to a period of time (the beginning stages of a person's life).
    *   It does not mean "before the usual time" (sense 2) or "in good time/betimes" (sense 3).
    *   It aligns perfectly with "during an early stage" (sense 1), similar to the example "early on in her career".

    *   Sense 1: "during an early stage" -> Fits "early in life".
    *   Sense 2: "before the usual time" -> Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "in good time" -> Does not fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `life`
    *   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Target surface form: `life`

    *   1: characteristic state or mode of living (social life, city life) - *Incorrect*
    *   2: experience of being alive; course of human events and activities (complexities of life) - *Incorrect*
    *   3: course of existence of an individual; actions and events that occur in living (new life in Australia) - *Possible, but usually refers to the "way" one lives.*
    *   4: condition of living or state of being alive (while there's life there's hope) - *Incorrect*
    *   5: period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) (lifetime, lifespan) - *Strong candidate. "Early in life" refers to the period from birth to death.*
    *   6: period between birth and the present time (I have known him all his life) - *Incorrect, this is retrospective.*
    *   7: period from the present until death (emperor for life) - *Incorrect, this is prospective.*
    *   8: a living person (saved a life) - *Incorrect*
    *   9: animation and energy (liveliness) - *Incorrect*
    *   10: living things collectively (oceans teeming with life) - *Incorrect*
    *   11: organic phenomenon (no life on the moon) - *Incorrect*
    *   12: account of events (biography) - *Incorrect*
    *   13: motive for living (pottery was his life) - *Incorrect*
    *   14: prison term (life sentence) - *Incorrect*

    *   The phrase "early in life" refers to the early part of a person's lifespan or lifetime.
    *   Sense 5: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan".
    *   Sense 3: "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living".
    *   Comparing 3 and 5: "Early in life" is a temporal marker. Sense 5 specifically defines the *period* (lifespan), which fits perfectly with "early in [that period]". Sense 3 is more about the *content* or *nature* of the existence.

    *   "Early in life" $\approx$ "Early in one's lifetime".
    *   Sense 5 synonyms: lifetime, lifespan.
    *   This fits the context of biological development and the timing of genetic damage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "especially"
    *   Target surface form: "especially"
    *   Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `especially%4:02:00::`: to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common (synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially).
        2.  `especially%4:02:01::`: in a special manner (synonyms: specially).

    *   The sentence says a person is "especially prone to cancer".
    *   "Prone to cancer" is a state of susceptibility.
    *   "Especially" here modifies "prone", indicating a *higher degree* of susceptibility compared to someone who has two healthy copies of the gene.
    *   It means "particularly prone" or "to a greater extent than is common".

    *   Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common". This fits perfectly. (e.g., "particularly fussy" $\approx$ "especially prone").
    *   Sense 2: "in a special manner". This refers to the *way* something is done (e.g., "a specially arranged dinner"). Being "prone to cancer" is not a manner of action; it's a degree of susceptibility.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific passage discussing genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), malignant cells, tumors, and genetic tests for cancer susceptibility.
    *   Specific sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer. (Astrological)
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` - a small zodiacal constellation... (Astronomical)
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` - the fourth sign of the zodiac... (Astrological)
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` - type genus of the family Cancridae. (Biological/Taxonomic - Crabs)

    *   The context is entirely about genetics, malignant cells, tumors, and medical diagnosis.
    *   The phrase "prone to cancer" in this context clearly refers to the disease caused by uncontrolled cell division.
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.