[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `woman`
    *   Target surface form: `woman`
    *   Context: "...In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `woman%1:18:00::`: an adult female person (as opposed to a man)
        2.  `woman%1:18:01::`: a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man
        3.  `woman%1:18:02::`: a human female employed to do housework
        4.  `woman%1:14:00::`: women as a class

    *   The sentence is: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that..."
    *   Here, "woman" is used as an adjective/modifier for "ringer" (or as a noun in apposition/modifier role), referring to a specific individual who is an adult female person.
    *   It is not referring to a romantic partner (sense 2).
    *   It is not referring to a domestic worker (sense 3).
    *   It is not referring to women as a general class/concept (sense 4).
    *   It refers to a specific adult female person.

    *   Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - This fits perfectly.

    *   The target word "woman" in "one woman ringer" describes the gender of the individual ringer. This aligns with the basic definition of an adult female person.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "ringer"
    *   Target surface form: "ringer"
    *   Context: The text discusses women entering the field of bell-ringing, mentions the "Ancient Society of College Youths," "Britain's most prestigious churches," "The Ringing World" (a newspaper for ringers), and "fainting in peals" and "ringing in the belfry."
    *   Target sentence: "...one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed..."

    *   Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" (Synonyms: toller, bell ringer)
    *   Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" (Synonyms: dead ringer, clone)
    *   Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses"
    *   Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg"

    *   The context is explicitly about church bell ringing ("bell-ringing group", "church bells", "belfry", "peals").
    *   The target word "ringer" refers to a woman who participates in this activity.
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull <t>observed</t> that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `observe`
    *   Target surface form: `observed`
    *   Context: "...one woman ringer from Solihull <t>observed</t> that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired...'"
    *   Meaning: The woman ringer *stated* or *remarked* that the average male ringer is lacking.

    *   Sense 1: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, find).
    *   Sense 2: make mention of (note, mention, remark).
    *   Sense 3: observe with care or pay close attention to (note, take note).
    *   Sense 4: watch attentively.
    *   Sense 5: show respect towards (respect, honor).
    *   Sense 6: behave as expected during holidays or rites (celebrate, keep).
    *   Sense 7: follow with the eyes or the mind (watch, follow).
    *   Sense 8: stick to correctly or closely (keep, maintain).
    *   Sense 9: conform one's action or practice to (keep).

    *   The context is: "...one woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired...'"
    *   This is a reporting verb. She is making a comment or a remark.
    *   Sense 2 ("make mention of", synonyms: "note, mention, remark") fits perfectly. Example: "She observed that his presentation took up too much time."

    *   Sense 1 (discover) is about finding something (e.g., lead in water).
    *   Sense 3 (pay close attention) is about noting a detail for later.
    *   Sense 4 (watch attentively) is visual.
    *   Senses 5-9 are about respect, holidays, following rules, or keeping time.

    *   The best fit is Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the <t>average</t> male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%5:00:02:normal:01 | definition=approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value | synonyms=mean | examples=the average income in New England is below that of the nation; of average height for his age
2. sense_key=average%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered | synonyms=ordinary | examples=average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street
3. sense_key=average%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=lacking exceptional quality or ability | synonyms=fair, mediocre, middling | examples=a novel of average merit; only a fair performance of the sonata
4. sense_key=average%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=around the middle of a scale of evaluation | synonyms=intermediate, medium | examples=an orange of average size; intermediate capacity
5. sense_key=average%5:00:03:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution | synonyms=modal | examples=the modal age at which American novelists reach their peak is 30
6. sense_key=average%5:00:01:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values) | synonyms=median | examples=the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20; the median income for the year was $15,000

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "average"
    *   Context: "...one woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals.'"
    *   Usage: "the average male ringer"

    *   Sense 1: `average%5:00:02:normal:01` - approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value (mean). Example: "the average income".
    *   Sense 2: `average%5:00:00:common:01` - lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered (ordinary). Example: "average people".
    *   Sense 3: `average%5:00:00:ordinary:00` - lacking exceptional quality or ability (mediocre). Example: "a novel of average merit".
    *   Sense 4: `average%5:00:00:moderate:00` - around the middle of a scale of evaluation (intermediate). Example: "an orange of average size".
    *   Sense 5: `average%5:00:03:normal:01` - relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution (modal).
    *   Sense 6: `average%5:00:01:normal:01` - relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (median).

    *   The speaker is describing a stereotypical "typical" male ringer.
    *   "The average male ringer" here doesn't mean a mathematical mean (Sense 1), a median (Sense 6), or a mode (Sense 5).
    *   It doesn't mean "mediocre" in terms of skill (Sense 3), although the description is negative.
    *   It doesn't mean "medium size" (Sense 4).
    *   It means the "typical" or "ordinary" person of that group.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1: "approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value".
        *   Sense 2: "lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered".
    *   In common parlance, "the average [person]" often refers to the typical or ordinary person.
    *   Let's look at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "the average income" (statistical).
        *   Sense 2: "average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street".
    *   "The average male ringer" fits the "average people" / "ordinary man in the street" pattern perfectly. It refers to the typical representative of the group.

    *   Sense 2 is "commonly encountered" or "ordinary".
    *   Sense 1 is "statistical norm".
    *   While "average" can be used statistically to describe a typical person, in this context ("badly dressed, decorated with acne..."), it's used as a synonym for "typical" or "ordinary".

    *   Sense 2: `average%5:00:00:common:01` - "lacking special distinction... commonly encountered".
    *   This matches the usage "the average male ringer" (the typical/ordinary one).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation | examples=a male infant; a male holly tree
2. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 | definition=characteristic of a man | synonyms=manful, manlike, manly, virile | examples=a deep male voice; manly sports
3. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys | examples=the male lead; the male population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `male`
    *   Target surface form: `male`
    *   Context: "...the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `male%3:00:00::`: Biological sex (produces spermatozoa).
        2.  `male%5:00:02:masculine:01`: Characteristic of a man (manly, virile).
        3.  `male%5:00:01:male:00`: For or pertaining to or composed of men or boys.

    *   The sentence is: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired..."
    *   Here, "male" modifies "ringer".
    *   It refers to ringers who are men.

    *   Sense 1 (Biological): This is the basic biological definition. While technically true, in the context of "male ringer" (referring to people in a social/professional role), it's usually categorized as the adjective pertaining to men.
    *   Sense 2 (Masculine/Manly): This refers to traits *characteristic* of men (e.g., "male voice", "manly sports"). The context "male ringer" isn't describing the *nature* of the ringing as being manly, but rather the *gender* of the person ringing.
    *   Sense 3 (Pertaining to/composed of men): This is used for categories or groups of men (e.g., "male lead", "male population"). "Male ringer" fits perfectly here as it identifies the ringer as belonging to the category of men.

    *   Sense 1 is too biological/technical.
    *   Sense 2 is about characteristics/qualities.
    *   Sense 3 is about identity/category (pertaining to men).

    "Male ringer" is analogous to "male population" or "male lead". It identifies the person as a man.

    *   Sense 1: Biological function.
    *   Sense 2: Masculine traits.
    *   Sense 3: Pertaining to men.

    The context "average male ringer" refers to the group of ringers who are men. This aligns best with Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `ringer`
    *   Target surface form: `ringer`
    *   Context: The text discusses women entering the field of bell-ringing, mentioning "the oldest bell-ringing group," "the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches," "The Ringing World, a weekly newspaper for ringers," and "the average male ringer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `ringer%1:18:02::`: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)
        2.  `ringer%1:18:01::`: a person who is almost identical to another
        3.  `ringer%1:18:00::`: a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
        4.  `ringer%1:04:00::`: (horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

    *   The context explicitly mentions "bell-ringing group," "church bells," "St. Paul's Cathedral," "Westminster Abbey," and "The Ringing World."
    *   The word "ringer" in "the average male ringer" clearly refers to someone who rings church bells.

    *   Sense 1: a person who rings church bells. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: a look-alike. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: a fake contestant. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: a horseshoe throw. (Incorrect)

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: badly
Target surface form: badly
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=badly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=severely, gravely, seriously | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
2. sense_key=badly%4:02:00:: | definition=(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly | examples=he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends
3. sense_key=badly%4:02:06:: | definition=evilly or wickedly | examples=treated his parents badly; to steal is to act badly
4. sense_key=badly%4:02:05:: | definition=in a disobedient or naughty way | synonyms=mischievously, naughtily | examples=he behaved badly in school; he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister
5. sense_key=badly%4:02:04:: | definition=with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly') | synonyms=bad | examples=the injury hurt badly; the buildings were badly shaken
6. sense_key=badly%4:02:03:: | definition=very much; strongly | synonyms=bad | examples=I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it; the cables had sagged badly
7. sense_key=badly%4:02:12:: | definition=without skill or in a displeasing manner | examples=she writes badly; I think he paints very badly
8. sense_key=badly%4:02:10:: | definition=in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage | synonyms=disadvantageously | examples=the venture turned out badly for the investors; angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them
9. sense_key=badly%4:02:07:: | definition=unfavorably or with disapproval | synonyms=ill | examples=tried not to speak ill of the dead; thought badly of him for his lack of concern
10. sense_key=badly%4:02:08:: | definition=with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display | examples=they took their defeat badly; took her father's death badly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "badly"
    *   Context: "...the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "badly dressed" means the person is dressed in a poor, improper, or unsatisfactory manner.

    *   Sense 1: to a severe or serious degree (e.g., badly injured) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well (e.g., ill prepared) - *Fits well*
    *   Sense 3: evilly or wickedly (e.g., treated parents badly) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 4: in a disobedient or naughty way (e.g., behaved badly in school) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 5: with great intensity (e.g., hurt badly) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 6: very much; strongly (e.g., wanted it badly) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: without skill or in a displeasing manner (e.g., writes badly, paints badly) - *This refers more to skill/performance than appearance/state.*
    *   Sense 8: in a disadvantageous way (e.g., turned out badly for investors) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 9: unfavorably or with disapproval (e.g., speak ill of the dead) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 10: with unusual distress or resentment (e.g., took defeat badly) - *Incorrect*

    *   Sense 2: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well"
    *   Sense 7: "without skill or in a displeasing manner"
    *   "Badly dressed" typically means dressed poorly or unsatisfactorily. Sense 2's "poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner" is a broader and more accurate fit for "badly dressed" than Sense 7's "without skill" (which applies to activities like writing or painting).

    *   Sense 2: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well"
    *   Example: "he was ill prepared" (similar to "badly dressed").

    *   The target word "badly" modifies "dressed".
    *   "Badly dressed" = dressed poorly/unsatisfactorily.
    *   Sense 2 matches this definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dressed
Target surface form: dressed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "dressed"
    *   Target surface form: "dressed"
    *   Context: "...the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00`: dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination. Synonyms: appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed.
        2.  `dressed%5:00:00:treated:02`: treated with medications and protective covering.
        3.  `dressed%5:00:00:finished:02`: (of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth.
        4.  `dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00`: dressed in fancy or formal clothing.

    *   The sentence describes the appearance of male ringers: "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed..."
    *   "Badly dressed" refers to the quality of their clothing/attire.

    *   Sense 1: "dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination". This is the general sense of wearing clothes.
    *   Sense 2: Medical treatment (not applicable).
    *   Sense 3: Lumber/stone (not applicable).
    *   Sense 4: "dressed in fancy or formal clothing" (specifically "dressed-up").

    *   "Badly dressed" means wearing clothes that are not stylish, not fitting, or inappropriate.
    *   Sense 1 is the general sense of being clothed/attired.
    *   Sense 4 is specifically about being "dressed up" (fancy/formal).
    *   While Sense 1 mentions "especially in fine attire", it is the primary sense for "clothed". "Badly dressed" is the opposite of "well dressed" (which often means fine attire), but it still falls under the general category of how one is clothed.

    *   Sense 1: `dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00` (clothed/attired)
    *   Sense 4: `dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00` (fancy/formal)
    *   In the phrase "badly dressed", the word "dressed" refers to the state of wearing clothes. Sense 1 is the general sense of being clothed/attired. Sense 4 is a more specific sub-type (dressed-up). "Badly dressed" doesn't mean "not dressed in fancy clothing" (which would be "underdressed"), but rather that the clothing they *are* wearing is poor. Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.

    *   Sense 1: "dressed or clothed especially in fine attire"
    *   Sense 4: "dressed in fancy or formal clothing"
    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1. "dressed or clothed especially in fine attire".
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet's structure, `dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00` is the general sense of wearing clothes. "Badly dressed" fits here.

    *   Sense 1: `dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00`
    *   Sense 2: `dressed%5:00:00:treated:02`
    *   Sense 3: `dressed%5:00:00:finished:02`
    *   Sense 4: `dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00`

    The context "badly dressed" clearly refers to clothing. Sense 1 is the general "clothed" sense. Sense 4 is "dressed up". "Badly dressed" is the opposite of "well dressed", and "well dressed" often maps to Sense 1 (fine attire).

    Let's double-check if there's any other option. No. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: large
Target surface form: large
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `large`
    *   Target surface form: `large`
    *   Context: "...the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Target phrase: "a large beer-belly"

    *   Sense 1: `above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent` (Synonym: big). Example: "a large city".
    *   Sense 2: `fairly large or important in effect; influential`. Example: "played a large role".
    *   Sense 3: `ostentatiously lofty in style` (Synonym: bombastic). Example: "large talk".
    *   Sense 4: `generous and understanding and tolerant` (Synonym: magnanimous). Example: "big enough to hold no grudges".
    *   Sense 5: `conspicuous in position or importance` (Synonym: prominent). Example: "big figure in the movement".
    *   Sense 6: `having broad power and range and scope`. Example: "taking the large view".
    *   Sense 7: `in an advanced stage of pregnancy`. Example: "big with child".

    *   The phrase is "a large beer-belly".
    *   A "beer-belly" is a physical attribute (a protruding stomach).
    *   "Large" here describes the physical size of the belly.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "above average in size".

    *   Sense 1: Physical size (Correct).
    *   Sense 2: Influence/Effect (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: Style of speech (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Personality/Generosity (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: Importance/Prominence (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: Scope/Range (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: Pregnancy (Incorrect).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unwashed
Target surface form: unwashed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `unwashed`
    *   Target surface form: `unwashed`
    *   Context: A woman ringer describes male ringers as "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00`: of or associated with the great masses of people (common, plebeian, vulgar).
        2.  `unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01`: not cleaned with or as if with soap and water.

    *   The word "unwashed" is used in a list of physical attributes: "badly dressed", "decorated with acne", "large beer-belly", "unwashed", and "unbearably flatulent".
    *   These are all descriptions of personal hygiene and physical appearance.
    *   Sense 1 refers to social class ("the unwashed masses").
    *   Sense 2 refers to physical cleanliness (not washed with soap and water).

    *   The context clearly points to physical hygiene, not social class.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `woman`
    *   Target surface form: `women` (Note: The text says "Another <t>women</t> wrote", which is a grammatical error in the source text, but the meaning is clearly "Another woman wrote").
    *   Context: The text discusses women in the context of bell-ringing, specifically their exclusion from a male-only society and their capabilities compared to men.
    *   Specific sentence: "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."

    *   Sense 1: `woman%1:18:00::` - an adult female person (as opposed to a man).
    *   Sense 2: `woman%1:18:01::` - a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man.
    *   Sense 3: `woman%1:18:02::` - a human female employed to do housework.
    *   Sense 4: `woman%1:14:00::` - women as a class.

    *   The sentence "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield..." refers to a specific individual (a female bell-ringer).
    *   It is not referring to a romantic partner (Sense 2).
    *   It is not referring to a domestic worker (Sense 3).
    *   It is not referring to women as a general class/concept (Sense 4), but to a specific person who wrote a letter.
    *   It fits the definition of "an adult female person" (Sense 1).

    *   The target surface form is "women", but the context "Another <t>women</t> wrote... in her 60 years" clearly indicates a singular female person. This is a typo in the source text.
    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: wrote
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk
9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `write`
    *   Target surface form: `wrote`
    *   Context: "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses a series of letters to "The Ringing World" (a weekly newspaper). One writer wrote a letter, and then "In the torrent of replies that followed... Another women wrote from Sheffield to say..."

    *   Sense 1: produce a literary work (compose, pen, indite) - e.g., a poem, novels.
    *   Sense 2: communicate or express by writing - e.g., "Please write to me every week."
    *   Sense 3: have (one's written work) issued for publication (publish) - e.g., books.
    *   Sense 4: communicate (with) in writing (drop a line) - e.g., "Write her soon, please!"
    *   Sense 5: communicate by letter - e.g., "He wrote that he would be coming soon."
    *   Sense 6: write music (compose).
    *   Sense 7: mark or trace on a surface (Chinese characters).
    *   Sense 8: record data on a computer (save).
    *   Sense 9: spell.
    *   Sense 10: create code.

    *   The context is about people sending letters to a newspaper.
    *   "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..."
    *   This is a specific instance of communicating a message via a letter.
    *   Sense 5 ("communicate by letter") fits perfectly: "He wrote that he would be coming soon."
    *   Sense 2 ("communicate or express by writing") is more general.
    *   Sense 4 ("communicate (with) in writing") is similar to Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1 ("produce a literary work") is for books/poems.
    *   Sense 3 ("publish") is for books.

    *   Sense 5: "communicate by letter" - Example: "He wrote that he would be coming soon."
    *   The target sentence: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..."
    *   The structure "wrote... to say that..." matches the example "wrote that he would be coming soon."

    *   Sense 2: "communicate or express by writing" (General)
    *   Sense 4: "communicate (with) in writing" (General/Informal)
    *   Sense 5: "communicate by letter" (Specific to the medium of a letter)
    *   The context explicitly mentions "a series of letters to 'The Ringing World'" and "one writer, signing his letter...". Thus, the action of "writing from Sheffield to say" refers to sending a letter.

    *   Sense 5 is the most precise fit for communicating a specific message via a letter.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `say`
    *   Context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry...'"
    *   Meaning: The woman wrote a letter to express a fact or opinion.

    *   1: express in words (state, tell) - Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her"
    *   2: report or maintain (allege, aver) - Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"
    *   3: express a supposition (suppose) - Example: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth"
    *   4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - Example: "What does the law say?"
    *   5: give instructions to or direct somebody (order, tell) - Example: "I said to him to go home"
    *   6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce) - Example: "She pronounces French words in a funny way"
    *   7: communicate or express nonverbally - Example: "What does this painting say?"
    *   8: utter aloud - Example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone"
    *   9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - Example: "I say let's forget this whole business"
    *   10: recite or repeat a fixed text - Example: "Say grace"
    *   11: indicate - Example: "The clock says noon"

    *   The woman "wrote... to say that...".
    *   This is a standard use of "say" meaning to express something in words (in this case, via writing).
    *   Sense 1 ("express in words") is the most general and fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 ("report or maintain") usually implies a claim that might be disputed or a formal allegation. While she is reporting her experience, "express in words" is the primary function here.
    *   Sense 9 ("state as one's opinion or judgement") is close, but "express in words" (Sense 1) is the standard way to describe the content of a letter.

    *   Sense 1: "express in words" (synonyms: state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her".
    *   The context "wrote... to say that..." matches the structure and meaning of Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `year`
    *   Target surface form: `years`
    *   Context: "...Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `year%1:28:01::`: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (calendar year/duration).
        2.  `year%1:28:02::`: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year (e.g., school year).
        3.  `year%1:28:00::`: the period of time for a planet to revolve around the sun (astronomical year).
        4.  `year%1:14:00::`: a body of students who graduate together (class).

    *   The phrase is "in her 60 years of ringing".
    *   This refers to a duration of time (60 years) during which she has been ringing bells.
    *   This is a measure of time based on the standard calendar year (365/366 days).

    *   Sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days". This fits perfectly as a measure of duration.
    *   Sense 2: "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year" (e.g., school year). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 3: "the period of time that it takes for a planet... to make a complete revolution around the sun". While technically true, this is the astronomical definition, not the common usage for human age or duration of an activity.
    *   Sense 4: "a body of students who graduate together". Not applicable.

    *   The context "60 years of ringing" clearly refers to the standard unit of time (Sense 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: never
Target surface form: never
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=never%4:02:00:: | definition=not ever; at no time in the past or future | synonyms=ne'er | examples=I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day
2. sense_key=never%4:02:01:: | definition=not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances | examples=never fear; bringing up children is never easy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "never"
    *   Target surface form: "never"
    *   Context: "...in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `never%4:02:00::`: not ever; at no time in the past or future (Example: "I have never been to China")
        2.  `never%4:02:01::`: not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances (Example: "never fear")

    *   The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   The speaker is referring to her experience over "60 years of ringing."
    *   This is a statement about frequency/occurrence over a period of time (at no time in the past).

    *   Sense 1: "not ever; at no time in the past or future". This fits perfectly. The speaker is saying that at no time in the past 60 years has she known a lady to faint.
    *   Sense 2: "not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances". This is more of an emphatic negation or a general truth (e.g., "never fear"). It doesn't fit the temporal context of "in her 60 years of ringing".

    *   The usage "I have never known..." is a classic example of Sense 1 (temporal negation).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: known
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `known`
    *   Context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry.'"

    *   Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information.
    *   Sense 2: know how to do or perform something.
    *   Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something.
    *   Sense 4: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object.
    *   Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations (synonyms: experience, live).
    *   Sense 6: accept (someone) to be what is claimed.
    *   Sense 7: have fixed in the mind (e.g., know a language).
    *   Sense 8: have sexual intercourse with.
    *   Sense 9: know the nature or character of.
    *   Sense 10: be able to distinguish.
    *   Sense 11: perceive as familiar.

    *   The speaker says, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   This means the speaker has never *experienced* or *witnessed* this happening in her 60 years of ringing.
    *   It's not about knowing a specific person (Sense 4), knowing a fact (Sense 1), or knowing how to do something (Sense 2).
    *   It's about having firsthand experience of a situation or state.

    *   Sense 5: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?"
    *   In the context "I have never known a lady to faint," the speaker is saying she has never experienced/witnessed this situation. This fits the "experience" synonym and the "firsthand knowledge of states, situations" definition.

    *   Sense 1 (cognizant of a fact): "I know that ladies faint" vs "I have never known a lady to faint." While similar, "known [someone] to [do something]" often implies experience/observation.
    *   Sense 4 (acquainted with): "I have never known a lady" (meaning I've never met one) - not the case here.
    *   Sense 5 (experience): "I have never experienced a lady fainting" - this fits perfectly.

    *   The construction "I have never known [object] to [verb]" is a common way to say "I have never experienced/witnessed [object] [verbing]." This aligns with Sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lady
Target surface form: lady
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman | examples=a nice lady at the library helped me
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement | synonyms=dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman | examples=a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain | synonyms=noblewoman, peeress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `lady`
    *   Target surface form: `lady`
    *   Context: A discussion about women in bell-ringing. A woman from Sheffield writes that in her 60 years of ringing, she has "never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry," contrasting it with men who have died.
    *   Candidate Senses:
        1.  `lady%1:18:02::`: a polite name for any woman.
        2.  `lady%1:18:01::`: a woman of refinement (dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman).
        3.  `lady%1:18:00::`: a woman of the peerage in Britain (noblewoman, peeress).

    *   The text is about women ringers fighting for acceptance in a male-dominated field.
    *   The writer is a woman ringer herself.
    *   She says, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   In this context, "lady" is used as a synonym for "woman" (specifically, a woman ringer).
    *   Is she referring to a woman of the peerage (Sense 3)? No.
    *   Is she referring to a woman of refinement/high social standing (Sense 2)? While "lady" can imply refinement, in this context, it's used as a polite or slightly formal alternative to "woman" to counter the stereotype of women being frail (fainting).
    *   Is she using it as a polite name for any woman (Sense 1)? Yes. In British English, "lady" is frequently used as a polite substitute for "woman."

    *   Sense 1: "a polite name for any woman" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a woman of refinement" -> Possible, but the primary meaning here is simply "woman" in a polite/formal register.
    *   Sense 3: "a woman of the peerage" -> Incorrect.

    The writer is contrasting "lady" (woman) with "men." She is using "lady" as a polite term for the women ringers.

    *   Sense 1: `lady%1:18:02::` (polite name for any woman)
    *   Sense 2: `lady%1:18:01::` (woman of refinement)
    *   Sense 3: `lady%1:18:00::` (woman of the peerage)

    The most accurate fit is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belfry
Target surface form: belfry
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `belfry`
    *   Target surface form: `belfry`
    *   Context: A discussion about bell-ringing groups, specifically women ringers. The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `belfry%1:06:01::`: a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building (synonym: campanile).
        2.  `belfry%1:06:00::`: a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung.

    *   The context is about the act of bell-ringing ("ringers", "peals", "ringing").
    *   The speaker says she has never known a lady to "faint in the belfry."
    *   Bell-ringing takes place inside the room where the bells are hung.
    *   While a belfry can refer to the whole tower (sense 1), in the context of the activity of ringing (where people are physically located and performing a task), it most specifically refers to the room/space where the bells are housed.
    *   Sense 1 emphasizes the tower as a structure (often standalone).
    *   Sense 2 emphasizes the room where the bells are hung.
    *   Usually, when people talk about being "in the belfry" while ringing, they are referring to the space/room.

    *   Sense 1: Bell tower (structure).
    *   Sense 2: Room where bells are hung.
    *   The phrase "faint in the belfry" implies being inside the space where the activity occurs. While you are technically in the tower, the "room" definition is more precise for the location of the activity.

    *   Wait, let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building"
    *   Sense 2: "a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung"
    *   In the context of St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey (mentioned earlier), the bells are in towers that are part of the building, not standalone campaniles. This makes Sense 1 ("usually stands alone unattached to a building") less likely than Sense 2 ("a room (often at the top of a tower)").

    *   The context refers to prestigious churches (Cathedrals/Abbeys).
    *   The activity is ringing bells.
    *   The location is the belfry.
    *   Sense 2 fits better because it describes the room where the bells are hung, regardless of whether the tower is standalone or attached.

    *   Sense 1: Tower (standalone).
    *   Sense 2: Room (where bells are hung).
    *   The context is about the physical space where ringers stand. Sense 2 is the most accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `see`
    *   Target surface form: `seen`
    *   Context: "I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them."
    *   Meaning: The speaker is saying they have witnessed the event of men dying.

    *   1: perceive by sight (basic vision)
    *   2: perceive mentally (understand)
    *   3: perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, find) - Example: "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"
    *   4: imagine/conceive
    *   5: deem to be (consider)
    *   6: get to know/become aware of (learn)
    *   7: see or watch (view a show)
    *   8: come together (meet)
    *   9: find out/determine (check)
    *   10: be careful/certain (ensure)
    *   11: professional visit (lawyer)
    *   12: social visit (friend)
    *   13: visit a place (Eiffel Tower)
    *   14: take charge of (attend to)
    *   15: receive as guest (doctor)
    *   16: date regularly
    *   17: see and understand (artist)
    *   18: deliberate/decide
    *   19: observe as if with an eye (camera)
    *   20: examine (passport)
    *   21: go or live through (experience) - Example: "he saw action in Viet Nam"
    *   22: accompany/escort
    *   23: match or meet (bet)
    *   24: interpret/construe

    *   The speaker says "I have seen one or two men die".
    *   This isn't just basic sight (Sense 1), but witnessing an event.
    *   Sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" (synonyms: witness, find). Example: "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school." This fits well.
    *   Sense 21: "go or live through" (synonyms: experience, go through). Example: "he saw action in Viet Nam." This is close, but "witnessing" a death is more specifically Sense 3.
    *   Sense 7: "see or watch" (view a show). Not appropriate for death.

    *   Sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" / "witness".
    *   Sentence: "I have seen one or two men die".
    *   This is a classic use of "see" meaning "witness".

    *   Sense 1 is too basic (just the physical act of seeing).
    *   Sense 3 specifically covers witnessing an event or situation.
    *   Sense 21 is more about experiencing a period of time or a general situation (like "saw action in a war").

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two <t>men</t> die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `man`
    *   Target surface form: `men`
    *   Context: "...I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two <t>men</t> die, bless them."
    *   The context contrasts "lady" (woman) with "men".

    *   Sense 1: an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman).
    *   Sense 2: someone who serves in the armed forces.
    *   Sense 3: generic use to refer to any human being.
    *   Sense 4: member of the family Hominidae (biological).
    *   Sense 5: a male subordinate.
    *   Sense 6: adult male with manly character (virile/courageous).
    *   Sense 7: a manservant.
    *   Sense 8: a male partner (husband/lover).
    *   Sense 9: Isle of Man.
    *   Sense 10: game piece.
    *   Sense 11: all living human inhabitants (humanity).

    *   The sentence says: "I have never known a lady to faint... I have seen one or two men die..."
    *   The contrast is explicitly between "lady" (female) and "men" (male).
    *   This fits perfectly with Sense 1: "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)".

    *   Sense 3 (generic human) is incorrect because it's contrasted with "lady".
    *   Sense 4 (Hominidae) is too biological.
    *   Sense 6 (manly character) is not implied here; it's just about gender.
    *   Other senses (military, subordinate, servant, partner, island, game piece, humanity) are completely irrelevant.