[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as <t>injection</t> followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `injection`
    *   Target surface form: `injection`
    *   Context: "...Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `injection%1:04:00::`: the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure (General physical process).
        2.  `injection%1:27:00::`: any solution that is injected (as into the skin) (The substance itself).
        3.  `injection%1:04:01::`: the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe (The act/procedure).

    *   The sentence says: "...Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)."
    *   "Cerenia" is the drug.
    *   "as injection" refers to the form of administration.
    *   Comparing "as injection" to "followed by tablets": "Tablets" are the physical form of the medication. Therefore, "injection" in this context refers to the medication in an injectable form (the solution), not the act of injecting it or the physical force involved.

    *   Sense 1: Forceful insertion (Too general/physical).
    *   Sense 2: Any solution that is injected (The substance/form).
    *   Sense 3: The act of putting a liquid into the body (The procedure).

    *   In the phrase "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets", "injection" is being contrasted with "tablets".
    *   Tablets = a form of the drug.
    *   Injection = a form of the drug (the injectable solution).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 (the solution/injectant) is the most appropriate.

    *   Wait, let me double-check. Could it be Sense 3 (the act)? "Used... as [the act of injection]"? No, "used as [substance/form]" makes more sense when contrasted with "tablets".
    *   Example: "The medicine is available as a tablet or as an injection." In this case, "injection" refers to the injectable form of the medicine.

    *   Sense 2: "any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant"
    *   This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Forceful insertion (No).
    *   Sense 2: Solution (Yes).
    *   Sense 3: Act of injecting (No, because it's contrasted with tablets).


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tablet
Target surface form: tablets
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by <t>tablets</t>). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02:: | definition=a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00:: | definition=a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge | synonyms=pad, pad of paper
3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01:: | definition=a small flat compressed cake of some substance | examples=a tablet of soap
4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet | synonyms=pill, lozenge, tab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `tablet`
    *   Target surface form: `tablets`
    *   Context: "The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved... Cerenia is an anti-emetic... used in dogs to prevent vomiting... (either as injection or as injection followed by <t>tablets</t>)."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `tablet%1:06:02::`: slab of stone/wood for inscription.
        2.  `tablet%1:27:00::`: sheets of paper fastened together (pad).
        3.  `tablet%1:06:01::`: small flat compressed cake of some substance (e.g., soap).
        4.  `tablet%1:06:00::`: dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet (pill, lozenge, tab).

    *   The context mentions "pale-orange", "score line", "halved", "Pfizer logo", "quantity of maropitant", "anti-emetic", "medicines", "injection".
    *   This clearly refers to medication.

    *   Sense 1: Stone/wood (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Paper pad (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Compressed cake (e.g., soap) (Incorrect, though similar in form, the context is medical)
    *   Sense 4: Dose of medicine (Correct)

    *   Sense 4 matches the context perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purposes
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these <t>purposes</t>, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `purpose`
    *   Target surface form: `purposes`
    *   Context: "Cerenia is an anti-emetic... It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting... Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting... For these <t>purposes</t>, Cerenia can be given for up to five days..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `purpose%1:09:00::`: an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions (intent, intention, aim).
        2.  `purpose%1:07:00::`: what something is used for (function, role, use).
        3.  `purpose%1:07:01::`: the quality of being determined to do or achieve something (determination).

    *   The text describes what Cerenia is used for: preventing vomiting and treating vomiting.
    *   "For these purposes" refers back to these uses/functions of the drug.
    *   Sense 1 (intent/aim) usually refers to a person's goal.
    *   Sense 2 (function/use) refers to what something (like a tool or medicine) is used for.
    *   Sense 3 (determination) refers to a personality trait.

    *   The context is clearly about the *use* or *function* of the medication.
    *   Sense 2: "what something is used for" fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: "his intent was to provide a new translation" (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 2: "the function of an auger is to bore holes" (Applicable: the function of Cerenia is to prevent/treat vomiting).
    *   Sense 3: "his determination showed in his every movement" (Not applicable).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: give
Target surface form: given
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be <t>given</t> for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=give%2:40:03:: | definition=cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense | examples=She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold
2. sense_key=give%2:40:05:: | definition=be the cause or source of | synonyms=yield, afford | examples=He gave me a lot of trouble; Our meeting afforded much interesting information
3. sense_key=give%2:40:00:: | definition=transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody | examples=I gave her my money; can you give me lessons?
4. sense_key=give%2:40:07:: | definition=convey or reveal information | examples=Give one's name
5. sense_key=give%2:32:01:: | definition=convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow | synonyms=pay | examples=Don't pay him any mind; give the orders
6. sense_key=give%2:36:02:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, make | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
7. sense_key=give%2:32:00:: | definition=convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture | synonyms=throw | examples=Throw a glance; She gave me a dirty look
8. sense_key=give%2:40:01:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=gift, present | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
9. sense_key=give%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen or be responsible for | synonyms=yield | examples=His two singles gave the team the victory
10. sense_key=give%2:31:02:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=pay, devote | examples=give thought to; give priority to
11. sense_key=give%2:36:00:: | definition=give or supply | synonyms=render, yield, return, generate | examples=The cow brings in 5 liters of milk; This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels of corn
12. sense_key=give%2:40:09:: | definition=transmit (knowledge or skills) | synonyms=impart, leave, pass on | examples=give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here
13. sense_key=give%2:36:01:: | definition=bring about | synonyms=establish | examples=The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth
14. sense_key=give%2:40:02:: | definition=leave with; give temporarily | examples=Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?; Can I give you the children for the weekend?
15. sense_key=give%2:41:00:: | definition=emit or utter | examples=Give a gulp; give a yelp
16. sense_key=give%2:40:10:: | definition=endure the loss of | synonyms=sacrifice | examples=He gave his life for his children; I gave two sons to the war
17. sense_key=give%2:40:06:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=pass, hand, reach, pass on, turn over | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
18. sense_key=give%2:32:03:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
19. sense_key=give%2:40:13:: | definition=give (as medicine) | examples=I gave him the drug
20. sense_key=give%2:40:14:: | definition=give or convey physically | synonyms=apply | examples=She gave him First Aid; I gave him a punch in the nose
21. sense_key=give%2:32:02:: | definition=bestow | synonyms=render | examples=give homage; render thanks
22. sense_key=give%2:40:11:: | definition=bestow, especially officially | synonyms=grant | examples=grant a degree; give a divorce
23. sense_key=give%2:38:00:: | definition=move in order to make room for someone for something | synonyms=move over, give way, ease up, yield | examples=The park gave way to a supermarket; `Move over,' he told the crowd
24. sense_key=give%2:34:00:: | definition=give food to | synonyms=feed | examples=Feed the starving children in India; don't give the child this tough meat
25. sense_key=give%2:40:08:: | definition=contribute to some cause | synonyms=contribute, chip in, kick in | examples=I gave at the office
26. sense_key=give%2:38:13:: | definition=break down, literally or metaphorically | synonyms=collapse, fall in, cave in, give way, break, founder | examples=The wall collapsed; The business collapsed
27. sense_key=give%2:31:00:: | definition=estimate the duration or outcome of something | examples=He gave the patient three months to live; I gave him a very good chance at success
28. sense_key=give%2:41:10:: | definition=execute and deliver | examples=Give bond
29. sense_key=give%2:40:12:: | definition=deliver in exchange or recompense | examples=I'll give you three books for four CDs
30. sense_key=give%2:40:15:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, open | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
31. sense_key=give%2:36:13:: | definition=present to view | examples=He gave the sign to start
32. sense_key=give%2:36:12:: | definition=perform for an audience | examples=Pollini is giving another concert in New York
33. sense_key=give%2:35:00:: | definition=be flexible under stress of physical force | synonyms=yield | examples=This material doesn't give
34. sense_key=give%2:34:10:: | definition=propose | examples=He gave the first of many toasts at the birthday party
35. sense_key=give%2:32:11:: | definition=accord by verdict | examples=give a decision for the plaintiff
36. sense_key=give%2:32:08:: | definition=manifest or show | examples=This student gives promise of real creativity; The office gave evidence of tampering
37. sense_key=give%2:32:15:: | definition=offer in good faith | examples=He gave her his word
38. sense_key=give%2:32:14:: | definition=submit for consideration, judgment, or use | examples=give one's opinion; give an excuse
39. sense_key=give%2:32:09:: | definition=guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion | examples=You gave me to think that you agreed with me
40. sense_key=give%2:32:07:: | definition=allow to have or take | examples=I give you two minutes to respond
41. sense_key=give%2:32:10:: | definition=inflict as a punishment | examples=She gave the boy a good spanking; The judge gave me 10 years
42. sense_key=give%2:30:13:: | definition=occur | examples=what gives?
43. sense_key=give%2:29:11:: | definition=consent to engage in sexual intercourse with a man | examples=She gave herself to many men
44. sense_key=give%2:29:10:: | definition=proffer (a body part) | examples=She gave her hand to her little sister

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 19}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 19}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `give`
    *   Target surface form: `given`
    *   Context: "For these purposes, Cerenia can be <t>given</t> for up to five days"
    *   Contextual clues: "Cerenia" is a medicine (anti-emetic) used in dogs to prevent/treat vomiting. The sentence discusses the duration of its administration.

    *   Sense 1: cause to have (black eye, cold) - No.
    *   Sense 2: be the cause or source of (trouble, information) - No.
    *   Sense 3: transfer possession (money, lessons) - No.
    *   Sense 4: convey or reveal information (name) - No.
    *   Sense 5: convey compliment, regards, etc. - No.
    *   Sense 6: organize/responsible for (party) - No.
    *   Sense 7: convey/communicate (smile, look) - No.
    *   Sense 8: give as a present - No.
    *   Sense 9: cause to happen (victory) - No.
    *   Sense 10: dedicate (thought, priority) - No.
    *   Sense 11: give or supply (milk, crop) - No.
    *   Sense 12: transmit knowledge/skills - No.
    *   Sense 13: bring about (establish depth) - No.
    *   Sense 14: leave with temporarily - No.
    *   Sense 15: emit or utter (gulp, yelp) - No.
    *   Sense 16: endure loss of (life) - No.
    *   Sense 17: place into hands/custody (hand me the spoon) - No.
    *   Sense 18: give entirely to a person/cause - No.
    *   Sense 19: give (as medicine) - Example: "I gave him the drug". This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 20: give or convey physically (First Aid, punch) - Close, but Sense 19 is specific to medicine.
    *   Sense 21: bestow (homage, thanks) - No.
    *   Sense 22: bestow officially (degree, divorce) - No.
    *   Sense 23: move to make room - No.
    *   Sense 24: give food to (feed) - No.
    *   Sense 25: contribute to some cause - No.
    *   Sense 26: break down (collapse) - No.
    *   Sense 27: estimate duration/outcome (three months to live) - No.
    *   Sense 28: execute and deliver (bond) - No.
    *   Sense 29: deliver in exchange - No.
    *   Sense 30: afford access to (door opens to) - No.
    *   Sense 31: present to view (sign) - No.
    *   Sense 32: perform for an audience (concert) - No.
    *   Sense 33: be flexible under stress - No.
    *   Sense 34: propose (toast) - No.
    *   Sense 35: accord by verdict - No.
    *   Sense 36: manifest or show (promise, evidence) - No.
    *   Sense 37: offer in good faith (word) - No.
    *   Sense 38: submit for consideration (opinion, excuse) - No.
    *   Sense 39: guide or direct - No.
    *   Sense 40: allow to have or take - No.
    *   Sense 41: inflict as punishment - No.
    *   Sense 42: occur (what gives?) - No.
    *   Sense 43: consent to sexual intercourse - No.
    *   Sense 44: proffer (body part) - No.

    *   The context is about administering a drug (Cerenia) to dogs.
    *   Sense 19 specifically defines "give (as medicine)" and provides the example "I gave him the drug".
    *   This is the most precise match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: day
Target surface form: days
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five <t>days</t> How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=day%1:28:00:: | definition=time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis | synonyms=twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day | examples=two days later they left; they put on two performances every day
2. sense_key=day%1:28:03:: | definition=some point or period in time | examples=it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again
3. sense_key=day%1:28:01:: | definition=a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance | examples=Mother's Day
4. sense_key=day%1:28:02:: | definition=the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside | synonyms=daytime, daylight | examples=the dawn turned night into day; it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime
5. sense_key=day%1:28:04:: | definition=the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working) | examples=my day began early this morning; it was a busy day on the stock exchange
6. sense_key=day%1:28:05:: | definition=an era of existence or influence | examples=in the day of the dinosaurs; in the days of the Roman Empire
7. sense_key=day%1:28:07:: | definition=the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis | examples=how long is a day on Jupiter?
8. sense_key=day%1:28:06:: | definition=the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day | synonyms=sidereal day
9. sense_key=day%1:26:00:: | definition=a period of opportunity | examples=he deserves his day in court; every dog has his day
10. sense_key=day%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935) | synonyms=Clarence Day, Clarence Shepard Day Jr.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `day`
    *   Target surface form: `days`
    *   Context: "For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five <t>days</t>"
    *   Meaning: The medication can be administered for a duration of five 24-hour periods.

    *   Sense 1: `day%1:28:00::` - time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis (24-hour period). Examples: "two days later they left".
    *   Sense 2: `day%1:28:03::` - some point or period in time. Examples: "it should arrive any day now".
    *   Sense 3: `day%1:28:01::` - a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance. Example: "Mother's Day".
    *   Sense 4: `day%1:28:02::` - the time after sunrise and before sunset (daytime).
    *   Sense 5: `day%1:28:04::` - the recurring hours when you are not sleeping.
    *   Sense 6: `day%1:28:05::` - an era of existence or influence.
    *   Sense 7: `day%1:28:07::` - rotation of another planet.
    *   Sense 8: `day%1:28:06::` - sidereal day.
    *   Sense 9: `day%1:26:00::` - a period of opportunity.
    *   Sense 10: `day%1:18:00::` - Clarence Day (person).

    *   The phrase "up to five days" refers to a duration of time measured in 24-hour intervals.
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly ("twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period").

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: receptor
Target surface form: receptor
Context:
Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) <t>receptor</t>, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=receptor%1:08:01:: | definition=a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
2. sense_key=receptor%1:08:00:: | definition=an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation | synonyms=sense organ, sensory receptor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `receptor`
    *   Target surface form: `receptor`
    *   Context: "Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) <t>receptor</t>, which acts in the central nervous system."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `receptor%1:08:01::`: a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response.
        2.  `receptor%1:08:00::`: an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation (synonyms: sense organ, sensory receptor).

    *   The context mentions "neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor".
    *   NK1 receptors are proteins (cellular structures) that bind to neurokinin ligands (chemical agents) to trigger a response.
    *   The context says Cerenia "blocks" this receptor. Blocking a receptor is a common pharmacological mechanism (antagonism) involving cellular proteins.
    *   Sense 1 describes a "cellular structure" mediating between a "chemical agent" and a "physiological response". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 describes an "organ" (like the eye or ear). An NK1 receptor is not an organ; it's a protein on a cell.

    *   Sense 1: Cellular structure, chemical agent, physiological response. (Matches NK1 receptor)
    *   Sense 2: Organ, sense organ. (Does not match NK1 receptor)

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studied
Context:
It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been <t>studied</t>? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `study`
    *   Target surface form: `studied`
    *   Context: "How has Cerenia been <t>studied</t>? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients..."
    *   Meaning: The context refers to scientific research, clinical trials, or systematic investigation of a drug (Cerenia) to determine its effects and safety.

    *   Sense 1: `consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning` (Synonyms: analyze, examine). This fits scientific research/investigation.
    *   Sense 2: `be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning`. (Incorrect: Cerenia is a drug, not a student).
    *   Sense 3: `give careful consideration to` (Synonyms: consider). (Too general; usually refers to thinking about a possibility).
    *   Sense 4: `be a student of a certain subject` (Synonyms: learn, read, take). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: `learn by reading books` (Synonyms: hit the books). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: `think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes` (Synonyms: meditate, contemplate). (Incorrect).

    *   The context "How has Cerenia been studied?" followed by "A large number of studies... were carried out" clearly points to scientific analysis and examination.
    *   Sense 1 ("consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning") is the standard definition for scientific study/research.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `study`
    *   Target surface form: `studies`
    *   Context: "A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."
    *   Surrounding context: "How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies... What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"

    *   Sense 1: a detailed critical inspection (survey)
    *   Sense 2: applying the mind to learning and understanding (work)
    *   Sense 3: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report)
    *   Sense 4: a state of deep mental absorption
    *   Sense 5: a room used for reading and writing
    *   Sense 6: a branch of knowledge (discipline, subject)
    *   Sense 7: preliminary drawing (sketch)
    *   Sense 8: attentive consideration and meditation (cogitation)
    *   Sense 9: someone who memorizes quickly
    *   Sense 10: a composition for technique (music)

    *   The context refers to scientific research conducted on a drug (Cerenia) using laboratory dogs and animal patients.
    *   "A large number of studies... were carried out" refers to the research projects/experiments and the resulting reports/findings.
    *   Sense 1 (detailed critical inspection) is close, but "studies" in a medical/pharmaceutical context usually refers to the research projects and their documented results.
    *   Sense 3 (a written document describing the findings) is the standard way "studies" is used in scientific literature (e.g., "clinical studies").

    *   Sense 1: "detailed critical inspection" (more like a survey or a close look).
    *   Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (synonyms: report, written report).
    *   In the sentence "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out", "studies" refers to the research investigations. While the *act* of studying is the process, the *noun* "studies" in this plural form almost always refers to the research projects/reports.

    *   Sense 3 is the most appropriate for scientific research papers/projects.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry_out
Target surface form: carried out
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were <t>carried out</t> either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00:: | definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
2. sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00:: | definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `carry_out`
    *   Target surface form: `carried out`
    *   Context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were <t>carried out</t> either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `carry_out%2:36:00::`: put in effect; synonyms: carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil; examples: carry out a task; execute the decision of the people.
        2.  `carry_out%2:30:00::`: pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue; synonyms: follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through; examples: Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan.

    *   The sentence says "A large number of studies... were carried out".
    *   In this context, "carried out" means the studies were conducted, performed, or executed.

    *   Sense 1: "put in effect", "accomplish", "execute". Example: "carry out a task". Conducting a study is very similar to executing a task or performing a procedure.
    *   Sense 2: "pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue", "implement". This sense focuses more on the completion or the successful outcome/follow-through of a plan or treatment.

    *   "Carrying out a study" is a standard collocation meaning to conduct or perform the study.
    *   Sense 1 ("execute", "accomplish", "put in effect") fits the act of conducting/performing a study better than Sense 2 ("pursue to a conclusion", "follow through").
    *   Comparing "carry out a task" (Sense 1) to "carry out a study", they are nearly identical in usage.

    *   Sense 1 is the standard meaning for "conducting" research or studies.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratory
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in <t>laboratory</t> dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `laboratory`
    *   Target surface form: `laboratory`
    *   Context: "...A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in <t>laboratory</t> dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `laboratory%1:06:00::`: a workplace for the conduct of scientific research (lab, research lab).
        2.  `laboratory%1:15:00::`: a region resembling a laboratory (testing ground).

    *   The phrase is "laboratory dogs".
    *   "Laboratory dogs" refers to dogs kept and used in a scientific research facility (a lab) for experiments.
    *   This aligns with the definition of a workplace for scientific research.
    *   Sense 2 refers to a metaphorical "testing ground" (e.g., a country or a region), which does not fit "laboratory dogs".

    *   Sense 1: Scientific research workplace. (Fits perfectly: dogs used in a research lab).
    *   Sense 2: Metaphorical testing ground. (Does not fit).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `dog`
    *   Target surface form: `dogs`
    *   Context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `dog%1:05:00::`: Domesticated member of genus Canis (domestic dog).
        2.  `dog%1:18:01::`: Unattractive woman.
        3.  `dog%1:18:00::`: Informal term for a man.
        4.  `dog%1:18:02::`: Morally reprehensible person.
        5.  `dog%1:13:01::`: Sausage (hotdog).
        6.  `dog%1:06:00::`: Hinged catch (ratchet).
        7.  `dog%1:06:01::`: Metal supports for logs (andiron).

    *   The context mentions "veterinary treatment", "special diet", "vomiting", "laboratory dogs", and "animal patients at veterinary practises".
    *   This clearly refers to the animal (Canis familiaris).

    *   Sense 1: "a member of the genus Canis... domesticated by man... occurs in many breeds". This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "several"
    *   Target surface form: "several"
    *   Context: "...carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `several%5:00:00:some:00`: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many.
        2.  `several%5:00:00:individual:00`: considered individually (synonyms: respective, various).
        3.  `several%5:00:00:different:00`: distinct and individual.

    *   The phrase is "several European countries".
    *   Here, "several" is used as a quantifier indicating a number of countries (more than a few, but not necessarily a huge amount).
    *   It modifies the count noun "European countries".

    *   Sense 1: "of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many". This fits perfectly. "Several European countries" means some number of countries (e.g., 4, 5, 6).
    *   Sense 2: "considered individually" (respective, various). This doesn't fit the grammatical structure or meaning here. "Respective European countries" would be different.
    *   Sense 3: "distinct and individual". This is usually used in phrases like "three several times" (though that example is a bit archaic/rare). It doesn't fit the quantifier usage here.

    *   The word "several" in "several European countries" is clearly a quantifier meaning "more than two or three". This matches Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `benefit`
    *   Target surface form: `benefit`
    *   Context: "What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `benefit%1:21:00::` (financial assistance)
        2.  `benefit%1:07:00::` (something that aids or promotes well-being)
        3.  `benefit%1:10:00::` (performance to raise money)

    *   The context discusses a medication (Cerenia) used to prevent/treat vomiting in dogs.
    *   The question asks "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
    *   The answer explains that it was "more effective than the placebo" and resulted in "less vomiting."
    *   In this context, "benefit" refers to the positive effect or advantage the drug provides to the health/well-being of the dogs.

    *   Sense 1: Financial assistance. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Something that aids or promotes well-being. (Correct - reducing vomiting promotes well-being/health).
    *   Sense 3: Performance to raise money. (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the medical/health context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `show`
    *   Target surface form: `shown`
    *   Context: "What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies?"
    *   Surrounding context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

    *   Sense 1: Exhibition to an audience (demo, exhibit). (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 2: Establish validity (prove, demonstrate, experiment). (Possible: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment")
    *   Sense 3: Provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence). (Possible: "provide evidence for")
    *   Sense 4: Make visible or noticeable. (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 5: Depict in a picture. (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 6: Give expression to (express, evince). (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 7: Indicate a place/direction. (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 8: Be or become visible. (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 9: Indicate a reading (gauges). (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 10: Give evidence of, as of records. (Possible, but usually refers to documents/diaries)
    *   Sense 11: Usher to seats. (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 12: Finish third or better in a race. (Not applicable)

    *   The sentence is: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
    *   The following sentence says: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
    *   In this context, "shown" means that the studies provided evidence of a benefit.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
        *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (Synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish).
        *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for" (Synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence).
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound." This is very similar to "Cerenia shown [benefit] during the studies."
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father." This is also similar.
    *   Wait, let's look closer at the phrasing "What benefit has Cerenia shown". Here, Cerenia (the drug) is the subject.
    *   If the subject is the *study* or the *experiment*, Sense 2 ("establish the validity") or Sense 3 ("provide evidence for") fits well.
    *   If the subject is the *drug* itself, "Cerenia has shown [benefit]", it means the drug has demonstrated or exhibited a certain effect/benefit.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable". (Example: "She showed her talent for cooking"). "Cerenia showed [benefit]" is very similar to "She showed her talent".
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again. "The blood test showed that he was the father."
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again. "make visible or noticeable".
    *   Actually, "Cerenia has shown [benefit]" means the drug demonstrated a benefit.
    *   Is "demonstrate" in Sense 1 or Sense 2?
        *   Sense 1: "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" (demo).
        *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (prove, demonstrate).
    *   In the context of clinical studies, "showing a benefit" means the results of the study established the validity of the claim that the drug is beneficial.
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again: "provide evidence for".
    *   Usually, "The study showed..." = Sense 2 or 3.
    *   "The drug showed..." = Sense 2 or 4?
    *   If I say "The drug showed efficacy", I mean it demonstrated it.
    *   Let's compare "The experiment demonstrated the instability" (Sense 2) with "Cerenia shown [benefit]".
    *   Actually, looking at the synonyms for Sense 2: "prove, demonstrate, establish".
    *   Looking at the synonyms for Sense 3: "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence".
    *   Sense 2 seems more aligned with scientific/experimental results.

    *   "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
    *   "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
    *   In the first sentence, "Cerenia" is the subject. In the second, "The results of the studies" is the subject.
    *   If "Cerenia" is the subject, does it "establish the validity" (Sense 2) or "provide evidence for" (Sense 3)?
    *   Actually, if the drug "shows" a benefit, it's demonstrating that benefit.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "provide evidence for".
    *   In medical literature, "showed a significant improvement" or "showed a benefit" is very common. This usually means the data provided evidence for it.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2's example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    *   Let's look at Sense 3's example: "The blood test showed that he was the father."
    *   Both are very close. However, "provide evidence for" (Sense 3) is often used when the subject is the evidence itself (the test, the results).
    *   Wait, "Cerenia" is the drug. The drug itself isn't the evidence; the *results* of the study are. But in the phrase "Cerenia has shown [benefit]", the drug is the subject.
    *   If the drug is the subject, "show" often means "demonstrate" in the sense of exhibiting a quality.
    *   Let's look at Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" (Example: "She showed her talent for cooking").
    *   Is "benefit" like "talent"? Yes, it's a quality or characteristic that becomes apparent.
    *   However, in a scientific context, "show" almost always maps to "demonstrate/prove" (Sense 2) or "provide evidence" (Sense 3).
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    *   If Cerenia "showed a benefit", it established the validity of the claim that it is beneficial.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    *   If Cerenia "showed a benefit", it provided evidence for its own efficacy.
    *   Comparing the two, Sense 2 ("establish the validity... by... experiment") fits the "during the studies" part of the sentence perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: establish validity via experiment.
    *   Sense 3: provide evidence for.
    *   In many WordNet-based tasks, "show" in the context of scientific results is mapped to "demonstrate/prove" (Sense 2).
    *   Let's double-check Sense 3 again. "The blood test showed that he was the father." (The test is the evidence).
    *   In "What benefit has Cerenia shown", Cerenia is the subject.
    *   If we say "The study showed a benefit", it's Sense 2 or 3.
    *   If we say "The drug showed a benefit", it's like saying "The drug demonstrated a benefit".
    *   Sense 2 synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish.
    *   Sense 3 synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
    *   "Demonstrate" (Sense 2) feels like a better fit for a drug exhibiting a benefit in a study than "testify" or "bear witness" (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
    *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for"
    *   The context "during the studies" strongly points to the "experiment" part of Sense 2.

    *   Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" (She showed her talent).
    *   While "benefit" is like "talent", the context is a clinical study, which makes the "establish validity/demonstrate" meaning (Sense 2) much more likely than simply "making it visible".

    *   Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    *   Context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
    *   This is a very close match. The "experiment" in the example is the "studies" in the context. The "instability of the compound" is the "benefit" (the property being shown).

    *   Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father."
    *   This is more about a test revealing a fact than a subject demonstrating a property through a process/study.

    *   Sense 2 is the most precise fit for a scientific/clinical context where a subject (drug) demonstrates a property (benefit) through a process (studies).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `study`
    *   Target surface form: `studies`
    *   Context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients... What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `study%1:04:00`: a detailed critical inspection (synonym: survey)
        2.  `study%1:09:03`: applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (synonym: work)
        3.  `study%1:10:00`: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (synonyms: report, written report)
        4.  `study%1:09:04`: a state of deep mental absorption
        5.  `study%1:06:00`: a room used for reading and writing and studying
        6.  `study%1:09:02`: a branch of knowledge (synonym: discipline)
        7.  `study%1:06:01`: preliminary drawing for later elaboration (synonym: sketch)
        8.  `study%1:09:01`: attentive consideration and meditation (synonym: cogitation)
        9.  `study%1:18:00`: someone who memorizes quickly and easily
        10. `study%1:10:01`: a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

    *   The context refers to "studies with Cerenia" that were "carried out" in "laboratory dogs or in animal patients."
    *   It mentions "results of the studies" showing effectiveness compared to a placebo.
    *   This describes scientific investigations or research projects.

    *   Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" (survey). This is close, but usually refers to the act of inspecting.
    *   Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (report, written report). In scientific contexts, "studies" often refers to the research projects themselves, and the results are reported in the "study" (the document).
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
        *   "A large number of studies... were carried out." (You carry out an investigation/inspection).
        *   "The results of the studies showed..." (Results come from an investigation/report).
    *   Wait, looking at WordNet's structure for "study" (noun):
        *   `study%1:04:00` (detailed critical inspection) is often used for the process of research.
        *   `study%1:10:00` (written document) is the report of that research.
    *   In the sentence "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out", "carried out" strongly suggests the process of investigation (Sense 1).
    *   However, in "The results of the studies showed", it could be either the process or the document.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "survey".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "report, written report".
    *   In medical/scientific literature, "a study" usually refers to the entire research project (the investigation).
    *   Comparing Sense 1 ("detailed critical inspection") and Sense 3 ("written document describing the findings").
    *   If you "carry out" a study, you are performing the inspection/investigation. You don't "carry out" a written document; you "write" or "publish" it.
    *   Therefore, "carried out" points toward Sense 1.

    *   Wait, let me double-check WordNet's sense for "scientific study".
    *   Often, "study" as in "a scientific study" is mapped to `study%1:04:00` (detailed critical inspection).
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again: "a written document describing the findings".
    *   Example for Sense 3: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This refers to the published paper.
    *   Example for Sense 1: (no example provided, but synonym is "survey").
    *   In the context "A large number of studies... were carried out", the action of carrying out the research is the focus.

    *   Sense 1: detailed critical inspection.
    *   Sense 3: written document describing findings.
    *   "carried out" -> Sense 1.
    *   "results of the studies" -> Sense 1 or 3.
    *   "benefit... shown during the studies" -> Sense 1 (the process).

    *   Is "detailed critical inspection" the best fit for a clinical trial? Yes, in the sense of a systematic investigation.

    *   Sense 1: `study%1:04:00`
    *   Sense 3: `study%1:10:00`
    *   If the text says "studies were carried out", it's the investigation. If it says "the study says", it's the document.
    *   "A large number of studies... were carried out" -> Investigation.
    *   "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" -> Investigation.
    *   "The results of the studies showed..." -> Investigation.

    *   Sense 1: `study%1:04:00` (detailed critical inspection)
    *   Sense 3: `study%1:10:00` (written document)
    *   The phrase "carried out" is the key. You carry out an investigation, not a document.

    *   Wait, let me look at other WordNet versions or similar examples. Often, "study" in the sense of a scientific experiment is listed as "a detailed investigation and analysis of a subject or problem". This matches "detailed critical inspection" (Sense 1) better than "written document" (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 1: `study%1:04:00`
    *   Sense 3: `study%1:10:00`
    *   Context: "studies... were carried out", "during the studies", "results of the studies".
    *   All these point to the process of investigation.

    *   Sense 1: `study%1:04:00`
    *   Sense 3: `study%1:10:00`
    *   If I have to choose the *single best* sense, and the context emphasizes the *carrying out* and the *duration* ("during the studies"), Sense 1 is the most accurate.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group".
    *   Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale".
    *   In many datasets, "study" in a medical context is often mapped to the "report" sense if it's referring to the published work, but "carried out" almost always refers to the investigation itself.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 again: "a detailed critical inspection".
    *   Is a clinical trial a "detailed critical inspection"? Yes, it's a systematic investigation.

    *   Let's look at the options again.
    *   1. detailed critical inspection
    *   3. written document describing the findings
    *   "A large number of studies... were carried out" -> Sense 1.
    *   "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" -> Sense 1.
    *   "The results of the studies showed..." -> Sense 1.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `result`
    *   Target surface form: `results`
    *   Context: "The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `result%1:19:00::`: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome).
        2.  `result%1:10:00::`: a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem (solution, answer).
        3.  `result%1:11:00::`: something that results (resultant, final result, outcome). Example: "he listened for the results on the radio".
        4.  `result%1:10:01::`: semantic role (linguistics).

    *   The sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
    *   In the context of scientific studies, "results" refers to the findings, the data obtained, or the outcome of the experiment.

    *   Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence/effect). While the results are caused by the study, "results" in "results of the studies" usually refers to the findings/outcomes rather than a causal consequence in the general sense.
    *   Sense 2: "a statement that solves a problem" (solution/answer). Not quite right.
    *   Sense 3: "something that results" (resultant, final result, outcome). Example: "he listened for the results on the radio". This fits the context of findings from a study or a test.
    *   Sense 4: "semantic role". Definitely not.

    *   Sense 1 (consequence/effect) vs. Sense 3 (outcome/resultant).
    *   In scientific contexts, "the results of the study" are the outcomes/findings.
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "the magnetic effect was greater...", "his decision had depressing consequences".
        *   Sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio".
    *   "Results of the studies" is very similar to "results on the radio" (e.g., election results, test results). It refers to the specific data or outcome produced by a process.

    *   Sense 3 is the most appropriate for "results of the studies" (findings/outcomes).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `study`
    *   Target surface form: `studies`
    *   Context: "The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
    *   Surrounding context: "How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients... What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"

    *   Sense 1: a detailed critical inspection (survey)
    *   Sense 2: applying the mind to learning and understanding (work)
    *   Sense 3: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report)
    *   Sense 4: a state of deep mental absorption
    *   Sense 5: a room used for reading and writing
    *   Sense 6: a branch of knowledge (discipline, subject)
    *   Sense 7: preliminary drawing (sketch)
    *   Sense 8: attentive consideration and meditation (cogitation)
    *   Sense 9: someone who memorizes quickly
    *   Sense 10: a composition intended to develop technique

    *   The context refers to scientific research conducted on a drug (Cerenia) using laboratory dogs and animal patients.
    *   "The results of the studies showed..." implies that these "studies" are the research projects or the reports/documents detailing the findings of those projects.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 (detailed critical inspection) and Sense 3 (written document describing findings).
    *   In scientific contexts, "a study" often refers to the research project itself or the resulting publication/report.
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "a written document describing the findings," and the context says "The results of the studies showed," which strongly aligns with the findings reported in a study.
    *   Sense 1 is more general ("detailed critical inspection").
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 3: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale." This matches the usage in the context (scientific research/report).

    *   The context describes clinical trials/research.
    *   "A large number of studies... were carried out" (Sense 1 or 3).
    *   "The results of the studies showed..." (Sense 3).
    *   Sense 3 is the most precise fit for scientific research reports/projects.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `show`
    *   Target surface form: `showed`
    *   Context: "The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
    *   Meaning: The results of the studies provided evidence or demonstrated that the medicine was more effective.

    *   Sense 1: give an exhibition (demo, exhibit) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish) - This fits well. "The results of the studies showed [established the validity of the claim] that Cerenia was more effective..."
    *   Sense 3: provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) - This also fits. "The results of the studies showed [provided evidence for] that Cerenia was more effective..."
    *   Sense 4: make visible or noticeable - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: show in a picture (depict, render) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: give expression to (express, evince) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 7: indicate a place, direction, person, or thing - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 8: be or become visible or noticeable - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 9: indicate a certain reading (gauges/instruments) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 10: give evidence of, as of records (diary shows distress) - This is similar to Sense 3, but usually refers to records/documents rather than experimental results.
    *   Sense 11: take someone to their seats (usher) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 12: finish third or better in a race - Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (Synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish). Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for" (Synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence). Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father."

    The context is "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". This is a classic case of experimental results establishing a conclusion or providing evidence for a claim.

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
    Sense 2 specifically mentions "experiment" in the definition ("establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment").
    Sense 3 is more general ("provide evidence for").

    In scientific writing, "the results showed that..." usually means the results demonstrated or established the validity of the hypothesis.

    Let's look at the examples again:
    Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father."

    The sentence "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" is almost identical in structure and intent to "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 3: "provide evidence for". A blood test provides evidence. Studies provide evidence.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: prove, demonstrate, establish.
    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.

    "The results of the studies showed that..." is most commonly mapped to "demonstrated" or "established" in a scientific context.

    Let's double-check Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records". "The diary shows his distress". This is more about revealing a state of mind or a fact recorded in a document.

    Between 2 and 3:
    Sense 2: establish validity via experiment.
    Sense 3: provide evidence for.

    Usually, "the results showed" in a clinical study context is interpreted as demonstrating a result (Sense 2).

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3 again. "The blood test showed that he was the father." A blood test is a type of study/experiment.

    However, Sense 2's definition "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" is a very precise fit for "results of the studies showed".

    Let's check if there's a nuance.
    Sense 2: establish validity (prove/demonstrate).
    Sense 3: provide evidence (testify/evidence).

    "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
    This is stating a conclusion drawn from the data. This aligns better with "demonstrate" (Sense 2).

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father."

    Actually, "The results of the studies showed" is almost a synonym for "The experiment demonstrated".

    Let's check Sense 3 again. "The blood test showed that he was the father." This is a factual finding.

    Is there a difference between "establishing validity" and "providing evidence"?
    In scientific papers, "showed" often means "demonstrated" (Sense 2).

    Let's look at the candidate senses one more time.
    Sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment.
    Sense 3: provide evidence for.

    If I have to choose the *best* one, Sense 2's explicit mention of "experiment" makes it very strong for "results of the studies".

    Wait, let me search for "showed that" in WordNet-based datasets. Often, "the results showed that" is mapped to the sense of "demonstrate" or "prove".

    Let's compare:
    "The results showed that X is true." (Sense 2: establish validity)
    "The evidence shows that X is true." (Sense 3: provide evidence)

    In the target sentence: "The results of the studies showed that..."
    This is very close to "The studies demonstrated that...".

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "provide evidence for".
    Synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    Synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish.

    The phrase "results of the studies showed" is a standard way to report the findings of an experiment, which is exactly what Sense 2 describes.

    Final check:
    Sense 2: establish validity via experiment.
    Sense 3: provide evidence for.
    Sense 10: give evidence of (records).

    Sense 2 is the most specific and accurate for scientific study results.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "more"
    *   Target surface form: "more"
    *   Context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `more%4:02:00::`: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (e.g., "more interesting", "more beautiful").
        2.  `more%4:02:01::`: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent (e.g., "he works more now").

    *   The word "more" is modifying the adjective "effective".
    *   "more effective" is the comparative form of "effective".
    *   Sense 1 specifically describes "more" when used to form the comparative of adjectives and adverbs.
    *   Sense 2 describes "more" as a comparative of "much" (acting as an adverb or pronoun on its own, e.g., "he works more").

    *   In "more effective", "more" is a marker for the comparative degree of the adjective "effective".
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.