[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratories
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen <t>laboratories</t>, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "laboratories" (lemma: laboratory).
Context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
This refers to a workplace for the conduct of scientific research.
Sense 1: a workplace for the conduct of scientific research (lab, research lab, etc.)
Sense 2: a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation (testing ground).

The context clearly refers to scientific research labs.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the <t>U.S.</t>, Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "U.S." in the context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
The context refers to the country, the United States, alongside Canada and Britain.
Sense 1: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States (U.S. government).
Sense 2: North American republic containing 50 states... (United States, America, USA).
The context refers to the country (geographical/political entity), not specifically the government.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "in the U.S., Canada and Britain" -> countries.
Sense 2 is the country.
Sense 1 is the government.
So sense 2.
Format: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: racing
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are <t>racing</t> to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=rush, hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street
2. sense_key=race%2:33:00:: | definition=compete in a race | synonyms=run | examples=he is running the Marathon this year; let's race and see who gets there first
3. sense_key=race%2:41:03:: | definition=to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others | examples=We are racing to find a cure for AIDS
4. sense_key=race%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=rush | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "racing" in the context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
The context describes laboratories working as fast as possible towards a goal (unmasking other suspected tumor-suppressing genes), sometimes in competition with others.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. move fast (rush, hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, pelt along)
2. compete in a race (run)
3. to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others (We are racing to find a cure for AIDS)
4. cause to move fast or to rush or race

Sense 3 perfectly matches the context "racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes" and the example "We are racing to find a cure for AIDS".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 3.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask <t>other</t> suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
The word "other" here means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied".
Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied"
Sense 2: "recently past"
Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past"
Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected"

The context clearly uses "other" to mean additional or different from the ones already mentioned (p53, retinoblastoma).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"other suspected tumor-suppressing genes" -> not the same ones already mentioned.
Sense 1 matches perfectly.
Format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have <t>about</t> seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "about" in the context: "They have <t>about</t> seven candidates."
The word "about" modifies the number "seven", indicating an approximate quantity.
Sense 1: (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct. Synonyms: approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less. Examples: lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute.
This perfectly matches the context "about seven candidates".
Sense 7: (of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but. Synonyms: almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually. Examples: the job is (just) about done.
"About seven" means approximately seven, not "almost seven" (which would be sense 7, but "about" with a number usually means approximately).
Let's double check. "about a dozen laboratories" -> approximately a dozen. "about seven candidates" -> approximately seven.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "say" in the context: "Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The researchers are expressing a statement, reporting, or maintaining a claim based on their research.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. express in words (state, tell) - "He said that he wanted to marry her"
2. report or maintain (allege, aver) - "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war"
3. express a supposition (suppose)
4. have or contain a certain wording or form (read)
5. give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority (order, tell, enjoin)
6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce, articulate)
7. communicate or express nonverbally
8. utter aloud
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
10. recite or repeat a fixed text
11. indicate

In this context, "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial..."
This is reporting or maintaining a claim. "report or maintain" (sense 2) fits well, as researchers are reporting their findings or maintaining a position based on evidence.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "express in words" (state, tell).
Let's look at sense 2: "report or maintain" (allege, aver). "He said it was too late to intervene in the war".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial..."
This is a statement of fact or opinion based on research.
Let's check WordNet for "say".
Sense 1: express in words. "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"
Sense 2: report or maintain. "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war"
Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. "I say let's forget this whole business"

Actually, "say" in "Researchers say..." is often mapped to "report or maintain" or "express in words".
Let's consider "report or maintain". The researchers are reporting their findings.
Wait, "say" meaning "report or maintain" is often used for claims, allegations, or statements of fact.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 2: allege, aver.
Synonyms for sense 1: state, tell.
"Researchers state the inactivation..." -> "Researchers say..."
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
In many WSD datasets, "say" followed by a that-clause (or implied that-clause) stating a fact or finding is often sense 1 (express in words) or sense 2 (report or maintain).
Let's look at the example for sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war". This is reporting a fact or maintaining a position.
"Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial..."
This is reporting a finding.
Let's check if there's a better fit.
Sense 1: express in words.
Sense 2: report or maintain.
I will go with sense 1 or 2. Let's think if "report or maintain" is better. "Researchers report..." is a synonym. "Researchers maintain..." is also possible.
But "state" is also a synonym for sense 1. "Researchers state..."
Let's look at the exact WordNet definition.
say%2:32:00:: express in words
say%2:32:01:: report or maintain
In SemCor or similar datasets, "say" meaning "report" is often sense 2.
"Researchers say..." -> they are reporting their findings.
Let's choose sense 1. Wait, "report or maintain" (sense 2) has "allege, aver" as synonyms. "Researchers allege..." doesn't fit as well as "Researchers state...".
Actually, "say" in "Researchers say" is very commonly sense 1 (express in words) or sense 2 (report or maintain).
Let's look at the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
This is a statement of what the researchers express in words.
Let's consider sense 1: "express in words".
Let's consider sense 2: "report or maintain".
I'll output 1. Wait, "report or maintain" is specifically for when someone is making a claim or reporting something. "He said it was too late..."
Let's look at sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you".
I think sense 1 is the most general and fits "express in words".
Let's reconsider sense 2: "report or maintain". "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war".
"Researchers say..." -> they are reporting.
I will guess sense 1.
Wait, let's search my knowledge base for "Researchers say". In many cases, "say" meaning "state" is sense 1.
Let's choose 1.
Wait, another option: sense 9 "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". "I say let's forget this whole business". Not this.
Let's go with 1.
Let's re-read the context. "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial..."
This is expressing in words.
I'll output 1.
Wait, let's look at sense 2 again. "report or maintain". "He said it was too late to intervene in the war". This is very similar to "Researchers say it is crucial...".
But "allege, aver" are the synonyms. Researchers are not necessarily alleging or averring, they are stating.
So sense 1 "state, tell" is better.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alone
Target surface form: alone
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alone%4:02:00:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, only | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
2. sense_key=alone%4:02:01:: | definition=without anybody else or anything else | synonyms=solo, unaccompanied | examples=the child stayed home alone; the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "alone" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The phrase is "alone or in combination".
This means "without any others being included or involved" (i.e., solely, exclusively, only).
Sense 1: without any others being included or involved (entirely, exclusively, solely, only).
Sense 2: without anybody else or anything else (solo, unaccompanied).
The context is about the inactivation of genes acting by itself (without other factors) or in combination with other factors.
This matches sense 1: "without any others being included or involved".
Let's double check. "alone or in combination" -> solely or in combination.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: combination
Target surface form: combination
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:04:: | definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:02:: | definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock | examples=he forgot the combination to the safe
4. sense_key=combination%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose | examples=they were a winning combination
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:03:: | definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
6. sense_key=combination%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "combination" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The phrase "alone or in combination" means the inactivation of these genes, either by themselves or when combined with other things (other genes, factors), is crucial.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock
4. a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose
5. an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose
6. the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

Wait, "in combination" usually refers to the state of being combined, or the act of combining.
Let's re-read sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities"
Sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole"
Is it sense 1 or sense 7?
"in combination" -> "in a state of being combined" or "the act of combining".
Actually, "in combination" is often mapped to the noun "combination" meaning the state or result of combining.
Let's check WordNet for "combination".
Sense 1: a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities.
Sense 7: the act of combining things to form a new whole.
"in combination" -> "in a combination" -> a collection of things that have been combined.
Wait, let's look at similar examples. "used in combination with" -> sense 1?
Let's search for "in combination" in WordNet.
Actually, sense 1 is "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities".
"in combination" means together, as a combination.
Let's consider sense 1. "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities"
Or sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole"
"in combination" refers to the state of being combined, which aligns with sense 1 (a collection of things that have been combined).
Let's check the context: "inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial..."
This means the inactivation of genes, either alone or as a combination (of inactivated genes).
So it's a collection of things that have been combined (the inactivated genes).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 7.
Sense 1: a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities.
Sense 7: the act of combining things to form a new whole.
"in combination" is a prepositional phrase modifying the state. "in a combination" -> sense 1.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the exact wording of sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities".
Yes, "in combination" means as a combination (a collection of things combined).
I'll go with 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00::
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00::
"in combination" -> "in a combination" -> sense 1.
I am confident in 1.
Another option: "combination" as in "in combination with".
WordNet often maps "in combination" to sense 1.
Let's output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "appears" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The word "appears" here means "seems to be true, probable, or apparent".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (look, seem) - "She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem"
4. seem to be true, probable, or apparent (seem) - "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad"

Wait, "appears crucial" -> "seems to be true, probable, or apparent".
Let's look at sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
Is it sense 1 or sense 4?
Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"
"appears crucial" -> it seems to be true that it is crucial.
Let's check WordNet for "appear".
appear%2:39:01:: seem to be true, probable, or apparent.
Example: "It seems that he is very gifted", "It appears that the weather in California is very bad".
In the context: "appears crucial to the development..." -> it seems to be true that it is crucial.
So sense 4 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"appears crucial" -> "seems to be true, probable, or apparent".
Yes, sense 4.
Sense 1 is more about outward aspect ("She seems to be sleeping", "This appears to be a very difficult problem" - wait, "This appears to be a very difficult problem" is in sense 1? No, "This appears to be a very difficult problem" might be sense 1 or 4. Let's see: WordNet 3.1:
appear%2:39:00:: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; "She seems to be sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"
appear%2:39:01:: seem to be true, probable, or apparent; "It seems that he is very gifted"; "It appears that the weather in California is very bad"

Wait, "appears crucial" is more like "seems to be true, probable, or apparent".
Let's consider "appears crucial". It means it is probable or apparent that it is crucial.
I will choose sense 4.
Let's review the examples for sense 4: "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad".
"appears crucial" -> "seems to be true, probable, or apparent".
Yes, sense 4.
Let's check if there is any other better sense.
No.
I will output 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crucial
Target surface form: crucial
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "crucial".
Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The word "crucial" here means "of the greatest importance" or "having crucial relevance".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information

Wait, "crucial to the development" -> "having crucial relevance" or "of the greatest importance"?
Let's check the examples.
Sense 2: "crucial to the case" -> "crucial to the development"
Sense 3: "crucial information" -> "of the greatest importance"

Is it "crucial to the development" (relevance) or "of the greatest importance"?
"crucial to the development of such scourges"
Let's see: "crucial to the case" is sense 2.
"crucial to the development" is very similar to "crucial to the case".
Wait, sense 2 is "having crucial relevance".
Sense 3 is "of the greatest importance".
Let's look at the phrasing: "appears crucial to the development".
"crucial to" is often sense 2.
Let's check WordNet for "crucial".
crucial (adj)
1. of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis; "a crucial moment in his career"; "a crucial election"
2. having crucial relevance; "crucial to the case"; "relevant testimony"
3. of the greatest importance; "the all-important subject of disarmament"; "crucial information"

In the context: "appears crucial to the development of such scourges"
"crucial to the development" -> "having crucial relevance" (sense 2) or "of the greatest importance" (sense 3)?
"crucial to the case" is sense 2. "crucial to the development" is structurally identical to "crucial to the case".
Let's consider "crucial to the development". It means it is highly relevant or essential to the development.
Wait, "crucial to the development" might be sense 2.
Let's search for "crucial to the" in WordNet. "crucial to the case" is sense 2.
Is there any other sense?
Let's look at sense 2: "having crucial relevance".
Let's look at sense 3: "of the greatest importance".
"crucial to the development" -> "having crucial relevance" to the development.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "appears crucial to the development of such scourges".
Could it be sense 2? Yes, "crucial to the case" -> "crucial to the development".
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"crucial to the development" -> "having crucial relevance".
I'll go with 2.
Wait, let's think if "crucial" here means "of the greatest importance". "appears crucial to the development" -> "appears essential to the development".
If it means "essential", it might be sense 3.
But "crucial to the case" is sense 2. "crucial to the development" is very similar.
Let's choose 2.
Wait, "crucial to the development" is a predicate adjective with a "to" complement. Sense 2 has "crucial to the case". Sense 3 has "crucial information".
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit for "crucial to [something]".
Let's double check.
"crucial to the case" -> sense 2.
"crucial to the development" -> sense 2.
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "development" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The context is about the biological process of cancer growing or forming.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation
5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful
6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose
7. a state in which things are improving
8. processing a photosensitive material
9. (music) the section of a composition

Wait, cancer development is a biological process. Sense 3 is "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
Is cancer development considered "biology" sense 3? Or is it sense 2 "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage"?
Let's re-read the context: "development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
Cancer is a disease, not an individual organism growing organically. Wait, cancer cells are cells. But "development of cancer" is a process.
Let's check sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
Wait, "development of cancer" is often mapped to sense 2 or sense 3.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 3: growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis.
Is cancer development "ontogeny"? No.
Let's look at sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". Synonyms: evolution. Examples: the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization.
Wait, let's consider another sense. Is there a sense for "the process of coming into existence"?
Let's check WordNet for "development".
Sense 1: act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
Sense 2: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
Sense 3: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
Sense 4: a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation
Sense 5: the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful
Sense 6: a district that has been developed to serve some purpose
Sense 7: a state in which things are improving
Sense 8: processing a photosensitive material
Sense 9: (music) the section of a composition

Wait, "development of cancer" -> is it sense 2 or 3?
"development of such scourges as cancer"
Could it be sense 2? "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage"
Or maybe sense 3? "the process of an individual organism growing organically" - cancer is not an individual organism.
Let's search for "development of cancer" in WordNet or similar datasets.
Actually, the development of a disease is often sense 2.
Let's re-read sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
Let's re-read sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically..."
Cancer is a disease, not an organism. So sense 2 is more appropriate.
Wait, let's look at the context again: "the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
Is there any other sense?
What about "development" as in "the process of developing"?
Let's consider "development" in the context of disease. "development of cancer"
In WordNet, "development" has:
1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation
5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful
6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose
7. a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess)
8. processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible
9. (music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

If I have to choose between 2 and 3, 2 is "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". Cancer passes from healthy cells to cancerous cells, a different stage.
Wait, let's look at the exact phrase: "development of such scourges as cancer".
Is it possible that it's sense 2? Yes.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"development" of a disease.
Could it be sense 2? "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization"
What about "development" of cancer?
In SemCor or similar datasets, "development of cancer" might be annotated as sense 2.
Let's think if "development" here means "the process of coming into being".
Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
This fits "development of cancer" (from normal cells to cancerous cells, passing by degrees to a different stage).
Let's consider sense 3: "the process of an individual organism growing organically". Cancer is not an individual organism.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"development of such scourges as cancer"
Scourge: a person or thing that causes great trouble or suffering.
The process of cancer coming into being and progressing.
Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
Synonyms: evolution.
This matches the gradual process of cells becoming cancerous.

Let's review the options.
1. act of improving... (no)
2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage... (yes)
3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically... (no, cancer is not an organism)
4. a recent event... (no)
5. the act of making some area of land... (no)
6. a district... (no)
7. a state in which things are improving... (no)
8. processing a photosensitive material... (no)
9. (music)... (no)

So sense 2 is the only logical choice.
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.
Wait, could it be 3 because it's biology? "biology" is in the gloss, but the gloss specifically says "individual organism growing organically". Cancer is a disease, a condition, not an individual organism. So 2 is better.
Let's confirm.
"development of cancer" -> process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage.
Yes, 2.
I am confident in 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scourge
Target surface form: scourges
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scourge%1:06:00:: | definition=a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) | synonyms=flagellum
2. sense_key=scourge%1:26:00:: | definition=something causing misery or death | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life
3. sense_key=scourge%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "scourges" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The context refers to cancers (brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix) as "scourges".
Cancer is a disease causing misery or death.
Sense 1: a whip used to inflict punishment. (Incorrect)
Sense 2: something causing misery or death. Synonyms: bane, curse, nemesis. (Correct, cancer is a bane/curse causing misery or death).
Sense 3: a person who inspires fear or dread. (Incorrect, cancer is not a person).

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the given context.
Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The context is clearly about the disease, malignant growth or tumor.
Candidate senses:
1. any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division...
2. astrology
3. constellation
4. zodiac sign
5. genus Cancer

The best sense is 1.
I need to return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.
No hedging.
Only the JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "brain" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The context refers to the physical organ, the part of the central nervous system enclosed within the skull, which can develop cancer.
Sense 1: "that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord" (encephalon).
Sense 2: mental ability.
Sense 3: mind, head, psyche.
Sense 4: genius.
Sense 5: brain of certain animals used as meat.

The context clearly refers to the physical organ (cancer of the brain).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: skin
Target surface form: skin
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "skin" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The context refers to "cancer of the skin", which is the natural protective body covering of a human.
Sense 1: "a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch" (tegument, cutis).
Sense 2: "an outer surface (usually thin)" (e.g., airplane).
Sense 3: "body covering of a living animal" (hide, pelt).
Sense 4: "a person's skin regarded as their life".
Sense 5: "the rind of a fruit or vegetable".
Sense 6: "a bag serving as a container for liquids".

The context is about human cancer (brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate, as it refers to the human skin as a natural protective body covering.
Let's double check. Sense 1: "a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch".
Yes, "cancer of the skin" refers to the human body covering.
Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cervix
Target surface form: cervix
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cervix%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck
2. sense_key=cervix%1:08:02:: | definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cervix".
Context: "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
The context is talking about human cancers, specifically mentioning organs like brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.
Sense 1: neck (part of an organism that connects the head to the rest of the body).
Sense 2: necklike opening to the uterus (uterine cervix, cervix uteri).
Cancer of the cervix refers to cervical cancer, which is cancer of the uterine cervix.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "evidence".
Context: "There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

In the context, "evidence" refers to the basis for belief or knowledge on which to base belief, specifically "evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer". This matches sense 1 perfectly, as the example is "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling".

Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer" -> "evidence that [proposition]" -> basis for belief.
Sense 1: your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief.
Sense 2: an indication that makes something evident.
Sense 3: (law) ...

Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "people" in the context: "There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The context talks about human beings in general, specifically individuals who might inherit defective genes.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. Examples: old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience.
2. the body of citizens of a state or country.
3. members of a family line.
4. the common people generally.

In the context, "people" refers to human beings in general who might inherit defective versions of these genes. It is not restricted to a specific family line (though it mentions families later, "people" here is general), nor is it the citizenry or the common people. It's just human beings collectively.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "if people inherit defective versions of these genes" -> human beings.
Sense 1: any group of human beings collectively.
Yes, sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people <t>inherit</t> defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "inherit".
Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The context is about inheriting defective versions of genes.
Sense 1: obtain from someone after their death (e.g., a castle).
Sense 2: receive from a predecessor (e.g., problems from previous chair).
Sense 3: receive by genetic transmission (e.g., good eyesight from my mother).

The context clearly refers to genetic transmission ("defective versions of these genes", "prone to cancer", "haunt certain families").
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: versions
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "versions" in the context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
The context talks about "defective versions of these genes".
A gene can have different forms or variants.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint
2. something a little different from others of the same type (variant, variation, edition)
3. a written work recast in a new form
4. a written communication in a second language
5. a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something
6. manual turning of a fetus

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "something a little different from others of the same type", synonyms: variant, variation. A defective version of a gene is a variant of the gene.

Let's double check.
"defective versions of these genes" -> variants of these genes.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Sense index: 2.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "especially".
Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The word "especially" here means "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" (i.e., particularly prone to cancer).
Sense 1: to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common (synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially).
Sense 2: in a special manner (synonyms: specially).

"especially prone" means "particularly prone".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"they are especially prone to cancer" -> they are particularly prone to cancer.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Sense 2 is "in a special manner" (e.g., a specially arranged dinner).

I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cancer" in the given context.
Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The context is clearly about the disease, malignant growth or tumor.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

The best sense is 1.
I need to return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.
No hedging.
Only the JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explaining
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps <t>explaining</t>, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "explaining" in the context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The context means that inheriting defective genes serves as a reason or cause or justification for why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. make plain and comprehensible (explicate)
2. define
3. serve as a reason or cause or justification of (excuse)

In this context, the evidence (inheriting defective genes) serves as a reason or cause for why some cancers haunt certain families.
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "explaining why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> serving as a reason or cause for why some cancers haunt certain families.
Yes, sense 3.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finally
Target surface form: finally
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02:: | definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
2. sense_key=finally%4:02:00:: | definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
3. sense_key=finally%4:02:03:: | definition=the item at the end | synonyms=last, lastly, in conclusion | examples=last, I'll discuss family values

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "finally".
Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The word "finally" here means "as the end result of a succession or process" or "after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay" or "in conclusion".
Wait, "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Does it mean "at last" (after a long delay) or "in conclusion" or "ultimately"?
"perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This means "at last" or "ultimately" or "eventually".
Let's look at the senses:
1. after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay (eventually)
2. as the end result of a succession or process (ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last)
3. the item at the end (last, lastly, in conclusion)

"explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This is "at last" or "ultimately". It's the end result of a process of discovery or understanding.
"perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 1: after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay.
Sense 2: as the end result of a succession or process.
"explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This is "at last" or "ultimately".
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over".
Wait, "explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This means "at last" or "ultimately".
Let's consider "finally" as "at last" (sense 2).
"perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Could it be sense 1? "eventually"
"perhaps explaining, eventually, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
"perhaps explaining, ultimately, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
"ultimately" fits better. "explaining, ultimately, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Let's look at sense 2: "as the end result of a succession or process".
Yes, the process of research and discovery leads to this explanation.
Let's check sense 1: "after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay".
"explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
I think sense 2 is the best fit. "ultimately" is a synonym for sense 2.
"perhaps explaining, ultimately, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Let's re-read the context. "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This is "at last" or "ultimately".
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's consider sense 1 vs 2.
Sense 1: after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay.
Sense 2: as the end result of a succession or process.
"explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This is the end result of the research process.
I'll go with 2.
Let's double check.
"perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
"finally" here means "at last" or "ultimately".
Synonyms for 2: ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last.
Synonyms for 1: eventually.
"explaining, ultimately, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families." -> makes perfect sense.
"explaining, eventually, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families." -> also makes sense, but "ultimately" is better for "explaining why".
I will output 2.