[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: Study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. <t>Study</t> after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Study" in the context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
The phrase "Study after study" refers to written documents or reports describing the findings of some individual or group (like the Brookings Institution).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. detailed critical inspection (survey)
2. applying the mind to learning
3. a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report) - "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"
4. a state of deep mental absorption
5. a room used for reading
6. a branch of knowledge
7. preliminary drawing
8. attentive consideration and meditation
9. someone who memorizes quickly
10. a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

Sense 3 fits perfectly: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group". The Brookings Institution produces such studies/reports. "Study after study" means report after report.

Let's double check.
"Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that..."
Yes, this is a written document describing findings.
Sense 3 is the best match.
Sense index: 3.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 3}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
The target word is "study".
The phrase "Study after study" refers to written documents or reports describing the findings of some individual or group (like the Brookings Institution).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. detailed critical inspection (survey)
2. applying the mind to learning (work)
3. a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report) - example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"
4. a state of deep mental absorption
5. a room used for reading
6. a branch of knowledge
7. preliminary drawing
8. attentive consideration and meditation
9. someone who memorizes quickly
10. a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

Sense 3 fits perfectly: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group". The Brookings Institution produces such studies/reports.
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 3.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "most" in the context: "Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference..."
The phrase is "the most recent".
"most" here is used to form the superlative of "recent".
Sense 1: used to form the superlative. Synonyms: to the highest degree. Examples: the king cobra is the most dangerous snake.
Sense 2: very. Examples: a most welcome relief.
Sense 3: almost.

"the most recent" -> superlative.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "most recent" -> superlative of recent.
Sense 1 is correct.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tells
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tells" in the context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
The subject is "Study after study".
The verb is "tells".
The object is "us".
The complement is "that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference..."
This means the study expresses in words, states, or says something.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite
4. give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority
5. discern or comprehend
6. inform positively and with certainty and confidence
7. give evidence
8. mark as different

Sense 1: "express in words" (state, say). "Study after study tells us that..." -> "Study after study states/says that..." This fits perfectly.
Sense 2: "let something be known".
Sense 3: "narrate or give a detailed account of".
Sense 6: "inform positively and with certainty and confidence".

"tells us that" is a classic example of "express in words" or "state".
Let's check sense 1: "express in words" (state, say).
"Study after study tells us that..." -> "Study after study states that..."
Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2. Sense 1 is "express in words" (state, say). "tell me what is bothering you", "He said that he wanted to marry her".
"tells us that the best schools are..." -> "states that the best schools are..."
This is exactly sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different

"tells us that" -> "states that". Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, "Study after study tells us that..."
Is it "express in words"? Yes, a study expresses in words (states) a finding.
I'm confident in 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "best" in the context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
The word "best" is used as an adjective modifying "schools".
It means having the most positive qualities, the highest quality.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card

Sense 1 is the superlative of 'good', having the most positive qualities. "the best schools" fits perfectly.
Let's double check.
"the best schools are those that are free of outside interference" -> having the most positive qualities.
Sense 1 is the exact match for "best" as an adjective meaning superlative of good.
Sense 2 is "best" as an adverb/adjective meaning advisable (e.g., "it is best to do X").
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The target lemma is "best", surface form "best".
Sense 1: best%3:00:00::
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "schools" in the context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The context talks about educational institutions having principals, faculty, curriculum, student discipline, and being governed by a powerful head.
Sense 1: an educational institution (the school was founded in 1900)
Sense 2: a building where young people receive education (schoolhouse)
Sense 3: the process of being formally educated at a school (schooling)
Sense 4: a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers
Sense 5: the period of instruction in a school
Sense 6: an educational institution's faculty and students
Sense 7: a large group of fish

The context refers to "schools" as institutions that have principals, faculty, curriculum, etc. "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." This clearly refers to the educational institution itself, not just the building, the process, the faculty/students, or the period of instruction.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"schools should have principals" -> institutions.
"the best schools are those that are free of outside interference" -> institutions.
Sense 1: an educational institution.

Matches perfectly.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outside
Target surface form: outside
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outside%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit | examples=an outside margin
2. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 | definition=coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income
3. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:external:00 | definition=originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests
4. sense_key=outside%3:00:04:: | definition=located, suited for, or taking place in the open air | synonyms=outdoor, out-of-door | examples=outdoor clothes; badminton and other outdoor games
5. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 | definition=functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit | examples=extramural hospital care and treatment; extramural studies
6. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 | definition=leading to or from the outside | examples=an outside door
7. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 | definition=from or between other countries | synonyms=external, international | examples=external commerce; international trade
8. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=very unlikely | synonyms=remote | examples=an outside chance; a remote possibility
9. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:outer:00 | definition=on or toward an outer edge | examples=an outer lane; the outside lane
10. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 | definition=(of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter | synonyms=away | examples=the pitch was away (or wide); an outside pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "outside" in the context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head."
The phrase is "outside interference".
This means interference coming from the outside, external to the school.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit
2. coming from the outside (external, extraneous)
3. originating or belonging beyond some bounds (the outside world; outside interests)
4. located, suited for, or taking place in the open air
5. functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit
6. leading to or from the outside
7. from or between other countries
8. very unlikely
9. on or toward an outer edge
10. (of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter

"outside interference" -> interference coming from the outside.
Sense 2: "coming from the outside" (synonyms: external, extraneous).
Sense 3: "originating or belonging beyond some bounds" (the outside world; outside interests).
Wait, "outside interference" is interference coming from the outside.
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income".
Sense 3: "the outside world; outside interests".
Is "outside interference" closer to "coming from the outside" (sense 2) or "originating or belonging beyond some bounds" (sense 3)?
Actually, "outside interference" is a very common collocation.
Let's consider "outside" as an adjective.
"outside interference" -> interference from outside the school.
Sense 2: coming from the outside.
Sense 3: originating or belonging beyond some bounds.
Let's look at WordNet for "outside".
outside (adj)
1. outside (relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit)
2. outside, external, extraneous (coming from the outside) "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income"
3. outside (originating or belonging beyond some bounds) "the outside world; outside interests"
4. outside, outdoor, out-of-door (located, suited for, or taking place in the open air)
5. outside, extramural (functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit)
6. outside (leading to or from the outside) "an outside door"
7. outside, external, international (from or between other countries)
8. outside, remote (very unlikely)
9. outside, outer (on or toward an outer edge)
10. outside, away ((of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter)

"outside interference" -> interference coming from the outside.
Sense 2: "coming from the outside".
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"outside interference" is interference that comes from the outside.
Sense 2 fits perfectly: "coming from the outside".
Let's double check sense 3: "originating or belonging beyond some bounds".
"outside interference" is interference from outside the school.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's search for "outside interference" in WordNet or similar.
"outside interference" -> external, extraneous.
Sense 2: coming from the outside.
Yes, "outside interference" is interference coming from the outside.
I'll go with 2.
Let's review the context: "free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
This means interference from external sources.
Sense 2: coming from the outside.
Synonyms: external, extraneous.
This matches perfectly.
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interference
Target surface form: interference
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about schools being free of outside "interference" and governed by a powerful head.
The sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
Here, "interference" refers to the act of intervening or hindering, specifically outside intervention or hindrance in the affairs of the school.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Wait, "outside interference" in the context of schools and governance. Is it sense 1 (policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries - wait, WordNet might have a broader sense for intervention, but the definition says "other countries")? No, sense 1 is specifically "other countries".
Let's check sense 2: "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding".
Let's check sense 5: "any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome".
Wait, sense 2 is "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding".
Is there a sense for "intervention in the affairs of others"?
Let's re-read sense 1: "a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries". That's too specific.
What about sense 2? "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding".
Let's consider "outside interference". It means outside intervention or hindrance.
Is there another sense?
Let's look at WordNet for "interference".
1. interference (the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding)
2. interference (a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries)
3. interference (electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication)
4. interference ((American football) blocking a player's path with your body)
5. interference (any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome)

Wait, "outside interference" in schools. It's the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding. Or is it "intervention"?
If sense 1 is "a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries", it doesn't fit schools.
Sense 2: "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding". This fits "outside interference" (hindering the school's governance).
Let's check if there is an "intervention" sense that is broader. No, the definition says "other countries".
So sense 2 is the best fit. "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding".
Let's double check sense 2 vs sense 5.
Sense 2 is an act. "free of outside interference" -> free of the act of hindering or obstructing.
Sense 5 is "any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome".
"outside interference" is usually an act of interfering.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 2: hindrance, hinderance.
Synonyms for sense 5: hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance.
"interference" in "outside interference" is the act of interfering.
I'll go with 2.
Let's review the context: "free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
This means no one from the outside is hindering or obstructing the school's operations.
Sense 2: the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding.
Yes, 2 is the most appropriate.
Let's consider if "interference" could be sense 1 but the definition is just poorly phrased in WordNet. WordNet 3.1:
interference n
1. the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding
2. a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries
3. electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication
4. (American football) blocking a player's path with your body
5. any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome

So sense 2 is "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding".
I will output 2.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "free of outside interference".
Is it sense 2? Yes.
I am confident in 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: govern
Target surface form: governed
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: | definition=bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations | synonyms=regulate, regularize, regularise, order | examples=We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate
2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: | definition=direct or strongly influence the behavior of | examples=His belief in God governs his conduct
3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authority over; as of nations | synonyms=rule | examples=Who is governing the country now?
4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: | definition=require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood | examples=most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "governed" in the context: "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
The context talks about schools being governed by a powerful head (principal).
Sense 1: bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations (regulate, regularize, order)
Sense 2: direct or strongly influence the behavior of
Sense 3: exercise authority over; as of nations (rule)
Sense 4: require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood

In the context, "governed by a powerful head" means the powerful head exercises authority over the schools.
Wait, "exercise authority over; as of nations" -> "rule".
Is it sense 3? "Who is governing the country now?"
Let's check sense 3: "exercise authority over; as of nations". Synonyms: rule.
The context says "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty... the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
This perfectly matches "exercise authority over".
Let's double check sense 1: "bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations".
Sense 3 is "exercise authority over; as of nations". The "as of nations" is just an example in the gloss, but the definition is "exercise authority over".
Yes, "governed by a powerful head" means the head exercises authority over the school.
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. regulate
2. direct or strongly influence the behavior of
3. exercise authority over; as of nations
4. grammatical case

"governed by a powerful head" -> the head exercises authority over the school.
Sense 3 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: powerful
Target surface form: powerful
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms
2. sense_key=powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 | definition=strong enough to knock down or overwhelm | synonyms=knock-down | examples=a knock-down blow
3. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent
4. sense_key=powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 | definition=(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful | synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy | examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer
5. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 | definition=displaying superhuman strength or power | synonyms=herculean | examples=herculean exertions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "powerful" in the context: "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
The context talks about a school principal having "a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
This implies having great influence or authority.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. having great power or force or potency or effect (e.g., powerful government, powerful arms)
2. strong enough to knock down or overwhelm (knock-down)
3. having great influence (potent)
4. possessing physical strength and weight (brawny, hefty, muscular)
5. displaying superhuman strength or power (herculean)

Sense 3: "having great influence" (synonyms: potent). A "powerful head" (principal) has great influence/authority over the school.
Wait, let's re-read sense 1: "having great power or force or potency or effect".
Sense 3: "having great influence".
The context says: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty... governed by a powerful head."
Authority and influence are closely related.
Let's check the examples for sense 3: "having great influence".
Is "powerful head" more about influence or power/force?
"powerful" modifying "head" (as in head of a school, principal).
A powerful head has great influence.
Let's consider "powerful" in WordNet.
Sense 3: powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent
Sense 1: powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms

Actually, "powerful" meaning "having great influence" fits "powerful head" (influential head).
Let's see: "governed by a powerful head."
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
"having great influence" -> potent.
"having great power or force or potency or effect" -> powerful government.
A "powerful head" of a school has authority, which is a form of power or influence.
Let's look at similar examples. "a powerful leader" -> influential.
"powerful" as "influential" is sense 3.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"having great influence" (sense 3) seems very appropriate for a person in a position of authority (a head/principal) who governs the school.
Let's choose sense 3.
Wait, let's re-evaluate sense 1 vs sense 3.
Sense 1: having great power or force or potency or effect.
Sense 3: having great influence.
"governed by a powerful head" -> a head who has great influence/authority.
I will go with sense 3.
Let's double check.
"powerful" -> influential.
Yes, "influential" is a synonym for sense 3.
"governed by a powerful head" -> a head with great influence.
I'll select 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: head
Target surface form: head
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=head%1:08:00:: | definition=the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains | synonyms=caput | examples=he stuck his head out the window
2. sense_key=head%1:05:00:: | definition=a single domestic animal | examples=200 head of cattle
3. sense_key=head%1:09:00:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, brain, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=head%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who is in charge | synonyms=chief, top dog | examples=the head of the whole operation
5. sense_key=head%1:14:00:: | definition=the front of a military formation or procession | examples=the head of the column advanced boldly; they were at the head of the attack
6. sense_key=head%1:19:00:: | definition=the pressure exerted by a fluid | examples=a head of steam
7. sense_key=head%1:15:00:: | definition=the top of something | examples=the head of the stairs; the head of the page
8. sense_key=head%1:15:01:: | definition=the source of water from which a stream arises | synonyms=fountainhead, headspring | examples=they tracked him back toward the head of the stream
9. sense_key=head%1:10:03:: | definition=(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent | synonyms=head word
10. sense_key=head%1:26:00:: | definition=the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
11. sense_key=head%1:23:00:: | definition=the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head | examples=he is two heads taller than his little sister; his horse won by a head
12. sense_key=head%1:20:00:: | definition=a dense cluster of flowers or foliage | synonyms=capitulum | examples=a head of cauliflower; a head of lettuce
13. sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
14. sense_key=head%1:18:03:: | definition=an individual person | examples=tickets are $5 per head
15. sense_key=head%1:18:02:: | definition=a user of (usually soft) drugs | examples=the office was full of secret heads
16. sense_key=head%1:17:02:: | definition=a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) | synonyms=promontory, headland, foreland
17. sense_key=head%1:17:01:: | definition=a rounded compact mass | examples=the head of a comet
18. sense_key=head%1:17:00:: | definition=the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container | examples=the beer had a large head of foam
19. sense_key=head%1:15:02:: | definition=the part in the front or nearest the viewer | synonyms=forefront | examples=he was in the forefront; he was at the head of the column
20. sense_key=head%1:11:01:: | definition=a difficult juncture | synonyms=pass, straits | examples=a pretty pass; matters came to a head yesterday
21. sense_key=head%1:11:00:: | definition=forward movement | synonyms=headway | examples=the ship made little headway against the gale
22. sense_key=head%1:10:01:: | definition=a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer | synonyms=point | examples=the point of the arrow was due north
23. sense_key=head%1:10:02:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=question | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
24. sense_key=head%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about | synonyms=heading, header | examples=the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
25. sense_key=head%1:08:01:: | definition=the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint | examples=the head of the humerus
26. sense_key=head%1:08:02:: | definition=that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
27. sense_key=head%1:06:05:: | definition=(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk | synonyms=read/write head
28. sense_key=head%1:06:04:: | definition=(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head | examples=call heads or tails!
29. sense_key=head%1:06:03:: | definition=the striking part of a tool | examples=the head of the hammer
30. sense_key=head%1:06:02:: | definition=(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
31. sense_key=head%1:06:00:: | definition=a projection out from one end; , | examples=the head of the nail; a pinhead is the head of a pin
32. sense_key=head%1:06:01:: | definition=a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum | synonyms=drumhead
33. sense_key=head%1:04:00:: | definition=oral stimulation of the genitals | synonyms=oral sex | examples=they say he gives good head

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."
The sentence before says: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
So "head" here refers to the principal or the educator who has executive authority for a school.
Let's check the candidate senses.
Sense 13: sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
This perfectly matches the context.
Let's double check.
"schools should have principals... governed by a powerful head."
Yes, sense 13 is the best fit.
Sense 4 is "a person who is in charge", but sense 13 is specifically "the educator who has executive authority for a school", which is more specific and perfectly matches "schools" and "principals".
I will output 13.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "authority" in the context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The context talks about principals having a large measure of authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. This refers to the power or right to give orders or make decisions.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "the power or right to give orders or make decisions". The principal has authority over the faculty, curriculum, and discipline.

Let's double check.
"principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty" -> power or right to give orders or make decisions.
"With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." -> power/right to make decisions.

Sense 1 is the best match.
Sense 6 is "official permission or approval", which is not quite right here (it's about the principal's power, not a permission granted to them, though related, sense 1 is the direct "power or right to give orders").
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_with
Target surface form: goes
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "goes" (lemma: go_with).
Context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."
Meaning: Accountability is present or associated with that authority.
Candidate 1: be present or associated with an event or entity (attach to, accompany, come with). Example: French fries come with the hamburger.
Candidate 2: go or occur together (collocate with, construe with, cooccur with). Example: The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'.

In the context, "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability" means accountability comes with or is associated with that authority. This matches Candidate 1 (be present or associated with an event or entity).

Let's check Candidate 1: "be present or associated with an event or entity" -> "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." Accountability is associated with authority.
Candidate 2 is about words collocating or cooccurring.

Therefore, Candidate 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unambiguous
Target surface form: unambiguous
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "unambiguous".
Context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."
Candidate senses:
1. having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning;
2. admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion.

"unambiguous accountability" means accountability that admits of no doubt or misunderstanding. It's not about a single clearly defined meaning of a word, but rather a clear, unquestionable state of being accountable.
Sense 2: admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion. Synonyms: unequivocal, univocal. Examples: unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position.
"unambiguous accountability" aligns perfectly with "unequivocal accountability" or "admitting of no doubt".

Let's check sense 1: "having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning". This is more about language/meaning.
Sense 2 is about admitting no doubt or misunderstanding, which fits "accountability" better.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Double check:
"unambiguous accountability" -> accountability that is clear, without doubt.
Sense 2: admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: Schools
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. <t>Schools</t> that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Schools" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
The context discusses educational institutions, specifically their structure, principals, faculty, curriculum, and student discipline.
Sense 1: an educational institution. Examples: the school was founded in 1900.
Sense 2: a building where young people receive education.
Sense 3: the process of being formally educated at a school.
Sense 6: an educational institution's faculty and students.

"Schools that are structured in this way produce students..." refers to the educational institutions themselves, not just the building, the process, or the faculty/students.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
"Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
This clearly refers to the educational institution as an organization.
Sense 1: an educational institution.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "way" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
The phrase is "structured in this way".
This refers to the manner or mode in which the schools are structured.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares

"structured in this way" means "structured in this manner" or "structured in this mode".
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "how something is done or how it happens", synonyms: manner, mode, style, fashion.
"Schools that are structured in this manner..."

Let's double check.
"Schools that are structured in this way" -> "way" = manner, mode.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1: way%1:07:01::
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way <t>produce</t> students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "produce" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
The context means that these schools cause students with higher morale and superior academic performance to happen, occur, or exist.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. bring forth or yield (The tree would not produce fruit)
2. create or manufacture a man-made product (We produce more cars than we can sell)
3. cause to happen, occur or exist (This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints)
4. bring out for display (The proud father produced many pictures of his baby)
5. cultivate by growing (The Bordeaux region produces great red wines)
6. bring onto the market or release (produce a movie)
7. come to have or undergo a change of (He grew a beard)

"produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance" means causing this state or outcome to happen or exist.
Sense 3: "cause to happen, occur or exist" fits best. "Schools that are structured in this way cause to happen students with higher morale..." or "give rise to students with higher morale".
Wait, sense 1 is "bring forth or yield". "Schools yield students with higher morale".
Let's check the examples for sense 3: "This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints".
"produce students with higher morale" -> cause to happen, occur or exist.
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
"produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance"
"produce" here means "cause to happen, occur or exist" or "bring forth or yield"?
Actually, "produce" in the sense of "cause to happen, occur or exist" (sense 3) is often used for effects, results, outcomes. "produce students with higher morale" is producing an outcome.
Let's consider "bring forth or yield" (sense 1). "The tree would not produce fruit".
"Schools produce students" - schools yield students? No, schools cause students to have higher morale, or cause the existence of students with higher morale.
Wait, "produce" meaning "cause to happen, occur or exist" (sense 3) is very close.
Let's look at similar examples. "The new law gave rise to many complaints." "This procedure produces a curious effect."
"Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale..."
Could it be sense 3? Yes, "cause to happen, occur or exist".
Let's re-read sense 3: "cause to happen, occur or exist".
Let's re-read sense 1: "bring forth or yield".
If a school produces students, it's bringing them forth? No, it's causing the state of students having higher morale to exist.
Actually, sense 3 is "cause to happen, occur or exist".
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"produce students with higher morale" -> cause to exist.
I will choose sense 3.
Wait, let's think if "produce" here means "bring forth or yield" (sense 1). "The tree produces fruit." "The school produces students."
But the object is "students with higher morale and superior academic performance", which is an outcome or effect.
Sense 3: "cause to happen, occur or exist". Synonyms: bring about, give rise.
"Schools that are structured in this way bring about students with higher morale..." -> "bring about a situation where students have higher morale".
Yes, sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"produce" (verb)
1. bring forth or yield
3. cause to happen, occur or exist
In "produce students with higher morale", it's causing the existence of such students.
I'll go with 3.
Wait, "produce" as in "yield" (sense 1) might be used for "produce results", "produce students". But "cause to happen, occur or exist" is more abstract and fits "produce students with higher morale" (i.e., cause them to exist / bring about).
Let's choose 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "students" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
The context talks about American students doing poorly in math tests, schools, principals, faculty, curriculum, student discipline, and producing students with higher morale and superior academic performance.
This clearly refers to learners enrolled in an educational institution.
Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (pupil, educatee).
Sense 2: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (scholar, scholarly person, bookman).

The context is about school students, so Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "higher" (lemma: high).
Context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
The word "higher" modifies "morale".
Morale is a degree or intensity or amount.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug

"higher morale" means morale that is greater in degree or intensity.
Sense 1: "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount" fits "higher morale" perfectly.
Let's double check. "higher morale" -> morale is an amount/degree/intensity.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount.
Yes, "higher morale" means morale of a greater degree.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's see if 3 could be it. "standing above others in quality or position". Morale is not a position.
So 1 is the best.
Context: "higher morale"
Sense 1: greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount.
Matches perfectly.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}