[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: book
Target surface form: book
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent <t>book</t> summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=book%1:10:00:: | definition=a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together) | examples=I am reading a good book on economics
2. sense_key=book%1:06:00:: | definition=physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together | synonyms=volume | examples=he used a large book as a doorstop
3. sense_key=book%1:10:02:: | definition=a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone | synonyms=record, record book | examples=Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'; his name is in all the record books
4. sense_key=book%1:10:01:: | definition=a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance | synonyms=script, playscript
5. sense_key=book%1:21:00:: | definition=a record in which commercial accounts are recorded | synonyms=ledger, leger, account book, book of account | examples=they got a subpoena to examine our books
6. sense_key=book%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game
7. sense_key=book%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made | synonyms=rule book | examples=they run things by the book around here
8. sense_key=book%1:10:05:: | definition=the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | synonyms=Koran, Quran, al-Qur'an
9. sense_key=book%1:10:04:: | definition=the sacred writings of the Christian religions | synonyms=Bible, Christian Bible, Good Book, Holy Scripture, Holy Writ, Scripture | examples=he went to carry the Word to the heathen
10. sense_key=book%1:10:03:: | definition=a major division of a long written composition | examples=the book of Isaiah
11. sense_key=book%1:06:02:: | definition=a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge | examples=he bought a book of stamps

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "book" in the context: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The context refers to a published written work, specifically "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp."

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=book%1:10:00:: | definition=a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together) | examples=I am reading a good book on economics
2. sense_key=book%1:06:00:: | definition=physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together | synonyms=volume | examples=he used a large book as a doorstop
3. sense_key=book%1:10:02:: | definition=a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone | synonyms=record, record book | examples=Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'; his name is in all the record books
4. sense_key=book%1:10:01:: | definition=a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance | synonyms=script, playscript
5. sense_key=book%1:21:00:: | definition=a record in which commercial accounts are recorded | synonyms=ledger, leger, account book, book of account | examples=they got a subpoena to examine our books
6. sense_key=book%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game
7. sense_key=book%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made | synonyms=rule book | examples=they run things by the book around here
8. sense_key=book%1:10:05:: | definition=the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | synonyms=Koran, Quran, al-Qur'an
9. sense_key=book%1:10:04:: | definition=the sacred writings of the Christian religions | synonyms=Bible, Christian Bible, Good Book, Holy Scripture, Holy Writ, Scripture | examples=he went to carry the Word to the heathen
10. sense_key=book%1:10:03:: | definition=a major division of a long written composition | examples=the book of Isaiah
11. sense_key=book%1:06:02:: | definition=a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge | examples=he bought a book of stamps

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)". The example "I am reading a good book on economics" is very similar to "a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
End of reasoning.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "immigration".
Context: "...summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

In the context, "knowledge of immigration" and "Restraining immigration" refers to the process or phenomenon of migration into a place, not the specific body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "knowledge of immigration" -> the phenomenon of migration into a place. "Restraining immigration" -> restraining the process of migration into a place.
Sense 1: migration into a place.
Sense 2: the body of immigrants.
Sense 1 is clearly the correct one.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: People
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "People" in the context of the book title "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future".
The context discusses immigrants, migration flows, and human beings collectively.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. Examples: old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience.
2. the body of citizens of a state or country.
3. members of a family line.
4. the common people generally.

In the book title "Exceptional People", it refers to human beings collectively, specifically immigrants or migrants as a group of human beings.
Sense 1 fits best: "any group of human beings collectively".
Let's double check. "Exceptional People" refers to exceptional human beings.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Context: "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future"
"people" here means human beings collectively.
Sense 1: (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively.
I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: Migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Migration" in the context of "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future".
The context discusses "immigration", "immigrants", "migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
This clearly refers to the movement of persons from one country or locality to another.
Sense 1: the movement of persons from one country or locality to another.
Sense 2: a group of people migrating together.
Sense 3: chemistry.
Sense 4: animals.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: Future
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Future" in the context: "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future".
The context talks about how migration will shape the world and define the time yet to come.
Sense 1: the time yet to come (hereafter, futurity, time to come).
Sense 2: a verb tense.
Sense 3: bulk commodities.

Clearly, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
The output format must be a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: specialist
Target surface form: specialists
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "specialists".
Context: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
The specialists here are experts in a branch of learning (economics, migration studies), not medical specialists.
Sense 1: an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning.
Sense 2: practices one branch of medicine.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "impact" in the context: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
The context talks about the effect or consequence of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. impact%1:11:00:: - the striking of one body against another (physical collision)
2. impact%1:19:00:: - a forceful consequence; a strong effect (synonyms: wallop, examples: the book had an important impact on my thinking)
3. impact%1:04:00:: - influencing strongly (synonyms: impingement, encroachment)
4. impact%1:04:01:: - the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat (synonyms: shock)

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect". The context mentions "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth", which is a strong effect or consequence.
Sense 3 is "influencing strongly" (impingement, encroachment), which has a slightly different nuance (often negative or intrusive, like "impingement of American values").
Sense 2 is the best fit for "positive impact ... on economic growth".

Let's double check.
"positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" -> a strong effect.
Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect"
Examples: "the book had an important impact on my thinking"
This matches the usage of "impact" as an effect or consequence.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "migration".
Context: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
The context is about the movement of persons (immigrants) from one country to another.
Sense 1: the movement of persons from one country or locality to another.
Sense 2: a group of people migrating together.
Sense 3: chemistry.
Sense 4: animals.

The context clearly refers to the movement of persons (immigrants) from one country to another.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "migration flows" -> movement of persons.
Sense 1: the movement of persons from one country or locality to another.
Matches perfectly.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "flows" in the context: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
The word "flows" refers to the movement or continuous progression of migration (people moving).
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. motion characteristic of fluids
2. amount of fluid that flows in a given time
3. the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression (synonyms: stream)
4. any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously (synonyms: stream, examples: a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors)
6. dominant course of successive events or ideas
7. menstruation

Sense 5 fits perfectly: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously", with the example "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors". Migration flows are exactly a stream of people moving continuously.

Let's double check sense 3 vs sense 5.
Sense 3: the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression.
Sense 5: something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously. Examples: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors".
"migration flows" refers to the people moving, which resembles a flowing stream. The example "flow of visitors" is very close to "migration flows".

Therefore, sense 5 is the best match.
Let's review the exact text: "migration flows".
Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously"
Synonyms: stream
Examples: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors"

Yes, sense 5 is the most appropriate.
I will return {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "employment".
Context: "...positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
The context talks about the macroeconomic concept of employment (the state of being employed or having a job, or the aggregate level of jobs/employment in a country).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Wait, "employment" in the context of "economic growth, wages and employment" refers to the state of being employed or having a job (macroeconomic level, employment rate, etc.).
Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job"
Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" (a specific job)
Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job"
Sense 4: "the act of using"

In macroeconomics, "employment" refers to the state of being employed or having a job (aggregate employment).
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "they are looking for employment"
Sense 1 is the best fit for the macroeconomic concept of employment (as opposed to a specific occupation, which is sense 2).
Wait, "harms employment" -> harms the state of being employed.
Let's choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read the definition of sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job".
Is there any other sense? No.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "countries" in the context: "...positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
The context talks about "countries" as politically organized bodies of people under a single government, or nations/states that admit immigrants.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

In the context, "countries, which admit immigrants" refers to nations or states (politically organized bodies of people under a single government) that have immigration policies.
Sense 1 fits best: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (state, nation, land).
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2. Sense 2 is "the territory occupied by a nation". The context says "countries, which admit immigrants". It's the political entity (the state/nation) that admits immigrants, not just the territory.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the examples for sense 1: "African nations". This matches "countries, which admit immigrants".
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "immigration".
Context: "Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
The context discusses the concept of migration into a country, specifically the act or process of migrating into a place (especially to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there).
Sense 1: migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
Sense 2: the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

"Restraining immigration" refers to the process or act of migration into a place, not the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"Restraining immigration" -> restraining the act of migration into a place.
Sense 1 is the correct sense.
Index: 1.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "growth" in the context: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
The context is about economic growth, wages, and employment.
Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" (synonyms: increase, increment; examples: the increase in unemployment; the growth of population). This fits "economic growth" (becoming larger/more important).
Let's check the other senses:
1. biology
2. progression from simpler to more complex forms (growth of culture)
3. process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment)
4. vegetation
5. gradual beginning or coming forth
6. pathology (tumor)
7. something grown or growing (hair)

Economic growth is an increase in the size or importance of the economy. Sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "anaemic growth" means a slow increase.
Sense 3 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "employment".
Context: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
The context discusses the impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment in countries.
"employment" here refers to the state of being employed or having a job, or the general level of jobs in the economy.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

In the context "harms employment", it refers to the state of being employed or having a job (the general level of employment in the economy).
Wait, "the state of being employed or having a job" (sense 1) vs "the occupation for which you are paid" (sense 2).
"harms employment" -> harms the state of being employed (i.e., job availability, employment levels).
Sense 1: the state of being employed or having a job.
Sense 2: the occupation for which you are paid.
"harms employment" means harms the state of being employed (employment levels).
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city".
Wait, sense 1 is "the state of being employed or having a job".
Sense 2 is "the occupation for which you are paid".
"harms employment" -> harms the state of being employed.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment"
"employment" here is a macroeconomic concept, the state of being employed.
Sense 1: the state of being employed or having a job.
Sense 2: the occupation for which you are paid.
Sense 1 is more appropriate for the macroeconomic concept of employment.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's review sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: the state of being employed or having a job.
Sense 2: the occupation for which you are paid.
"harms employment" -> harms the state of being employed.
Yes, sense 1.
Let's confirm the sense index.
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00::
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Fears" in the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
The context discusses concerns or anxieties about the impact of immigrants on native workers and wages.
Sense 1: an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (fearfulness, fright).
Sense 2: an anxious feeling (concern, care). Example: "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction".
Sense 3: a feeling of profound respect (reverence, awe).

"Fears about the impact of immigrants" aligns best with "an anxious feeling" or "concern". It's not a visceral fright (Sense 1), nor is it reverence (Sense 3). It's a concern or anxious feeling about a societal/economic issue.
Let's check the examples for Sense 2: "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction". This matches "Fears about the impact of immigrants".
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.
Double check:
Sense 1: fearfulness, fright.
Sense 2: concern, care.
"Fears about the impact of immigrants" = concerns about the impact of immigrants.
So sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "impact" in the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
The context discusses the effect or consequence of immigrants on native workers and wages.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. the striking of one body against another
2. a forceful consequence; a strong effect (synonyms: wallop; examples: the book had an important impact on my thinking)
3. influencing strongly (synonyms: impingement, encroachment; examples: they resented the impingement of American values on European culture)
4. the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat

Wait, "impact" in "Fears about the impact of immigrants" means the effect or consequence.
Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect"
Sense 3: "influencing strongly" (impingement, encroachment)

Let's read the context again: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
Is it "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" or "influencing strongly"?
Actually, "impact" as a noun meaning "a strong effect" is sense 2.
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "the book had an important impact on my thinking"
In the context, "the impact of immigrants" refers to the effect they have on the economy/wages.
Sense 2 fits perfectly.
Let's double check sense 3: "influencing strongly" (impingement, encroachment). This is more about encroaching or intruding.
Sense 2 is "a forceful consequence; a strong effect".
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. physical striking
2. a forceful consequence; a strong effect
3. influencing strongly
4. violent interaction

"impact of immigrants" -> effect of immigrants.
So sense 2.
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "notion" in the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
The context talks about a belief or idea that immigrants are liable to replace native workers.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items

The "notion" here is a belief or opinion ("that they are liable to replace native workers").
Sense 1 fits best: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" (synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, opinion).
Wait, "notion that they are liable to replace native workers" is a belief or opinion.
Let's check sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" -> belief, opinion.
Is it sense 1? Yes, "belief, opinion" matches "notion that they are liable to replace native workers".
Let's double check sense 2: "a general inclusive concept". The notion here is a specific belief, not a general inclusive concept.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
This is a belief or opinion.
Sense 1: notion%1:09:02::
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, let's re-read the definition of sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed". Synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, opinion.
Yes, "belief" or "opinion" perfectly matches "notion that they are liable to replace native workers".
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "workers" in the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
The context discusses immigrants replacing native workers, specifically unskilled ones, and the impact on wages and employment.
Sense 1: a person who works at a specific occupation.
Sense 2: a member of the working class (not necessarily employed).
Sense 3: sterile member of a colony of social insects.
Sense 4: a person who acts and gets things done.

In this context, "native workers" refers to people who work at specific occupations (unskilled ones), or members of the working class. Let's look closely at Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
"native workers, in particular unskilled ones" - this refers to people working at specific occupations (unskilled workers).
Wait, "member of the working class" (Sense 2) has synonyms proletarian, prole, and example "workers of the world--unite!".
Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation" - example "he is a good worker".
"unskilled workers" is a common collocation for people working at a specific occupation (unskilled labor).
Let's consider "native workers". They are people who work.
Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
"native workers, in particular unskilled ones" -> "unskilled workers" fits "a person who works at a specific occupation" (unskilled occupation).
Let's check WordNet for "worker".
Sense 1: worker (a person who works at a specific occupation)
Sense 2: worker, workingman, workingman, working person (a member of the working class (not necessarily employed))
In the text: "replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones". This refers to people employed in unskilled occupations. So Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "unskilled workers" are people who work at a specific (unskilled) occupation.
Yes, Sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
This is about employment and wages, so they are people who work at a specific occupation.
I will choose Sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed)
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done

"unskilled ones" modifies "workers", meaning workers in unskilled occupations. This perfectly matches "a person who works at a specific occupation".
Therefore, Sense 1.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
Here, "ones" refers to "native workers", specifically "unskilled native workers".
It is a pronoun referring to a single person or thing (or in this case, plural, but the sense is "a single person or thing" or "a person or thing of the kind already mentioned or under discussion").
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing

"ones" here means "workers" (a single person or thing, pluralized).
So sense 2 is the correct one.
Let's double check. "unskilled ones" -> "unskilled workers". "one" as a pronoun referring to a person or thing.
Sense 2: "a single person or thing".
Yes, sense 2.
Format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "pressure" in the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
The phrase is "downward pressure on wages".
This refers to a force that compels or influences something (wages) to go down.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. physical force per unit area.
2. a force that compels (e.g., public pressure, downward pressure on wages).
3. the act of pressing.
4. the state of demanding notice or attention.
5. somatic sensation.
6. an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress.
7. atmospheric pressure.

"downward pressure on wages" is a metaphorical force that compels wages to decrease.
Sense 2: "a force that compels" - examples: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government". This fits the metaphorical use of "pressure" as an influencing force.
Wait, let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 6: "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress". "downward pressure" is not an oppressive condition itself, but a force that compels wages down.
Sense 2 is the best fit for "exerting downward pressure on wages".

Let's review the definition of sense 2: "a force that compels".
Synonyms: none listed, but examples: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government".
In economics, "downward pressure on wages" means a force that compels wages to go down.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.
Let's confirm.
"exerting downward pressure on wages" -> a force that compels.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "experience".
Context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."
Here, "experience" refers to the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities, or the collective knowledge gained over time.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

In the context, "experience shows that..." means the accumulated knowledge or past events/observations collectively show something. This aligns with sense 1: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities". "Experience is the best teacher" is a similar usage.

Let's double check.
"experience shows that" -> the accumulated knowledge from past events.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Sense 2 is about a specific event's content.
Sense 3 is about a specific event as apprehended.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "replacements" in the context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
The context talks about immigrants replacing native workers.
The word "replacements" here refers to people who take the place of another person (native workers).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another (replacing)
2. someone who takes the place of another person (surrogate, alternate)
3. an event in which one thing is substituted for another (substitution, permutation, transposition, switch)
4. a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another (substitute)
5. filling again by supplying what has been used up (refilling, replenishment, renewal)
6. a person who follows next in order (successor)

Wait, "replacements of local labor" - immigrants are replacements (people) of local labor.
Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" (surrogate, alternate).
Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (substitute).
Let's check the context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor".
"replacements" here means people who take the place of another person.
Is it sense 2 or sense 4?
Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person.
Sense 4: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another.
Let's see the synonyms:
Sense 2: surrogate, alternate
Sense 4: substitute
In WordNet, "replacement" as a person is sense 2 (someone who takes the place of another person) or sense 4 (a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another).
Wait, "replacements of local labor" -> "replacements" is plural.
Let's check WordNet for "replacement".
replacement%1:18:02:: someone who takes the place of another person (surrogate, alternate)
replacement%1:09:00:: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another (substitute)
Actually, "replacements" in this context refers to people (immigrants) who take the place of local labor.
Is it sense 2 or sense 4?
"replacements of local labor" -> "replacements" = people who take the place of another person.
Let's look at the phrasing: "replacements of local labor".
If it's "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another", that's sense 4.
If it's "someone who takes the place of another person", that's sense 2.
Let's consider "replacements" as "substitutes". "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than substitutes of, local labor".
Wait, sense 2 is "someone who takes the place of another person".
Sense 4 is "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another".
Let's search for "replacement" in WordNet.
1. replacement (the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another)
2. replacement (someone who takes the place of another person)
3. replacement (an event in which one thing is substituted for another)
4. replacement (a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another)
5. replacement (filling again by supplying what has been used up)
6. replacement (a person who follows next in order)

In the sentence: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"
"replacements" refers to the immigrants themselves, who are people.
Is it sense 2 or sense 4?
"someone who takes the place of another person" (sense 2) vs "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (sense 4).
Usually, "replacement" meaning a person is sense 2.
Let's check the examples for sense 2: none given in the prompt, but synonyms are surrogate, alternate.
For sense 4: synonyms: substitute.
"immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than substitutes of, local labor" -> substitute fits perfectly.
Wait, "replacements" is plural. "replacements of local labor".
Let's consider "replacement" as "someone who takes the place of another person".
Is "local labor" a person? "local labor" is a collective noun for people.
So "replacements" = people who take the place of local labor.
Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person.
Sense 4: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another.
Let's look at similar examples. "He is a replacement for the injured player." -> sense 2 or 4?
In WordNet, "replacement" (someone who takes the place of another person) is sense 2.
Let's check the exact WordNet definitions.
replacement n
1. the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another
2. someone who takes the place of another person
3. an event in which one thing is substituted for another
4. a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another
5. filling again by supplying what has been used up
6. a person who follows next in order

If the context says "replacements of local labor", it means people who replace local labor.
"someone who takes the place of another person" (sense 2) seems very specific to a person replacing a person.
"a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (sense 4) is broader.
But "local labor" is a group of people.
Let's choose sense 2 because "immigrants" are people, and they are replacing "local labor" (people).
Wait, "replacements" can also be sense 2. Let's think if sense 2 is better than sense 4.
"someone who takes the place of another person" -> surrogate, alternate.
"a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" -> substitute.
"immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"
If I say "they are replacements", I mean they are people who take the place of another person.
Let's go with sense 2.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers... But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."
"replacements" here means "people who take the place of another person".
Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person.
Sense 4: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another.
I will bet on sense 2 because it specifically mentions "someone who takes the place of another person", and immigrants are people replacing native workers (people).
Let's double check if sense 2 is the standard for "replacement" as a person. Yes, "he is a replacement" -> someone who takes the place of another person.
I'll output 2.
Wait, let's consider sense 2 vs sense 4 again.
"replacements of local labor"
If it's "substitute", sense 4 has synonym "substitute".
"immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than substitutes of, local labor"
Is "substitute" better? "substitute" is sense 4.
But "replacement" is the target word.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 2: surrogate, alternate.
Synonyms for sense 4: substitute.
In the context, "replace native workers" -> "replacements of local labor".
I think sense 2 is the most accurate for a person replacing another person.
Let's choose 2.
Wait, "replacements" could be sense 2.
Let's review the prompt: "someone who takes the place of another person"
Yes, immigrants are people, native workers are people.
I will choose 2.