[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some <t>cancers</t> seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancers" in the context of "lung and breast cancers", "Colon, lung and breast cancers", "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix", "prone to cancer", "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families".
This clearly refers to the malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"
Sense 2: astrology
Sense 3: constellation
Sense 4: zodiac sign
Sense 5: type genus of Cancridae

The best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seem
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "seem" in the context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families."
The sentence means that it appears to be true or apparent that some cancers haunt certain families.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. seem%2:39:00:: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (look, appear). Example: She seems to be sleeping.
2. seem%2:39:01:: seem to be true, probable, or apparent (appear). Example: It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad.
3. seem%2:42:00:: appear to exist. Example: There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now.
4. seem%2:39:02:: appear to one's own mind or opinion. Example: I seem to be misunderstood by everyone.

In the context, "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" means it appears to be true or apparent that they haunt certain families.
Wait, "seem to haunt" - is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"seem to be true, probable, or apparent" -> "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> it appears that some cancers haunt certain families.
Let's check sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" -> "She seems to be sleeping".
"seem to haunt" -> "appear to be true, probable, or apparent" fits "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" (it appears that they do).
Wait, "seem to [verb]" can be sense 1 or 2.
Let's look at the examples for sense 2: "It seems that he is very gifted".
What about "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"?
"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> it is apparent that they haunt certain families.
Let's consider sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
Actually, "seem to [verb]" is often sense 1 if it's about an impression, but here it's about a fact that appears to be true. "explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Wait, "seem to haunt" -> "appear to exist"? No.
Let's look at WordNet for "seem".
seem v
1. seem, appear, look (give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; "She seems to be sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"; "The project looks promising"; "It seems like a good idea"; "The wall seems bare")
2. seem, appear (seem to be true, probable, or apparent; "It seems that he is very gifted"; "It appears that the weather in California is very bad")
3. seem (appear to exist; "There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now")
4. seem (appear to one's own mind or opinion; "I seem to be misunderstood by everyone"; "I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters")

"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families"
Is it "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"? Yes, it appears to be true that they haunt certain families.
Or is it "give a certain impression"?
"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> "why it seems that some cancers haunt certain families".
Let's search for "seem to haunt".
"seem to" + verb is often sense 1 or 2.
If I say "He seems to like her", it's sense 1 or 2?
WordNet examples for sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping".
WordNet examples for sense 2: "It seems that he is very gifted".
"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> "why it seems that some cancers haunt certain families".
This is very close to "It seems that he is very gifted" -> "He seems to be very gifted".
So sense 2 is "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
Let's check if there is a distinction.
Sense 1: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect.
Sense 2: seem to be true, probable, or apparent.
"explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This is stating a fact that appears to be true. "It appears that some cancers haunt certain families."
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families"
Could it be sense 1? "give a certain impression". Cancers don't have an outward aspect of haunting. It's a probabilistic or apparent fact.
So sense 2 is better.
Let's review the definition of sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
Yes, "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" means "why it is apparent that some cancers haunt certain families".
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's look at the structure: "seem to [verb]".
In WordNet, "seem to be sleeping" is sense 1.
"seem to be true" is sense 2.
Is "haunt" an outward aspect? No.
So sense 2.
Let's consider sense 1 again. "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> "why some cancers give the impression of haunting certain families"? No, it means "why it appears to be true that some cancers haunt certain families".
I'll go with 2.
Wait, let's search for "seem to" in WordNet.
"seem to be" is often sense 1 or 2.
But "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" is exactly sense 2.
"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> "why it seems that some cancers haunt certain families".
I am confident in 2.
Let's re-read the context. "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This is about a fact that is apparent or probable.
Sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
Yes.
One more check:
1. seem%2:39:00:: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect
2. seem%2:39:01:: seem to be true, probable, or apparent
3. seem%2:42:00:: appear to exist
4. seem%2:39:02:: appear to one's own mind or opinion

"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> it is apparent that they do.
I will output 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt <t>certain</t> families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "certain" in the context: "...perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The phrase is "certain families".
This means specific but not specified or identified families.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance

"certain families" means specific, definite but not specified or identified families.
This matches sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified".
Let's double check. "certain families" -> some specific families, but not named.
Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.
Context: "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Sense 1: definite but not specified or identified.
Matches perfectly.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain <t>families</t>. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "families" in the context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The context talks about inheriting defective versions of genes, which implies people descended from a common ancestor.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a social unit living together (household)
2. primary social group; parents and children
3. a collection of things sharing a common attribute
4. people descended from a common ancestor (family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry)
5. a person having kinship with another or others
6. (biology) a taxonomic group
7. a loose affiliation of gangsters
8. an association of people who share common beliefs or activities

Sense 4: "people descended from a common ancestor" fits perfectly with "inherit defective versions of these genes" and "haunt certain families".
Let's double check. "inherit defective versions of these genes" -> genetic inheritance -> common ancestor.
Sense 4 is the best fit.
Sense index: 4.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: story
Target surface form: story
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The <t>story</t> of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=story%1:10:03:: | definition=a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program | synonyms=narrative, narration, tale | examples=his narrative was interesting; Disney's stories entertain adults as well as children
2. sense_key=story%1:10:00:: | definition=a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events | examples=he writes stories for the magazines
3. sense_key=story%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, level, storey | examples=what level is the office on?
4. sense_key=story%1:10:04:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=history, account, chronicle | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
5. sense_key=story%1:10:01:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=report, news report, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
6. sense_key=story%1:10:02:: | definition=a trivial lie | synonyms=fib, tale, tarradiddle, taradiddle | examples=he told a fib about eating his spinach; how can I stop my child from telling stories?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "story" in the context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
The context is talking about the history or account of tumor-suppressor genes, going back to the 1970s.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. narrative, narration, tale (a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events)
2. piece of fiction
3. floor, level, storey
4. history, account, chronicle (a record or narrative description of past events)
5. report, news report, account, write up (a short account of the news)
6. trivial lie

"The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s" clearly refers to the history or account of past events.
Sense 4: "a record or narrative description of past events" with synonyms "history, account, chronicle".
This perfectly matches "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s".

Let's double check.
Sense 1: narrative, narration, tale.
Sense 4: history, account, chronicle.
"The story of [something] goes back to [time]" is a classic way of saying "The history of [something] goes back to [time]".
Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.
Sense 4 index is 4.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_back
Target surface form: goes back
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes <t>goes back</t> to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_back%2:42:00:: | definition=belong to an earlier time | synonyms=date back, date from | examples=This story dates back 200 years
2. sense_key=go_back%2:32:00:: | definition=return in thought or speech to something | synonyms=recur
3. sense_key=go_back%2:30:00:: | definition=regain a former condition after a financial loss | synonyms=recover, recuperate | examples=We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90; The company managed to recuperate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "go_back" and the surface form is "goes back".
Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
Candidate senses:
1. belong to an earlier time (date back, date from)
2. return in thought or speech to something (recur)
3. regain a former condition after a financial loss (recover, recuperate)

The context says "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s". This means it belongs to an earlier time, dates back to the 1970s.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1: sense_key=go_back%2:42:00:: | definition=belong to an earlier time | synonyms=date back, date from | examples=This story dates back 200 years

I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician <t>named</t> Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "named" in the context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
The phrase is "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr."
This means the pediatrician was called Alfred G. Knudson Jr.
Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. Synonyms: call. Examples: They named their son David.
Sense 2: give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name. Synonyms: identify.
Sense 3: charge with a function.
Sense 4: create and charge with a task.
Sense 5: mention and identify by name.
Sense 6: make reference to.
Sense 7: identify as in botany or biology.
Sense 8: give or make a list of.
Sense 9: determine or distinguish the nature of a problem.

"a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." -> "a pediatrician called Alfred G. Knudson Jr."
This matches Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. Synonyms: call.
Let's double check. "named" here is a participle modifying "pediatrician". It means "who was named" or "called".
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Let's review the examples for Sense 1: "They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader".
Yes, "named" as in "called".
Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propose
Target surface form: proposed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propose%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=suggest, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=propose%2:31:00:: | definition=present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. | synonyms=project | examples=He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity
3. sense_key=propose%2:31:01:: | definition=propose or intend | synonyms=aim, purpose, purport | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
4. sense_key=propose%2:41:00:: | definition=put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position | synonyms=nominate | examples=The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission
5. sense_key=propose%2:32:01:: | definition=ask (someone) to marry you | synonyms=declare oneself, offer, pop the question | examples=he popped the question on Sunday night; she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "proposed" in the context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
The sentence means he put forward a theory or idea for consideration.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. make a proposal, declare a plan for something (suggest, advise)
2. present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. (project) - examples: He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity.
3. propose or intend (aim, purpose, purport)
4. put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position (nominate)
5. ask (someone) to marry you (declare oneself, offer, pop the question)

In the context, Knudson "proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects." This is presenting a theory or idea for consideration.
Sense 2 fits perfectly: "present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc." with the example "She proposed a new theory of relativity".

Let's double check.
"proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
This is presenting a theory.
Sense 2 is the best match.
Sense 1 is more about suggesting a plan or action (e.g., abolish the sales tax).
Sense 2 is about presenting an idea, theory, or plan for consideration.

Therefore, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "stemmed" in the context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
The phrase is "stemmed from", which means "originated in" or "grew out of".
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Sense 1 perfectly matches "stemmed from" meaning "originate in".
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: separate
Target surface form: separate
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=separate%3:00:00:: | definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways
2. sense_key=separate%5:00:00:detached:00 | definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage
3. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00 | definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes
4. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00 | definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "separate" in the context: "...proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
The context talks about two distinct, independent genetic defects.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=separate%3:00:00:: | definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways
2. sense_key=separate%5:00:00:detached:00 | definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage
3. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00 | definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes
4. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00 | definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined

"two separate genetic defects" means two independent, not united or joint genetic defects.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "independent; not united or joint", example "a problem consisting of two separate issues".
Sense 2 is about physical detachment.
Sense 3 is about segregation.
Sense 4 is about having the connection undone.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Double check: "two separate genetic defects" -> "two independent genetic defects".
Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "genetic" in the context: "...proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
The context talks about inheriting a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.
Sense 1: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible).
Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical).
Sense 3: pertaining to or referring to origin.
Sense 4: of or relating to the science of genetics.

"genetic defects" refers to defects in genes, or defects that are inherited.
Wait, "genetic defects" in the context of "inherited a damaged copy of a gene".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"genetic defects" -> defects of or relating to genes.
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "genic combinations; genetic code".
Sense 1: "an inherited disease; familial traits".
The text says: "stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent..."
"genetic defects" means defects in genes.
Wait, "genetic" modifying "defects". A defect in a gene.
Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
Let's consider "genetic defects". Is it "hereditary defects" or "gene defects"?
"genetic defects" usually means defects in genes.
Let's look at sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
Synonyms: genic, genetical.
Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". Synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible.
The text says "two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene..."
So the defects are in the genes.
"genetic defects" -> defects of a gene.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
Could it be sense 1? "hereditary defects"?
"genetic" in "genetic defects" usually means "of or relating to a gene".
Let's check WordNet for "genetic defect".
Actually, "genetic" as in "genetic code", "genetic defect" -> sense 2.
Let's consider "genetic" in "genetic defects".
Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
Yes, "genetic defects" are defects in genes.
I'll go with 2.
Let's double check.
"genetic defects" -> defects of genes.
Sense 2 fits perfectly.
"genetic" modifying "defects" -> relating to a gene.
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defect
Target surface form: defects
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "defects" in the context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
The context is about genetic defects, which are imperfections in a bodily system (genes).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

"genetic defects" refers to an imperfection in a bodily system (genes, which are part of the body's biological system).
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "an imperfection in a bodily system".
Let's double check. "genetic defects" -> imperfection in a bodily system.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theorize
Target surface form: theorized
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theorize%2:31:00:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=theorize%2:31:02:: | definition=construct a theory about | examples=Galileo theorized the motion of the stars
3. sense_key=theorize%2:31:01:: | definition=form or construct theories | examples=he thinks and theorizes all day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "theorized" (lemma: theorize).
Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
Candidate senses:
1. to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds (speculate, conjecture, hypothesize)
2. construct a theory about
3. form or construct theories

In the context, "He theorized that..." means he proposed a hypothesis or conjectured that something was the case.
Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" -> hypothesize, conjecture. "He hypothesized that..." fits perfectly.
Sense 2: "construct a theory about" -> "Galileo theorized the motion of the stars". Here it's "theorized that...", which is a propositional attitude, fitting sense 1 (hypothesize, conjecture).
Sense 3: "form or construct theories" -> intransitive "he thinks and theorizes all day".

Let's check the examples for sense 1: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps".
The context says: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
This is exactly "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" or "hypothesize".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"theorize that" -> hypothesize that.
Sense 1 synonyms: speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate.
Yes, sense 1 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "eye" in the context: "He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
The context is about "retinoblastoma", which is a cancer of the eye.
Sense 1: the organ of sight (oculus, optic).
Sense 2: good discernment.
Sense 3: attention to what is seen.
Sense 4: an area that is approximately central.
Sense 5: a small hole or loop.

The context clearly refers to the organ of sight (retinoblastoma is eye cancer).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
The context is about a disease, specifically a malignant growth or tumor.
Sense 1: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
Sense 2: astrology
Sense 3: constellation
Sense 4: zodiac sign
Sense 5: genus of crabs

The context clearly refers to the disease (malignant growth/tumor).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "inherited" in the context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
The context is about genetics, receiving a damaged copy of a gene from a parent.
Candidate senses:
1. obtain from someone after their death (e.g., a castle)
2. receive from a predecessor (e.g., problems from previous chair)
3. receive by genetic transmission (e.g., good eyesight from mother)

Sense 3 is clearly the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged".
Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

In the context, "damaged" refers to a copy of a gene that is harmed, injured, or defective (spoiled). It does not mean discredited or brought into disrepute.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copy" in the context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
The context refers to a gene, which is a biological entity. A "copy" of a gene is a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (a duplicate or replica of the gene).
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) - No, it's a gene.
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - Yes, a copy of a gene is a duplicate/identical thing.
3. matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials - No.
4. material suitable for a journalistic account - No.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "a damaged copy of a gene" -> a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "parent".
Context: "...an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
The context refers to a human infant inheriting a gene from a father or mother.
Sense 1: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
Sense 2: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

Sense 1 is the best fit because it specifically mentions "a father or mother" and "gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child", which perfectly matches "infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Let's double check.
Sense 1: parent%1:18:00::
Sense 2: parent%1:03:00::

The context is about human parents (father or mother) passing genes to an infant.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "normal" in the context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
The context contrasts "damaged" with "normal".
Sense 1: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
Sense 2: in accordance with scientific laws.
Sense 3: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
Sense 4: forming a right angle.

The "normal" copy of a gene is the one that is not damaged, i.e., not abnormal, conforming to the standard or norm.
Sense 1 fits best: "not abnormal".
Let's double check.
"normal copy" -> not damaged, standard, not abnormal.
Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal"
Sense 3 is about intelligence and development.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01::
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02::
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03::
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00

Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
"normal copy" = not abnormal copy.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copy" in the context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other."
The context is about genetics, specifically inheriting a damaged or normal version of a gene.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor)
3. matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
4. material suitable for a journalistic account

Sense 2 fits best: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". A gene copy is a version of a gene, similar or identical to the original or the other parent's gene.
Wait, let's double check. "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". A gene copy is a copy of a gene.
Is there any other sense? No, the other senses are about written records, printed matter, or journalistic material.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct one.
Let's review the examples for sense 2: "the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This is very close to a genetic copy.
So sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "developed" in the context: "The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
The context is about a tumor coming into existence or taking on form/shape when the second normal copy of a gene was damaged.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. make something new (product, creation)
2. work out (theory)
3. gain through experience
4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) - e.g., He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains.
5. come into existence; take on form or shape - synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. Examples: A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship.
10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment. Examples: A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower.

Wait, "The tumor developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
Is it sense 5 (come into existence; take on form or shape) or sense 10 (grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment)?
Or sense 4 (come to have or undergo a change of physical features and attributes)?
Let's check sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". A tumor comes into existence.
Let's check sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".
Let's check sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)".
Wait, "develop" in the sense of a disease or tumor appearing.
"The patient developed abdominal pains" is sense 4.
But "A flower developed on the branch" is sense 10.
Let's look at sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
Is a tumor "coming into existence"? Yes.
Let's consider "develop" as in "The tumor developed".
In WordNet, "develop" meaning "come into existence; take on form or shape" (sense 5) has examples like "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".
Wait, sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Examples: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower".
What about "develop" meaning "happen"? Sense 20: "happen". Examples: "Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time".
Let's look at sense 5 again. "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Is there a better fit?
Let's search for "tumor developed".
If a tumor develops, it comes into existence.
Wait, let's look at sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Let's look at sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".
Actually, "develop" in the context of a disease or tumor often maps to "come into existence; take on form or shape" (sense 5) or "grow, progress, unfold..." (sense 10).
Let's re-read the context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
This implies the tumor came into existence at that point. "developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".
Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)".
Let's consider "develop" as "come into existence". "The tumor developed" = "The tumor came into existence".
Let's check WordNet for "develop" + "tumor".
Actually, "develop" meaning "come into existence; take on form or shape" is often used for things like problems, tumors, situations.
Wait, "develop" (v) - come into existence; take on form or shape. "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".
Is there another sense?
"develop" (v) - grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment. "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower".
If the tumor "developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged", it means it came into existence at that moment. "developed when..." points to the moment of coming into existence.
Let's check sense 5. "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Let's check sense 10. "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve..."
I will go with sense 5 because "developed when" indicates the point of coming into existence.
Wait, let's look at sense 5 synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
Let's look at sense 10 synonyms: none listed, but examples are "A flower developed on the branch".
Could it be sense 5? Yes, "come into existence".
Let's consider "develop" in medical contexts. "The patient developed a tumor." -> sense 4? "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". Examples: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains". But here the subject is "The tumor", not "The patient". "The tumor developed".
So the tumor is the subject. The tumor came into existence.
Therefore, sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Let's double check sense 5.
"come into existence; take on form or shape"
Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
Examples: A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship.
This fits "The tumor developed" perfectly.

Let's review the options.
1. make something new
2. work out
3. gain through experience
4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)
5. come into existence; take on form or shape
6. change the use of and make available or usable
7. elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses
8. create by training and teaching
9. be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest
10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment
11. become technologically advanced
12. cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development
13. generate gradually
14. grow emotionally or mature
15. make visible by means of chemical solutions
16. superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions
18. move into a strategically more advantageous position
19. elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme
20. happen
21. expand in the form of a series

"The tumor developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
This means the tumor came into existence.
Sense 5 is "come into existence; take on form or shape".
I am confident in sense 5.
Let's consider if it could be 10. "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". A tumor growing could be sense 10, but "developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged" implies the *start* of the tumor, i.e., coming into existence. "developed when" = "arose when" or "originated when".
So sense 5 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 20 "happen". "Report the news as it develops". Not a good fit for a tumor.
Sense 5 is the most accurate.
"come into existence; take on form or shape"
I will output 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "second".
Context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged."
The context refers to the second copy of a gene, coming next after the first in position or sequence.
Sense 1: coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude. Synonyms: 2nd, 2d.
Sense 2: a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first.

Sense 1 is the best fit.
Index: 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "normal" in the context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
The word "normal" here means conforming to a norm or standard, not abnormal, functioning as it should (as opposed to "damaged" or "defective").
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Sense 1 fits best: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal". A "normal copy" of a gene is one that is not damaged, i.e., not abnormal, conforming to the standard.
Sense 3 is about intelligence and development.
Sense 2 is about scientific laws.
Sense 4 is about right angles.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "normal copy" -> not abnormal, standard.
Yes, sense 1.