[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about molecular biology, genes, polyps, malignancy, colon cancer, and chromosome 17.
The target word is "cell" in the phrase "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy".
This clearly refers to the biological unit of life, specifically a colon cell.
Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"
This matches perfectly.
Sense index is 2.
Double check:
1. small compartment
2. biology cell
3. electric cell
4. political movement
5. mobile phone
6. monk room
7. prison room

The correct sense is 2.
Output format: {"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "full-blown" in the context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
The context talks about a colon cell progressing to a complete or fully developed malignancy.
Candidate senses:
1. fully ripe; at the height of bloom (matured) - e.g., a full-blown rose
2. having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness - e.g., a full-blown financial crisis

In the context of "full-blown malignancy", it means a complete or fully developed malignancy, matching sense 2.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "malignancy".
Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

The context is clearly medical, discussing genes, polyps, colon cancer, tumors, and chromosome 17.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "months" in the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
The context indicates a duration of time, approximately 30 days each, rather than a specific calendar month.
Sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (e.g., "he paid the bill last month")
Sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days (e.g., "he was given a month to pay the bill")

"For months" refers to a duration of time, so it aligns with sense 2.
Let's double check. "For months" means a period of time lasting several months. This is a time unit of approximately 30 days.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "using" (lemma: use).
Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
The researchers are employing or utilizing gene probes for a particular purpose.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose (utilize, utilise, apply, employ). Example: use your head!; we only use Spanish at home.
2. take or consume (regularly or habitually).
3. use up, consume fully.
4. seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage.
5. avail oneself to (practice, apply).
6. habitually do something (use only in the past tense).

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "employ for a particular purpose". The researchers are employing gene probes to crawl down the length of chromosome 17.
Synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ.
"using gene probes" -> employing gene probes.

Let's double check sense 1.
"put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose"
Yes, this is the exact meaning of "using" in this context.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "down" in the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
The researchers are crawling "down" the length of chromosome 17. This implies moving spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position, or along a length.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state

Crawling "down" the length of chromosome 17 fits sense 1: spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position (or along a length, which is a spatial metaphor).
Let's double check. "crawled down the length of chromosome 17". This is a spatial movement along a length. Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1: spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position.
Yes, "down the length" is a spatial metaphor.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "length" in the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
The phrase is "crawled down the length of chromosome 17".
This refers to the linear extent in space from one end to the other of the chromosome.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

"crawled down the length of chromosome 17" refers to the linear extent in space from one end to the other.
Sense 1: "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place". This fits perfectly with "crawled down the length of chromosome 17".
Sense 3: "the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end" (like an article).
Sense 1 is the best fit for a physical or spatial extent of a chromosome.

Let's double check.
"crawled down the length of chromosome 17" -> linear extent in space.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Wait, "length of chromosome 17" is a physical dimension.
Sense 1: "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place"
Yes, sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. linear extent in space
2. continuance in time
3. property of being the extent of something from beginning to end (e.g., article)
4. size of the gap between two places
5. a section of something that is long and narrow

Sense 1 is the best.
Context: "crawled down the length of chromosome 17"
This is a spatial extent.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "look_for" and the surface form is "looking for".
Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

In the context, the researchers are trying to locate or discover the smallest common bit of genetic material. This matches sense 1 (try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of).

Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "common" in the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
The phrase is "common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
This means the bit of genetic material is shared by all tumor cells.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
2. having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual
3. common to or shared by two or more parties (synonyms: mutual)
4. commonly encountered (synonyms: usual)
5. being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language
6. of or associated with the great masses of people
7. of low or inferior quality or value
8. lacking refinement or cultivation or taste
9. to be expected; standard

Sense 3: "common to or shared by two or more parties" -> "common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" means it is shared by all tumor cells.
Let's double check. "shared by two or more parties" -> "shared by all tumor cells".
Yes, "common" here means shared.
Sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's review the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
"common" modifies "bit of genetic material". It is a bit of genetic material that is common (shared) to all tumor cells.
Sense 3: common to or shared by two or more parties.
Matches perfectly.
Sense index: 3.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 3}
Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "bit" in the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
The phrase is "smallest common bit of genetic material".
This refers to a small piece or quantity of something, specifically a small fragment of genetic material.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte

Wait, "smallest common bit of genetic material" -> "a small piece or quantity of something".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 1: a small piece or quantity of something.
Sense 2: a small fragment of something broken off from the whole.
"genetic material lost in all tumor cells" -> it is a fragment of something broken off from the whole (the chromosome).
Wait, "smallest common bit of genetic material" -> "a small piece or quantity of something".
Let's check the examples. "a bit of paper" (sense 1). "a bit of rock" (sense 2).
Is "genetic material" a small piece or quantity, or a fragment broken off?
"lost in all tumor cells" implies it was broken off or deleted.
But "bit of genetic material" is often just "a small piece or quantity of something".
Let's consider "smallest common bit".
In WordNet, "bit" as "a small piece or quantity of something" is sense 1.
Let's look at sense 1: "a small piece or quantity of something".
Let's look at sense 2: "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole".
Actually, "bit of genetic material" is a small piece or quantity.
Let's search for "bit of genetic material" or similar.
"smallest common bit of genetic material"
Could it be sense 1? Yes, "a small piece or quantity of something".
Let's re-read sense 1: "a small piece or quantity of something".
Sense 2: "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole".
Is genetic material "broken off"? Yes, "lost in all tumor cells".
But "bit" in "bit of genetic material" is more like "a small piece or quantity of something".
Let's check WordNet for "bit of genetic material".
Actually, "bit" meaning "a small piece or quantity of something" is very common for "bit of [mass noun]".
"genetic material" is a mass noun. "a bit of genetic material" -> a small quantity of genetic material.
Sense 1 fits "a small piece or quantity of something" perfectly.
Let's check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: a small piece or quantity of something.
Sense 2: a small fragment of something broken off from the whole.
"bit of paper" (sense 1). "bit of rock" (sense 2).
"bit of genetic material" -> "a small piece or quantity of something".
I will go with sense 1.
Wait, let's consider sense 1. "a small piece or quantity of something".
Yes, "a bit of genetic material" is a small quantity of genetic material.
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 4: an instance of some kind.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the prompt: "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
"bit" = a small piece or quantity of something.
I'll select 1.
Wait, let's look at sense 1 again. "a small piece or quantity of something".
Is it possible that it's sense 1? Yes.
Let's consider sense 1.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "genetic" in the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
The phrase is "genetic material".
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary)
2. of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical) - examples: genic combinations; genetic code. "genetic material" fits this perfectly, as it refers to DNA/genes.
3. pertaining to or referring to origin (genetic history)
4. of or relating to the science of genetics (genetic research)

"genetic material" refers to material that is produced by or is a gene (DNA).
Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
Synonyms: genic, genetical.
Examples: genic combinations; genetic code.
"genetic material" is a standard collocation meaning DNA, which is the material of genes.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"genetic material" -> material relating to or being a gene.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "material" in the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
The context is about DNA, genes, chromosomes.
Sense 1: "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object" (stuff). "genetic material" fits this as the tangible substance (DNA) that makes up the genetic makeup.
Sense 2: "information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form".
Sense 3: "artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers" (fabric).
Sense 4: "things needed for doing or making something" (writing materials).
Sense 5: "a person judged suitable for admission or employment".

"genetic material" refers to the physical substance (DNA) that makes up the genes.
Sense 1 is the best fit. "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object".
Let's double check. "genetic material" is a common phrase referring to DNA/RNA, which is the tangible substance.
Sense 1: material%1:27:00::
Yes, sense 1.
Wait, let's review the options.
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment

"genetic material" -> tangible substance.
I will choose 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetic material being "lost" in tumor cells.
"looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
This means the genetic material is missing from the tumor cells, or they fail to have it.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense. (She lost her purse...)
2. fail to win
3. suffer the loss of a person through death or removal
4. place (something) where one cannot find it again
5. miss from one's possessions; lose sight of
6. allow to go out of sight
7. fail to make money
8. fail to get or obtain
9. retreat
10. fail to perceive or to catch
11. be set at a disadvantage

Sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense". The tumor cells cease to have this genetic material.
Wait, let's consider "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of" (5).
Or "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have" (1).
In biology, "gene loss" or "genetic material lost" means the cells cease to have it.
Let's check the examples for 1: "She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat".
Is there a better fit?
"cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense"
The genetic material is physically missing from the tumor cells.
Let's check sense 1 again. "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
What about sense 5? "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of".
Sense 1 seems the most appropriate for "cease to have". The tumor cells have lost the genetic material, meaning they no longer have it.
Let's re-read the context: "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor" -> "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells".
This is "cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 1: lose%2:40:02::
Sense 5: lose%2:40:01::
Sense 1 is "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
Yes, the tumor cells cease to have the genetic material.
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for 1: none listed, but the definition is "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
This perfectly matches "gene losses" and "genetic material lost".
I'll output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cells" in the context of "tumor cells".
The context discusses genes, molecular biologists, colon cancer, chromosome 17, and genetic material lost in all tumor cells.
This clearly refers to the biological sense of "cell".
Candidate sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"
This matches perfectly.
Sense index is 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "piece" in the context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
The context is talking about a portion of genetic material (DNA).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a separate part of a whole (an important piece of the evidence)
2. an item that is an instance of some type (a new piece of equipment)
3. a portion of a natural object (part) (they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite)
4. a musical work
5. an instance of some kind (bit) (a nice piece of work)
6. an artistic or literary composition
7. a portable gun
8. a serving that has been cut from a larger portion
9. a distance
10. a work of art
11. a period of indeterminate length
12. a share of something
13. game equipment

"piece of DNA" -> DNA is a natural object (or biological material). "a portion of a natural object" fits best.
Wait, let's consider sense 1: "a separate part of a whole". Example: "an important piece of the evidence".
Sense 3: "a portion of a natural object". Synonyms: part. Examples: "they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite". DNA is a natural object.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
Is DNA a natural object? Yes.
Is it a portion of a natural object? Yes.
Let's check sense 1: "a separate part of a whole".
Let's check sense 3: "a portion of a natural object".
In WordNet, "piece of DNA" or "piece of granite" -> sense 3.
Let's see: "piece of DNA" is a portion of a natural object.
Wait, "piece of DNA" could be sense 3.
Let's review the examples for sense 3: "he needed a piece of granite". DNA is a natural substance/object.
What about sense 1? "an important piece of the evidence".
"piece of DNA" -> portion of a natural object.
Let's choose sense 3.
Wait, let's look at sense 3 again: "a portion of a natural object".
Is DNA a natural object? Yes.
Let's consider "piece of DNA" in WordNet.
Actually, DNA is a natural object.
Let's check if there's any other sense.
Sense 1: a separate part of a whole.
Sense 3: a portion of a natural object.
I will go with 3.
Wait, "piece of DNA" -> "portion of a natural object".
Let's double check.
"smallest common bit of genetic material" -> "piece of DNA".
"bit" is also a synonym in sense 5: "an instance of some kind" (it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck). But "bit of genetic material" is physical.
Sense 3 is "a portion of a natural object".
I'll select 3.
Let's re-read the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
"piece of DNA" -> portion of a natural object.
Yes, 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "probably".
Context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
Candidate senses:
1. with considerable certainty; without much doubt (likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike)
2. easy to believe on the basis of available evidence (credibly, believably, plausibly)

In the context, "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
This means it is highly likely that it constitutes a gene.
Sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" -> "likely, in all likelihood, in all probability".
Sense 2: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" -> "plausibly".

"would probably constitute" -> "would in all likelihood constitute".
Sense 1 fits best.
Let's double check.
"probably" in "would probably constitute a gene" means it is very likely to be a gene.
Sense 1: with considerable certainty; without much doubt.
Sense 2: easy to believe on the basis of available evidence.
Sense 1 is the standard adverbial sense of "probably" meaning "in all likelihood".
I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "constitute".
Context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
Meaning: to form, compose, or represent.
Candidate senses:
1. constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Wait, sense 1 and sense 3 are very similar.
Sense 1: form or compose. Synonyms: represent, make up, comprise, be. Examples: This money is my only income.
Sense 3: to compose or represent. Synonyms: form, make. Examples: This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof.

Let's look at the context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
This means the piece of DNA would form or make up a gene.
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
Sense 1: "form or compose"
Sense 3: "to compose or represent:"
Wait, in WordNet, "constitute" has:
- constitute, represent, make up, comprise, be (form or compose)
- constitute, form, make (to compose or represent)

Let's check the examples.
Sense 1: "This money is my only income" -> "constitute" my only income.
Sense 3: "This wall forms the background..." -> "constitute" the background.

"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
"constitute" here means "form" or "make up".
Let's see the synonyms for sense 1: represent, make up, comprise, be.
Synonyms for sense 3: form, make.

"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." -> "make up" a gene, "form" a gene.
Actually, sense 1 is "form or compose".
Sense 3 is "to compose or represent".
Wait, sense 1 is "form or compose" (represent, make up, comprise, be).
Sense 3 is "to compose or represent" (form, make).
Let's search for "constitute a gene".
"constitute" in the sense of "form" or "make up".
In WordNet, "constitute" sense 1: "form or compose" (represent, make up, comprise, be).
"constitute" sense 3: "to compose or represent" (form, make).
Is there a difference?
Sense 1: "This money is my only income" -> "constitutes" my only income.
Sense 3: "This wall forms the background" -> "constitutes" the background.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." -> "form" a gene.
Let's look at the synonyms. Sense 1 has "make up", "comprise". Sense 3 has "form", "make".
"Such a piece of DNA would probably form a gene." -> sense 3.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably make up a gene." -> sense 1.
Wait, "constitute" in WordNet 3.1:
1. constitute, represent, make up, comprise, be (form or compose)
2. constitute, appoint, name, nominate (create and charge with a task or function)
3. constitute, form, make (to compose or represent)
4. constitute, establish, found, plant, institute (set up or lay the groundwork for)

Let's look at the exact definitions.
Sense 1: form or compose.
Sense 3: to compose or represent.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
If I say "This piece of DNA forms a gene", it matches sense 3 (form, make).
If I say "This piece of DNA makes up a gene", it matches sense 1 (make up, comprise).
Actually, "constitute" meaning "form" is sense 3.
Let's check the examples for sense 3: "This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof".
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." -> "form a gene".
Let's check sense 1: "This money is my only income" -> "constitutes my only income".
"constitute a gene" -> "form a gene".
I will go with sense 1 or 3. Let's look closely at the synonyms.
Sense 1: represent, make up, comprise, be.
Sense 3: form, make.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." -> "form a gene".
I'll choose 1 because "make up" or "comprise" fits "constitute a gene" well, but "form" is explicitly in sense 3.
Wait, "constitute" as "form" is sense 3.
Let's search WordNet for "constitute".
1. constitute, represent, make up, comprise, be
2. constitute, appoint, name, nominate
3. constitute, form, make
4. constitute, establish, found, plant, institute

"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
If I replace with "form": "Such a piece of DNA would probably form a gene."
If I replace with "make up": "Such a piece of DNA would probably make up a gene."
Both work. But "form" is the first synonym of sense 3.
Let's consider "constitute" in the sense of "to be the elements of" -> comprise, make up (sense 1).
"to form or compose" -> sense 1.
"to compose or represent" -> sense 3.
Actually, sense 1 is "form or compose". Sense 3 is "to compose or represent".
Wait, sense 1 definition is "form or compose". Sense 3 definition is "to compose or represent".
Let's look at the examples.
Sense 1: "This money is my only income"
Sense 3: "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
This is very similar to "This wall forms the background". A piece of DNA forms a gene.
I will guess sense 1 is more about "comprise" or "make up" (e.g., 50 states constitute the USA).
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." -> A piece of DNA forms a gene.
Let's choose 1. Wait, "form" is in sense 3.
Let's choose 1. "form or compose" is sense 1.
Let's re-read carefully:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make

"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
If it's "form", it's sense 3.
If it's "make up", it's sense 1.
"constitute a gene" -> "form a gene".
I'll go with 1. "form or compose" is the definition of sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms of 1: represent, make up, comprise, be.
Synonyms of 3: form, make.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably form a gene." -> sense 3.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably make up a gene." -> sense 1.
Actually, "constitute" meaning "form" is often sense 3.
Let's check the POS. Both are verbs.
Let's choose 1. "form or compose" is the exact definition of sense 1.
Wait, "form or compose" is sense 1. "to compose or represent" is sense 3.
I will bet on 1.
Let's reconsider. "constitute" = "form" -> sense 3.
"constitute" = "make up" -> sense 1.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." -> "form a gene".
I'll output 1.
Let's think if 1 is better. "form or compose" is the definition.
I will output 1.
Wait, "constitute" in "constitute a gene" means "form".
Let's choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
The researchers were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
"When they found it last winter..."
This means they came upon it after searching; they found the location of something that was missed or lost, or discovered it.
Wait, let's look at the candidate senses.
1. come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter)
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain) - "Did you find your glasses?"
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
8. make a discovery, make a new finding (discover) - "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

Wait, the researchers were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
"When they found it last winter..."
Is it sense 8 (make a discovery, make a new finding) or sense 3 (come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost) or sense 2 (discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of)?
Let's re-read the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
They were looking for it, and they found it.
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" -> "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
Sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" -> "Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!"
Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" -> "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint"

Wait, "found it" refers to the "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells".
Is it sense 8? "make a discovery, make a new finding"
Or sense 3? "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost"
Or sense 2? "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"

Let's look at the synonyms for 8: discover.
Let's look at the examples for 8: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
This matches "found it" (the gene / piece of DNA).
Wait, "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells... When they found it last winter..."
Could it be sense 8? Yes, "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's check sense 8 again. "make a discovery, make a new finding"
Is there a better fit?
What about sense 3? "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost"
The text says "lost in all tumor cells", but the researchers are looking for it. They are making a new finding.
Wait, "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is very similar to "found it" (a gene).
Let's consider sense 8.
Let's consider sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
Let's consider sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
"experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter..."
This is a discovery. Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's check the examples of sense 8: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
This perfectly matches finding a gene.

Let's check sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost". The "lost" in the text is "lost in all tumor cells", not lost by the researchers. The researchers are discovering it.
So sense 8 is the best fit.

Let's double check sense 8.
"make a discovery, make a new finding"
Synonyms: discover
Examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle.
Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
They found the gene. This is a discovery.

Is there any chance it's sense 2? "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
Examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint"
Finding a gene is more of a "new finding" (sense 8) than just detecting its presence (sense 2). The text says "make a discovery, make a new finding".

Let's review the exact wording: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
"found" -> make a discovery, make a new finding.
I will go with sense 8.
Wait, let's look at sense 8 again.
"make a discovery, make a new finding"
Yes, "found a new elementary particle" is very close to "found it" (the gene).

Let's consider if "find" here means "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" (sense 3).
"looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells... When they found it last winter..."
They were searching for it. "come upon after searching" is in the definition of sense 3.
But sense 3 is for "something that was missed or lost" like glasses or gloves.
Sense 8 is for "make a discovery, make a new finding" like X-rays or a new elementary particle.
A gene is a new finding.
Therefore, sense 8 is the most appropriate.
Let's confirm sense 8.
"make a discovery, make a new finding"
Yes.
One more check:
"Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" -> "When they found it last winter" (the gene).
Matches perfectly.
I'll output 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "last" in the context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
The phrase is "last winter".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

"last winter" means the winter immediately past.
Sense 1: "immediately past", examples: "last Thursday". This perfectly matches "last winter".
Sense 2: "coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining", examples: "the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month".
Sense 1 is the best fit for "last winter" (immediately past).

Let's double check.
"last winter" -> the winter immediately preceding the current time.
Sense 1: immediately past. Examples: last Thursday.
Yes, sense 1 is the correct sense.
Context: "When they found it last winter..."
Sense 1 is the best.
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "dubious".
Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The sentence says "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
This means he was not convinced that the search was over.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. fraught with uncertainty or doubt (doubtful) - "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
2. open to doubt or suspicion (questionable) - "the candidate's doubtful past"
3. not convinced - "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"

"Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." -> He was not convinced that the search was over.
Sense 3: "not convinced" fits perfectly. "dubious that the search was over" = "not convinced that the search was over".
Let's double check.
Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" - usually applies to a situation or proposition, or "doubtful that...". But "not convinced" is a very specific sense for a person being dubious about a claim.
Wait, "dubious that the search was over" -> "not convinced that the search was over".
Sense 3: "not convinced" -> examples: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious".
Yes, "dubious that..." meaning "not convinced that..." is exactly sense 3.
Let's check sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" -> "they were doubtful that the cord would hold".
Is there a difference between 1 and 3?
Sense 3 is specifically "not convinced".
"Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
He was not convinced.
I will choose sense 3.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for 3: unconvinced.
Synonyms for 1: doubtful.
"dubious that the search was over" -> unconvinced that the search was over.
I'll go with 3.
Let's re-read carefully: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
He was not convinced.
Sense 3 is "not convinced".
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "search" in the context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
The context is about researchers looking for a specific gene (the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells). They were looking thoroughly to find something (the gene).
Sense 1: the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone (synonyms: hunt, hunting).
Sense 2: an investigation seeking answers (examples: a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search).
Sense 3: an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property (synonyms: lookup).
Sense 4: the examination of alternative hypotheses.
Sense 5: boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas.

Let's look at Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
Sense 1: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone"
Sense 2: "an investigation seeking answers"

In the context, they were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material". "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
This refers to the activity of looking thoroughly to find something (the gene).
Wait, "search" as an activity of looking thoroughly to find something.
Let's check the examples for Sense 2: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search".
Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
"the search was over" -> the activity of looking thoroughly to find something.
Let's consider "hunt, hunting" for Sense 1.
"the search was over" -> the hunt was over.
Let's look at similar examples. "the search for the missing child" -> Sense 1.
"the search for a gene" -> Sense 1.
Let's re-read Sense 1: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone"
Sense 2: "an investigation seeking answers"
The researchers were looking for a gene. "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material... When they found it... the search was over."
This perfectly matches "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something".
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"search" in "the search was over"
Synonyms for Sense 1: hunt, hunting. "the hunt was over". Yes, this fits perfectly.
Sense 2 is more like an investigation (e.g., searching ledgers, searching for answers).
Sense 1 is the physical or metaphorical act of looking for a specific thing (a gene).
I will choose Sense 1.
Wait, let's review the exact wording of Sense 1: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone".
Yes, "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material" -> "looking thoroughly in order to find something".
I'll output 1.