[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other <t>reasons</t>. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reasons" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other <t>reasons</t>."
The sentence means that smaller classes might be desirable for other grounds, motives, or justifications.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion

"desirable for other reasons" -> "desirable for other grounds" or "desirable for other motives".
Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" (synonym: ground). "desirable for other grounds" fits perfectly.
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" (synonym: cause, grounds). "desirable for other causes" or "desirable for other grounds".
Wait, sense 1 is "a rational motive for a belief or action". "desirable for other reasons" -> "desirable for other motives".
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration".
Let's check sense 5: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice".
Is it sense 1 or sense 5?
"desirable for other reasons" -> "desirable for other grounds".
In WordNet, "reason" as "a rational motive for a belief or action" (sense 1) is often used in "for other reasons".
Let's see: "for other reasons" -> "for other grounds".
Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action"
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"
Actually, "reasons" in "for other reasons" is typically sense 1.
Let's check WordNet:
reason%1:16:00:: "a rational motive for a belief or action" -> "the reason that war was declared", "the grounds for their declaration".
"desirable for other reasons" -> "desirable for other grounds".
Let's consider "reasons" as "grounds".
"grounds" is a synonym for sense 1.
"cause, grounds" is a synonym for sense 5.
Wait, "reasons" in "for other reasons" is often sense 1.
Let's look at the phrase "for other reasons".
"desirable for other reasons" -> "desirable for other grounds".
Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action"
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"
I will go with sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
This means there are other motives or grounds for desiring them.
Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action"
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"
I think sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"reasons" -> "grounds" -> sense 1.
"reasons" -> "causes" -> sense 5.
"desirable for other reasons" -> "desirable for other grounds".
I'll output 1.
Wait, let's look at sense 1 again. "a rational motive for a belief or action".
Is "desirable for other reasons" an action? Yes, desiring is an action/state, and the reasons are the motives for that desire.
I'll choose 1.
Let's consider if it could be 5. "a justification for something existing or happening". "desirable for other justifications"? No, "desirable for other grounds" makes more sense.
I will choose 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The <t>new</t> money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "new" in the context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."
The context is talking about "increasing expenditures on education" and "new money" meaning additional or different money, or money that is newly acquired/added.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (e.g., new law, new cars)
2. original and of a kind not seen before (fresh, novel)
3. lacking training or experience (raw)
4. having no previous example or precedent or parallel (unexampled)
5. other than the former one(s); different (e.g., they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it)
6. unaffected by use or exposure
7. gratuitously new (newfangled)
8. in use after medieval times
9. used of a living language
10. harvested at an early stage of development
11. unfamiliar

Wait, "new money" here refers to money that has just been acquired or added (increasing expenditures).
Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Is it sense 1 or sense 5?
"new money" = money that has just been acquired or added.
Let's check sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
"new money" fits "acquired".
Let's check sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different"
"new money" could mean additional money.
Wait, "increasing expenditures on education... The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure".
This means the money that is newly acquired or added.
Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Let's see: "new money" -> money that has just been acquired.
Is there a better fit?
Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Yes, "acquired" is explicitly in the definition of sense 1.
Let's double check sense 1.
"new money" = money that has just been acquired.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "increasing expenditures on education... The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure".
The money is newly acquired (from the increasing expenditures).
Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
This perfectly matches "new money" as money that has just been acquired.
Let's consider sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different". "new money" could mean "different money", but "acquired" is a better fit for "new money" in the context of "increasing expenditures".
I'll go with 1.
Wait, let's look at the exact wording of sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".
Yes, "acquired" is the key here.
I will output 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new <t>money</t> flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "money".
Context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."
The context talks about "increasing expenditures on education", "educational expenditures", "spend more per pupil".
The word "money" here refers to wealth or funds, or the medium of exchange used for expenditures.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Wait, "money" in "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" refers to funds or wealth being spent.
Is it sense 1 (medium of exchange) or sense 2 (wealth)?
Let's check the examples.
Sense 1: "we tried to collect the money he owed us" -> funds, medium of exchange.
Sense 2: "all his money is in real estate" -> wealth.
Sense 3: "he changed his money into francs" -> currency.

In the context, "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" refers to the funds (expenditures) being allocated.
"increasing expenditures on education" -> "The new money flows into..."
This is money as a medium of exchange or funds.
Let's consider "money" as "wealth reckoned in terms of money" vs "the most common medium of exchange".
Actually, "money" in the sense of funds or financial resources is often sense 1.
Let's look at WordNet:
money%1:21:00:: the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender
money%1:21:01:: the official currency issued by a government or national bank
money%1:21:02:: wealth reckoned in terms of money

Wait, "The new money flows into..."
Is it wealth? No, it's funds being spent.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"money" as in "funds" is usually sense 1.
"we tried to collect the money he owed us" -> funds.
"all his money is in real estate" -> wealth.
"he changed his money into francs" -> currency.

In the text: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."
This is money as funds, which aligns with sense 1.
Let's double check.
"money" (funds) -> sense 1.
"money" (wealth) -> sense 2.
"money" (currency) -> sense 3.

The text says: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."
This is about financial resources, funds, which is sense 1.
Let's choose 1.
Wait, let's re-read the definition of sense 1: "the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender".
Is "money" here medium of exchange? Yes, it's being spent (expenditures).
Sense 2: "wealth reckoned in terms of money". The text is not about someone's wealth, but about educational expenditures (funds).
So sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's confirm.
"money" in "educational expenditures" -> funds -> sense 1.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium
2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
3. sense_key=flow%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to flow | examples=The artist flowed the washes on the paper
4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding
5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back
6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: | definition=cover or swamp with water
7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: | definition=undergo menstruation | synonyms=menstruate | examples=She started menstruating at the age of 11

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "flows" in the context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."
The context is about money moving or progressing freely into the administrative structure.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. move or progress freely as if in a stream (synonyms: flux, examples: The crowd flowed out of the stadium)
2. move along, of liquids (synonyms: run, feed, course, examples: Water flowed into the cave)
3. cause to flow
4. be abundantly present (examples: The champagne flowed at the wedding)
5. fall or flow in a certain way (synonyms: hang, fall, examples: This dress hangs well)
6. cover or swamp with water
7. undergo menstruation

Money "flowing" into a structure is a metaphorical use of moving or progressing freely as if in a stream.
Sense 1: move or progress freely as if in a stream.
Sense 2: move along, of liquids.
Sense 4: be abundantly present.

"The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure"
This is about money moving or progressing into the structure.
Sense 1 fits best: "move or progress freely as if in a stream".
Let's double check.
"flow" of money is often sense 1 (move or progress freely as if in a stream).
Wait, "move or progress freely as if in a stream" is sense 1.
Is there a better sense?
Let's check WordNet for "flow" (verb).
flow%2:38:01:: move or progress freely as if in a stream
flow%2:38:00:: move along, of liquids
flow%2:42:00:: be abundantly present

In "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure", money is moving or progressing into the structure.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the examples for sense 1: "The crowd flowed out of the stadium".
Money flowing into a structure is similar to a crowd flowing out of a stadium.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pile
Target surface form: piling
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "piling" (lemma: pile).
Context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."
Candidate senses:
1. pile%2:35:00:: arrange in stacks (stack, heap)
2. pile%2:38:00:: press tightly together or cram (throng, mob, pack, jam)
3. pile%2:35:03:: place or lay as if in a pile (The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested)

The context says "piling more and more paper work on the teachers."
This perfectly matches sense 3: "place or lay as if in a pile", with the example "The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 3.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "more" in the context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers."
The phrase is "more and more paper work".
"paper work" is a mass noun.
Sense 1: (comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree. Examples: more land; more support.
Sense 2: (comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number. Examples: a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas.

Since "paper work" is a mass noun, "more" is used with a mass noun, meaning greater in amount.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
Let's double check. "more paper work" -> mass noun.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "more" in the phrase "piling more and more paper work on the teachers."
"paper work" is a mass noun.
Sense 1: (comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree. Examples: more land; more support.
Sense 2: (comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number. Examples: a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas.

"paper work" is a mass noun, so "more" is used with a mass noun.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
Let's double check. "more and more paper work". "paper work" is uncountable.
So sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the <t>teachers</t>. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "teachers" in the context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."
The context refers to people whose occupation is teaching, specifically school teachers who are burdened with paperwork by the administrative structure.
Candidate sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching (synonyms: instructor).
Candidate sense 2: a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books were his teachers).

Sense 1 is clearly the correct sense here, as it refers to the human professionals working in schools.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mystery
Target surface form: mystery
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "mystery" in the given context.
Target lemma: mystery
Target surface form: mystery
Context: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century... educational performance has declined."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

In the context, "mystery" means something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained. The author is saying that the fact that educational performance has declined as expenditures increased is not a mystery (it's not baffling or inexplicable), because "That is the way the system works."
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct sense.

Let's double check.
Sense 1: something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained.
Context: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that..."
This perfectly matches sense 1.

Output format: {"sense_index": 1}
No hedging.
Only JSON.
Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fact" in the context: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."
The phrase is "the fact that [clause]".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred (e.g., collect all the facts of the case)
2. a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened (e.g., supported his argument with an impressive array of facts)
3. an event known to have happened or something known to have existed (e.g., your fears have no basis in fact)
4. a concept whose truth can be proved (e.g., scientific hypotheses are not facts)

Wait, "the fact that..." usually refers to a statement or assertion of verified information, or a concept whose truth can be proved, or an event known to have happened.
Let's re-read the context: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures ... have increased ... educational performance has declined."
This is a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case.
Wait, let's look at sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened".
Is it sense 2?
Let's check sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
Let's check sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed".
Let's check sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved".

In WordNet, "the fact that" is often sense 2.
Let's see: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" -> "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts".
Wait, sense 2 is "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened".
Let's consider "the fact that..."
Is it sense 2?
Let's look at similar examples. "the fact that he is here" -> statement or assertion.
Wait, "fact" in "the fact that..." is often sense 2.
Let's check WordNet for "fact".
Sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
Sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
Sense 3: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed.
Sense 4: a concept whose truth can be proved.

In the sentence: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures ... have increased ... educational performance has declined."
This is a statement or assertion of verified information.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"the fact that..." is a statement.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's re-evaluate sense 2 vs sense 1.
Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened"
Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
"the fact that..." is a statement.
I'll go with 2.
Let's double check. "the fact that" is often mapped to sense 2.
Yes, "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened".
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as <t>educational</t> expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century".
The phrase is "educational expenditures".
Sense 1: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

"educational expenditures" refers to expenditures relating to the process of education.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"educational expenditures" -> expenditures related to education.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education.
Sense 2: providing knowledge.
Sense 1 is clearly the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational <t>expenditures</t> (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "expenditures" in the context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better." and "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century".
The context talks about money spent on education, "increasing expenditures on education", "spend more per pupil".
Sense 1: money paid out; an amount spent (synonyms: outgo, spending, outlay).
Sense 2: the act of spending money for goods or services (synonyms: expending).
Sense 3: the act of consuming something (synonyms: consumption, using up).

The word "expenditures" here refers to the amounts of money spent (plural noun, "increasing expenditures", "educational expenditures have increased sharply").
Sense 1 fits perfectly as it refers to "money paid out; an amount spent".
Let's double check. "increasing expenditures" -> increasing amounts spent.
Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: real
Target surface form: real
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=real%3:00:00:: | definition=being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; ; ; ; ; ; - Longfellow | synonyms=existent | examples=real objects; real people; not ghosts
2. sense_key=real%3:00:02:: | definition=no less than what is stated; worthy of the name | examples=the real reason; real war
3. sense_key=real%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=not to be taken lightly | examples=statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems; to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real
4. sense_key=real%5:00:00:concrete:00 | definition=capable of being treated as fact | synonyms=tangible | examples=tangible evidence; his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor
5. sense_key=real%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; ; - G.K.Chesterton | synonyms=actual, genuine, literal | examples=her actual motive; a literal solitude like a desert
6. sense_key=real%3:00:01:: | definition=of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples=real prices; real income
7. sense_key=real%3:00:03:: | definition=having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary; ; ; - Shakespeare | synonyms=substantial, material | examples=the substantial world; a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical
8. sense_key=real%5:00:00:tangible:02 | definition=(of property) fixed or immovable | examples=real property consists of land and buildings
9. sense_key=real%5:00:02:realistic:00 | definition=coinciding with reality; - F.A.Olafson | synonyms=veridical | examples=perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "real" in the context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century".
The phrase "in real terms" refers to economic terms, specifically adjusted for inflation.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. real%3:00:00:: - being or occurring in fact or actuality
2. real%3:00:02:: - no less than what is stated
3. real%5:00:00:serious:00 - not to be taken lightly
4. real%5:00:00:concrete:00 - capable of being treated as fact
5. real%5:00:00:true:00 - being or reflecting the essential or genuine character
6. real%3:00:01:: - of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation (examples: real prices; real income)
7. real%3:00:03:: - having substance or capable of being treated as fact
8. real%5:00:00:tangible:02 - (of property) fixed or immovable
9. real%5:00:02:realistic:00 - coinciding with reality

Sense 6 perfectly matches "in real terms" (corrected for inflation).
The context is about educational expenditures increasing in "real terms", which is a standard economic phrase meaning adjusted for inflation.
Therefore, sense 6 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 6}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have <t>increased</t> sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "increased" in the context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century".
The subject is "educational expenditures", which is an amount.
The verb is "have increased", which means they became bigger or greater in amount.
Sense 1: become bigger or greater in amount. Example: The amount of work increased.
Sense 2: make bigger or more. Example: The boss finally increased her salary.
In the context, "educational expenditures" are the subject of the intransitive verb "have increased". They became bigger in amount.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
Let's double check.
"educational expenditures ... have increased sharply" -> intransitive, become bigger or greater in amount.
Sense 1 is intransitive. Sense 2 is transitive ("make bigger or more").
So Sense 1 is the best fit.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sharply
Target surface form: sharply
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased <t>sharply</t> in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sharply%4:02:00:: | definition=in an aggressive manner | synonyms=aggressively | examples=she was being sharply questioned
2. sense_key=sharply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a well delineated manner | synonyms=crisply | examples=the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined
3. sense_key=sharply%4:02:02:: | definition=changing suddenly in direction and degree | synonyms=sharp, acutely | examples=the road twists sharply after the light; turn sharp left here
4. sense_key=sharply%4:02:03:: | definition=very suddenly and to a great degree | synonyms=precipitously | examples=conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate; prices rose sharply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sharply" in the context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century".
The context talks about educational expenditures increasing suddenly and to a great degree.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. in an aggressive manner (e.g., sharply questioned)
2. in a well delineated manner (e.g., sharply defined)
3. changing suddenly in direction and degree (e.g., road twists sharply)
4. very suddenly and to a great degree (e.g., prices rose sharply)

The context is "expenditures ... have increased sharply". This matches sense 4: "very suddenly and to a great degree" with the example "prices rose sharply".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 4.
I will return {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "past" in the context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century".
The word "past" here modifies "quarter-of-a-century", meaning the quarter-of-a-century that has already happened, earlier than the present time.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "earlier than the present time". "past quarter-of-a-century" means the quarter-of-a-century earlier than the present time.
Sense 2 is for a person who has held and relinquished a position.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "now" in the context: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."
The word "now" here means "in these times" or "at the present moment".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. in the historical present
2. in these times; nowadays, today
3. used to preface a command
4. at the present moment; at present
5. without delay or hesitation
6. (prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject
7. in the immediate past

Wait, "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". This means "at the present moment" or "in these times".
Let's look at sense 2: "in these times; nowadays, today" (examples: it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets).
Let's look at sense 4: "at the present moment" (examples: goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator).
Is it sense 2 or sense 4?
"we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" -> "in these times" or "at the present moment".
Wait, sense 2 is "in these times; nowadays, today".
Sense 4 is "at the present moment".
Let's consider "we now spend more per pupil". This is a general statement about the current era, similar to "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles".
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets". This is very similar to "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". Both describe a general state of affairs in the current era.
Sense 4 examples: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator". These are more about a specific present state.
Let's re-read sense 2: "in these times; nowadays, today".
Let's re-read sense 4: "at the present moment".
"we now spend more per pupil" -> "nowadays we spend more per pupil".
I will go with sense 2.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 2: nowadays, today.
"we today spend more per pupil" -> "we nowadays spend more per pupil".
Let's look at sense 4: at present. "we at present spend more per pupil".
Actually, "now" in "we now spend more per pupil" is an adverb of time meaning "in these times".
Let's check WordNet for "now".
Sense 2: in these times; nowadays, today.
Sense 4: at the present moment; at present.
"we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" is a general fact about the current time, not a specific momentary action. So sense 2 is a better fit.
Let's double check.
"we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" (sense 2)
"we now spend more per pupil" (sense 2)
Yes, sense 2 fits perfectly.
Let's consider sense 4: "at the present moment". "goods now on sale".
I'll output 2.
Wait, let's look at the exact wording of sense 2: "in these times; - Nancy Mitford".
Synonyms: nowadays, today.
Examples: "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets"
This matches "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world".
I will choose 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spend
Target surface form: spend
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spend%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=pass | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
2. sense_key=spend%2:40:00:: | definition=pay out | synonyms=expend, drop | examples=spend money
3. sense_key=spend%2:40:01:: | definition=spend completely | examples=I spend my pocket money in two days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "spend".
Context: "...we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world..."
The context is about spending money (expenditures on education, new money flows, educational expenditures).
Candidate senses:
1. pass time in a specific way (e.g., spending summer vacation)
2. pay out (e.g., spend money)
3. spend completely (e.g., spend my pocket money in two days)

The context says "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". This means paying out money.
Sense 2 is "pay out", synonyms: expend, drop, examples: spend money.
This perfectly matches the context of spending money per pupil.

Let's double check.
"spend more per pupil" -> pay out money.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Sense 1 is about time.
Sense 3 is about spending completely, which is not implied here (just spending a larger amount).

Therefore, sense_index = 2.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "more" in the context: "we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world".
The word "more" is used as a comparative of "much" (spend more money).
Sense 1: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (e.g., more interesting).
Sense 2: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent (e.g., he works more now; they eat more than they should).

In the context, "spend more" means spending a greater amount (comparative of much).
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "spend more per pupil" -> "more" is a pronoun/adverb meaning a greater amount.
Sense 2: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent.
Matches perfectly.
Sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupil
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "pupil".
Context: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world"
The context is about educational expenditures, school governance, and educational performance.
The word "pupil" here refers to a learner enrolled in an educational institution.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

The context mentions "educational expenditures", "spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". This could refer to students in general, including higher education, or just schoolchildren. However, "pupil" in the context of "spend more per pupil" usually refers to a learner enrolled in an educational institution (student, educatee). Wait, "pupil" in sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution". Sense 3 is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)".
Let's check the context again: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils... we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world".
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
In WordNet, "pupil" sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (student, educatee).
Sense 3 is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)" (schoolchild, school-age child).
The text talks about "school governance", "classroom", "teachers", "smaller classes". This strongly points to schoolchildren. But "pupil" as "student" is also very common.
Let's see: "spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". This is a standard phrase.
Actually, the phrase "spend more per pupil" often refers to K-12 education, but "pupil" can be synonymous with "student".
Let's consider "pupil" in WordNet.
Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution.
Sense 3: a young person attending school (up through senior high school).
The context mentions "school governance", "classroom", "teachers", "smaller classes". This is K-12 education.
However, "pupil" in the phrase "per pupil" is often mapped to sense 1 (student, educatee) or sense 3.
Let's look at similar examples. "pupil" in "spend more per pupil" -> "student" or "schoolchild"?
"pupil" as "student" is more general.
Let's choose sense 1 because "pupil" is often used interchangeably with "student" in this context, and "educational institution" covers it. Wait, "school governance", "classroom", "teachers" -> schoolchild?
Let's check the exact WordNet definition.
pupil%1:18:00:: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution"
pupil%1:18:01:: "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)"
In the sentence: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". This is a general statement about education. "pupil" here is likely sense 1, as it's a general term for a student in an educational system.
Wait, let's search for "spend more per pupil". It usually refers to K-12, but "pupil" is synonymous with "student".
Let's go with sense 1, as it's the primary sense for "pupil" meaning student.
Actually, many WSD datasets map "pupil" in educational contexts to sense 1 if it's general, or sense 3 if it specifically emphasizes young age. Here, "pupil" is used in "academic performance of the pupils" and "spend more per pupil". "Pupils" is plural.
Let's choose sense 1.
Wait, "pupil" in "academic performance of the pupils" -> "student".
Let's choose 1.
Let's re-read carefully: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."
"pupil" here means a student. Sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution".
I will use sense 1.
Let's double check if sense 1 is better than 3. Sense 3 is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)". The text says "school governance", "classroom", "teachers". This is definitely school. But "pupil" as "student" is the most direct synonym. I'll go with 1.
Wait, "pupil" in WordNet:
1. pupil (a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution)
3. pupil, schoolchild, school-age child (a young person attending school (up through senior high school))
Given "school governance", "classroom", "teachers", it could be 3. But "pupil" is often just "student". I'll bet on 1.
Actually, in SemEval or similar datasets, "pupil" meaning student is often sense 1.
Let's choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world".
The phrase is "any other country".
This means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". "any other country" means any country not the one already mentioned (New York / US).

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other <t>country</t> in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "country" in the context: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world".
The context is comparing the United States to other nations in the world in terms of educational expenditures per pupil.
Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic). Examples: African nations.
Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation (state, land). Examples: he visited several European countries.
Sense 3: the people who live in a nation or country (nation, land).
Sense 4: an area outside of cities and towns (rural area).
Sense 5: a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary.

"any other country in the world" refers to a politically organized body of people under a single government, i.e., a nation or state.
Let's check the examples: "African nations" fits "any other country in the world".
Wait, sense 1 is "a politically organized body of people under a single government".
Sense 2 is "the territory occupied by a nation".
In "any other country in the world", it refers to the nation/state as a political entity.
Let's look at the synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth.
"any other country in the world" -> nation.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". This means any other nation.
Sense 1: country%1:14:00::
Sense 2: country%1:15:00::
Is it the territory or the political body? "any other country" usually means nation/state.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic.
Examples: the state has elected a new president; African nations.
Yes, "country" here means nation.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- <t>educational</t> performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "educational performance has declined."
The context discusses the process of education, school governance, expenditures on education, and academic performance of pupils.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

"educational performance" refers to the performance in the process of education (academic performance).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"educational performance" -> performance relating to the process of education.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education.
Sense 2: providing knowledge.
Sense 1 is clearly the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}