[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "believes" in the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
The context indicates that Dr. Minna holds an opinion or judgment about a scientific hypothesis or fact.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. accept as true; take to be true (I believed his report)
2. judge or regard; look upon; judge (think, consider, conceive) - "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart"
3. be confident about something (trust) - "I believe that he will come back from the war"
4. follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
5. credit with veracity

Wait, "believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer."
Is it "accept as true" (1) or "judge or regard" (2) or "be confident about something" (3)?
Let's look at sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (think, consider, conceive). Example: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart".
Wait, sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true". Example: "I believed his report".
Sense 3: "be confident about something". Example: "I believe that he will come back from the war".
In the context, Dr. Minna "believes [that] people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer." This is a scientific hypothesis or judgment.
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart".
Wait, sense 1 is "accept as true; take to be true".
Let's consider "believe" in the sense of "think" or "consider". "Dr. Minna thinks/considers that people who inherit..."
Is it sense 2? "judge or regard; look upon; judge"
Let's look at sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true".
Actually, "believe" followed by a that-clause expressing an opinion or hypothesis is often sense 2 (think, consider) or sense 1 (accept as true).
Wait, "believe" + that-clause:
"I believe that he will come back from the war" is sense 3 (be confident about something).
"I believe her to be very smart" is sense 2.
"I believed his report" is sense 1.
"Dr. Minna believes [that] people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer."
This is a scientific opinion or hypothesis. "Dr. Minna thinks/considers that..."
Let's check WordNet for "believe".
Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true. "I believed his report"
Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge. "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart"
Sense 3: be confident about something. "I believe that he will come back from the war"
Wait, "believe" + that-clause can be sense 1 or 3.
But "believe" meaning "think" or "consider" is sense 2.
Let's see: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer."
Could it be sense 2? "judge or regard; look upon; judge" -> think, consider, conceive.
Yes, "Dr. Minna thinks/considers that people who inherit..."
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"accept as true; take to be true" (Sense 1)
"be confident about something" (Sense 3)
In scientific contexts, "believes" often means "thinks" or "considers" (Sense 2).
Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: think, consider, conceive.
"Dr. Minna thinks people who inherit..." fits perfectly.
Let's look at Sense 1: "accept as true". Does Dr. Minna "accept as true" that people who inherit...? He is a researcher, so he might "think" or "hypothesize" it.
Let's look at Sense 3: "be confident about something". "I believe that he will come back from the war".
I will go with Sense 2 because "thinks" or "considers" is the most natural substitution for a scientist's hypothesis.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
If I substitute "thinks": "Dr. Minna thinks people who inherit..." -> works well.
If I substitute "considers": "Dr. Minna considers people who inherit... to be especially prone..." -> works well.
If I substitute "accepts as true": "Dr. Minna accepts as true that people who inherit..." -> a bit strong for a hypothesis.
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check Sense 2: sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart.
Wait, "believe" + that-clause is often Sense 1 or 3. But "believe" + NP + to be + Adj is Sense 2.
Here it is "believes [that] people who inherit... are especially prone..."
Is it Sense 1? "accept as true; take to be true".
Let's search for similar examples in WordNet.
"I believe that he will come back from the war" is Sense 3.
"I believed his report" is Sense 1.
"I think he is very smart" is Sense 2.
What about "I believe that the earth is round"? That would be Sense 1 (accept as true).
But "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer." This is a scientific opinion, a judgment. "Dr. Minna judges/considers/thinks..."
I'll output 2.
Wait, let's consider Sense 1 again. "accept as true; take to be true".
If a scientist "believes" a hypothesis, do they "accept it as true"? Or do they "think/consider" it?
"think, consider, conceive" are synonyms for Sense 2.
"Dr. Minna thinks people who inherit..."
I will choose 2.
Let's review the options.
1. accept as true; take to be true
2. judge or regard; look upon; judge (think, consider, conceive)
3. be confident about something (trust)
4. follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
5. credit with veracity

"Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer."
This is an opinion or judgment. Sense 2 fits "judge or regard; look upon; judge" -> think, consider.
I'll go with 2.
Wait, could it be 1? "accept as true". "Dr. Minna accepts as true that people who inherit..."
In scientific reporting, "believes" is often used as a synonym for "thinks" or "hypothesizes".
"Dr. Minna thinks..."
I will choose 2.
Let's reconsider 1. "I believed his report" -> accept as true.
"Dr. Minna believes [that] people..." -> thinks.
I am confident in 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "people" in the context: "Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
The context refers to human beings in general, specifically individuals who inherit a defective gene.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. Examples: old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience.
2. the body of citizens of a state or country.
3. members of a family line.
4. the common people generally.

Sense 1 fits best, as it refers to human beings collectively or individuals in a general sense ("people who inherit a defective gene").
Sense 2 is about citizens.
Sense 3 is about family line.
Sense 4 is about the common people (masses).

Therefore, sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check. "people who inherit a defective gene" -> human beings.
Sense 1: any group of human beings collectively.
Yes, sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "inherit".
Context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
The context is about receiving a defective gene from parents, which is genetic transmission.
Candidate senses:
1. obtain from someone after their death
2. receive from a predecessor
3. receive by genetic transmission

Sense 3 matches "receive by genetic transmission" perfectly, as it talks about inheriting a defective gene.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copies" in the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
The word "copies" here refers to the two copies of chromosome 3 (one from each parent).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. copy%1:10:00:: - a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
2. copy%1:06:00:: - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing
3. copy%1:10:01:: - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
4. copy%1:10:02:: - material suitable for a journalistic account

Wait, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" fits "copies of chromosome 3" (one is a copy of the other, or they are identical/similar things).
Let's re-read sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
In biology, chromosomes come in pairs, one from each parent, which are copies of each other (homologous chromosomes).
Is there any other sense? No, the other senses are about written records, printed matter, or journalistic material.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"two copies of chromosome 3" -> two things that are similar or identical to another thing.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "especially" in the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer."
The meaning here is "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" (i.e., particularly prone).
Sense 1: to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common (synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially).
Sense 2: in a special manner (synonyms: specially).

"especially prone" means "particularly prone", which matches sense 1.
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reported" in the context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
The context is about scientists announcing the result of an investigation or finding (that a gene may be involved in some lung cancers).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. report%2:32:00:: to give an account or representation of in words (describe, account)
2. report%2:32:04:: announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding (Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research)
3. report%2:32:03:: announce one's presence
4. report%2:32:01:: make known to the authorities
5. report%2:32:13:: be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism
6. report%2:32:02:: complain about; make a charge against

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding". The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" is very similar to "he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved...".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "involved" in the context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
The context talks about a gene being connected by participation or association with lung cancers.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "connected by participation or association or use". The gene is associated with or participates in some lung cancers.
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too."
The word "other" here means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" (i.e., other than lung cancers).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Sense 1 perfectly matches the context: "several other more common cancers" means cancers other than lung cancer.
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "more" in the context: "...as well as several other more common cancers, too."
The word "more" is modifying the adjective "common".
It is used to form the comparative of the adjective "common".
Sense 1: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs. Examples: more interesting; more beautiful.
Sense 2: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent. Examples: he works more now; they eat more than they should.

In "more common", "more" is used to form the comparative of the adjective "common".
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"more common cancers" -> "more" modifies "common".
Sense 1: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs.
Sense 2: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent.
Sense 1 is exactly for forming the comparative of adjectives.
I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "common" in the context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
The context is talking about cancers that are frequently encountered or widespread.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
2. having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual
3. common to or shared by two or more parties
4. commonly encountered (synonyms: usual)
5. being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language
6. of or associated with the great masses of people
7. of low or inferior quality or value
8. lacking refinement or cultivation or taste
9. to be expected; standard

Wait, sense 4 is "commonly encountered" (synonyms: usual). Examples: "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting".
Sense 2 is "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual". Examples: "the common man; a common sailor".
In the context, "more common cancers" means cancers that are more frequently encountered or widespread.
Let's check the difference between 2 and 4.
Sense 4: commonly encountered.
Sense 2: having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual.
Actually, "common" in "common cancers" means frequently occurring, widespread.
Is it sense 4? "commonly encountered" -> "a common complaint". "common cancers" fits "commonly encountered".
Let's check WordNet for "common" adjective.
Sense 1: common (belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public)
Sense 2: common (having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual)
Sense 3: common (common to or shared by two or more parties)
Sense 4: common (commonly encountered)
Wait, "common" as in "common cold", "common cancers".
Let's look at the gloss for sense 4: "commonly encountered". Synonyms: usual. Examples: "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting".
Is "common cancers" sense 4? Yes, "commonly encountered".
Let's re-read sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual".
Wait, sense 4 is specifically "commonly encountered".
Let's check WordNet 3.1:
common (adj)
1. common (belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public)
2. common (having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual)
3. common (common to or shared by two or more parties)
4. common (commonly encountered)
5. common (being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language)
6. common (of or associated with the great masses of people)
7. common (of low or inferior quality or value)
8. common (lacking refinement or cultivation or taste)
9. common (to be expected; standard)

"common cancers" -> cancers that are commonly encountered.
Sense 4: commonly encountered.
Let's see: "common cancers" is a very standard collocation for "frequently occurring".
Sense 4 is "commonly encountered".
Let's consider sense 4.
"common cancers" -> commonly encountered.
I will choose sense 4.
Wait, let's look at sense 4 again: "commonly encountered". Synonyms: usual. Examples: "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting".
Is "common cancers" sense 4? Yes.
Let's double check if there's any other. Sense 2 is "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual".
But "common cancers" doesn't mean "having no special distinction or quality", it means "frequently occurring".
So sense 4 is the best fit.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I will output {"sense_index": 4}.
Wait, could it be 4? Yes.
Let's check if "common" in "common cancers" is sense 4.
Yes, "commonly encountered".
I'll go with 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancers" in the context of "kidney, brain and skin cancers", "colon cancer", "lung cancer", "retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
This clearly refers to the disease, malignant growth or tumor.
Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"
This matches perfectly.
Sense 2: astrology
Sense 3: constellation
Sense 4: zodiac sign
Sense 5: genus Cancer

Therefore, the best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discoveries" in the context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies... are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
The context refers to the things that are discovered (genes, tumor-suppressor genes, etc.).
Sense 1: the act of discovering something (find, uncovering)
Sense 2: something that is discovered
Sense 3: a productive insight (breakthrough, find)
Sense 4: (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...

"Where these discoveries will lead" -> the things discovered (the genes, the findings).
"cascade of discoveries" -> the things discovered.
Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
Let's check the context again. "Where these discoveries will lead..." refers to the findings (the genes, the facts).
Is it sense 2 or sense 3?
Sense 2: something that is discovered.
Sense 3: a productive insight.
The discoveries here are the genes (tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma suppressor gene). These are "something that is discovered".
Let's look at similar examples. "The discovery of penicillin" -> act of discovering or the thing discovered?
"Where these discoveries will lead" -> the things discovered.
Let's consider "something that is discovered".
Yes, sense 2 fits perfectly.
Let's double check.
"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
"cascade of discoveries"
These are the findings, the things discovered.
Sense 2 is "something that is discovered".
I will choose 2.
Wait, let's review sense 2 vs sense 3.
Sense 3: a productive insight. Synonyms: breakthrough, find.
Sense 2: something that is discovered.
The text says "pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes", "isolate one on chromosome 18", "finding another gene". These are things that are discovered.
Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate.
Let's confirm the sense index.
1. discovery%1:04:00::
2. discovery%1:10:00::
3. discovery%1:09:00::
4. discovery%1:10:01::
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "only" in the context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
The phrase "can only speculate" means they can do nothing more than speculate.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as

"can only speculate" -> "can merely speculate" or "can do nothing more than speculate".
This perfectly matches sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just, but).

Let's double check.
"scientists can only speculate" -> scientists can merely speculate.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1 index is 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
4. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "speculate".
Context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>."
The scientists are thinking about or guessing where these discoveries will lead, without having sufficient reason to reach a conclusion yet, or they are conjecturing.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds (theorize, conjecture, hypothesize)
2. talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion
3. reflect deeply on a subject (ponder, contemplate)
4. invest at a risk

Wait, "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 1: to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds. Synonyms: theorize, conjecture, hypothesize.
Sense 2: talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion.
Wait, "speculate" in this context means to form a theory or conjecture about a subject without firm evidence.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal"
"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
This is about forming a conjecture or theory about the future.
Wait, "speculate" as in "conjecture" is sense 1.
Let's re-read sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds"
Sense 2: "talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion"
Is it sense 1 or 2?
"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
This means they can only conjecture or hypothesize.
Let's look at WordNet for "speculate".
speculate v
1. speculate, theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate - to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
2. speculate - talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion; "We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal"
3. speculate, chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate - reflect deeply on a subject; "I mulled over the events of the afternoon"; "philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years"
4. speculate, job - invest at a risk; "I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating"

"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
This is about conjecturing or hypothesizing. "Scientists can only conjecture."
So sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check if sense 1 is better than sense 2. Sense 2 is "talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way". Scientists are not doing it in an "idle or casual way". They are doing it as a scientific conjecture.
Therefore, sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Wait, let's consider sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds".
Yes, "conjecture" is a synonym.
I will choose sense 1.
Let's review the context again: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
This means they can only form a tentative belief or conjecture.
Sense 1 is the best.
Let's confirm the index.
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01::
Index is 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "major" in the context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters..."
The word "major" modifies "pharmaceutical companies".
It means of greater importance, stature, or rank.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major

"major pharmaceutical companies" refers to companies of greater importance, stature, or rank in the industry.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "of greater importance or stature or rank".
Let's double check.
"major pharmaceutical companies" -> companies of high rank/stature/importance.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 2 is "greater in scope or effect" (e.g., major contribution).
Sense 3 is "greater in number or size or amount" (e.g., major portion).
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
4. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another
5. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
6. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "unit" in the context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters..."
The phrase is "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co."
This refers to an organization regarded as part of a larger social group or corporate structure.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. unit of measurement
2. structural or functional constituent of a whole
3. an organization regarded as part of a larger social group (synonyms: social unit, examples: the offensive unit, rejoining his unit)
4. a single undivided whole
5. a single undivided natural thing (building block)
6. an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity (whole)

Sense 3 fits best: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group". A corporate unit (like the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.) is an organization regarded as part of a larger group.

Let's double check.
"the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co." -> an organization (Squibb) that is part of a larger social/corporate group (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.).
Sense 3: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group"

Is there any other sense?
Sense 2: "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole" - this is more general, but Sense 3 specifically mentions "organization".
Wait, WordNet sense 3 for unit is "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group".
Let's see: "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co."
Yes, a business unit is an organization.

Let's review the examples for sense 3: "the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit".
Is a corporate division a "social unit"? Yes, in WordNet, "social unit" covers organizations, military units, sports units, corporate units, etc.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 2? "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole". But "organization" is explicitly in sense 3.
I will choose 3.
Wait, let's look at the phrasing: "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co."
This is a corporate unit, which is an organization.
Sense 3 is "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group".
I'll go with 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "collaborating" (lemma: collaborate).
Context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
This means working together on a common enterprise or project.
Sense 1: work together on a common enterprise of project.
Sense 2: cooperate as a traitor.
Clearly, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "hunters" in the context of "gene hunters".
The context mentions "collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
This refers to people who search for something (genes).
Sense 1: someone who hunts game.
Sense 2: a person who searches for something (e.g., a treasure hunter).
Sense 3: a constellation.
Sense 4: a watch.

"gene hunters" clearly matches sense 2: a person who searches for something.
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
The target word is "turn".
The phrase is "turn [something] into [something else]".
This means to cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics.
Let's check the candidate senses:
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold

This perfectly matches "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests".

Let's double check.
"turn ... into ..." -> cause to change or turn into something different.
Sense 16 is the best match.
Sense 3 is "undergo a change or development" (intransitive, e.g., water turned into ice). Here it's transitive: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests".
Sense 16 is transitive: "cause to change or turn into something different".

Therefore, sense 16 is the correct one.
Let's review the options.
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold

Yes, this is exactly it.
Context: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests"
Matches: "turn lead into gold"
Sense index: 16.
Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discoveries" in the context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies... are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
The context refers to the things that are discovered (genes, suppressor genes, etc.), which are "something that is discovered".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. discovery%1:04:00:: the act of discovering something (find, uncovering)
2. discovery%1:10:00:: something that is discovered
3. discovery%1:09:00:: a productive insight (breakthrough, find)
4. discovery%1:10:01:: (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...

"Where these discoveries will lead" -> the discoveries are the genes or the facts discovered. "cascade of discoveries" -> the things discovered.
Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
Let's see: "Where these discoveries will lead" -> the discoveries (the genes found).
Is it sense 2 or sense 3?
Sense 2: something that is discovered.
Sense 3: a productive insight.
The text says: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one... Ray White... close to finding another gene... Dr. Minna believes... reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved... Where these discoveries will lead..."
The discoveries are the genes or the facts about the genes. "something that is discovered" fits perfectly.
Let's double check WordNet.
discovery%1:10:00:: something that is discovered.
Example: "the discovery of gold" (wait, that's act). "a new discovery" -> something that is discovered.
"cascade of discoveries" -> the things discovered.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's look at sense 2 vs sense 3.
"Where these discoveries will lead" -> the discoveries are the findings (genes).
Sense 2 is "something that is discovered".
Sense 3 is "a productive insight".
I think sense 2 is the most direct fit for "discoveries" as the objects found (genes).
Let's review the context: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests". The discoveries are the genes or the knowledge of them. "something that is discovered" is the best fit.
Let's confirm sense 2.
Yes, "something that is discovered".
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "new" in the context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
The phrase is "new therapies".
The context talks about discoveries leading to predictive tests and new therapies.
This means therapies that have not existed before, or are different from the former ones, or recently come into being.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (a new law; new cars)
2. original and of a kind not seen before (fresh, novel)
5. other than the former one(s); different (they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it)

Wait, "new therapies" in this context refers to therapies that are newly developed or recently come into being as a result of the discoveries.
Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". This fits "new therapies" perfectly, as they are newly developed therapies.
Let's check sense 1 vs sense 2. Sense 2 is "original and of a kind not seen before" (novel). While they might be novel, "new therapies" usually just means recently developed or created.
Sense 1 is the most common and appropriate sense for "new therapies" (recently come into being or been made).
Let's re-read the context: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
These therapies are being developed now, so they are "having just come into being or been made".
Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Examples: a new law; new cars.
Is there any other sense?
Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different".
But "new therapies" implies they are newly created, not just different.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"new therapies" -> therapies that have just been made or discovered.
Sense 1 is the standard sense for "new" meaning recently created or discovered.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's consider sense 1 vs sense 2. "novel" therapies? The text says "new therapies". Sense 1 is the most direct and common sense for "new" in this context.
I'll go with 1.