[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make <t>things</t> worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "things" in the context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
The phrase is "make things worse".
"Things" here refers to the situation, circumstances, or state of affairs.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Wait, "make things worse" -> "things" as in "the situation" or "circumstances".
Sense 1: "a special situation" -> "this thing has got to end".
Is there a better sense?
Let's check "thing" in WordNet.
Sense 1: a special situation ("this thing has got to end")
Wait, "things" in "make things worse" usually means "the situation" or "circumstances".
Let's look at sense 1: "a special situation".
Is there another sense for "things" as in "circumstances"?
What about sense 12? No.
Sense 1: "a special situation".
Let's re-read the context: "in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
"Things" refers to the situation or state of affairs.
Sense 1: "a special situation".
Let's check if there is a sense for "circumstances".
WordNet "thing" senses:
1. a separate and self-contained entity
2. an artifact
3. an entity that is not named specifically
4. an action
5. an event
6. a statement regarded as an object
7. any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence
8. a special abstraction
9. a vaguely specified concern (matter, affair)
10. a special objective
11. a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion
12. a special situation ("this thing has got to end")

Wait, the prompt says:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Is "things" in "make things worse" a "special situation"? Yes, "things" = the situation.
Let's consider "a vaguely specified concern" (sense 6). "several matters to attend to". No.
"make things worse" -> "things" = the situation.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"make things worse" -> "things" refers to the situation.
Sense 1: "a special situation".
I will output 1.
Wait, let's review the exact WordNet sense for "things" in "make things worse".
In WordNet, "thing" has a sense: "a special situation" (e.g., "this thing has got to end").
Is there any other sense?
What about "thing" as in "circumstances"?
WordNet 3.1:
thing.n.01: a separate and self-contained entity
thing.n.02: an artifact
thing.n.03: an entity that is not named specifically
thing.n.04: an action
thing.n.05: an event
thing.n.06: a statement regarded as an object
thing.n.07: any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence
thing.n.08: a special abstraction
thing.n.09: a vaguely specified concern
thing.n.10: a special objective
thing.n.11: a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion
thing.n.12: a special situation

Yes, sense 1 in the prompt corresponds to thing.n.12 in WordNet (or similar, the prompt lists it as 1).
Prompt's sense 1: "a special situation"
I will choose 1.
Context: "in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
"Things" = the situation.
Matches "a special situation".
I am confident in 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worse
Target surface form: worse
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worse%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was
2. sense_key=worse%3:00:02:: | definition=changed for the worse in health or fitness | synonyms=worsened | examples=I feel worse today; her cold is worse
3. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad, big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
5. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=bad, tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=bad, spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
7. sense_key=regretful%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry, bad | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=bad, uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | synonyms=bad | examples=so-called bad grammar
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=bad, risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=bad, unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | synonyms=bad | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | synonyms=bad | examples=led a very bad life
15. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=bad, forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
16. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=bad, defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "worse" in the context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
The word "worse" is the comparative of "bad".
The context says "make things worse, not better", meaning inferior in quality or condition or desirability.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worse%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was
2. sense_key=worse%3:00:02:: | definition=changed for the worse in health or fitness | synonyms=worsened | examples=I feel worse today; her cold is worse

The context is about making things worse (inferior in condition or desirability), not specifically health or fitness.
So sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "make things worse, not better" -> inferior in condition or desirability.
Sense 1: (comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability.
Yes, sense 1.
End of thought.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: better
Target surface form: better
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not <t>better</t>. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=better%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another | examples=You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat
2. sense_key=better%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness | examples=her health is better now; I feel better
3. sense_key=better%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=best | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
4. sense_key=better%5:00:00:major:01 | definition=more than half | examples=argued for the better part of an hour
5. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
8. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
9. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
12. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
14. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
15. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
18. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
24. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
25. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste
26. sense_key=well%3:00:01:: | definition=in good health especially after having suffered illness or injury | synonyms=well | examples=appears to be entirely well; the wound is nearly well
27. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
28. sense_key=well%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=wise or advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=well | examples=it would be well to start early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "better" in the context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
The phrase is "make things worse, not better".
This is the comparative of "good" or "well", meaning changed for the better, or improved.
Wait, let's look at the candidate senses.
1. better%3:00:00:: (comparative of `good') superior to another...
2. better%3:00:02:: (comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness
Wait, "make things worse, not better" -> "better" here is an adjective or adverb? "make things worse, not better". "worse" and "better" are adjectives here, or adverbs? "make things [adjective]".
Wait, "make things worse, not better" -> "better" is the comparative of "good" or "well".
Let's check the senses of "better".
Sense 1: (comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another.
Sense 2: (comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness.
Wait, is there a sense for "improved" or "more desirable"?
Let's re-read the context: "make things worse, not better."
Is "better" here sense 1? "superior to another ... in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability".
Or is it sense 1? Let's check WordNet for "better".
better (adj)
1. (comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another
2. (comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness
Wait, "make things worse, not better" -> "better" means "improved" or "more desirable".
Is there another sense?
Let's look at the options.
1. better%3:00:00::
2. better%3:00:02::
3. better%5:00:00:advisable:00
4. better%5:00:00:major:01
5. good%3:00:01::
...
Wait, "make things worse, not better" -> "better" is the comparative of "good".
"make things worse, not better" -> "better" is an adjective.
"make things worse, not better" -> "better" means "in a better state" or "improved".
Is it sense 1? "superior to another ... in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability"
Let's see: "make things worse, not better" -> "better" is the opposite of "worse".
"worse" is the comparative of "bad". "better" is the comparative of "good".
Sense 1: (comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another.
Wait, "make things worse, not better" -> "better" is an adjective modifying "things". "make things [better]".
Is there a sense for "better" meaning "improved"?
Let's check WordNet:
better (adj)
1. (comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another
2. (comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness
Is "make things worse, not better" sense 1? Yes, "better" as in "more desirable or suitable".
Wait, could it be "better" as an adverb? "make things worse, not better" -> "better" is an adjective here, parallel to "worse". "make things [adjective]".
Let's check if there is an adverb sense.
better (adv)
1. (comparative of `well') in a more advantageous or effective manner
But the options only have:
1. better%3:00:00::
2. better%3:00:02::
3. better%5:00:00:advisable:00
4. better%5:00:00:major:01
So it must be 1.
Let's double check.
"make things worse, not better"
"better" is the comparative of "good".
Sense 1: (comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another.
Examples: You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat.
Is "make things worse, not better" covered by sense 1?
Yes, "better" meaning "more desirable or suitable".
Wait, could it be "better" as in "improved"?
Let's search for "make things worse, not better" in WordNet or similar.
Actually, "better" in "make things worse, not better" is an adjective.
"make things worse, not better" -> "better" is the opposite of "worse".
Sense 1 is the only general comparative of "good" adjective sense.
Let's review the options.
1. better%3:00:00::
2. better%3:00:02:: (health or fitness)
3. better%5:00:00:advisable:00 (wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable)
4. better%5:00:00:major:01 (more than half)
So 1 is the best fit.
Let's consider "make things worse, not better". "better" here means "in a better state" or "improved".
Is there any other sense? No.
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's re-read the definition of 1: "(comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another"
Does "make things worse, not better" fit "superior to another"?
Maybe "better" here is an adverb? "make things worse, not better" -> "make things [worse], not [better]". "worse" and "better" are adjectives functioning as object complements.
"make things worse" -> "worse" is an adjective.
So "better" is an adjective.
Sense 1 is the only general adjective sense for "better" (comparative of good).
I'll go with 1.
Let's check if there's any other "better" sense.
No, the options are 1 to 28.
1 is better%3:00:00::
I am confident it is 1.
Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
"better" is the comparative of "good", meaning more desirable or suitable.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The <t>reason</t> is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reason" in the context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
The sentence is explaining the cause or explanation of why increasing expenditures on education will probably make things worse, not better.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a rational motive for a belief or action (ground)
2. an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon (the reason a steady state was never reached...)
3. the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination (understanding, intellect)
4. the state of having good sense and sound judgment (rationality, reasonableness)
5. a justification for something existing or happening (cause, grounds)
6. a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion

Wait, "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom..."
This is an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon (why increasing expenditures will make things worse).
Let's check sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon". Example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly".
This perfectly matches "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom..."
Let's check sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening". Example: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice".
Sense 2 is "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon". The phenomenon is "increasing expenditures on education... will probably make things worse". The explanation is "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
This is an explanation of the cause of a phenomenon.
Sense 2: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon.
Sense 1: a rational motive for a belief or action.
Sense 5: a justification for something existing or happening.

"The reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly" is very similar to "The reason [increasing expenditures will make things worse] is simple: Education takes place in the classroom..."
So sense 2 is the best match.
Let's review the options.
1. reason%1:16:00::
2. reason%1:10:01::
3. reason%1:09:00::
4. reason%1:26:00::
5. reason%1:10:00::
6. reason%1:09:01::

I will choose 2.
Wait, let's consider sense 2 vs sense 5.
Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"
The text says "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom..." This is explaining *why* increasing expenditures will make things worse. It's an explanation of the cause.
I'm confident in 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is <t>simple</t>: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "simple" in the context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
The sentence means the reason is easy to understand, not complicated, or straightforward.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved (a simple problem)
2. easy and not involved or complicated (elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic)
3. apart from anything else; without additions or modifications (bare, mere)
4. exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity
5. lacking mental capacity and subtlety
6. (botany) of leaf shapes
7. unornamented

"The reason is simple" means the reason is easy to understand, uncomplicated.
Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated" fits perfectly. "The reason is easy and not involved or complicated."
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" (a simple problem; simple mechanisms)
Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated" (elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic)
"The reason is simple" -> "The reason is easy to understand / uncomplicated".
Sense 2 is "easy and not involved or complicated".
Wait, sense 1 is "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved".
Sense 2 is "easy and not involved or complicated".
Is "The reason is simple" more about being easy to understand (sense 2) or having few parts (sense 1)?
Usually, "the reason is simple" means it's easy to understand, straightforward.
Let's check WordNet for "simple".
simple%5:00:00:easy:01 -> easy and not involved or complicated.
simple%3:00:02:: -> having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved.
In "The reason is simple", it means the explanation is easy to grasp.
Let's consider "easy and not involved or complicated".
Synonyms: elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic.
"The reason is simple" -> "The reason is uncomplicated".
I will choose sense 2.
Let's review the context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
This means the reason is easy to understand, straightforward.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 1. But sense 2 specifically has "easy" and "uncomplicated".
I'll go with 2.
Wait, let's look at the gloss for sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated".
Gloss for sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved".
"The reason is simple" -> "The reason is easy".
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: Education
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: <t>Education</t> takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Education" in the context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
The context talks about the process or activity of educating or instructing, taking place in the classroom.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

"Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
This refers to the activities of educating or instructing, the process of teaching.
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"
Wait, "Education takes place in the classroom" - this is the activity of educating or instructing.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed".
Sense 1 fits "the activities of educating or instructing".
Let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
"Education takes place in the classroom" -> the activity of educating or instructing.
"increasing expenditures on education" -> the system or activity of educating.
Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill".
Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge".
The context says "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils".
This is about the activity of educating/instructing.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
Is it the activity of educating or instructing? Yes.
Synonyms for 1: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity.
"Education takes place in the classroom" -> Teaching takes place in the classroom.
So sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check sense 1.
"the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
Yes.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, could it be 1?
"increasing expenditures on education" -> the system of education, or the activity.
"Education takes place in the classroom" -> the activity of educating.
Yes, sense 1.
Let's consider if "education" here means the process of acquiring knowledge (sense 3). "Education is a preparation for life" (sense 3). But "Education takes place in the classroom" is more about the activity of instructing.
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the <t>influence</t> of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "influence" in the context: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
The phrase is "the influence of money".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc
2. causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do
4. the effect of one thing (or person) on another
5. one having power to influence another

"the influence of money" -> the effect of money on something (education).
Sense 4: "the effect of one thing (or person) on another" | examples: the influence of mechanical action.
This perfectly matches "the influence of money".

Let's check sense 1: "a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc" - money is not necessarily prestige.
Sense 4 is the most general and fits "the influence of [thing]".
"the influence of mechanical action" is very similar to "the influence of money".

Let's double check.
"where the influence of money is minimal" -> the effect of money is minimal.
Sense 4: the effect of one thing (or person) on another.
Yes, sense 4 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 1? "power to affect persons or events". But "influence of money" is more like "effect of money".
Let's see: "the influence of mechanical action" -> "the influence of money". Both are inanimate things having an effect.
Sense 4 is definitely the best.
Index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "money" in the given context.
Context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

In the context, "the influence of money is minimal" refers to financial resources, wealth, or funding.
Wait, let's look at the senses.
Sense 1: the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender.
Sense 2: wealth reckoned in terms of money.
Sense 3: the official currency issued by a government or national bank.

"the influence of money" -> wealth, financial resources.
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"wealth reckoned in terms of money" fits "increasing expenditures on education... influence of money is minimal".
Let's check the examples.
Sense 1: "we tried to collect the money he owed us"
Sense 2: "all his money is in real estate"
Sense 3: "he changed his money into francs"

In the context, "money" refers to financial resources or wealth, not physical currency or medium of exchange per se, but rather the concept of wealth/funding.
Wait, "wealth reckoned in terms of money" (sense 2) seems to fit "increasing expenditures" and "influence of money".
Let's consider "money" as wealth.
"where the influence of money is minimal" -> wealth, financial resources.
Sense 2 is "wealth reckoned in terms of money".
Let's double check WordNet.
money%1:21:00:: is "the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender"
money%1:21:01:: is "the official currency issued by a government or national bank"
money%1:21:02:: is "wealth reckoned in terms of money"

"increasing expenditures on education... influence of money is minimal" -> wealth, financial resources.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's review the context again: "increasing expenditures on education... influence of money is minimal."
Expenditures = spending money. Money here means wealth or financial resources.
Sense 2: wealth reckoned in terms of money.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, could it be sense 1? "the most common medium of exchange". No, "wealth" is a better fit for "expenditures" and "influence of money" in a broad institutional sense.
Let's confirm the sense index.
1: medium of exchange
2: wealth
3: official currency

I'll output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: Decades
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. <t>Decades</t> of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Decades" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils..."
The word "Decades" refers to a period of 10 years (multiple periods of 10 years).
Sense 1: a period of 10 years.
Sense 2: the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one.
Clearly, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils..."
The phrase is "educational research".
Sense 1: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

"Educational research" refers to research relating to the process of education.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"educational research" -> research about education.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education.
Sense 2: providing knowledge.
Sense 1 is clearly the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tell
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research <t>tell</t> us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tell" in the context: "Decades of educational research <t>tell</t> us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils..."
The subject is "Decades of educational research".
The object is "us".
The complement is "that even smaller classes have zero effect..."
The meaning is to express in words, to state, to say.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

"express in words" (sense 1) fits perfectly. "Decades of educational research express in words (state, say) to us unequivocally that..."
Wait, could it be 6? "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" - "unequivocally" is in the text, but "assure" is the synonym. "I tell you that man is a crook!"
Sense 1: "express in words", synonyms: state, say. "tell me what is bothering you".
Let's look at sense 1 vs sense 6.
"tell us unequivocally that..."
Is it "express in words" or "inform positively and with certainty"?
Actually, "tell" meaning "state, say" is the most general and fits "research tells us that...".
Let's check WordNet for "tell".
tell%2:32:04:: express in words; "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you"
tell%2:32:08:: inform positively and with certainty and confidence; "I tell you that man is a crook!"
In the context, "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that..."
"express in words" is the standard sense for "research tells us that".
Let's consider sense 1.
Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"express in words" -> state, say.
"Decades of educational research state to us unequivocally that..."
This is a very common usage.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's review sense 1: "express in words".
Is there any other sense?
"let something be known" (sense 2) - "Tell them that you will be late".
"narrate or give a detailed account of" (sense 3).
"give instructions to" (sense 4).
"discern or comprehend" (sense 5).
"inform positively and with certainty and confidence" (sense 6).
"give evidence" (sense 7).
"mark as different" (sense 8).

Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
"express in words"
I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.
Let's confirm.
"Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that..."
Synonym: state. "Decades of educational research state unequivocally that..."
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that <t>even</t> smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "even" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
The word "even" is used to indicate something unexpected or surprising, emphasizing that smaller classes, which one might expect to have a positive effect, have zero effect.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

In the context, "even smaller classes" means "even [the supposedly beneficial] smaller classes". It's used as an intensive to indicate something unexpected (that smaller classes have zero effect).
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected".
Let's double check. "even smaller classes" -> "even" modifies "smaller classes", indicating that it is surprising that they have zero effect.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 3 is for comparisons ("even worse", "even more interesting"). Here "smaller" is an adjective, but "even" is not modifying "smaller" to mean "more smaller". It's modifying the noun phrase "smaller classes" to mean "even [the case of] smaller classes".
Therefore, sense 1 is correct.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "even smaller classes have zero effect".
Is it "even" + "smaller classes" (sense 1) or "even" + "smaller" (sense 3)?
If it were sense 3, it would mean "classes that are even smaller". But the context says "even smaller classes have zero effect", meaning "even the existence of smaller classes has zero effect". The unexpectedness is that smaller classes, which are generally thought to be better, have zero effect.
So sense 1 is the correct one.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "even an idiot knows that". Here "even" modifies "an idiot".
In our context, "even" modifies "smaller classes".
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: classes
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller <t>classes</t> have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "classes" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
The context is about education, specifically the size of classes (number of students taught together) and its effect on academic performance.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. collection of things sharing a common attribute
2. a body of students who are taught together (synonyms: form, grade, course; examples: early morning classes are always sleepy)
3. people having the same social, economic, or educational status
4. education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings
5. a league ranked by quality
6. a body of students who graduate together
7. (biology) a taxonomic group
8. elegance in dress or behavior

"smaller classes" refers to the number of students in a class, i.e., a body of students who are taught together.
Sense 2 fits perfectly.
Let's double check. "smaller classes" -> smaller body of students who are taught together.
Yes, sense 2.
Sense 4 is "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings", but "smaller classes" refers to the group of students, not the education itself.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effect" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
The context talks about the impact or consequence of smaller classes on academic performance.
Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot).
Sense 2: an outward appearance.
Sense 3: an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived).
Sense 4: the central meaning or theme.
Sense 5: (of a law) having legal validity.
Sense 6: a symptom caused by an illness or a drug.

"zero effect on the academic performance" means zero consequence or result.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"zero effect" -> zero consequence, zero result.
Sense 1 matches perfectly.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "academic" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
The phrase is "academic performance".
Sense 1: associated with academia or an academy (e.g., academic curriculum, academic performance).
Sense 2: hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result (e.g., academic discussion).
Sense 3: marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects (synonyms: donnish, pedantic).

"academic performance" refers to performance in school/academy, which aligns with Sense 1: associated with academia or an academy.
Let's double check. "academic performance" is a standard collocation meaning performance in an educational setting.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Sense 2 is "theoretical" (e.g., "the question is purely academic").
Sense 3 is "pedantic".

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Context: "academic performance of the pupils" -> associated with academia or an academy.
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic <t>performance</t> of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "performance" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
The phrase is "academic performance".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. dramatic or musical entertainment
2. act of presenting a play or piece of music
3. the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it (execution, carrying out, carrying into action)
4. any recognized accomplishment
5. process or manner of functioning or operating (operation, functioning)

"academic performance" refers to how well pupils do in their academic tasks, i.e., their execution or accomplishment of academic work, or their functioning/operation in an academic setting.
Wait, let's look at sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it". This fits "academic performance" perfectly, as it involves using knowledge.
Let's check sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment".
Let's check sense 5: "process or manner of functioning or operating".

Is "academic performance" sense 3 or sense 5?
"academic performance of the pupils" -> how well they perform academically.
Sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it". Synonyms: execution, carrying out, carrying into action. Examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance".
Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment". Examples: "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe".
Sense 5: "process or manner of functioning or operating". Synonyms: operation, functioning. Examples: "the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds".

"academic performance" is about doing something successfully, using knowledge.
Let's consider "performance" in "academic performance".
WordNet has "performance" as:
1. dramatic or musical entertainment
2. act of presenting a play...
3. the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it
4. any recognized accomplishment
5. process or manner of functioning or operating

"academic performance" is typically mapped to sense 3 or 4.
"using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" strongly aligns with "academic performance".
Let's check if there is a more specific sense.
"academic performance" -> doing something successfully, using knowledge.
Sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it"
This matches "academic performance" perfectly.

Let's double check sense 3 vs sense 4.
Sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it"
Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment"
"academic performance" is the act of performing academically, doing something successfully, using knowledge.
I will choose sense 3.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils".
Pupils' academic performance = how well they do in school, using knowledge.
Sense 3 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 5 "process or manner of functioning or operating". But "academic performance" is more about the pupils' execution of academic tasks, using knowledge.
I'll go with 3.
Let's review the examples for sense 3: "experience generally improves performance". This is very similar to "academic performance of the pupils".
Yes, sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupils
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the <t>pupils</t> -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "pupils" in the context of "academic performance of the pupils".
The context is about education, school governance, classrooms, teachers, and students.
Candidate senses:
1. pupil%1:18:00:: - a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (student, educatee)
2. pupil%1:08:00:: - the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye
3. pupil%1:18:01:: - a young person attending school (up through senior high school) (schoolchild, school-age child)

The context mentions "academic performance of the pupils" and "teachers".
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
"pupils" in the context of "academic performance" and "teachers" and "school governance".
Wait, sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution".
Sense 3 is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)".
The text says "New York City", "larger cities", "school governance", "classroom", "teachers".
"pupils" here refers to students in general, but "pupil" as a young person attending school is sense 3.
Let's check the context again: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
Is it sense 1 or 3?
In WordNet, pupil%1:18:00:: is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (student, educatee).
pupil%1:18:01:: is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)" (schoolchild, school-age child).
The text talks about "school governance", "classroom", "teachers". "pupils" is often used for schoolchildren.
However, "pupils" in the context of "academic performance" and "teachers" could be either.
Let's consider "pupils" vs "students". The text says "academic performance of the pupils".
Usually, "pupil" in the context of K-12 education is sense 3.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms: "schoolchild, school-age child".
Is "pupils" here referring to schoolchildren? Yes, "school boards", "school governance", "classroom", "teachers".
Let's choose sense 3.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils".
Could it be sense 1? "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution".
In WordNet, pupil%1:18:01:: is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)".
Let's search for similar examples. "academic performance of the pupils" -> schoolchildren.
I will go with sense 3.
Wait, let's think if sense 1 is better. "student, educatee".
"pupils" is specifically used for schoolchildren in British English or in formal contexts about primary/secondary education. The text mentions "school boards", "school governance", "teachers", "classroom". This strongly points to K-12 education, hence "young person attending school".
I'll select 3.
Let's double check.
"pupil" sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution.
"pupil" sense 3: a young person attending school (up through senior high school).
The context mentions "school boards", "school governance", "classroom", "teachers". This is clearly K-12 education.
Therefore, sense 3 is the most specific and accurate.
I will output 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be <t>desirable</t> for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "desirable".
Context: "...even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

In the context, "desirable" means "worth having or seeking or achieving" (smaller classes may be desirable for other reasons, i.e., worth having).
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 2 is about being a suitable spouse.

Therefore, sense_index is 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for <t>other</t> reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."
The phrase is "other reasons".
This means reasons different from the academic performance of the pupils.
Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" (e.g., "the construction of highways and other public works").
Sense 2: "recently past" (e.g., "the other evening").
Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" (e.g., "former generations").
Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" (e.g., "a strange, other dimension").

"other reasons" clearly matches Sense 1: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied (i.e., reasons other than academic performance).

Let's double check.
"other reasons" -> reasons different from the ones already mentioned (academic performance).
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Sense 1 index is 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}