[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studied
Context:
It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been <t>studied</t>? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "studied" in the context: "How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."
The context is about conducting scientific studies, analyzing, examining, or carrying out research on Cerenia.
Sense 1: consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning (analyze, examine, canvass). This fits "carried out studies", "subject to an analysis".
Sense 2: be a student.
Sense 3: give careful consideration to.
Sense 4: be a student of a certain subject.
Sense 5: learn by reading books.
Sense 6: think intently and at length.

Wait, looking at the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..."
This means Cerenia was subjected to analysis, examined, investigated.
Sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" -> synonyms: analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas.
Is there a better sense?
Let's check the context again: "How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..."
This is scientific study, investigation, analysis.
Sense 1 fits best.

Let's review the options.
1. study%2:31:02:: consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning
2. study%2:31:03:: be a student
3. study%2:39:00:: give careful consideration to
4. study%2:31:00:: be a student of a certain subject
5. study%2:31:01:: learn by reading books
6. study%2:31:04:: think intently and at length

Sense 1 is the most appropriate for scientific investigation/analysis.
"analyze the evidence in a criminal trial" -> "studied" in laboratory dogs.
Yes, sense 1.
End of thought.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "studies" in the context: "A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."
The context refers to scientific or medical research investigations.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. study%1:04:00:: - a detailed critical inspection (survey)
2. study%1:09:03:: - applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject
3. study%1:10:00:: - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report) - wait, "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..." This refers to the research investigations themselves, not just the written document. But wait, in WordNet, "study" as a research project or investigation is often mapped to "study%1:10:00::" or similar. Let's re-read the definitions.
Wait, let's check WordNet for "study" meaning research investigation.
Is there a sense for "research"?
Let's see:
1. study%1:04:00:: - a detailed critical inspection (survey)
2. study%1:09:03:: - applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading)
3. study%1:10:00:: - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report)
Wait, "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..."
Could it be 3? "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". But "studies were carried out" implies the research activity or the research project.
Let's check if there is a better sense.
Wait, "study" as in "research study".
Is there a sense for "research"?
Let's look at the options:
1. study%1:04:00:: - a detailed critical inspection
2. study%1:09:03:: - applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject
3. study%1:10:00:: - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group
4. study%1:09:04:: - a state of deep mental absorption
5. study%1:06:00:: - a room used for reading and writing and studying
6. study%1:09:02:: - a branch of knowledge
7. study%1:06:01:: - preliminary drawing for later elaboration
8. study%1:09:01:: - attentive consideration and meditation
9. study%1:18:00:: - someone who memorizes quickly and easily
10. study%1:10:01:: - a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

Wait, none of these perfectly match "research investigation" except maybe 3 (written document describing findings) or 1 (detailed critical inspection).
Let's re-evaluate "study%1:10:00::". "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group". In WordNet, "study" (research) is often under this sense or similar. Wait, "study" as a research project is often sense 3. Let's check WordNet 3.1:
study n
1. study, survey - a detailed critical inspection
2. study, work - applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading)
3. study, report, written report - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group
4. study - a state of deep mental absorption
5. study - a room used for reading and writing and studying
6. discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, study - a branch of knowledge
7. study, sketch - preliminary drawing for later elaboration
8. study, cogitation - attentive consideration and meditation
9. study - someone who memorizes quickly and easily
10. study - a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

Wait, is "study" as in "clinical study" mapped to 3? "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..."
If they "carried out" studies, they conducted research. The result is a report, but the study itself is the research. However, WordNet often lumps "research study" into "study, report, written report" (sense 3) or maybe "study, survey" (sense 1).
Let's look at sense 3 examples: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale".
What about sense 1? "a detailed critical inspection". Synonyms: survey.
Is a clinical trial a "detailed critical inspection"? No.
Is it a "written document describing the findings"? Yes, a clinical study is often referred to as a study (the report or the investigation).
Let's consider "study" in the context of "clinical studies". In WordNet, "study" meaning a research project is often mapped to sense 3 (report, written report) because the primary tangible output is the report, or it's the closest available sense.
Wait, let's search for "study" in WordNet.
Is there a sense for "research"? No, "research" is a separate synset.
But "study" can mean "a research project".
Let's check the synsets for "study":
1. study, survey (inspection)
2. study, work (learning)
3. study, report, written report (document)
4. study (absorption)
5. study (room)
6. discipline, subject, field, study (branch of knowledge)
7. study, sketch (drawing)
8. study, cogitation (meditation)
9. study (quick learner)
10. study (musical composition)

If "studies were carried out", it refers to the research investigations. Which sense is closest?
Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group". A clinical study is a document/report, or the investigation that produces it.
Could it be sense 1? "a detailed critical inspection". No.
Could it be sense 3? Yes, "study" as in "a study was conducted" is often mapped to the "report" sense in WordNet because the study is the documented research.
Let's consider if "study" as an activity of researching is covered by sense 2: "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject". No, that's studying for a test.
What about sense 3? "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group". "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..." Here, "studies" refers to the research projects. In WordNet, "study" (research project) is often grouped with "report" or it's the closest match.
Let's look at similar examples. "The study showed that..." -> sense 3.
"carried out studies" -> sense 3.
Let's choose 3.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
This clearly refers to clinical trials / research studies.
In WordNet, "study" meaning a research investigation is often mapped to sense 3 (study, report, written report) because the investigation is synonymous with the report of its findings in many contexts, or it's the only sense that fits "research study".
Let's double check if there's any other.
Sense 1: survey, detailed critical inspection.
Sense 3: report, written report.
I will go with 3.
Let's review the definition of sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group".
Is a clinical study a written document? Yes, "a study" in medical literature is a published report. "A large number of studies... were carried out" might technically mean the investigations, but WordNet's sense 3 is the standard mapping for "research study".
Let's confirm.
"study" (research) -> study%1:10:00::
Yes, "study" as in "clinical study" is sense 3.
I will output 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry_out
Target surface form: carried out
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were <t>carried out</t> either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00:: | definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
2. sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00:: | definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "carried out" (lemma: carry_out).
Context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00:: | definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
2. sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00:: | definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Wait, "studies were carried out" means they were conducted, executed, put in effect.
Sense 1: put in effect, accomplish, execute. "carry out a task"
Sense 2: pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue. "follow through, implement"

Let's look at the synonyms and definitions.
Sense 1: put in effect, accomplish, execute. "carry out a task"
Sense 2: pursue to a conclusion, follow through, implement.

"studies were carried out" -> executed, conducted.
Sense 1 fits "execute" and "accomplish" better for "studies were carried out".
Let's check WordNet for "carry out".
carry out (v)
1. carry out, execute, do, action, carry through, accomplish, fulfill, fulfil - put in effect; "carry out a task"; "execute the decision of the people"
2. carry out, follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through - pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue; "Did he go through with the treatment?"; "He implemented a new economic plan"

"studies were carried out" -> executed, done.
Sense 1 is "put in effect", "execute".
Sense 2 is "pursue to a conclusion", "follow through".
"studies were carried out" is more like "executed" or "conducted".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..."
"carry out a study" -> execute a study.
Sense 1: put in effect, execute.
Sense 2: pursue to a conclusion.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "carry out a task; execute the decision of the people"
"studies were carried out" -> executed.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratory
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in <t>laboratory</t> dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "laboratory" in the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."
The phrase is "laboratory dogs".
Sense 1: a workplace for the conduct of scientific research (lab, research lab, etc.)
Sense 2: a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation (testing ground)

In "laboratory dogs", "laboratory" is used as an adjective modifying "dogs", meaning dogs used in a laboratory (a workplace for scientific research).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "laboratory dogs" = dogs kept in a laboratory.
Sense 1: a workplace for the conduct of scientific research.
Sense 2: a region resembling a laboratory...
Sense 1 is clearly the intended sense.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "dogs" in the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."
The context clearly refers to the animal, specifically the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), used in laboratory studies.
Sense 1: "a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds"
This perfectly matches the context.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "several" in the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."
The word "several" modifies "European countries".
It means an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many.
Sense 1: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. Examples: several letters came in the mail.
Sense 2: considered individually.
Sense 3: distinct and individual.

"several European countries" fits sense 1 perfectly.
Let's double check.
"several European countries" -> an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "benefit" in the context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."
The context is about the positive effect or advantage of the medicine Cerenia.
Candidate senses:
1. financial assistance in time of need
2. something that aids or promotes well-being (synonyms: welfare, examples: for the benefit of all)
3. a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Sense 2 fits perfectly, as it refers to the positive effect or advantage (something that aids or promotes well-being) of the medicine.

Let's double check.
"benefit" here means the positive effect or advantage.
Sense 2: "something that aids or promotes well-being"
This matches the context of a medicine showing a positive effect (less vomiting).

Therefore, sense 2 is the best choice.
Output format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "shown" in the context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
The context is about studies showing (providing evidence for, indicating, demonstrating) a benefit.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit)
2. establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish)
3. provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) - "The blood test showed that he was the father"
4. make visible or noticeable
5. show in, or as in, a picture
6. give expression to
7. indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
8. be or become visible or noticeable
9. indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments
10. give evidence of, as of records ("The diary shows his distress that evening")
11. take (someone) to their seats
12. finish third or better in a horse or dog race

Wait, "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
Is it sense 3: "provide evidence for"? Or sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"? Or sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records"?
Let's re-read the context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
Actually, "shown" here means "demonstrated" or "provided evidence for".
Let's check sense 3: "provide evidence for" (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence). Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence".
Let's check sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (prove, demonstrate, establish, shew). Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture".
Wait, "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" -> Cerenia has shown a benefit.
Is it sense 3? "provide evidence for" -> "The blood test showed that he was the father".
Or sense 10? "give evidence of, as of records" -> "The diary shows his distress that evening".
Or sense 2? "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
Let's consider "show" meaning "demonstrate" or "prove".
In WordNet, "show" as in "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" is sense 2 (show%2:31:00::).
Wait, "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
Could it be sense 3? "provide evidence for".
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 3: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
Synonyms for sense 2: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew.
"shown" in "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
Actually, "show" in the sense of "demonstrate" or "prove" is often sense 2 or 3.
Let's look at sense 3: "provide evidence for".
Let's look at sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
Wait, the sentence is "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
Is it "demonstrate"? "What benefit has Cerenia demonstrated during the studies?" Yes.
Let's check sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
Let's check sense 3: "provide evidence for".
Let's check sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records".
Let's check sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
Let's check sense 6: "give expression to".
Let's check sense 2 again. "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound". This matches "studies" and "demonstrated".
Wait, "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
Is it sense 3? "provide evidence for".
Let's search for "show" in WordNet.
show%2:31:00:: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment. Synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew.
show%2:32:00:: provide evidence for. Synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
show%2:32:03:: give evidence of, as of records.
In the context, "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
"shown" = demonstrated.
Let's look at the example for sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound". This is very close to "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective".
Wait, the target is "shown" in "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
Is it sense 2 or sense 3?
"provide evidence for" (sense 3) vs "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (sense 2).
Actually, "show" meaning "demonstrate" is sense 2. "demonstrate" is a synonym for sense 2.
Let's consider "show" meaning "give evidence of, as of records" (sense 10). "The diary shows his distress that evening."
But here it's "Cerenia shown during the studies". Cerenia is a medicine. A medicine can "demonstrate" a benefit.
Let's look at sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
Let's look at sense 3: "provide evidence for".
Is there a better fit?
What about sense 2? "demonstrate" is a synonym. "What benefit has Cerenia demonstrated during the studies?"
Let's check sense 3: "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence".
I think sense 2 is the best fit because it explicitly mentions "experiment" and "demonstrate", which aligns perfectly with "studies" and "demonstrated".
Wait, let's re-read the definition of sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
Does Cerenia establish the validity of a benefit? Or does it provide evidence for a benefit?
Maybe sense 3: "provide evidence for". "The blood test showed that he was the father".
Let's consider "show" as in "demonstrate". "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" -> sense 2.
"The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective" -> this is "showed" in the next sentence.
The target is "shown" in "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
If I substitute "demonstrated": "What benefit has Cerenia demonstrated during the studies?" This sounds very natural.
If I substitute "provided evidence for": "What benefit has Cerenia provided evidence for during the studies?" A bit clunky.
Therefore, sense 2 (demonstrate) is the best fit.

Let's double check sense 2 vs sense 3.
Sense 2: show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew
Sense 3: show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence
In WordNet, "demonstrate" is a synonym of sense 2. "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" is an example of sense 2.
The context is about studies (experiments) showing (demonstrating) a benefit.
So sense 2 is highly appropriate.

Let's check if there's any other sense.
Sense 10: give evidence of, as of records. "The diary shows his distress that evening."
Sense 4: make visible or noticeable. "She showed her talent for cooking."
Sense 2 is definitely the most precise for scientific studies demonstrating a benefit.

Let's review the target sentence: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
Synonym: demonstrated.
Sense 2 has "demonstrate" as a synonym and "experiment" in the definition.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's look at the example for sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound".
Context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out... What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
This perfectly matches "experiment" and "demonstrate".
I'll go with 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "studies" in the context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
The context refers to scientific or medical studies, which are written documents or reports describing the findings of some individual or group, or the research itself.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. detailed critical inspection (survey)
2. applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject
3. a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report)
4. a state of deep mental absorption
5. a room used for reading and writing and studying
6. a branch of knowledge
7. preliminary drawing for later elaboration
8. attentive consideration and meditation
9. someone who memorizes quickly and easily
10. a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

Wait, "studies" in this context refers to the research projects or the written documents describing the findings. Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (synonyms: report, written report).
Let's re-read the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out... What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
Is it sense 3? Yes, "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" or the research itself. Wait, WordNet sense 3 is "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group".
Let's check if there is a better sense.
Sense 1: detailed critical inspection (survey) - no.
Sense 3: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group. "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This fits "studies" as in research studies/reports.
Let's consider "study" as a research project. WordNet might classify it under sense 3.
Let's check the examples for sense 3: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This perfectly matches "studies" in the context of medical research.
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 1? No.
Sense 3 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check. "The results of the studies showed that..." -> "study" as a report or research document.
Yes, sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "results" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
The context refers to the outcomes or findings of the studies.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Wait, "results of the studies" refers to the findings or outcomes of the studies.
Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.
Sense 3: something that results, resultant, final result, outcome, termination. Example: "he listened for the results on the radio" (like election results or study results).
Let's check WordNet for "result".
result%1:11:00:: "something that results" -> "he listened for the results on the radio"
result%1:19:00:: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" -> "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"

In the context, "The results of the studies showed..." refers to the findings, the data, the outcomes of the studies.
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
"results of the studies" -> findings, outcomes.
Sense 3: "something that results" -> "he listened for the results on the radio" (e.g., election results, test results, study results).
Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" -> consequence, effect.

Let's look at the synonyms for sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome, termination.
Wait, "results" in "results of the studies" is often sense 3.
Let's check WordNet:
result%1:11:00:: "something that results"
result%1:19:00:: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"

Actually, "results" as in "study results" or "election results" is typically sense 3.
Let's consider "result" in WordNet:
1. a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot)
2. a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem (solution, answer, resolution, solvent)
3. something that results (resultant, final result, outcome, termination)
4. the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause (resultant role)

"results of the studies" -> the findings, the outcomes.
"he listened for the results on the radio" -> this matches "results of the studies" (findings, outcomes of an event or process).
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"results" (plural) in the context of studies, elections, etc., is sense 3.
"result" (singular) as in "as a result of" is sense 1.
Yes, "results" (plural) meaning findings is sense 3.
I will choose 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "studies" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
The context refers to scientific or medical investigations/research reports.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. detailed critical inspection (survey)
2. applying the mind to learning (work)
3. a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report)
4. a state of deep mental absorption
5. a room used for reading
6. a branch of knowledge
7. preliminary drawing
8. attentive consideration and meditation
9. someone who memorizes quickly
10. a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

Wait, "studies" in this context refers to scientific studies, which are written documents or reports describing findings, or perhaps the investigations themselves.
Let's re-read sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (synonyms: report, written report). Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale".
Is there a sense for "scientific investigation"?
Let's check the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out... The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
Sense 3 fits "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" or the investigation itself.
Wait, let's look at the options.
1. survey
2. work
3. report, written report
4. deep mental absorption
5. room
6. branch of knowledge
7. sketch
8. cogitation
9. quick study
10. composition

Sense 3 is the best fit for "studies" as in scientific studies/reports. "The results of the studies showed..." -> "The results of the reports showed..."
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group"
Yes, "studies" in medical contexts often refers to the reports or the investigations, which align with sense 3.
Let's confirm sense 3.
"this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"
"The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
Yes, sense 3 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "showed" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
The context is about scientific studies providing evidence or indicating a result.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. give an exhibition of to an interested audience
2. establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish)
3. provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) - "The blood test showed that he was the father"
4. make visible or noticeable
5. show in, or as in, a picture
6. give expression to
7. indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
8. be or become visible or noticeable
9. indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments
10. give evidence of, as of records ("The diary shows his distress that evening")
11. take (someone) to their seats
12. finish third or better in a horse or dog race

Wait, "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo"
Is it sense 3: "provide evidence for" (The blood test showed that he was the father)?
Or sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (The experiment demonstrated the validity of the conjecture)?
Or sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records"?

Let's look at sense 3: "provide evidence for" synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence. Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence".
Let's look at sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew. Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture".

Wait, "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo"
Is it sense 3? "provide evidence for"
Let's check WordNet for "show" meaning "provide evidence for".
Sense 3: show%2:32:00:: definition=provide evidence for. synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence. examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence.
Sense 2: show%2:31:00:: definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment. synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew. examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture.

In the context, "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". This is providing evidence for a fact.
Wait, "The results of the studies showed that..." is very similar to "The blood test showed that he was the father". Both are about a test/study providing evidence for a conclusion.
Let's consider sense 3. "provide evidence for".
Is there another sense?
Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records". Example: "The diary shows his distress that evening".
Sense 3 is "provide evidence for".

Let's read the context again: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."
This is providing evidence for the effectiveness.
"The blood test showed that he was the father" -> "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
This perfectly matches sense 3.

Let's double check sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment". The example is "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound". But here it's "The results of the studies showed that...". The results provide evidence.
Actually, sense 3 is "provide evidence for".
Let's check WordNet 3.1:
show (v)
1. show, demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate - give an exhibition of to an interested audience
2. show, prove, demonstrate, establish, shew - establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment
3. show, testify, bear witness, prove, evidence - provide evidence for
4. show - make visible or noticeable
5. picture, depict, render, show - show in, or as in, a picture
6. show, express, evince - give expression to
7. show, indicate, point, designate - indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively
8. show, show up - be or become visible or noticeable
9. read, register, record, show - indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments
10. show - give evidence of, as of records
11. show, usher - take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums
12. show - finish third or better in a horse or dog race

"The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo"
Is it 3 or 2?
"provide evidence for" -> "The blood test showed that he was the father"
"establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" -> "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"
Here, "The results of the studies showed that..."
The results provide evidence.
I will go with 3.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for 3: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
"The results of the studies provided evidence that..." -> "The results of the studies showed that..."
Yes, sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's consider if it could be 10: "give evidence of, as of records". "The diary shows his distress that evening". No, studies are not just records, they are tests/experiments providing evidence.
Sense 3 is "provide evidence for".
I'll select 3.
Let's review the prompt: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo"
"showed" = provided evidence for.
Yes, 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "more" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo..."
The word "more" is used to form the comparative of the adjective "effective".
Sense 1: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs. Synonyms: to a greater extent. Examples: more interesting; more beautiful.
Sense 2: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent. Examples: he works more now; they eat more than they should.

In the context, "more" modifies "effective", which is an adjective. Therefore, it is used to form the comparative of an adjective.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Let's double check. "more effective" -> "more" + adjective.
Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs"
Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" (usually modifying verbs or nouns, e.g., "more than they should").

So sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effective" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."
The context is about a medicine (Cerenia) producing an intended result (less vomiting) compared to a placebo.
Sense 1: producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect. Synonyms: effectual, efficacious. Examples: effective teaching methods.
Sense 3: works well as a means or remedy. Examples: an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat.
Wait, let's look at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect"
Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy"
The context is about a medicine (Cerenia) being more effective than a placebo. "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" is very similar to "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo".
Let's check the examples for Sense 3: "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat". This is a medical remedy context.
Sense 1: "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods"
Sense 3 seems to specifically mention "remedy", which fits "medicine" and "placebo".
Wait, let's re-read Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect".
Let's re-read Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy".
Is "effective" in "more effective than the placebo" better mapped to Sense 1 or Sense 3?
In WordNet, "effective" as an adjective meaning "producing or capable of producing an intended result" is sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms. Sense 1: effectual, efficacious. Sense 3: (no synonyms listed, just "works well as a means or remedy").
Actually, "efficacious" is a synonym in Sense 1. "Efficacious" is often used for medicines.
Let's check the exact WordNet entry for "effective".
Sense 1: producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect. (effectual, efficacious)
Sense 3: works well as a means or remedy. (an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat)
Wait, "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" is Sense 3.
But "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" -> "producing an intended result".
Let's consider "more effective than the placebo".
Is it Sense 1 or Sense 3?
"works well as a means or remedy" -> Sense 3.
"producing or capable of producing an intended result" -> Sense 1.
In the context, "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine..." This is about producing an intended result (less vomiting).
Let's look at similar examples. "an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" -> Sense 3.
Is "effective" in "more effective than the placebo" Sense 1 or 3?
Often, "effective" in medical contexts (like a drug being effective) is Sense 1 (efficacious) or Sense 3 (remedy).
Let's check the definition of Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect".
Definition of Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy".
"more effective than the placebo" -> "producing an intended result".
Wait, "efficacious" is a synonym for Sense 1. Efficacious means "successful in producing a desired or intended result; effective."
Let's choose Sense 1 because "producing an intended result" perfectly matches "less vomiting was seen... in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."
Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again. "works well as a means or remedy". A medicine is a remedy.
But "more effective than the placebo" is a comparative of producing an intended result.
Let's search my internal knowledge for "more effective than the placebo".
Actually, "effective" meaning "producing or capable of producing an intended result" is the most general and fits "more effective than the placebo".
Let's consider Sense 1.
"an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick" -> comparative "more effective than".
Here: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo".
This parallel structure ("more effective than") strongly points to Sense 1.
Let's double check.
Sense 1: producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect.
Synonyms: effectual, efficacious.
Examples: an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods.
Yes, "more effective than" is in the example for Sense 1!
"an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick"
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00::
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00
I will go with 1.
Wait, let's re-read the example for Sense 1: "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation".
The context has: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo".
This is a very strong match for Sense 1.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "placebo".
Context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

The context clearly refers to a medical study where a control group receives an inert medication (placebo).
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "less" in the context: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo".
"vomiting" is a mass noun (or at least treated as an uncountable noun here, referring to the amount or degree of vomiting).
Sense 1: (comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree. Examples: of less importance; less time to spend with the family.
Sense 2: (usually preceded by `no') lower in quality.
Sense 3: (nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer.

"less vomiting" means a smaller amount or degree of vomiting. This perfectly matches Sense 1.
Let's double check. "less vomiting" -> not as great in amount or degree.
Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."
The target word is "seen" (lemma: see).
The context talks about observing or witnessing an effect (less vomiting) in dogs during studies.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. perceive by sight
2. perceive mentally
3. perceive or be contemporaneous with (synonyms: witness, find) - "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"
4. imagine
5. deem to be
6. get to know or become aware of
7. see or watch (view a show)
8. come together
9. find out, learn, or determine with certainty
10. be careful or certain to do something
11. go to see for professional reasons
12. go to see for a social visit
13. go to see a place
14. take charge of or deal with
15. receive as a specified guest
16. date regularly
17. see and understand, have a good eye
18. deliberate or decide
19. observe as if with an eye
20. observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect
21. go or live through
22. accompany or escort
23. match or meet
24. make sense of; assign a meaning to

Wait, "less vomiting was seen in dogs" -> this is passive. "We saw less vomiting in dogs".
Sense 3: perceive or be contemporaneous with (synonyms: witness, find). "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school". This fits "less vomiting was seen" (observed/witnessed).
Let's check sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" synonyms: witness, find.
Is there a better sense?
Sense 1: perceive by sight. But "vomiting was seen" is more like "observed" or "witnessed" in a study.
Sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" -> witness, find. "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school". This matches "less vomiting was seen" (observed/witnessed).
Wait, "see" in scientific studies often means "observe" or "witness".
Let's look at sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" synonyms: witness, find.
Let's look at sense 19: "observe as if with an eye" - "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it".
Let's look at sense 20: "observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect" - "The customs agent examined the baggage".
Let's look at sense 3 again. "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school" -> "less vomiting was seen in dogs".
Is there an "observe" sense?
Sense 3: perceive or be contemporaneous with. Synonyms: witness, find.
Let's consider "see" as in "observe".
WordNet sense for "see" meaning "observe" or "witness":
see%2:39:02:: perceive or be contemporaneous with. Synonyms: witness, find.
Example: "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"
This perfectly matches "less vomiting was seen in dogs" (i.e., less vomiting was witnessed/observed/found).

Let's check if there's any other "observe" sense.
Sense 19: observe as if with an eye. (The camera saw the burglary...)
Sense 20: observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect. (examine)
Sense 3 is "perceive or be contemporaneous with" (witness, find). "less vomiting was seen" = "less vomiting was witnessed/found".

Let's read the context again: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."
"seen" here means "observed" or "witnessed".
Sense 3: perceive or be contemporaneous with. Synonyms: witness, find.
This fits "less vomiting was witnessed/found in dogs".

Let's double check sense 3.
"perceive or be contemporaneous with"
synonyms: witness, find
examples: We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school.
Yes, "see a lot of cheating" is very similar to "see less vomiting".

Could it be sense 1? "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight". "You have to be a good observer to see all the details".
But "less vomiting was seen" is more about the occurrence being witnessed or found in the study, rather than literal visual perception of the act of vomiting (though it is visual, it's about the phenomenon being observed/witnessed in the study).
Actually, "see" in medical contexts often maps to "witness" or "find" (sense 3).
"less vomiting was seen" -> "less vomiting was witnessed/found".

Let's check sense 3 again.
sense_key=see%2:39:02::
definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with
synonyms=witness, find
examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school

Yes, this is the best fit.
Another option: sense 19 "observe as if with an eye". But "witness" is a better synonym for "seen" in this context (e.g., "vomiting was witnessed").
I will go with 3.
Wait, let's consider sense 3 vs sense 1.
"less vomiting was seen" -> "less vomiting was observed/witnessed".
Sense 3 has "witness" as a synonym.
I am confident in 3.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "dogs" in the context of "laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises" and "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine".
This clearly refers to the animal, the domestic dog.
Sense 1: "a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds"
Synonyms: domestic dog, Canis familiaris.
This matches perfectly.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "medicine".
Context: "...less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."
The word "medicine" here refers to a substance used to treat or prevent disease or symptoms (Cerenia).
Candidate senses:
1. medical specialty
2. something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease (medication, medicament, medicinal drug)
3. the learned profession
4. punishment

Sense 2 is the best fit.
Context mentions "received the medicine", "placebo", "treatment or prevention of vomiting". This clearly aligns with sense 2: "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease".
Synonyms: medication, medicament, medicinal drug.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.