[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "doubts" in the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The context says "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact..."
This refers to the state of being unsure of something, or uncertainty about the truth or factuality.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Wait, "doubts" here means the state of being unsure of something. "His doubts stemmed from the fact..."
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 1: the state of being unsure of something.
Sense 2: uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something.
In the context, "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." refers to his state of being unsure (dubious) that the search was over.
Let's check the synonyms. Sense 1 has "uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness".
Sense 2 has "dubiousness, doubtfulness, question".
The text says "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from..."
"dubious" -> dubiousness. Both have dubiousness.
But "doubts" as a plural noun often refers to instances of uncertainty or the state of being unsure.
Wait, let's look at WordNet.
doubt.n.01: the state of being unsure of something. (doubt, uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness)
doubt.n.02: uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something. (dubiousness, doubtfulness, doubt, question)
Wait, the target is "doubts".
"His doubts stemmed from the fact..."
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Let's consider "doubt" as a state of being unsure. "His doubts" = his state of being unsure.
Actually, sense 1 is "the state of being unsure of something".
Sense 2 is "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something".
In the context, he is unsure that the search was over. This is a state of being unsure of something.
Let's choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact..."
"dubious" is an adjective. "dubiousness" is a synonym for both.
But "doubts" (plural) usually aligns with "uncertainty" or "state of being unsure".
Let's check if there is a distinction.
Sense 1: doubt, uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness.
Sense 2: dubiousness, doubtfulness, doubt, question.
"His doubts" -> plural.
I will go with sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms. Sense 1 has "dubiety", "incertitude". Sense 2 has "question".
"His doubts" = his uncertainty.
I'll output 1.
Let's double check.
"His doubts stemmed from the fact..."
Could it be 1? Yes.
Let's output 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "stemmed" in the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The meaning here is "originate in" or "have roots in".
Sense 1: grow out of, have roots in, originate in. Example: The increase in the national debt stems from the last war.
Sense 2: cause to point inward.
Sense 3: stop the flow of a liquid.
Sense 4: remove the stem from.

The context clearly matches Sense 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fact" in the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The phrase is "the fact that [clause]".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. fact%1:09:01:: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
2. fact%1:10:01:: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
3. fact%1:26:01:: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed.
4. fact%1:09:02:: a concept whose truth can be proved.

Wait, "the fact that..." usually refers to a statement or assertion of verified information, or a piece of information.
Let's check WordNet for "the fact that".
In WordNet, "fact" sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
Sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
Sense 3: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed.
Sense 4: a concept whose truth can be proved.

"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found..."
This is a piece of information or a statement/assertion of verified information.
Wait, let's look at similar examples. "the fact that..." is often sense 1 or 2.
Let's consider "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
Or "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened".
Actually, "the fact that" is often mapped to sense 1 or 2.
Let's look at the definition of sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
Definition of sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened".
In this context, "the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found..." is a piece of information about an event that has occurred (the researcher had found something).
Wait, "the fact that" is often sense 1. Let's search for "the fact that" in WordNet examples.
"first you must collect all the facts of the case" (sense 1)
"he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts" (sense 2)
"your fears have no basis in fact" (sense 3)
"scientific hypotheses are not facts" (sense 4)

Is "the fact that..." sense 1 or 2?
"His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." -> "the fact that" introduces a clause.
In WordNet, "fact" sense 1 is "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
Sense 2 is "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened".
Often, "the fact that" is considered sense 1. Let's think if it's 1 or 2.
"the fact that" is a piece of information.
Let's consider "fact" in "the fact that".
If I say "the fact that he was late", it's a piece of information.
Let's choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found..."
This is a piece of information about an event that has occurred.
Let's check if there is a more specific sense.
Sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
Sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
I will go with sense 1.
Wait, another perspective: "the fact that" is often sense 1.
Let's consider "fact" as "a piece of information".
Yes, sense 1.
Let's double check.
"His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." -> "the fact" is the piece of information that Levine had found p53.
I'll output 1.
Wait, let's look at sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
Sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
"the fact that" is a piece of information.
I will choose 1.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, could it be 2? "a statement or assertion of verified information". The researcher's finding is a statement or assertion? No, the finding itself is an event or the information about it is a fact. "the fact that [clause]" is typically sense 1.
Let's go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "several" in the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The phrase is "several years earlier".
"several" here means an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many.
Sense 1: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. Examples: several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident.
Sense 2: considered individually.
Sense 3: distinct and individual.

"several years" fits sense 1 perfectly.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "years" in the context: "several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The context refers to a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days.
Sense 1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days. Examples: she is 4 years old; in the year 1920.
Sense 2: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity.
Sense 3: the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun.
Sense 4: a body of students who graduate together.

"several years earlier" clearly refers to a period of time containing 365 days.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "earlier" in the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The word "earlier" here means "earlier in time; previously".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

"several years earlier" means "several years previously". This matches sense 1.
Sense 2 is about coming sooner than expected.
Sense 3 is about originally or in the first place.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Double check: "several years earlier" -> "earlier in time; previously".
Yes, sense 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" (lemma: find).
Context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The researcher "found" (discovered, determined, established) in experiments with mice that a gene could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. come upon, as if by accident
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
3. come upon after searching
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
8. make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
9. make a discovery (discover)

Wait, "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" fits perfectly with "found in experiments with mice".
Let's check sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize.
Wait, "found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
Is it sense 4 or sense 8 or sense 9?
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
Sense 9: "make a discovery" (She found that he had lied to her)

Let's read the context again: "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
This is establishing a fact after an experiment.
"establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" -> sense 4.
Let's check sense 4 again. "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize."
Wait, "found in experiments with mice that..."
Could it be sense 4? Yes, "experiment" is explicitly in the definition of sense 4.
Let's check sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
Let's check sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
The context says "found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
This perfectly matches "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

Let's look at sense 4:
definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain
examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize

Is there any other sense?
Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding.
Sense 9: make a discovery.

"found in experiments with mice that..." -> "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
I will go with sense 4.
Let's double check.
"had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
This is establishing a fact through an experiment.
Sense 4 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 2 "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". But sense 4 specifically mentions "experiment".
I'll select 4.
Wait, let's re-read the context. "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
Yes, "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" is exactly what happened.
I will output 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "experiments" in the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The context refers to scientific experiments, specifically controlled tests or investigations with mice.
Sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" (synonyms: experimentation). This perfectly matches scientific experiments with mice.
Sense 2: "the testing of an idea" (examples: it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories).
Sense 3: "a venture at something new or different" (examples: as an experiment he decided to grow a beard).

Sense 1 is the best fit for scientific experiments with mice.
Let's double check.
"experiments with mice" -> controlled test or investigation.
Sense 1 is experiment%1:04:00::.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "mice" (plural of mouse).
Context: "...Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The context is about biological experiments with animals.
Sense 1: any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats...
Sense 2: a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye
Sense 3: person who is quiet or timid
Sense 4: a hand-operated electronic device...

The context clearly refers to the animal (rodent) used in experiments.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "called" in the context: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The context is about naming or assigning a proper name to a gene.
Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" (synonyms: name). Examples: "They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader".
This perfectly matches "a gene called p53".
Let's double check other senses.
Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality. (He called me a bastard). Not this.
Sense 12: greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name. (Call me Mister). Not this.
Sense 27: consider or regard as being. (I would not call her beautiful). Not this.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "transform".
Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The context is about changing normal cells into cancerous ones.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. mathematical transformation
2. change or alter in form, appearance, or nature (transmute, transubstantiate) - "This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture"
3. change in outward structure or looks (transmute, metamorphose) - "He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle"
4. change from one form or medium into another (translate)
5. convert energy
6. change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Wait, "transform normal cells into cancerous ones".
Is it sense 2 or sense 6?
Sense 6 is specifically about bacterial cells and introduction of DNA. The context is about a gene (p53) transforming normal cells into cancerous ones. This is a general change in nature/form, not specifically bacterial transformation (which is a specific biological term).
Let's check sense 2: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature". Normal cells into cancerous ones is a change in nature.
Wait, let's re-read sense 2: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature".
Is there a better fit?
"transform normal cells into cancerous ones" -> change in nature.
Let's consider sense 2.
"change or alter in form, appearance, or nature"
Synonyms: transmute, transubstantiate.
Examples: This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture.

Could it be sense 2? Yes.
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 2 is the most general and fits "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature".
Normal cells to cancerous cells is a change in nature.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. math
2. change or alter in form, appearance, or nature
3. change in outward structure or looks
4. change from one form or medium into another
5. convert energy
6. change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell...
7. increase or decrease AC

Sense 2 is the most appropriate.
"transform normal cells into cancerous ones" -> change in nature.
I will choose 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "normal" in the context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The contrast is between "normal" cells and "cancerous" ones.
Sense 1: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal. (normal cells = not abnormal cells, healthy cells).
Sense 2: in accordance with scientific laws.
Sense 3: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
Sense 4: forming a right angle.

"normal cells" refers to cells that are not abnormal, i.e., healthy, conforming to the standard of a healthy cell.
Sense 1 fits best: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal".
Let's double check. "normal cells" vs "cancerous ones". Cancerous is abnormal. Normal is not abnormal.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1: normal%3:00:01::
Index: 1.
Wait, let's review the options.
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

"normal cells" -> not abnormal cells. Sense 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cells" in the context of biology, specifically "normal cells into cancerous ones" and "tumor cells".
The context mentions "colon cell", "genetic material", "gene", "DNA", "chromosome".
This clearly refers to the biological definition of a cell.
Candidate sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"
This matches perfectly.
Sense index is 2.
Double check:
1. small compartment
2. biology cell
3. electric cell
4. political movement
5. mobile phone
6. monk room
7. prison room

The context is about biology, genes, chromosomes, cancer.
So sense 2 is the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancerous".
Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
The context is about biology, specifically cells transforming into cancer cells.
Sense 1: relating to or affected with cancer (a cancerous growth)
Sense 2: like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (remorse was cancerous within him)

The context clearly refers to biological cancer, so Sense 1 is the correct choice.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
"ones" refers to "cells".
Sense 1: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number.
Sense 2: a single person or thing.

In this context, "ones" is a pronoun referring to "cells" (a single person or thing, pluralized).
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"transform normal cells into cancerous ones" -> "ones" = cells.
Sense 2: "a single person or thing" -> "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered".
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" (lemma: find).
Context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53."
The researchers were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. They were searching for it.
"come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" (sense 3) or "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (sense 2) or "make a discovery, make a new finding" (sense 8).
Wait, "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" (sense 3) - "Did you find your glasses?"
Let's look at sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover).
Let's look at sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice).
Let's look at sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out, ascertain).
Wait, "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
He found the deletion. He discovered it.
Let's check sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover).
Or sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
Or sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost".
Wait, the researchers were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
"When they found it last winter..."
"The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
This is "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" (sense 3) or "make a discovery, make a new finding" (sense 8).
Let's re-read the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter..."
"found" here means they located it after searching.
Sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost"
Synonyms: regain. Examples: Did you find your glasses? I cannot find my gloves!
Wait, "find the location of something that was missed or lost" - the genetic material was "lost in all tumor cells".
But is it sense 3 or sense 8?
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover). Examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle.
This fits perfectly with "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" -> "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
Wait, "found" in "found a new elementary particle" is sense 8.
Let's check sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
Is "deletion" a new finding? Yes, a new discovery in genetics.
Let's check sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice). Examples: She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint.
"The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" -> he discovered the deletion.
Let's look at sense 8 again. "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Wait, sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Sense 2 is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
Sense 3 is "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost".
In the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells... When they found it last winter... The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
Is it sense 8? "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle."
Or sense 2? "We found traces of lead in the paint."
Or sense 3? "Did you find your glasses?"
Actually, "find" in "found a new elementary particle" is sense 8.
But "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" - he found the deletion.
Let's consider "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (sense 2).
Wait, "make a discovery, make a new finding" (sense 8).
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 8: discover.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 2: detect, observe, discover, notice.
"found" in "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" -> he discovered it.
Is it sense 8? "make a discovery, make a new finding"
Let's check WordNet for "find".
Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding.
Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.
In "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found", it's about discovering the deletion.
Wait, "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells... When they found it last winter..."
This is "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" (sense 3)? No, "lost" in the text means "deleted", not "misplaced".
So it's not sense 3.
Is it sense 8? "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Or sense 2? "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
Let's look at sense 8 examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
This matches "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found".
Wait, sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's check sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
"found" in "found traces of lead" -> sense 2.
"found" in "found a new elementary particle" -> sense 8.
Is a deletion a new elementary particle-like discovery, or is it detecting the presence of a deletion?
"looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells... When they found it last winter..."
"found" here means they located it after searching.
Wait, "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" (sense 3).
But the genetic material is "lost in all tumor cells" (deleted).
Is it sense 8? "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's search for "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found".
Actually, "find" in scientific discovery is often sense 8.
Let's consider sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's consider sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
"found" in "found traces of lead" is sense 2.
"found" in "found a new elementary particle" is sense 8.
Is "deletion" a new finding? Yes.
But wait, "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells... When they found it last winter..."
This implies they were searching for it and found it.
Sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost".
But "missed or lost" usually means misplaced objects.
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's look at sense 8 again. "make a discovery, make a new finding".
What about sense 4? "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out, ascertain).
"found" in "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" -> he discovered it.
Let's look at sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's look at sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
I think sense 8 is the best fit for scientific discovery of a gene/deletion.
Wait, "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is sense 8.
"The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" is similar to finding a new particle.
Let's check sense 8.
Is there any other sense?
Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding.
Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.
"found" in "found traces of lead" (sense 2).
"found" in "found a new elementary particle" (sense 8).
The deletion is a new finding.
Let's choose sense 8.
Wait, let's re-read the context carefully.
"They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
"When they found it" -> they located it after searching.
Is it sense 3? "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost"
"lost in all tumor cells" -> the text says "lost", which might trigger sense 3, but "lost" here means deleted, not misplaced.
However, "come upon after searching" is the first part of sense 3.
But sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's look at sense 8 examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
This is exactly the context: a scientific discovery.
Let's consider sense 8.
Wait, "make a discovery, make a new finding" (sense 8).
Is "find" in "When they found it last winter" sense 8?
Yes, "found" = discovered.
Let's consider sense 8.
I will go with 8.
Wait, let's look at sense 8 again. "make a discovery, make a new finding".
What about sense 2? "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
"found" in "found traces of lead" -> sense 2.
"found" in "found a new elementary particle" -> sense 8.
The deletion is a new finding, like a new elementary particle.
I'll output 8.
Let me double check sense 8.
"make a discovery, make a new finding"
Yes, "found a new elementary particle" is sense 8.
"The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" is a new finding.
I will choose 8.
Wait, could it be 2? "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
"found" in "found traces of lead" is 2.
"found" in "found a new elementary particle" is 8.
The deletion is a specific thing they were looking for and discovered.
"Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" -> 8.
"The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" -> 8.
I'll go with 8.
Let's review the prompt: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53."
This is a discovery. Sense 8.
I am confident in 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "exactly".
Context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
Meaning: indicating exactness or preciseness (in the same spot).
Sense 1: indicating exactness or preciseness (synonyms: precisely, just). Example: "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do"
Sense 2: just as it should be (synonyms: precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button). Example: "`Precisely, my lord,' he said"
Sense 3: in a precise manner (synonyms: precisely, incisively). Example: "she always expressed herself precisely"

"exactly the same spot" -> indicating exactness or preciseness.
Sense 1 fits best.
Let's double check.
"exactly the same spot" -> "just the same spot" or "precisely the same spot".
Sense 1: indicating exactness or preciseness.
Sense 3: in a precise manner (usually modifying a verb, like "expressed herself precisely").
Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "same" in the context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
The context talks about a specific location (spot) on chromosome 17.
The deletion was in exactly the *same* spot as p53.
This means identical in identity or location.
Sense 1: same in identity (the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice).
Sense 2: closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree.
Sense 3: equal in amount or value.
Sense 4: unchanged in character or nature.

"exactly the same spot" implies identity of location.
Sense 1 fits best: "same in identity".
Let's double check. "exactly the same spot" -> identical spot.
Sense 1: same in identity.
Sense 2: closely similar.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the examples for Sense 1: "the same man I saw yesterday".
"exactly the same spot" -> identical spot.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the options.
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature

"exactly the same spot" -> identical spot.
Sense 1 is "same in identity".
I'll output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
The word "spot" here refers to a specific location or position on the chromosome.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
This matches "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" or a specific location on a chromosome.
Let's check other senses:
2. short section or illustration
3. outstanding characteristic
4. blemish made by dirt
5. small contrasting part of something
6. section of an entertainment
7. business establishment
8. job in an organization
9. slight attack of illness
10. small piece or quantity
11. mark on a die
12. lamp
13. playing card
14. act that brings discredit

Sense 1 is the best fit. "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" -> a specific location on the chromosome.
Wait, let's re-read sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region".
Is there any other sense?
"spot" as in "location" or "place".
Yes, sense 1 is "topographic point, place".
The deletion was in exactly the same spot (place/location) as p53.
So sense 1 is the correct choice.
Let's double check.
"spot" = place, location.
Sense 1: a point located with respect to surface features of some region.
Synonyms: topographic point, place.
Examples: this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet.
This perfectly matches the context of a location on a chromosome.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: said
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "said" (lemma: say).
Context: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."
This means Mr. Levine reported, maintained, or alleged that the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. express in words (state, tell) - He said that he wanted to marry her.
2. report or maintain (allege, aver) - He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war.
3. express a supposition (suppose)
4. have or contain a certain wording or form (read)
5. give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority (order, tell, enjoin)
6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce, articulate)
7. communicate or express nonverbally
8. utter aloud
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
10. recite or repeat a fixed text
11. indicate

In the context, "Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" is reporting or maintaining a scientific finding or claim.
Sense 2: "report or maintain" (allege, aver). Example: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
Sense 1: "express in words" (state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"report or maintain" fits scientific claims well. "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is similar to "Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth".
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war".
Wait, sense 1 is "express in words" (state, tell).
Let's consider "report or maintain". "Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" -> he reported or maintained this.
Let's look at similar examples in WordNet. "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is sense 2.
"Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" is a report or maintenance of a claim.
Let's check sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her".
Sense 2 is "report or maintain".
I will go with sense 2.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."
This is reporting a claim. "report or maintain" fits perfectly.
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: express in words.
Sense 2: report or maintain.
"Mr. Levine had said..." -> he reported/maintained.
I'll select 2.
Let's review the options.
1. express in words
2. report or maintain
3. express a supposition
4. have or contain a certain wording or form
5. give instructions
6. speak, pronounce
7. communicate nonverbally
8. utter aloud
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
10. recite or repeat
11. indicate

"report or maintain" is the best fit for a scientist's claim in a paper or experiment.
I will choose 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: caused
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "caused" in the context: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."
The candidate senses are:
1. cause%2:36:00:: give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally (synonyms: do, make; examples: cause a commotion; make a stir)
2. cause%2:32:00:: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner (synonyms: induce, stimulate, have, get, make; examples: The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer)

In the context, the p53 gene "caused cancer by promoting growth". This means it gave rise to cancer, caused it to happen or occur.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur".
Sense 2 is about causing someone/something to do or act in a specified manner (e.g., induce someone to buy).

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"caused cancer" -> gave rise to cancer.
Sense 1: give rise to; cause to happen or occur.
Sense 2: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."
The context is about a gene causing cancer, which is a malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
Candidate sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense index is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.