[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: grade
Target surface form: grade
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=level, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: | definition=the gradient of a slope or road or other surface | examples=the road had a steep grade
4. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: | definition=one-hundredth of a right angle | synonyms=grad
5. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: | definition=a degree of ablaut | synonyms=gradation
6. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: | definition=a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance) | synonyms=mark, score | examples=she made good marks in algebra; grade A milk
7. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: | definition=the height of the ground on which something stands | synonyms=ground level | examples=the base of the tower was below grade
8. sense_key=grade%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
9. sense_key=grade%1:05:00:: | definition=a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "grade" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
The context is about schooling, education, and the first grade (a body of students who are taught together, or a year of school).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group
3. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: | definition=the gradient of a slope or road or other surface
4. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: | definition=one-hundredth of a right angle
5. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: | definition=a degree of ablaut
6. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: | definition=a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance)
7. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: | definition=the height of the ground on which something stands
8. sense_key=grade%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality
9. sense_key=grade%1:05:00:: | definition=a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed

"first grade" refers to a class or a year of school, which aligns with sense 1: "a body of students who are taught together" (class, form, course).
Let's double check. "first grade" is a class.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Context: "improves performance in the first grade" -> first class / first form.
Yes, sense 1.
End of thought.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "difference" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
The context talks about the improvement in performance in the first grade, and how afterward the "difference" (the change or effect, the variation in performance) is quickly washed away.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. the quality of being unlike or dissimilar
2. a variation that deviates from the standard or norm
3. a disagreement or argument about something important
4. a significant change (e.g., "the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference")
5. the number that remains after subtraction

In this context, "the difference" refers to the significant change or effect (the improvement in performance) that is quickly washed away.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
Is it "a significant change"? Yes, the improvement is a change, and the difference (the gap or change in performance) is washed away.
Let's consider sense 4: "a significant change". Examples: "the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference".
Could it be sense 1? "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar".
Could it be sense 2? "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm".
Let's look at sense 4 again. "a significant change". The difference in performance.
Wait, "the difference" here means the effect or the change in performance. "made a real difference" -> "the difference is quickly washed away".
Let's check sense 4: "a significant change".
Is there any other sense?
"the difference" = the effect, the change.
Let's see: "his support made a real difference" -> "the difference is quickly washed away".
Yes, sense 4 fits perfectly.
Let's double check sense 4.
Definition: a significant change.
Examples: the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference.
Context: "improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
The "difference" is the improvement, the change.
Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 1. "there are many differences between jazz and rock". Not fitting.
Sense 2: "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm". Not fitting.
Sense 3: "a disagreement". Not fitting.
Sense 5: "the number that remains after subtraction". Not fitting.
So sense 4 is the correct one.
Let's confirm the sense index.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00::
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00::
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00::
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00::
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00::

Index 4.
I will return {"sense_index": 4}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "quickly".
Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
The difference is washed away with little or no delay, or rapidly.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. with rapid movements (rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace) - "he works quickly"
2. with little or no delay (promptly, quick) - "the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!"
3. without taking pains (cursorily) - "he looked cursorily through the magazine"

Wait, "quickly washed away" means it happens rapidly, with little delay.
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"with rapid movements" vs "with little or no delay".
Actually, "quickly" in "quickly washed away" means it happens rapidly, in a short amount of time.
Sense 1: with rapid movements.
Sense 2: with little or no delay.
Wait, "quickly" as in "rapidly" is often sense 1. Let's check WordNet.
quickly%4:02:00:: with rapid movements.
quickly%4:02:02:: with little or no delay.
Is "washed away" a movement? No, it's a process happening rapidly.
Wait, let's consider "rapidly" as a synonym for sense 1. "rapidly" is a synonym for sense 1.
"quickly washed away" -> rapidly washed away.
Let's see: "with rapid movements" might be the gloss for "rapidly" or "quickly" in the sense of speed.
Wait, "quickly" has:
1. with rapid movements (rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace)
2. with little or no delay (promptly, quick)
3. without taking pains (cursorily)

"quickly washed away" -> the difference is rapidly washed away.
Does "rapidly" fit "with rapid movements"? Yes, "rapidly" is a synonym for sense 1.
Let's check if there is a better fit. "with little or no delay" (promptly). "The difference is promptly washed away" - doesn't sound as natural as "rapidly washed away".
"rapidly" is a synonym for sense 1.
Let's choose sense 1.
Wait, "quickly" in "quickly washed away" means "in a short time", which is "rapidly".
Let's review the synonyms:
Sense 1: rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace.
Sense 2: promptly, quick.
"rapidly" is the best synonym for "quickly washed away".
Therefore, sense 1.
Let's double check.
"the difference is quickly washed away" -> the difference is rapidly washed away.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wash_away
Target surface form: washed away
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "wash_away" and the surface form is "washed away".
Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

In the context, "the difference is quickly washed away" means the difference is eliminated or erased, not literally removed by water or soap.
Sense 1 matches "eliminate" and the example "wash away all the differences".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sum_up
Target surface form: sum up
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "sum_up" with the surface form "sum up" in the given context.
Context: "Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea."
Candidate senses:
1. give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

In the context, "Let us sum up what we do know..." means "Let us give a summary of what we do know...".
This matches sense 1: "give a summary (of)".
Sense 2 is "be a summary of" (e.g., the abstract summarizes).
Sense 3 is "determine the sum of" (math).

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work:"
The target word is "know".
The sentence means "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar

"what we do know about education" -> possess knowledge or information about.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 3.
Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.
Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt.
"what we do know about education" is about possessing knowledge or information about education.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the examples for sense 1: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"
"what we do know about education" -> possess knowledge or information about.
Yes, sense 1.
Wait, let's look at sense 1 again. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
Is there any other sense?
"know about" -> possess knowledge or information about.
Yes, sense 1.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "education" in the context: "Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context discusses "education reforms", "schools", "educational limitations", and "parental involvement".
Sense 1: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill (instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity).
Sense 2: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction.
Sense 3: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge.
Sense 4: the profession of teaching.
Sense 5: the result of good upbringing.
Sense 6: the United States federal department.

The context talks about "education reforms", "schools", "educational limitations". This refers to the system or activities of educating or instructing, i.e., the educational system or the activities of educating.
Wait, let's look at Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill".
Is it Sense 1? "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work..."
Reforms in education refer to the system or activities of educating.
Let's check Sense 1 vs Sense 3. Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing".
"education reforms" -> reforms of the activities of educating or the system of education.
"educational limitations of their children" -> limitations in the instruction/education they receive.
Sense 1 fits best.

Let's read the context again: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
"education" here refers to the system or activities of educating.
Sense 1: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill.
Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity.
Examples: he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed.

Could it be Sense 1? Yes.
Let's double check Sense 1.
"education reforms" -> reforms of the educational activity/system.
"blame schools for the educational limitations" -> schools are part of the activities of educating.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". Example: "education is a preparation for life".
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing". Example: "he received no formal education".
The text talks about "education reforms", "schools", "educational limitations". This is about the system/activities of educating, not just the internal process of acquiring knowledge.
So Sense 1 is better.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "education" in the context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context talks about "education reforms", "schools", "educational limitations", "schooling".
Sense 1: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill. Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity.
Sense 2: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction.
Sense 3: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge.
Sense 4: the profession of teaching.
Sense 5: the result of good upbringing.
Sense 6: the United States federal department.

"education reforms" refers to reforms in the activities of educating or instructing, the educational system.
Wait, let's look at the context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"
"education" here refers to the system or activities of educating.
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
Is it Sense 1?
Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed"
"education reforms" -> reforms of the activities of educating.
Let's consider Sense 1.
"education" in "education reforms" -> the activities of educating or instructing.
Wait, "education" as a general concept of the system or activities.
Sense 1 fits best.
Let's double check.
"Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"
"education" here is the field or activity of educating.
Sense 1: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill.
Yes, Sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department

"education reforms" -> reforms of the activities of educating.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reforms
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reforms" in the context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea."
The context talks about "education reforms", which are campaigns or proposed changes aimed to correct abuses or malpractices in the educational system.
Sense 1: a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses (e.g., reform of the law courts).
Sense 2: a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices (e.g., the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians).
Sense 3: self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice.

"education reforms" refers to proposed changes or campaigns to improve the educational system. The example for sense 2 is "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians", which aligns well with "education reforms that do work and do not work" (proposed changes/campaigns).
Wait, "education reforms" could be sense 1 or sense 2. Let's look at the plural "reforms". Sense 2 is "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices", examples: "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians". This matches "education reforms" as proposed changes/campaigns.
Let's consider sense 1: "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses".
In the text: "those education reforms that do work and do not work". This implies proposed or implemented changes/campaigns.
Sense 2 fits "reforms" as plural campaigns or proposed changes.
Let's check the examples: "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians". This matches "education reforms" perfectly.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"education reforms" -> reforms (plural) -> campaigns aimed to correct abuses or malpractices.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "work" in the context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work:"
The context is talking about education reforms that are effective or have the desired outcome.
Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" (synonyms: act). Examples: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?"
This perfectly matches "education reforms that do work and do not work".

Let's check Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" (synonyms: function, operate, go, run). Examples: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?"
Sense 3 is more about having an effect or outcome, which fits "reforms that do work" (i.e., are effective).

Let's look at Sense 3 again: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected".
"reforms that do work" -> have the desired effect.

Let's check the examples for Sense 3: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought" -> similar to "reforms that do work and do not work".

Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.
Double check:
1. exert oneself
2. be employed
3. have an effect or outcome
4. perform as expected when applied (usually for machines)
5. shape, form, or improve a material
...
Sense 3 is definitely the right one.
Context: "education reforms that do work and do not work"
Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected"
Matches perfectly.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>:"
The target word is "work".
The context talks about education reforms that "do work and do not work".
This means the reforms have an effect or outcome, often the one desired or expected.
Let's check the candidate senses.
Sense 3: sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
This perfectly matches "reforms that do work and do not work".
Sense 4: perform as expected when applied (function, operate, go, run) - usually for machines.
Sense 1: exert oneself by doing mental or physical work.
Sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "reforms that do work and do not work" -> have an effect or outcome.
Yes, sense 3.
The index is 3.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parental
Target surface form: Parental
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Parental" in the context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context is about parents' involvement in education.
Sense 1: designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced.
Sense 2: relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance.

Sense 2 is clearly the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involvement
Target surface form: involvement
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "involvement" in the context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context is about parents participating or sharing in the activities of the school/education system.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. involvement%1:04:00:: - the act of sharing in the activities of a group (engagement, participation, involution). Example: the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities.
2. involvement%1:24:00:: - a connection of inclusion or containment.
3. involvement%1:09:00:: - a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something (interest).
4. involvement%1:26:00:: - a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship.
5. involvement%1:26:01:: - the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) (participation).

"Parental involvement" refers to parents sharing in the activities of the school/education group, i.e., engagement or participation.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "the act of sharing in the activities of a group".
Let's double check. "Parental involvement" is a standard phrase meaning parents' participation/engagement in their children's education.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 5 is "the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.)".
Sense 1 is "the act of sharing in the activities of a group".
"Parental involvement" is an act of sharing in the activities of the school/education.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
This refers to parents participating in the educational process.
Sense 1: the act of sharing in the activities of a group.
Yes, sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00::
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00::
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00::
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01::

Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bad
Target surface form: bad
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "bad" in the context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The phrase is "bad idea".
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. having undesirable or negative qualities (a bad report card, bad impression)
2. very intense (a bad headache)
3. feeling physical discomfort (my throat feels bad)
4. not in an edible or usable condition (bad meat)
5. feeling or expressing regret (regretful)
6. not capable of being collected (bad debt)
7. below average in quality or performance (bad chess player)
8. nonstandard (bad grammar)
9. not financially safe (bad investment)
10. physically unsound or diseased (bad back)
11. capable of harming (bad air, smoking is bad for you)
12. characterized by wickedness or immorality (bad life)
13. reproduced fraudulently (bad penny)
14. not working properly (bad telephone connection)

"bad idea" means an idea that has undesirable or negative qualities, or is harmful.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "having undesirable or negative qualities".
Is there a better fit?
Sense 11: "capable of harming" (bad air, smoking is bad for you).
But "bad idea" is a very common collocation for "having undesirable or negative qualities".
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression".
Is "bad idea" sense 1? Yes, "bad idea" is generally sense 1 (undesirable or negative qualities).
Let's consider sense 11: "capable of harming". "bad idea" could be harmful, but "undesirable or negative qualities" is the most general and fits "bad idea" perfectly.
Let's re-read the context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
This means it's an undesirable or negative idea.
Sense 1: having undesirable or negative qualities.
Let's check if there is a specific sense for "bad idea". No.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 11.
"bad idea" -> undesirable or negative qualities.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the options.
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities
Yes, "bad idea" fits "having undesirable or negative qualities".
I'll output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "idea" in the context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea."
The context is discussing whether parental involvement is a good or bad concept, plan, or thought.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

The phrase "a bad idea" matches the example in sense 1: "it was not a good idea".
Sense 1 is "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "Parental involvement is a bad idea." -> "it was not a good idea".
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. <t>Parents</t> are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Parents" in the context of "Parental involvement is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context clearly refers to human parents (fathers or mothers) of children in the educational system.
Sense 1: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
Sense 2: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "too" in the context: "Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The word "too" modifies "likely", meaning "excessively likely" or "more likely than is proper or desirable".
Sense 1: to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits (excessively, overly, to a fault). Example: too big.
Sense 2: in addition (besides, also, likewise, as well). Example: he has a Mercedes, too.

In the context, "too likely" means excessively likely.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too <t>likely</t> to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "likely" in the context: "Parents are too <t>likely</t> to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The phrase is "too likely to blame".
This means "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about" (e.g., "likely to forget").
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

In the context, "Parents are too likely to blame schools..." means they have a good chance of blaming schools. This matches sense 1: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about" (like "she is likely to forget").
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"likely to blame" -> "likely to forget" (Sense 1).
Yes, sense 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: blame
Target surface form: blame
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to <t>blame</t> schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=blame%2:32:00:: | definition=put or pin the blame on | synonyms=fault
2. sense_key=blame%2:32:01:: | definition=harass with constant criticism | synonyms=find fault, pick | examples=Don't always pick on your little brother
3. sense_key=blame%2:31:00:: | definition=attribute responsibility to | synonyms=charge | examples=We blamed the accident on her; The tragedy was charged to her inexperience

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "blame".
Context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
Candidate senses:
1. put or pin the blame on (fault)
2. harass with constant criticism (find fault, pick)
3. attribute responsibility to (charge) - "We blamed the accident on her"

In the context, "blame schools for the educational limitations of their children" means attributing responsibility to the schools for the children's limitations.
Sense 3: "attribute responsibility to" fits perfectly. "blame [someone] for [something]" -> attribute responsibility to.
Let's check sense 1: "put or pin the blame on". This is similar, but sense 3 has the exact structure "blame [X] for [Y]" or "attribute responsibility to". Wait, "blame schools for the educational limitations" -> attribute responsibility to schools for the limitations.
Let's look at the synonyms:
Sense 1: fault
Sense 3: charge
"attribute responsibility to" is the definition of sense 3.
"Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." -> attribute responsibility to schools.
Sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"blame schools for the educational limitations" -> attribute responsibility to.
Yes, sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame <t>schools</t> for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "schools" in the context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context talks about parents blaming the educational institutions (schools) for their children's educational limitations.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish

In the context, "blame schools" refers to the educational institutions themselves, not the building, the process, the faculty/students, or the period of instruction.
Sense 1: "an educational institution" fits perfectly. Parents blame the institutions.
Let's double check. "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
Yes, "schools" as educational institutions.
Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the <t>educational</t> limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context discusses the process of education, schooling, and the limitations of children in terms of their education.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

In the context, "educational limitations" refers to limitations related to the process of education or schooling, not that the limitations themselves are providing knowledge.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "educational limitations" -> limitations in the process of education.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education.
Sense 2: providing knowledge.
Sense 1 is clearly the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: limitation
Target surface form: limitations
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational <t>limitations</t> of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=limitation%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle that limits the extent of something | synonyms=restriction | examples=I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements
2. sense_key=limitation%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being limited or restricted | examples=it is a good plan but it has serious limitations
3. sense_key=limitation%1:23:00:: | definition=the greatest amount of something that is possible or allowed | synonyms=limit | examples=there are limits on the amount you can bet; it is growing rapidly with no limitation in sight
4. sense_key=limitation%1:28:00:: | definition=(law) a time period after which suits cannot be brought | examples=statute of limitations
5. sense_key=limitation%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of limiting or restricting (as by regulation) | synonyms=restriction

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "limitations" in the context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context refers to the quality of being limited or restricted, specifically the shortcomings or lack of ability of the children.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a principle that limits the extent of something (restriction)
2. the quality of being limited or restricted (it is a good plan but it has serious limitations)
3. the greatest amount of something that is possible or allowed (limit)
4. (law) a time period after which suits cannot be brought
5. an act of limiting or restricting (as by regulation)

Sense 2 fits best: "the quality of being limited or restricted" or "shortcomings". "educational limitations of their children" means the children's educational shortcomings or restricted abilities.
Let's double check.
"educational limitations of their children" -> the children have limitations (shortcomings, restricted abilities).
Sense 2: "the quality of being limited or restricted" -> "it is a good plan but it has serious limitations". This matches the plural "limitations" meaning shortcomings or restricted qualities.

Let's review the options.
1. restriction (principle)
2. quality of being limited or restricted (shortcomings)
3. greatest amount (limit)
4. law
5. act of limiting

Sense 2 is the most appropriate.
Context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
Meaning: the children's educational shortcomings or restricted capabilities.
Sense 2: "the quality of being limited or restricted"
Examples: "it is a good plan but it has serious limitations"
This perfectly matches "limitations" as shortcomings or restricted qualities.
I will choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their <t>children</t>. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "children" in the context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
The context talks about parents and their children.
Sense 1: a young person of either sex.
Sense 2: a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age.
Sense 3: an immature childish person.
Sense 4: a member of a clan or tribe.

In the context, "their children" refers to the offspring of the parents.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college" matches "their children".
Sense 2 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. <t>Parents</t> should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Parents" in the context of "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school."
The context clearly refers to human parents (fathers or mothers) who have children and are involved in their education.
Sense 1: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
Sense 2: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.