[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "<t>says</t> Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "says" in the context: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.
The context is a direct quote being attributed to Samuel Broder.
Sense 1: express in words (state, tell). Example: He said that he wanted to marry her.
Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver).
Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read).
Sense 8: utter aloud.
Sense 13: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare.

Wait, looking at the quote: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder.
This is expressing in words, stating.
Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you".
Is it Sense 1? Yes, "express in words".
Let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 13. Sense 13: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Example: "I say let's forget this whole business".
Sense 1 is the most general and fits "says" in a reporting clause for a quote.
Let's check Sense 1: express in words.
"express in words" fits perfectly.
Let's double check if there's any other.
Sense 1: say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell
Yes, "says" here means "states" or "expresses in words".
I will choose 1.
Context: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder...
This is a standard reporting verb. Sense 1 is the standard reporting verb sense.
Let's confirm.
Sense 1: express in words.
I'll output 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: director
Target surface form: director
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "director" in the context: "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute."
Samuel Broder is the director of the National Cancer Institute.
This means he is someone who controls resources and expenditures, or manages the institute.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

Sense 1 fits best: "someone who controls resources and expenditures" (manager, managing director). Samuel Broder is the manager/director of the National Cancer Institute.
Sense 2 is "member of a board of directors", but "director of the National Cancer Institute" usually refers to the head/manager of the institute, not just a board member.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "director of the National Cancer Institute" -> manager, managing director.
Yes, sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: public
Target surface form: public
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "public" in the context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The context refers to "the public" as people in general considered as a whole.
Sense 1: people in general considered as a whole (populace, world). Example: he is a hero in the eyes of the public.
Sense 2: a body of people sharing some common interest. Example: the reading public.

In the context, "the public" refers to the general population, not a specific body of people sharing a common interest.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment" -> the general public.
Sense 1 is correct.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concerned
Target surface form: concerned
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "concerned".
Context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The public is worried or anxious about advances in treatment.
Sense 1: feeling or showing worry or solicitude. Examples: concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future.
Sense 2: involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in.
Sense 3: culpably involved.

The public is worried about advances in treatment. This matches Sense 1.
"concerned about advances in treatment" -> feeling worry.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Double check: "concerned about" is a strong indicator of sense 1 (worry).
Sense 1: feeling or showing worry or solicitude.
Matches perfectly.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advance
Target surface form: advances
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "advances" in the context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The context talks about "advances in treatment", meaning improvements or progress in development of treatments.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a movement forward (progress, progression) - physical movement or general progress.
2. a change for the better; progress in development (improvement, betterment) - this fits "advances in treatment" perfectly.
3. a tentative suggestion (overture, approach, feeler) - no.
4. the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) - no.
5. an amount paid before it is earned - no.
6. increase in price or value - no.

Sense 2: "a change for the better; progress in development" with synonyms "improvement, betterment".
"advances in treatment" = improvements in treatment.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"advances in treatment" -> improvements in treatment.
Sense 2 is "a change for the better; progress in development".
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "treatment" in the context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The context is about cancer, medical procedures, and advances in medical care.
Sense 1: care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention.
Sense 2: the management of someone or something.
Sense 3: a manner of dealing with something artistically.
Sense 4: an extended communication dealing with some particular topic.

The context clearly refers to medical treatment for cancer.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "basic" in the context: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The phrase is "basic research".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. pertaining to or constituting a base or basis (a basic fact; the basic ingredients)
2. reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality (a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern)
3. serving as a base or starting point (a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits)
4. of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base (alkaline)

Wait, "basic research" usually means fundamental research, research that forms the basis or foundation of further research.
Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" - "a basic fact; the basic ingredients".
Sense 3: "serving as a base or starting point" - "a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits".

Let's check WordNet for "basic research".
Is "basic" in "basic research" sense 1 or sense 3?
Wait, "basic research" is often defined as research that is fundamental, pertaining to the base or basis of a subject.
Let's see: "basic" as an adjective.
Sense 1: pertaining to or constituting a base or basis.
Sense 3: serving as a base or starting point.

"basic research" -> fundamental research.
"fundamental" is a synonym of "basic" in sense 1?
Let's check the context: "some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer... this basic research will begin showing results".
"basic workings" -> fundamental.
"basic research" -> fundamental research.
Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis".
Let's consider "basic research" in WordNet.
Is "basic" in "basic research" sense 1?
Yes, "basic" meaning fundamental, essential, forming the base.
Let's look at Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis".
Sense 3: "serving as a base or starting point" (introductory). "basic research" is not introductory research, it's foundational/fundamental research.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"basic research" is research directed toward increase of knowledge in science. It is fundamental.
Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis"
Examples: "a basic fact; the basic ingredients"
Synonyms: fundamental, basal, base.

Let's check if there is a specific sense for "basic research". No, just "basic".
"basic" (adj)
1. pertaining to or constituting a base or basis
2. of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base
3. reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality
4. serving as a base or starting point

"basic research" -> fundamental research.
"fundamental" is sense 1.
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer... this basic research will begin showing results".
"basic" here means fundamental, pertaining to the base or basis.
So sense 1.
Let's confirm.
"basic research" is often contrasted with "applied research". It is research that forms the basis (base) of knowledge.
Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis".
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "begin" in the context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The phrase is "begin showing results".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out) - "We began working at dawn"
2. have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense
3. set in motion, cause to start (lead off, start, commence)
4. begin to speak or say
5. be the first item or point
6. have a beginning, of a temporal event
7. have a beginning characterized in some specified way
8. begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object
9. achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative
10. begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language

Wait, "begin showing results" -> "begin" + gerund.
Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" -> "We began working at dawn". This matches "begin showing results".
Let's check sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out. Examples: We began working at dawn.
Is there any other sense?
Sense 3: set in motion, cause to start. "The U.S. started a war".
Sense 1 fits "begin showing" (begin to show).
Let's re-read the context: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
"begin showing" = start showing.
Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"begin showing results" -> start to show results.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate for "begin + V-ing".
Let's double check sense 1.
"begin%2:30:00::" -> take the first step or steps in carrying out an action.
Yes, "begin showing" is taking the first step in showing.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's review the options.
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
This perfectly matches "begin showing".
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "showing" in the context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The phrase is "showing results".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. give an exhibition of to an interested audience
2. establish the validity of something
3. provide evidence for
4. make visible or noticeable
5. show in, or as in, a picture
6. give expression to
7. indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
8. be or become visible or noticeable
9. indicate a certain reading
10. give evidence of, as of records
11. take (someone) to their seats
12. finish third or better in a horse or dog race

Wait, "showing results" means producing results, making results visible or noticeable, or providing evidence of results.
Let's re-read the context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
Is it sense 3: "provide evidence for"? "The blood test showed that he was the father"
Is it sense 4: "make visible or noticeable"? "She showed her talent for cooking"
Is it sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable"? "His good upbringing really shows"
Is it sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records"?

Wait, "showing results" -> "produce results" or "make results visible".
Let's check sense 3: "provide evidence for" (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence).
Let's check sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
Let's check sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable".
Let's check sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records".

Actually, "showing results" in research means the research will begin to produce or make visible results.
Wait, let's look at sense 3: "provide evidence for".
Let's look at sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
Let's look at sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable".
Let's look at sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records".

Wait, "showing results" -> "show" as in "produce" or "yield"?
Is there a sense for "yield" or "produce"?
Let's check the WordNet senses for "show":
show%2:39:02:: give an exhibition of to an interested audience
show%2:31:00:: establish the validity of something
show%2:32:00:: provide evidence for
show%2:39:00:: make visible or noticeable
show%2:36:00:: show in, or as in, a picture
show%2:32:02:: give expression to
show%2:32:01:: indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
show%2:39:01:: be or become visible or noticeable
show%2:32:04:: indicate a certain reading
show%2:32:03:: give evidence of, as of records
show%2:38:00:: take (someone) to their seats
show%2:33:00:: finish third or better in a horse or dog race

Wait, "showing results" -> "make visible or noticeable" (sense 4)? "She showed her talent for cooking" -> "this basic research will begin showing results".
Or "provide evidence for" (sense 3)? "The blood test showed that he was the father" -> "this basic research will begin showing results".
Or "give evidence of, as of records" (sense 10)?
Let's consider "showing results" as "producing results" or "making results visible".
In WordNet, "show" meaning "make visible or noticeable" (sense 4) has examples: "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please".
What about "show" meaning "provide evidence for" (sense 3)? "The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence".
What about "show" meaning "give evidence of, as of records" (sense 10)? "The diary shows his distress that evening".

Wait, "showing results" -> "yield results" or "produce results".
Is there a sense for "yield"? No.
Maybe sense 3: "provide evidence for"? "this basic research will begin showing results there soon." -> providing evidence of results?
Or sense 4: "make visible or noticeable"? "this basic research will begin showing results there soon." -> making results visible.
Let's search for "show results" in WordNet.
Actually, if the research is "showing results", it means the results are becoming visible or noticeable, or the research is making them visible.
Wait, "show" as in "show results" -> "yield" or "produce".
Let's look at sense 3: "provide evidence for".
Let's look at sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
Let's look at sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable". "His good upbringing really shows". But here it's transitive: "showing results". So it's not sense 8 (intransitive).
Sense 4 is transitive: "make visible or noticeable". "She showed her talent for cooking". "this basic research will begin showing results". This fits perfectly. The research makes the results visible/noticeable.
Wait, let's check sense 3: "provide evidence for". "The blood test showed that he was the father". "showing results" doesn't exactly mean "providing evidence for results", it means "producing/making visible results".
Let's check sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records". "The diary shows his distress that evening".

Could it be sense 4? "make visible or noticeable".
Let's consider "show" in "showing results".
Synonyms for "show" in this context: produce, yield, demonstrate, exhibit.
Sense 1: "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" (demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate). "We will demo the new software".
Sense 2: "establish the validity of something" (prove, demonstrate, establish). "The experiment demonstrated the instability".
Sense 3: "provide evidence for" (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence).
Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".

If I say "The research is showing results", it means the research is making results visible or noticeable.
Let's look at sense 3: "provide evidence for". "The blood test showed that he was the father".
Let's look at sense 4: "make visible or noticeable". "She showed her talent for cooking".
Is "showing results" closer to "making results visible" or "providing evidence for results"?
"showing results" = "producing results" or "yielding results".
In WordNet, "show" can mean "yield" or "produce"? No, but "make visible or noticeable" is the closest.
Wait, let's look at sense 3 again. "provide evidence for".
Let's look at sense 10. "give evidence of, as of records".
What about sense 4? "make visible or noticeable".
Let's search my internal knowledge for "showing results" WordNet sense.
"show" -> "make visible or noticeable" (sense 4).
"show" -> "provide evidence for" (sense 3).
"show" -> "give evidence of, as of records" (sense 10).

Let's read the context carefully: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
"showing results" -> making results visible/noticeable.
Or maybe "provide evidence for"? No, "showing results" means the results themselves are being shown (made visible).
Let's consider "show" as in "show a profit" -> "yield". WordNet might map "show a profit" to "make visible or noticeable" or "indicate a certain reading" (sense 9)? No, "indicate a certain reading" is for gauges.
What about "show" meaning "yield"?
In WordNet, "show" has a sense: "be or become visible or noticeable" (sense 8). But "showing results" is transitive.
Wait, "show" can be transitive: "make visible or noticeable" (sense 4).
Let's check sense 4: "make visible or noticeable". Examples: "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please".
Is there another sense?
What about sense 3: "provide evidence for"? "The blood test showed that he was the father".
What about sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records"? "The diary shows his distress that evening".

Let's rethink: "showing results" -> "producing results".
If a treatment is "showing results", it is "making results visible".
I will go with sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
Wait, could it be sense 3? "provide evidence for". "The research will begin providing evidence for results"? No, that's redundant.
Could it be sense 1? "give an exhibition of to an interested audience". No.
Could it be sense 2? "establish the validity of something". No.
Could it be sense 4? "make visible or noticeable". Yes, "make results visible or noticeable".

Let's check if there is a sense for "yield" or "produce".
No, the senses are:
1. give an exhibition of
2. establish the validity of
3. provide evidence for
4. make visible or noticeable
5. show in, or as in, a picture
6. give expression to
7. indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
8. be or become visible or noticeable
9. indicate a certain reading
10. give evidence of, as of records
11. take (someone) to their seats
12. finish third or better

"showing results" -> "make visible or noticeable" (sense 4).
Let's consider "show" in "showing results".
"The new policy is showing results." -> The new policy is making results visible.
Yes, sense 4 fits best.

Let's double check sense 3: "provide evidence for". "The blood test showed that he was the father."
"showing results" -> "providing evidence for results"? No.
"showing results" -> "making results visible".
I'll choose 4.
Wait, let's look at sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records". "The diary shows his distress that evening."
Does "research showing results" mean "giving evidence of results"? No, it means producing/making visible results.
I will bet on sense 4.
Let's review the definition of sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
Examples: "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please".
This fits "showing results" (making results visible/noticeable).

Let's consider if "showing results" could be sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable".
"His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show".
But "showing" here is transitive: "showing results". So it must be a transitive sense. Sense 4 is transitive. Sense 8 is intransitive.
Therefore, sense 4 is the correct transitive sense.

Let's confirm the transitivity. "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
"showing" takes "results" as a direct object.
Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" (transitive).
Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable" (intransitive).
So it has to be sense 4.

Let's quickly check if there's any other transitive sense.
Sense 1: give an exhibition of (transitive)
Sense 2: establish the validity of (transitive)
Sense 3: provide evidence for (transitive)
Sense 5: show in, or as in, a picture (transitive)
Sense 6: give expression to (transitive)
Sense 7: indicate a place... (transitive)
Sense 9: indicate a certain reading (transitive)
Sense 10: give evidence of, as of records (transitive)
Sense 11: take (someone) to their seats (transitive)

"showing results" -> making results visible or noticeable.
Sense 4 is the best fit.
I will output 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "results" in the context: "but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The context talks about basic research showing outcomes, consequences, or effects in the area of advances in treatment.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Wait, "showing results" means showing outcomes or effects.
Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot).
Sense 3: something that results (resultant, final result, outcome, termination). Example: "he listened for the results on the radio".

Let's check the examples for sense 1: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business"
Let's check the examples for sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio"

In the context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
"showing results" -> producing outcomes.
Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome.
Sense 3: something that results, final result, outcome.

Let's look at WordNet for "result".
result%1:19:00:: (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot)
result%1:11:00:: (resultant, final result, outcome, termination)

Wait, "showing results" usually means showing effects or outcomes.
Let's consider "result" as "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".
Or "something that results".
In WordNet, "result" has:
1. a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot)
2. a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem (solution, answer, resolution, solvent)
3. something that results (resultant, final result, outcome, termination)
4. the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause (resultant role)

"showing results" -> "showing effects" or "showing outcomes".
Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome.
Sense 3: something that results, final result, outcome.

Let's look at the synonyms.
Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.
Sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome, termination.

"showing results" -> "showing effects" (Sense 1) or "showing final results" (Sense 3).
Usually, "results" in the context of research or medical treatment refers to the effects or outcomes of the research.
"this basic research will begin showing results there soon" -> showing effects/outcomes.
Let's check the exact WordNet sense for "showing results".
If I search for "showing results", it aligns with "effect" or "outcome".
Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" -> effect, consequence.
Sense 3: "something that results" -> final result, outcome.

Let's look at the example for sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio" (like election results or sports results).
The context is "basic research will begin showing results there soon" (in treatment). This is more like "effects" or "consequences" of the research.
Therefore, Sense 1 is a better fit. "effect" is a synonym for Sense 1. "showing effects" makes perfect sense.

Let's double check.
"result" in "showing results"
Is it sense 1 or 3?
Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.
Sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome, termination.

"showing results" -> "showing effects".
I will choose Sense 1.
Wait, let's consider "outcome". Both have "outcome".
But Sense 1 has "effect", "consequence", "upshot".
Sense 3 has "final result", "termination".
"showing results" in medical research means showing effects or positive consequences.
So Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Let's re-read carefully: "but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
"results" here means "effects" or "outcomes" of the research.
Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. Synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.
Yes, "effect" is a very strong synonym here. "showing effects".
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "there" in the context: "but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The context is about basic research showing results in the field of cancer treatment or advances in treatment.
"there" refers to "in that matter" or "in that respect" (i.e., in the area of advances in treatment).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. in or at that place (physical location)
2. in that matter (in that respect, on that point)
3. to or toward that place (direction)

"showing results there soon" -> showing results in that matter / in that respect (advances in treatment).
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
"there" = in the area of advances in treatment. This is an abstract location or matter.
Sense 2: in that matter. Synonyms: in that respect, on that point. Example: I agree with you there.
Yes, sense 2 is the correct one.
Sense 1 is physical location.
Sense 3 is direction.
So sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "made" in the context: "Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
The phrase is "made his retinoblastoma discovery".
This means he performed or carried out the discovery.
Let's look at the candidate senses.
Sense 16: make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
Sense 1: make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
Sense 5: make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
Sense 24: make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas

Wait, "make a discovery" is a common collocation.
Let's check "make a discovery" in WordNet.
Is it "perform or carry out"?
"make a decision; make a move" -> perform or carry out.
Let's see: "make a discovery" -> perform or carry out.
Sense 16: make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"make a discovery" is an action.
Sense 16: perform or carry out.
Let's check sense 16.
"make a decision; make a move"
Is there a sense for "make a discovery"?
Maybe sense 16.
Let's review the options.
1. engage in
16. perform or carry out
24. carry out or commit (make a mistake)
"make a discovery" is performing or carrying out a discovery.
Let's check WordNet for "make a discovery".
"make" (verb) - perform or carry out: "make a decision", "make a move", "make a discovery".
Yes, "make a discovery" is typically under "perform or carry out".
Let's double check.
"make a discovery" -> perform or carry out.
Sense 16: make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
I will choose 16.
Wait, let's look at 16 again.
"perform or carry out"
Is there any other sense?
"make a discovery" -> perform or carry out.
Yes, 16 is the best fit.
Let's consider "make a discovery" in WordNet.
"make" -> perform or carry out.
I am confident in 16.
Let's review the context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
"made" -> perform or carry out.
Sense 16.
Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discovery" in the context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986."
The context talks about the discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, which opened a field of cancer study.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. discovery%1:04:00:: the act of discovering something (find, uncovering)
2. discovery%1:10:00:: something that is discovered
3. discovery%1:09:00:: a productive insight (breakthrough, find)
4. discovery%1:10:01:: (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...

"made his retinoblastoma discovery" - this refers to the act of discovering the gene, or the discovery itself as an event/act. Wait, "made his discovery" usually refers to the act of discovering something.
Let's check "made his discovery". "make a discovery" -> the act of discovering something.
Wait, "discovery" as "something that is discovered" vs "the act of discovering something".
"Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
Is it the act of discovering (1) or the thing discovered (2)?
"made his discovery" -> the act of discovering.
Let's look at similar examples. "Columbus made his discovery in 1492." -> act of discovering.
Sense 1: the act of discovering something. Synonyms: find, uncovering.
Sense 2: something that is discovered.
Sense 3: a productive insight. Synonyms: breakthrough, find.

"made his retinoblastoma discovery" -> the act of discovering the retinoblastoma gene.
Let's consider "made his discovery". "make a discovery" is an action.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"the initial discovery of the gene" -> act of discovering.
"made his retinoblastoma discovery" -> act of discovering.
Sense 1: discovery%1:04:00:: the act of discovering something.
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
Could it be 1? Yes.
Let's check if there is any nuance. "made his discovery" -> act.
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Then" in the context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
The word "Then" is used to indicate a sequence of events in time: first in 1986, then last spring.
Sense 1: subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors). Synonyms: so, and so, and then. Examples: then he left; go left first, then right.
Sense 2: in that case or as a consequence.
Sense 3: at that time.

"Then last spring" means "subsequently, last spring". It connects the events in time.
Wait, "Then last spring" -> "subsequently or soon afterward".
Let's check the examples: "then he left; go left first, then right".
In the context, "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
This perfectly matches sense 1: subsequently or soon afterward.

Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 3.
Sense 3: at that time. "I was young then; prices were lower back then". Here "then" refers to a specific time mentioned before.
In the context, "Then" is followed by "last spring", so it's not "at that time" (which would be "last spring then"). It's "subsequently, last spring".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1 index is 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "last" in the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
The phrase is "last spring".
This refers to the spring immediately past.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter

"last spring" means the spring immediately past.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "immediately past", examples: "last Thursday".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.
Let's double check. "last spring" -> immediately past spring.
Yes, sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spring
Target surface form: spring
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00:: | definition=a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed | examples=the spring was broken
3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00:: | definition=a natural flow of ground water | synonyms=fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00:: | definition=a point at which water issues forth
5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00:: | definition=the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length | synonyms=give, springiness
6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00:: | definition=a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards | synonyms=leap, leaping, saltation, bound, bounce

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "spring" in the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
The context refers to a time of year ("last spring").
Sense 1: "the season of growth" (springtime). Examples: "the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year".
This perfectly matches "last spring".
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reported" in the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
The researchers are announcing the result of an investigation or finding.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. report%2:32:00:: to give an account or representation of in words (describe, account)
2. report%2:32:04:: announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding (examples: Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research)
3. report%2:32:03:: announce one's presence
4. report%2:32:01:: make known to the authorities
5. report%2:32:13:: be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism
6. report%2:32:02:: complain about; make a charge against

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding". The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" is very similar to "researchers reported finding a gene".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported <t>finding</t> a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "finding" in the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
The researchers discovered or determined the existence of a gene called p53.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. come upon, as if by accident
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose
8. make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
9. make a discovery (discover)
10. obtain through effort or management
11. decide on and make a declaration about
12. receive a specified treatment
13. perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
14. get or find back; recover the use of
15. succeed in reaching; arrive at
16. accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation

Wait, "finding a gene" is making a discovery, or discovering or determining the existence of.
Let's check sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover). Examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle.
This perfectly matches "finding a gene called p53".
Let's check sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Examples: She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint.
Is it sense 8 or sense 2?
"finding a gene called p53" -> "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" (sense 8).
Let's re-read sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle.
"finding a gene" is exactly like "found a new elementary particle".
Let's check sense 8 again.
"researchers reported finding a gene called p53" -> "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Sense 2 is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
In WordNet, "find" (discover) is often sense 8.
Let's see: "finding a gene" -> "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Wait, sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Let's check the examples for sense 8: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This is very similar to "researchers reported finding a gene".
Therefore, sense 8 is the best fit.
Let's double check sense 8 vs sense 2.
Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" -> "We found traces of lead in the paint".
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" -> "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
"finding a gene" is a new finding, a discovery.
I will choose sense 8.
Wait, let's look at the context: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53".
This is a new finding.
Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding.
I'll go with 8.
Let's review the options.
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
Yes, 8 is the best.
Context: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53"
Matches "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
I will output 8.