[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being <t>equal</t>, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "equal" in the context: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."
The phrase is "other things being equal" (ceteris paribus).
Sense 1: having the same quantity, value, or measure as another. Examples: on equal terms; all men are equal before the law.
Sense 2: having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task. Synonyms: adequate.

In "other things being equal", "equal" means having the same quantity, value, or measure (i.e., held constant).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"equal" in "other things being equal" -> having the same quantity, value, or measure as another.
Yes, sense 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differential
Target surface form: differentials
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary <t>differentials</t> result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: | definition=the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx | synonyms=derived function, derivative, differential coefficient, first derivative
2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: | definition=a quality that differentiates between similar things
3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: | definition=a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves | synonyms=differential gear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "differentials" in the context: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."
The context talks about differences in salary and differences in education.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. mathematical differentiation
2. a quality that differentiates between similar things (a difference)
3. a bevel gear

In this context, "salary differentials" means differences in salary.
Sense 2: "a quality that differentiates between similar things" fits best. It refers to a difference or distinction.
Let's double check.
"salary differentials" = differences in salary.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Sense index: 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: result
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials <t>result</t> in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%2:42:00:: | definition=issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end | synonyms=ensue | examples=result in tragedy
2. sense_key=result%2:42:02:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, lead | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=result%2:30:00:: | definition=come about or follow as a consequence | examples=nothing will result from this meeting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "result" in the context: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."
The phrase is "result in".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%2:42:00:: | definition=issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end | synonyms=ensue | examples=result in tragedy
2. sense_key=result%2:42:02:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, lead | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=result%2:30:00:: | definition=come about or follow as a consequence | examples=nothing will result from this meeting

In the context, "salary differentials result in educational differentials" means that salary differentials cause or lead to educational differentials, or issue/terminate in them.
Wait, "result in" is explicitly in the example for sense 1: "result in tragedy".
Sense 1: issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end. Synonyms: ensue. Examples: result in tragedy.
Sense 3: come about or follow as a consequence. Examples: nothing will result from this meeting.

The context uses "result in".
"salary differentials result in educational differentials" -> issue or terminate in a specified way, state, etc.
Let's check sense 1. "result in" is the exact phrasing in the example.
Sense 1 is "result in".
Let's double check.
"salary differentials result in educational differentials"
Sense 1: issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end.
Sense 3: come about or follow as a consequence. (usually "result from" or just "result").

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the candidates.
1. result%2:42:00:: -> issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end. Example: result in tragedy.
Context: "salary differentials result in educational differentials."
This perfectly matches sense 1.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in <t>educational</t> differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in <t>educational</t> differentials."
The context discusses the "educational crisis", "educational problem", and "educational differentials" in relation to teachers, salary, and educating children.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

In the context, "educational differentials" refers to differentials in the process of education or educational outcomes, not differentials that are "providing knowledge" (like an educational film).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"educational crisis" -> relating to the process of education.
"educational problem" -> relating to the process of education.
"educational differentials" -> relating to the process of education.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differential
Target surface form: differentials
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational <t>differentials</t>. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: | definition=the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx | synonyms=derived function, derivative, differential coefficient, first derivative
2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: | definition=a quality that differentiates between similar things
3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: | definition=a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves | synonyms=differential gear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "differentials" in the context: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."
The context talks about differences in salary and differences in education.
Sense 1: mathematical differentiation.
Sense 2: a quality that differentiates between similar things.
Sense 3: a bevel gear.

"salary differentials" and "educational differentials" refer to differences or qualities that differentiate between similar things (e.g., differences in salary, differences in educational outcomes).
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
Sense 2: "a quality that differentiates between similar things"
Yes, "salary differentials" means differences in salary.
So sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such <t>evidence</t>, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "evidence" in the given context.
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such <t>evidence</t>, you can be sure you would have heard of it."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Analysis:
The context talks about "evidence that... salary differentials result in educational differentials." This is about knowledge or basis for belief regarding a factual claim (whether salary differentials result in educational differentials).
Sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - fits perfectly. "evidence that smoking causes lung cancer" is very similar to "evidence that salary differentials result in educational differentials".
Sense 2: "an indication that makes something evident" - less fitting, as it's about a specific claim/fact, not just a physical indication.
Sense 3: legal sense - not applicable here.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sure
Target surface form: sure
Context:
Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be <t>sure</t> you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sure%3:00:00:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=certain | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
2. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=certain | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors
3. sense_key=sure%3:00:04:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=certain | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
4. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:secure:02 | definition=physically secure or dependable | examples=a sure footing; was on sure ground
5. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=certain | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
6. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=(of persons) worthy of trust or confidence | synonyms=trusted | examples=a sure (or trusted) friend
7. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=infallible or unfailing | examples=a sure (or true) sign of one's commitment
8. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:steady:00 | definition=certain not to fail | examples=a sure hand on the throttle
9. sense_key=sure%5:00:02:certain:01 | definition=impossible to doubt or dispute | synonyms=indisputable | examples=indisputable (or sure) proof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sure" in the context: "If there were such evidence, you can be <t>sure</t> you would have heard of it."
The phrase is "you can be sure".
This means "having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sure%3:00:00:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=certain | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
2. sure%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=certain | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors
3. sure%3:00:04:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable
4. sure%5:00:00:secure:02 | definition=physically secure or dependable
5. sure%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect
6. sure%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=(of persons) worthy of trust or confidence
7. sure%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=infallible or unfailing
8. sure%5:00:00:steady:00 | definition=certain not to fail
9. sure%5:00:02:certain:01 | definition=impossible to doubt or dispute

"you can be sure" -> you can be confident and assured, having no doubt.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured".
Example: "was sure (or certain) she had seen it".
"you can be sure you would have heard of it" -> you can be certain.

Let's double check sense 1.
"you can be sure" -> "you can be certain".
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 2 is "be sure to do something" (careful).
Sense 9 is "indisputable proof".
Sense 1 is the correct one.
Context: "you can be sure you would have heard of it."
Meaning: you can be confident and assured.
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wish
Target surface form: wish
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we <t>wish</t> to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wish%2:37:00:: | definition=hope for; have a wish | examples=I wish I could go home now
2. sense_key=wish%2:37:02:: | definition=prefer or wish to do something | synonyms=care, like | examples=Do you care to try this dish?; Would you like to come along to the movies?
3. sense_key=wish%2:32:02:: | definition=make or express a wish | examples=I wish that Christmas were over
4. sense_key=wish%2:37:01:: | definition=feel or express a desire or hope concerning the future or fortune of | synonyms=wish well
5. sense_key=wish%2:32:01:: | definition=order politely; express a wish for
6. sense_key=wish%2:32:00:: | definition=invoke upon | synonyms=bid | examples=wish you a nice evening; bid farewell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "wish" in the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do..."
The phrase is "wish to be serious".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. hope for; have a wish (I wish I could go home now)
2. prefer or wish to do something (care, like) - Do you care to try this dish?; Would you like to come along to the movies?
3. make or express a wish (I wish that Christmas were over)
4. feel or express a desire or hope concerning the future or fortune of (wish well)
5. order politely; express a wish for
6. invoke upon (bid)

In the context "If we wish to be serious", "wish" means "prefer or wish to do something" or "want to do something".
Sense 2: "prefer or wish to do something" (synonyms: care, like). "If we care to be serious" or "If we like to be serious" or "If we want to be serious".
Wait, sense 2 is "prefer or wish to do something".
Let's check the examples: "Do you care to try this dish?", "Would you like to come along to the movies?"
"If we wish to be serious" -> "If we want to be serious".
Is there a better fit?
Sense 1: hope for; have a wish.
Sense 2: prefer or wish to do something.
"If we wish to be serious" -> "wish to do something".
Yes, "wish to be serious" is "wish to do something".
Let's double check sense 2.
"prefer or wish to do something"
Synonyms: care, like.
Context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do"
This perfectly matches "prefer or wish to do something".
I will choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: serious
Target surface form: serious
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be <t>serious</t> about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=serious%3:00:00:: | definition=concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities | examples=a serious student of history; a serious attempt to learn to ski
2. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of great consequence | examples=marriage is a serious matter
3. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, severe, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
4. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good | examples=good music; a serious book
5. sense_key=serious%3:00:02:: | definition=completely lacking in playfulness | synonyms=unplayful, sober
6. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:difficult:00 | definition=requiring effort or concentration; complex and not easy to answer or solve | examples=raised serious objections to the proposal; the plan has a serious flaw

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "serious" in the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."
The context implies being concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities, or being earnest, committed, and not just talking.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities (a serious student of history; a serious attempt to learn to ski)
2. of great consequence (marriage is a serious matter)
3. causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm (dangerous, grave, grievous, severe, life-threatening)
4. appealing to the mind (good music; a serious book)
5. completely lacking in playfulness (unplayful, sober)
6. requiring effort or concentration; complex and not easy to answer or solve (raised serious objections to the proposal; the plan has a serious flaw)

In the context "If we wish to be serious about American education", it means we wish to be earnest, concerned with important matters, not just playing around or making empty claims.
Sense 1: "concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities" fits perfectly. "a serious attempt to learn to ski" -> "serious about American education".
Let's double check.
"serious about American education" -> earnest, not trivial.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 2 is "of great consequence" (e.g., a serious matter).
Sense 1 is "concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities".
Yes, "serious about [something]" usually maps to sense 1.
Let's review the examples for sense 1: "a serious student of history; a serious attempt to learn to ski".
This matches "serious about American education".
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about <t>American</t> education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "American" in the context of "American education".
The context discusses teachers, teachers' unions, politicians, and schools in "this nation" (referring to the United States).
Sense 1: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture.
Sense 2: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas.

"American education" clearly refers to the education system of the United States of America.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American <t>education</t>, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "education" in the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message."
The context talks about the system of schools, teaching, and the activities of educating children.
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity).
Sense 2: "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction"
Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"
Sense 4: "the profession of teaching"
Sense 5: "the result of good upbringing"
Sense 6: "the United States federal department..."

"American education" refers to the system or activities of educating or instructing in America.
Let's look at Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill".
Is it Sense 1? "American education" -> the activities of educating or instructing.
Wait, let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 3. Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge".
Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill".
In the context, "serious about American education" refers to the system of schools, teaching, and the activities of educating.
"American education" is the educational system or the activities of educating.
Sense 1 fits best.

Let's check the context again: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do... There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation..."
This refers to the system or activities of educating.
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity.
Yes, "American education" = American educational activity / system of instruction.

Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
"American education" -> the activities of educating or instructing.
I will choose Sense 1.
Wait, let's review the exact wording of Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill".
Yes, this matches "American education" as a field or system of activities.
I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we <t>know</t> exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "know" in the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."
The phrase is "we know exactly what to do".
This means we are aware of the fact or information of what to do.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (I know that the President lied...)
2. know how to do or perform something. (She knows how to knit)
3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. (I know that I left the key on the table)
Wait, "know exactly what to do" -> possess knowledge or information about what to do.
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"know exactly what to do" -> we know what to do.
Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.
Sense 2: know how to do or perform something. (knows how to knit)
"know what to do" is closer to "know how to do" or "be aware of a fact".
Wait, "know what to do" is often sense 1 (possess knowledge or information about).
Let's look at sense 1: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"
"we know exactly what to do" -> we possess knowledge or information about what to do.
Let's consider sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 2: "know how to do or perform something" -> "She knows how to knit".
"know what to do" is more about possessing the information of the correct action, rather than the skill to perform it.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
"we know exactly what to do" -> we possess knowledge about what to do.
Let's check sense 1.
Is there a better fit?
"know exactly what to do" -> we are aware of the fact of what to do.
Let's check sense 1.
"know" in "we know exactly what to do"
Could it be sense 1? Yes.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt
"we know exactly what to do" -> we possess knowledge or information about what to do.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, "know what to do" is often mapped to sense 1.
Let's double check. "I know what to do" -> I possess knowledge or information about what to do.
Yes, sense 1.
Let's consider if it's sense 1.
"we know exactly what to do"
Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.
I'll go with 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."
This means we possess the knowledge/information of what to do.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Let's check if there's any other.
Sense 1 is the most general "know a fact/information".
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know <t>exactly</t> what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "exactly" in the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."
The phrase is "know exactly what to do".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

In "we know exactly what to do", "exactly" modifies "know" or the clause "what to do", indicating exactness or preciseness of the knowledge or the action.
Wait, "know exactly what to do" -> we know precisely what to do.
Sense 1: "indicating exactness or preciseness" -> "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do". This matches "know exactly what to do".
Sense 3: "in a precise manner" -> "she always expressed herself precisely". This is more about the manner of expression.
Sense 1 fits "know exactly what to do" perfectly, as it indicates exactness or preciseness of the thing known or done.

Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do". This is very similar to "we know exactly what to do".
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"we know exactly what to do" -> we know precisely what to do.
Sense 1: indicating exactness or preciseness.
Sense 3: in a precise manner.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, <t>just</t> as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "just" in the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."
The phrase is "just as important".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. and nothing more (merely, simply, only, but)
2. indicating exactness or preciseness (precisely, exactly)
3. only a moment ago (just now)
4. absolutely (simply)
5. only a very short time before (barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce)
6. exactly at this moment or the moment described

Wait, "just as important" means "exactly as important" or "precisely as important".
Let's check sense 2: "indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone"
"just as important" -> "exactly as important".
Is there another sense?
"just" in "just as important" means "exactly" or "precisely".
Let's see: "just as important" -> "exactly as important".
Sense 2 fits perfectly.
Let's double check.
"just as important" -> "exactly as important".
Synonyms for sense 2: precisely, exactly.
Yes, "just" here means "exactly".
"we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."
"just" modifies "as important", meaning "exactly as important".
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. merely, simply, only, but
2. precisely, exactly
3. just now
4. absolutely
5. barely, hardly
6. exactly at this moment

Sense 2 is "indicating exactness or preciseness".
"just as important" = "exactly as important".
I will choose 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "important" in the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."
The phrase "just as important" means "of great significance or value" or "important in effect or meaning".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

"just as important" -> "just as significant" or "of great significance or value".
Wait, sense 1 is "of great significance or value".
Sense 2 is "important in effect or meaning" (significant).
Let's see: "just as important, what not to do."
Is it "of great significance or value" (1) or "important in effect or meaning" (2)?
"just as important" -> "just as significant".
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "important people; the important questions of the day".
Sense 2: "a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution".
Actually, "just as important" is a very common phrase meaning "of great significance or value".
Let's consider "important in effect or meaning" (sense 2).
Wait, "just as important" -> "just as significant".
Let's look at similar examples in WordNet.
"just as important" -> "of great significance or value".
Let's search for "just as important" in WordNet.
Actually, sense 1 is the most general and fits "of great significance or value".
Let's re-read the context: "we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."
This means knowing what not to do is of great significance or value.
Sense 1: of great significance or value.
Sense 2: important in effect or meaning.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's think if sense 1 is better than sense 2.
"just as important" -> "just as significant".
In WordNet, "important" sense 1 is "of great significance or value".
Let's choose 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms: "of import".
"just as of import" - no.
"just as significant" - yes.
But sense 1 is the primary sense.
Let's choose 1.
Let's double check. "just as important" -> "of great significance or value".
Yes, sense 1.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful <t>schools</t> scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "schools" in the context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message."
The context talks about educational institutions, specifically successful ones scattered throughout the nation.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. an educational institution (the school was founded in 1900)
2. a building where young people receive education (schoolhouse)
3. the process of being formally educated at a school (schooling)
4. a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers
5. the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session
6. an educational institution's faculty and students
7. a large group of fish

"successful schools scattered throughout this nation" refers to the educational institutions themselves, not just the buildings, the process, the faculty/students, or the time period.
Sense 1 fits best: "an educational institution".
Let's double check. "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation" -> educational institutions.
Sense 1 is the best match.
Sense 1: school%1:14:00::
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scattered
Target surface form: scattered
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools <t>scattered</t> throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:distributed:00 | definition=occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space | examples=scattered showers; scattered villages
2. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:incoherent:00 | definition=lacking orderly continuity | synonyms=confused, disconnected, disjointed, disordered, garbled, illogical | examples=a confused set of instructions; a confused dream about the end of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "scattered".
Context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:distributed:00 | definition=occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space | examples=scattered showers; scattered villages
2. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:incoherent:00 | definition=lacking orderly continuity | synonyms=confused, disconnected, disjointed, disordered, garbled, illogical | examples=a confused set of instructions; a confused dream about the end of the world

In the context, "scattered throughout this nation" means distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in space.
This matches sense 1.
Sense 2 is about incoherence, which doesn't fit "schools scattered throughout this nation".

Therefore, the best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: poor
Target surface form: poorest
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the <t>poorest</t> of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=deserving or inciting pity; ; ; - Galsworthy | synonyms=hapless, miserable, misfortunate, pathetic, piteous, pitiable | examples=a hapless victim; miserable victims of war
2. sense_key=poor%3:00:00:: | definition=having little money or few possessions | examples=deplored the gap between rich and poor countries; the proverbial poor artist living in a garret
3. sense_key=poor%3:00:03:: | definition=characterized by or indicating poverty | examples=the country had a poor economy; they lived in the poor section of town
4. sense_key=poor%3:00:02:: | definition=lacking in specific resources, qualities or substances | examples=a poor land; the area was poor in timber and coal
5. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=not sufficient to meet a need | synonyms=inadequate, short | examples=an inadequate income; a poor salary
6. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:bad:00 | definition=unsatisfactory | examples=a poor light for reading; poor morale

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "poorest" (superlative of "poor").
Context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message."
The phrase is "poorest of ghettos".
Ghettos are areas characterized by poverty.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. deserving or inciting pity (hapless, miserable)
2. having little money or few possessions (poor countries, poor artist)
3. characterized by or indicating poverty (poor economy, poor section of town)
4. lacking in specific resources, qualities or substances (poor land, poor in timber)
5. not sufficient to meet a need (inadequate, short)
6. unsatisfactory (poor light, poor morale)

"poorest of ghettos" refers to ghettos that are characterized by or indicating poverty.
Sense 3: "characterized by or indicating poverty" -> "they lived in the poor section of town". This perfectly matches "poorest of ghettos".
Sense 2 is "having little money or few possessions", which applies to people or countries, but "ghettos" are sections of town, so "characterized by or indicating poverty" (sense 3) is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"poor section of town" is the example for sense 3.
"poorest of ghettos" is analogous to "poor section of town".
Therefore, sense 3 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 3}.
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the <t>same</t> message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "same" in the context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message."
The phrase is "the same message".
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. same in identity (the same man I saw yesterday)
2. closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree (curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age)
3. equal in amount or value (like amounts; equivalent amounts)
4. unchanged in character or nature (the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever)

In "sending us the same message", the message is identical in kind or content across all these successful schools. They are all sending a message that is closely similar or comparable in kind or quality. Wait, is it "same in identity" or "closely similar or comparable in kind"?
"the same message" - they are all sending the identical message.
Let's look at sense 1: "same in identity". "the same man I saw yesterday".
Sense 2: "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree". "curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age".
Wait, "the same message" means the message is identical in content. Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Let's check WordNet for "same".
Sense 1: same in identity. "the same man I saw yesterday"
Sense 2: closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree. "curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age"
Wait, "the same message" - is it identical in identity? No, it's the same *kind* of message, or the message is identical in content.
Actually, if they are all sending "the same message", it means the message is identical in content. But is it sense 1 or 2?
Let's consider "same" as an adjective.
"the same message" -> identical in kind or quality.
Let's look at similar examples in WordNet. "the same message" might be sense 2.
Wait, let's search for "same message" in WordNet or similar contexts.
"the same message" -> "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree".
Let's re-read sense 1: "same in identity". "the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice".
Sense 2: "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree". "curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age".
If multiple schools send "the same message", they are sending messages that are closely similar or comparable in kind or quality (or identical in content, which falls under similar in kind).
Wait, "the same message" could be sense 1 if it's considered the identical message. But "message" is an abstract entity, and multiple schools sending it means they are sending messages of the same kind.
Let's check sense 2. "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree".
Is there another sense?
What about "same" meaning "identical"?
Let's consider "the same message". It's a message of the same kind.
Let's look at the options again.
1. same in identity
2. closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree
3. equal in amount or value
4. unchanged in character or nature

"they are all sending us the same message" -> the message is the same in kind/quality.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's think if "same message" is sense 1. "the same man" is identity. "the same message" - is it the identical message? No, each school sends its own message, but the messages are the same in kind/content. So sense 2 is more appropriate.
Let's double check. "two girls of the same age" -> same age. "curtains the same color" -> same color. "the same message" -> same message.
Yes, sense 2 fits "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality".
Let's consider if it could be sense 1. "same in identity". If I say "I heard the same message from both of them", it means the message is identical in content. But WordNet often puts "same X" where X is a property or type under sense 2.
Actually, "same" as in "the same message" is often sense 2.
Let's choose 2.
Wait, let's look at the exact definition of sense 2: "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree".
"the same message" -> the message is of the same kind/quality.
I'll go with 2.
Let's review the context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message."
The message is identical in content, but since it's from multiple schools, it's "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality".
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: majority
Target surface form: majority
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the <t>majority</t> of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=majority%1:07:00:: | definition=the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part | synonyms=bulk | examples=the majority of his customers prefer it; the bulk of the work is finished
2. sense_key=majority%1:23:00:: | definition=(elections) more than half of the votes | synonyms=absolute majority
3. sense_key=majority%1:28:00:: | definition=the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs | synonyms=legal age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "majority" in the given context.
Target lemma: majority
Target surface form: majority
Context: "Conversely, there are the <t>majority</t> of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=majority%1:07:00:: | definition=the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part | synonyms=bulk | examples=the majority of his customers prefer it; the bulk of the work is finished
2. sense_key=majority%1:23:00:: | definition=(elections) more than half of the votes | synonyms=absolute majority
3. sense_key=majority%1:28:00:: | definition=the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs | synonyms=legal age

In the context, "the majority of unsuccessful schools" refers to the greater in number, the main part, or the bulk of the schools.
This matches sense 1.

Let's check the examples: "the majority of his customers prefer it" -> "the majority of unsuccessful schools".
Sense 1 is the best fit.

Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful <t>schools</t>, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "schools" in the context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
The context talks about "successful schools" and "unsuccessful schools" in the context of American education, educational reform, and ghettos.
This refers to educational institutions.
Sense 1: an educational institution. Examples: the school was founded in 1900.
Sense 2: a building where young people receive education.
Sense 3: the process of being formally educated at a school.
Sense 6: an educational institution's faculty and students.

"successful schools scattered throughout this nation" refers to the institutions themselves, not just the buildings or the process.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"successful schools" -> educational institutions.
Sense 1: school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution
Sense 2: school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "know" in the context: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
The sentence means we are aware of or cognizant of the fact of which efforts are doomed.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (I know that the President lied...)
2. know how to do or perform something.
3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt.
4. be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object.
5. have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations.
6. accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority.
7. have fixed in the mind.
8. have sexual intercourse with.
9. know the nature or character of.
10. be able to distinguish, recognize as being different.
11. perceive as familiar.

"we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand" -> we are aware of a fact or specific piece of information (which efforts are doomed).
Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.
Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt.

Let's look at the context: "we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. ... we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
This is about possessing knowledge or information about which efforts are doomed.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
Example: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"
"we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand" -> we know who/which...

Let's check Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.
Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt.

"we know which efforts..." is knowing a specific piece of information (which efforts).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"we know exactly what to do" -> know what to do (Sense 1 or 2? "know what to do" is often Sense 1: possess knowledge of what to do).
"we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand" -> possess knowledge or information about which efforts are doomed.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, let's re-read the context. "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
Is it sense 1? Yes.
Let's consider sense 1.
"be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
Yes.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effort
Target surface form: efforts
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which <t>efforts</t> at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effort%1:04:00:: | definition=earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something | synonyms=attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try | examples=made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor
2. sense_key=effort%1:04:01:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion
3. sense_key=effort%1:04:02:: | definition=a notable achievement | synonyms=feat, exploit | examples=he performed a great feat; the book was her finest effort
4. sense_key=effort%1:04:03:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "efforts" in the context: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
The context talks about "efforts at educational reform".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something (attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try)
2. use of physical or mental energy; hard work (elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat)
3. a notable achievement (feat, exploit)
4. a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement)

"efforts at educational reform" refers to a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end, like a campaign or drive. Wait, "efforts at educational reform" could also be "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" (attempt, endeavor).
Let's check the examples: "made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor".
"efforts at educational reform" -> "campaigns at educational reform"? "drives at educational reform"?
Wait, "efforts" in the plural often means "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement).
Let's see: "efforts at educational reform" -> "campaigns at educational reform" or "drives at educational reform".
Or is it "attempts at educational reform"? "attempts at educational reform" makes perfect sense.
Let's look at sense 1: "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" (attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try).
"efforts at educational reform" = "attempts at educational reform".
Let's look at sense 4: "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement).
"efforts at educational reform" -> "campaigns at educational reform"? "drives at educational reform"?
Actually, "efforts" in the plural often maps to sense 1 (attempts) or sense 4 (campaigns).
Let's search for "efforts at" in WordNet or similar.
"efforts at educational reform" -> "attempts at educational reform".
Is "effort" in sense 1 or 4?
"effort" as "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" -> "campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement".
"effort" as "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" -> "attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try".
"we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
"we know which attempts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
"we know which campaigns at educational reform are doomed beforehand." (campaigns for educational reform)
"we know which drives at educational reform are doomed beforehand." (drives for educational reform)
"attempts at" is a very common collocation. "efforts at" is also common.
Let's consider "effort" meaning "attempt". "an effort to do something" or "efforts at something".
Sense 1: "made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor"
Sense 4: "he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace"
"efforts at educational reform" -> "attempts at educational reform".
I will go with sense 1.

Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try.
"we know which attempts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." This fits perfectly.
Let's look at sense 4: campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement.
"we know which campaigns at educational reform are doomed beforehand." - "campaigns for" is better.
"we know which drives at educational reform are doomed beforehand." - "drives for" is better.
So sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"efforts at educational reform"
"effort" = attempt.
Yes, "efforts" = attempts.
Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at <t>educational</t> reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context of "educational reform".
The context is about American education, schools, and efforts at educational reform.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

"educational reform" refers to reform relating to the process of education.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"educational reform" -> reform of the education system.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education.
Sense 2: providing knowledge.
Sense 1 is clearly the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}