[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the <t>polyps</t> would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "polyps" in the context of "development of polyps in the bowel", "benign polyps", "malignant cells", "colon cancer".
Sense 1: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane (polypus). This matches the medical context of bowel/colon polyps.
Sense 2: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral). This is the biological/zoological sense, which does not fit the context of bowel/colon cancer.

Therefore, the best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "malignancy".
Context: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
The context is about cancer, polyps, genetic damage, and colon cancer.
Sense 1: (medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death. Synonyms: malignance.
Sense 2: quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will. Synonyms: malignity, malignance.

The context clearly refers to the medical sense of malignancy (cancer development).
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clear
Target surface form: clear
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
4. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags
5. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall
8. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property
9. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow
10. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values
11. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable
16. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "clear" in the context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
The sentence means that it was readily apparent to the mind that more than one gene had to be damaged.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view
...
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "readily apparent to the mind". "It was clear that..." means it was readily apparent.
Let's double check.
"It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
This is an adjective modifying the situation or fact, meaning readily apparent.
Sense 1 is the best match.
Sense 1: readily apparent to the mind.
Yes.
Format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" (lemma: damage).
Context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
The context talks about genes being harmed, impaired, or having their function knocked out or deleted.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

In the context, "more than one gene had to be damaged" means that damage was inflicted upon the gene (by mutation, deletion, etc.). The gene is the patient of the damage, but the sense is "inflict damage upon" (passive voice: had to be damaged [by something]).
Wait, "inflict damage upon" is sense 1.
Let's check sense 1: "inflict damage upon". The passive "had to be damaged" means someone/something inflicted damage upon it.
Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (intransitive). "These fine china cups damage easily."
Here, "damaged" is a past participle used in a passive construction ("had to be damaged"), which aligns with the transitive sense "inflict damage upon".
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
Let's double check.
"more than one gene had to be damaged" -> transitive verb in passive.
Sense 1 is transitive.
Sense 2 is intransitive (or middle voice).
So sense 1 is the best fit.
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "develop" in the context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>."
The context is about colon cancer coming into existence or taking on form/shape as a result of genetic damage.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. make something new (product, creation)
2. work out (theory)
3. gain through experience
4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) - e.g., He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains.
5. come into existence; take on form or shape - synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. Examples: A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship.
6. change the use of and make available or usable
7. elaborate, as of theories
8. create by training and teaching
9. be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest
10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment. Examples: A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower.
11. become technologically advanced
12. cause to grow and differentiate
13. generate gradually
14. grow emotionally or mature
15. make visible by means of chemical solutions
16. superimpose a three-dimensional surface
17. move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions
18. move into a strategically more advantageous position
19. elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea
20. happen
21. expand in the form of a series

Wait, "colon cancer to develop" means it comes into existence, takes on form or shape, or grows/progresses.
Let's check sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (originate, arise, spring up, grow).
Let's check sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" (A flower developed on the branch).
Let's check sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" (The patient developed abdominal pains).
Wait, "colon cancer to develop" is similar to "a disease develops" or "a condition develops".
Is it sense 5 or sense 10?
"come into existence; take on form or shape" -> originate, arise, spring up, grow.
"colon cancer to develop" -> colon cancer comes into existence.
Let's look at sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Let's look at sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".
Actually, "develop" in the context of a disease or cancer often means "come into existence; take on form or shape" or "grow, progress, unfold".
Wait, sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
Let's consider "colon cancer to develop".
Is it sense 5? "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
What about sense 10? "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower"
What about sense 4? "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is transitive or intransitive? "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains." Here "develop" is transitive (the patient developed pains). But in "colon cancer to develop", "colon cancer" is the subject, so it's intransitive.
Intransitive "develop" meaning "come into existence; take on form or shape" is sense 5.
Let's check WordNet for "develop" intransitive:
develop%2:42:00:: come into existence; take on form or shape. "A new religious movement originated in that country"; "a love that sprang up from friendship"; "the problem developed"
Wait, if "the problem developed" is an example of sense 5, then "colon cancer to develop" fits sense 5 perfectly.
Let's check the examples for sense 5: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship". Wait, the prompt says: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship". It doesn't explicitly list "the problem developed", but "come into existence; take on form or shape" fits "colon cancer to develop".
Let's check sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Examples: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower".
Is cancer "growing, progressing, unfolding, or evolving through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation"? Or is it "coming into existence"?
"for colon cancer to develop" -> for it to come into existence.
Let's search my internal knowledge for "develop" + "cancer".
"develop cancer" -> usually "come into existence; take on form or shape" (sense 5) or "happen" (sense 20)? No, sense 5 is "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Let's re-read the context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
"benign polyps would develop" -> come into existence.
"colon cancer to develop" -> come into existence.
Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape. Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment.
Sense 5 seems the best fit for "come into existence".
Let's consider "develop" as in "a disease develops". WordNet often puts "a problem develops" or "a situation develops" in sense 5 (come into existence; take on form or shape).
Let's check sense 5 again: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Yes, "colon cancer to develop" means for colon cancer to come into existence.
I will choose sense 5.
Wait, let's look at sense 5 synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
"colon cancer to arise" makes perfect sense.
"colon cancer to originate" makes sense.
"colon cancer to spring up" makes sense.
Therefore, sense 5 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check sense 10. "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". "A flower developed on the branch". This is more about natural growth over time. Cancer development is a process, but "for colon cancer to develop" emphasizes its coming into existence as a result of the genes being damaged. "benign polyps would develop" -> come into existence.
I'll go with 5.
Wait, let's look at sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is transitive (patient is subject, pains is object). Here "colon cancer" is the subject, so it's intransitive.
Sense 5 is intransitive: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
I am confident in 5.
Let's review the prompt's examples for 5: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".
Is there any other sense?
Sense 20: happen. "Report the news as it develops".
Sense 9: be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest. "The plot developed slowly".
Sense 5 is definitely "come into existence".
I will output 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "report".
Context: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White..."
The context refers to a scientific publication or written document describing the findings of the researchers (genetic deletions, cancer development, etc.).
Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (synonyms: study, written report). This perfectly matches the context of a scientific report or study.
Sense 2: "the act of informing by verbal report"
Sense 3: "a short account of the news"
Sense 4: "a sharp explosive sound"
Sense 5: "a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment"
Sense 6: "an essay (especially one written as an assignment)"
Sense 7: "the general estimation that the public has for a person"

Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists." This is a scientific study/report.
Sense 1: report%1:10:03::
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: galvanize
Target surface form: galvanized
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "galvanized" in the context: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White..."
The context means that the report stimulated or spurred the other molecular biologists into action or provided a strong stimulus.
Sense 1: to stimulate to action (synonyms: startle, galvanise; examples: galvanized into action).
Sense 2: cover with zinc.
Sense 3: stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock.

Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."
The context means molecular biologists other than the ones who wrote the report.
Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied"
Sense 2: "recently past"
Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past"
Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected"

"other molecular biologists" clearly means molecular biologists not already mentioned (i.e., not the authors of the report).
This matches Sense 1.
Sense 1 index is 1.
Let's double check.
"other molecular biologists" -> not the same ones already mentioned.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confirming
Target surface form: confirming
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "confirming".
Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor..."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

In the context, "confirming evidence" means evidence that supports or corroborates the idea that gene losses were critical.
Sense 2 fits perfectly: "serving to support or corroborate", synonyms include "confirmatory", "corroborative", "substantiating".
Sense 1 is about medical tests (positive).

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "evidence".
Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White...
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

In the context, "confirming evidence" refers to the basis for belief or knowledge on which to base belief (that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor). This matches sense 1 ("your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief").
Sense 2 is more about a physical indication or sign (like trembling).
Sense 3 is legal evidence.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" is very similar to "the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor".
So sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "needed" in the context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor..."
The context implies that the evidence was required, necessary, or just what was needed to confirm the theory.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

In the context, "evidence we all needed" means the evidence was required as useful, just, or proper. It was the confirming evidence that was necessary.
Wait, "require as useful, just, or proper" fits "evidence we all needed".
Let's check sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper". The evidence was required.
Sense 2: "have need of". "We all had need of the evidence."
Sense 3: "have or feel a need for". "We all felt a need for the evidence."

Actually, "needed" here means "required as useful, just, or proper". "It was the confirming evidence we all needed" -> "It was the confirming evidence we all required".
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve.
Wait, "require" is in sense 1 and sense 2.
But sense 1 is "require as useful, just, or proper". The evidence was exactly what was required.
Let's consider "need" as a verb.
"we all needed" -> we all required.
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 1: require as useful, just, or proper. (e.g., "It takes nerve...", "success usually requires hard work").
Sense 2: have need of. (e.g., "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner").
Sense 3: have or feel a need for. (e.g., "always needing friends and money").

"evidence we all needed" -> we all required it. It was necessary.
Sense 1 is "require as useful, just, or proper".
Let's see: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed" -> "It was the confirming evidence we all required".
I think sense 1 is the best fit because it's about something being required or necessary for a purpose (confirming evidence).
Wait, "need" in "evidence we all needed" is transitive. "We needed the evidence."
Sense 1: require as useful, just, or proper.
Sense 2: have need of.
Sense 3: have or feel a need for.

Let's look at WordNet for "need".
need%2:42:00:: require as useful, just, or proper: "It takes nerve to do what she did"; "success usually requires hard work"; "This job asks a lot of patience and skill"
need%2:34:00:: have need of: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner"
need%2:34:01:: have or feel a need for: "always needing friends and money"

In the context, "evidence we all needed" means the evidence was required. It was the confirming evidence that was necessary.
"require as useful, just, or proper" fits "evidence we all needed" perfectly, as it was the evidence required to confirm the theory.
Let's choose sense 1.
Wait, "we all needed" -> we all had need of? No, "we all required".
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"evidence we all needed" -> "evidence we all required".
Sense 1 is "require as useful, just, or proper".
I will go with 1.
Let's double check. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed" -> "It was the confirming evidence we all required".
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "losses" in the context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor..."
The context is about genes being knocked out or deleted. "gene losses" refers to the loss of genes, i.e., something that is lost (the genes).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death

Wait, "gene losses" means the genes that are lost. "something that is lost" fits perfectly. "loss of livestock" -> "gene losses".
Let's check sense 1: "something that is lost".
Is it sense 1? "gene losses" = the genes that are lost.
Or is it sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something"? "gene losses" could be the act of losing genes. But "losses" as a plural noun often refers to the things lost (e.g., "casualties and losses", "losses of livestock").
Wait, "loss of livestock" is an example for sense 1. "gene losses" is analogous to "loss of livestock".
Let's re-read sense 1: "something that is lost". Examples: "the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt".
Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something".
In the text: "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". This means the loss of genes (the event/act of losing them, or the genes themselves).
Actually, "gene losses" refers to the deletion or knocking out of genes. "loss of livestock" is sense 1.
Wait, let's look at WordNet for "loss".
loss%1:21:01:: something that is lost.
loss%1:22:00:: gradual decline in amount or activity.
loss%1:04:00:: the act of losing someone or something.
Is "gene losses" the act of losing, or the things lost? "gene losses" = the genes that are lost. Just like "loss of livestock".
Let's consider "loss of livestock" -> sense 1.
"gene losses" -> sense 1.
Let's double check. "losses" in plural often means "something that is lost" (e.g., financial losses, casualties, etc.).
"gene losses" = the genes that are lost.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the example for sense 1: "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt". Here "loss" is singular, but it means the livestock that was lost.
"gene losses" -> the genes that are lost.
Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. something that is lost
2. gradual decline in amount or activity
3. the act of losing someone or something
4. the disadvantage that results from losing something
"gene losses" -> the genes that are lost.
I'll go with 1.
Wait, could it be 3? "the act of losing someone or something". "gene losses" = the act of losing genes? No, "losses" plural usually refers to the things lost. "We suffered heavy losses."
"gene losses" = the genes that are lost.
I will output 1.
Let's re-read the context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out... If both copies of a second gene were then deleted... gene losses were critical..."
The "losses" are the knocked out/deleted genes. So "something that is lost".
Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "critical" in the context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White...
The context implies that gene losses were absolutely necessary or indispensable to the development of a common tumor.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. tendency to find errors (critical attitude)
2. abrupt change, chain reaction (critical temperature, critical mass)
3. careful evaluation (critical reading)
4. urgently needed; absolutely necessary (vital, critical element, critical medical supplies)
5. turning point or crisis (decisive, critical point in the campaign)
6. state of crisis or emergency (critical shortage, critical illness)
7. involving critics or criticism (critical acclaim)

Sense 4: "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" fits perfectly with "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor" (i.e., indispensable, vital).
Let's double check sense 4 vs sense 5. Sense 5 is "forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis". Sense 4 is "urgently needed; absolutely necessary". "gene losses were critical to the development" means they were necessary for the development. "vital" is a synonym for sense 4.
Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.
Let's review the examples for sense 4: "a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies".
"gene losses were critical to the development" -> gene losses were an indispensable element.
Yes, sense 4.
The index is 4.
Format: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "development" in the context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor,' says Ray White..."
The context is about the biological process of a tumor (colon cancer) growing or progressing from a simple to a more complex level (benign polyps to malignancy).
Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"
Synonyms: growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis.
This perfectly matches the biological unfolding of a tumor/cancer.
Let's double check Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". Sense 3 is specifically biology, which fits "colon cancer", "tumor", "gene".
Wait, Sense 3 is "the process of an individual organism growing organically". A tumor is a biological entity growing.
Let's see: "development of a common tumor".
Is it Sense 3? Yes, biology context.
Let's check the examples for Sense 3: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children".
Sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization".
Sense 3 is the best fit for biological development of a tumor.
Wait, let's consider Sense 3 vs Sense 2. "development of a common tumor" -> biological process.
Sense 3: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level.
Yes, Sense 3 is the most appropriate.
Let's review the options.
1. act of improving
2. process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage
3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...
4. recent event
5. act of making some area of land...
6. district
7. state in which things are improving
8. processing a photosensitive material
9. music

Sense 3 is the best.
Context: "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"
Tumor development is a biological process.
I will choose 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "common" in the context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White...
The context is about colon cancer, which is a widely known or commonly encountered tumor.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
2. having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual
3. common to or shared by two or more parties
4. commonly encountered (synonyms: usual)
5. being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language
6. of or associated with the great masses of people
7. of low or inferior quality or value
8. lacking refinement or cultivation or taste
9. to be expected; standard

Wait, "common tumor" means a tumor that is frequently encountered or widely known.
Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
Sense 4: "commonly encountered" (synonyms: usual) - wait, sense 4 is "common%5:00:00:familiar:02"
Let's check the POS. "common" here is an adjective modifying "tumor".
Sense 2 is common%3:00:01:: (adjective).
Sense 4 is common%5:00:00:familiar:02 (adjective).
Is it sense 2 or sense 4?
Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
Sense 4: "commonly encountered"
Let's look at the examples for sense 2: "the common man; a common sailor"
Let's look at the examples for sense 4: "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting"
"common tumor" -> a commonly encountered tumor.
Wait, "common" in "common tumor" means frequently occurring.
Sense 4: "commonly encountered"
Sense 2: "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
Let's check WordNet for "common".
common (adj)
1. common, mutual - common to or shared by two or more parties
2. common - belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
3. common - having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual
4. common, familiar, usual - commonly encountered
5. common, vernacular, vulgar - being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language
6. common, plebeian, vulgar, unwashed - of or associated with the great masses of people
7. common, coarse - of low or inferior quality or value
8. common, coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar - lacking refinement or cultivation or taste
9. common - to be expected; standard

Wait, "common tumor" -> commonly encountered.
Is it sense 4? "commonly encountered"
Or sense 2? "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
Let's see: "a common tumor" -> a tumor that is commonly encountered.
In WordNet, "common" as "commonly encountered" is sense 4.
Let's check the examples: "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting".
"common tumor" fits "commonly encountered".
Wait, sense 2 is "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual".
Sense 4 is "commonly encountered".
Is "common tumor" sense 4?
Let's search for "common tumor" in WordNet or similar.
Actually, "common" meaning "frequently occurring" is often sense 4.
Let's re-read sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
Sense 4: "commonly encountered"
If a tumor is "common", it means it is frequently encountered.
Let's consider "common" in "common cold" -> sense 4.
"common tumor" -> sense 4.
Let's check the exact WordNet 3.1 senses for "common":
1. common, mutual (common to or shared by two or more parties)
2. common (belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public)
3. common (having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual)
4. common, familiar, usual (commonly encountered)
5. common, vernacular, vulgar (being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language)
6. common, plebeian, vulgar, unwashed (of or associated with the great masses of people)
7. common, coarse (of low or inferior quality or value)
8. common, coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar (lacking refinement or cultivation or taste)
9. common (to be expected; standard)

"common tumor" -> commonly encountered.
Is it sense 4? Yes, "commonly encountered" fits perfectly.
Let's double check if there's any other.
"common" modifying "tumor" means it occurs frequently.
Sense 4: "commonly encountered"
Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
I will go with sense 4.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 4: "usual". "a usual tumor"? No, "a common (or familiar) complaint".
"common tumor" is a tumor that is commonly encountered.
I'll select 4.
Let's review the prompt:
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting

Yes, sense 4 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 2. "widely known or commonly encountered". But sense 4 is specifically "commonly encountered".
I'll output 4.
Wait, let's think if "common" here means "ordinary" (sense 2) or "frequently occurring" (sense 4).
"gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor" -> a tumor that is frequently encountered (like colon cancer).
So sense 4 is the most precise.
I will choose 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "says" in the context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.
The context is a direct quote being attributed to Ray White.
Sense 1: express in words (state, tell). Example: He said that he wanted to marry her.
Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver). Example: He said it was too late to intervene in the war.
Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read).
Sense 8: utter aloud.
Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare.

Wait, looking at the quote: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White.
This is expressing in words, stating.
Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you".
Is it Sense 1? Yes, "express in words".
Let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 2. Sense 2 is "report or maintain" (allege, aver).
Sense 1 is "express in words" (state, tell).
In journalistic contexts, "says" is typically Sense 1 (express in words, state).
Let's double check WordNet.
say%2:32:00:: express in words.
Yes, "says" in a quote attribution is Sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate

"express in words" fits perfectly for attributing a quote.
I will choose 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "yet" in the context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
The phrase is "had yet to nail".
This means "up to the present time" or "has not done it up to now".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary

The context "had yet to nail" matches the example "I have yet to see the results" in sense 1.
Sense 1: "up to the present time", examples: "I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out".
This perfectly matches "had yet to nail".

Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 2 is "used in negative statement... So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet".
Sense 1 is "up to the present time... I have yet to see the results".
The context is "had yet to nail", which is structurally identical to "have yet to see".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best match.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "nail" in the context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
The context is about identifying or locating exactly the identity of a gene.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. attach something somewhere by means of nails
2. take into custody
3. hit hard
4. succeed in obtaining a position
5. succeed at easily
6. locate exactly (synonyms: pinpoint; examples: can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome)
7. complete a pass

Sense 6 perfectly matches the context "nail the identity of the gene" and even has a very similar example: "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 6.
I will return {"sense_index": 6}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "identity".
Context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
The context is about finding out which specific gene it is.
Sense 1: distinct personality of an individual.
Sense 2: the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known. Example: "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it". This matches perfectly.
Sense 3: operator that leaves unchanged.
Sense 4: exact sameness.

Sense 2 is the best match.
Index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" in the context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
The context talks about a gene being damaged (i.e., suffering damage, being impaired, or having its function lost).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. damage%2:30:00:: | inflict damage upon (active, transitive)
2. damage%2:30:01:: | suffer or be susceptible to damage (intransitive, passive-like, or middle voice)

In the context, "if damaged" means "if it suffers damage" or "if it is damaged". The gene is the entity suffering the damage, not inflicting it.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct one.
Let's double check.
"if damaged" -> passive participle, meaning the gene suffers damage.
Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
The gene does not inflict damage upon something else; it suffers damage.
So sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
The word is "flipped".
The meaning here is to change the state of the colon cell, to switch it into full-blown malignancy.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. lightly throw to see which side comes up
2. cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation (switch, throw)
3. look through a book
4. toss with a sharp movement
5. cause to move with a flick
6. throw or toss with a light motion
7. move with a flick or light motion
8. turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse
9. react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way
10. go mad, go crazy
11. reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)

Wait, "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" means it caused the cell to change state, like a switch.
Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" (synonyms: throw, switch). Example: "switch on the light; throw the lever".
Wait, sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)".
Is it sense 2 or sense 11?
"flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" -> changed its state, like flipping a switch.
Let's check sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation". Synonyms: throw, switch.
Wait, "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" - does it mean "switch"? Yes, "flipped" as in "flipped a switch".
Let's consider "flip" meaning "change state".
Is there a better sense?
What about sense 2? "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - synonyms: throw, switch.
Wait, "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" - maybe sense 2 is the best fit for "flipped" as in "flipped a switch".
Let's re-read the context: "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
This is a metaphorical use of "flip" as in "flip a switch".
Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" (synonyms: throw, switch).
Let's check if there's any other sense.
Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)".
Sense 2 seems to fit "flipped a switch" -> "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy".
Wait, could it be sense 2? "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation"
Let's search for "flip" in WordNet.
flip%2:35:01:: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" -> synonyms: throw, switch.
Is there a sense for "change state"?
"flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy"
If I say "flipped a switch", it's sense 2.
"flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" -> caused it to go into malignancy.
Let's consider sense 2.
"switch on the light; throw the lever"
"flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy"
Yes, "flipped" here means "switched".
Let's double check sense 2.
"cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation"
Synonyms: throw, switch.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's look at sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)".
Does "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" mean reverse? No, it means changed its state, like a switch.
So sense 2 is the best.
Let's review the options.
1. lightly throw
2. cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation (throw, switch)
3. look through
4. toss with a sharp movement
5. cause to move with a flick
6. throw or toss with a light motion
7. move with a flick or light motion
8. turn upside down
9. react in an excited way
10. go mad
11. reverse

Sense 2 is the most appropriate. "flipped" = "switched".
"flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" -> switched a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "colon" in the context of "colon cancer" and "colon cell".
The context mentions "benign polyps", "malignancy", "colon cancer", "tumor", "chromosome 17".
This clearly refers to the anatomical part of the large intestine.
Sense 1: "the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted"
Sense 2: money in El Salvador
Sense 3: money in Costa Rica
Sense 4: port city
Sense 5: punctuation mark

The best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.