[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cell".
Context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
The context is about biology, genes, cancer, cell division, and proteins.
Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense index is 2.
Double check:
1. small compartment
2. biology cell
3. electric cell
4. political movement
5. mobile phone
6. monk room
7. prison room

The correct sense is 2.
Output format: {"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "growth" in the context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check."
The context is about cells growing, specifically in biology.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level. Synonyms: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis.
2. a progression from simpler to more complex forms.
3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important.
4. vegetation that has grown.
5. the gradual beginning or coming forth.
6. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor).
7. something grown or growing.

Wait, "a cell's growth" refers to the biological process of a cell growing.
Sense 1: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically... Wait, a cell is an organism or part of an organism.
Let's re-read sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
"hold a cell's growth in check" -> cell growth.
Sense 1 is specifically biology.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
Sense 1: "growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis"
Sense 3: "increase, increment"
Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - but here it says "hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged... cells normally under control turn malignant." So the normal growth is not abnormal proliferation. It's normal biological growth.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check sense 1.
"the process of an individual organism growing organically"
Cell growth is a biological process.
Is there any other sense?
Sense 1 is "growth%1:22:00::"
Let's see: "hold a cell's growth in check"
Yes, biological growth.

Wait, could it be sense 3? "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important"
But "cell's growth" is a biological term.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis.
Is cell growth considered ontogeny? Maybe.
What about "growth%1:22:00::"?
Let's consider "growth" in WordNet.
Sense 1: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level.
Yes, "cell's growth" fits the biological process.

Let's review the context again: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
This is definitely biological growth.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's look at sense 1 again. "an individual organism growing organically". A cell is an organism (or part of one).
Is there a sense for "cell growth"?
Maybe sense 1 is the only biological one.
I'll go with 1.
Let's consider if "growth" here means "increase in size/number".
"hold a cell's growth in check" -> cell division and enlargement.
Sense 1 is the most specific to biology.
I will output 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" in the context: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
The candidate senses are:
1. damage%2:30:00:: inflict damage upon (active, transitive)
2. damage%2:30:01:: suffer or be susceptible to damage (passive, intransitive, or stative)

Wait, "are damaged" is passive. The genes suffer damage.
Let's check the examples:
1. The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree. (Active)
2. These fine china cups damage easily. (Intransitive / stative)

Wait, "are damaged" is a passive construction. Does it mean "inflict damage upon" (passive voice of sense 1) or "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (sense 2)?
Actually, "are damaged" is the passive of "damage" (inflict damage upon).
Let's see: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation..."
Radiation damages the genes. The genes are damaged by radiation.
Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage. (e.g., "damage easily")

Is "are damaged" sense 1 or sense 2?
In WordNet, "damage" as a verb has:
1. inflict damage upon
2. suffer or be susceptible to damage

If the sentence is "the genes are damaged", it's the passive of sense 1. "Radiation damages the genes" -> "The genes are damaged by radiation".
Let's check if there's any other sense.
Wait, "damage" verb:
1. inflict damage upon
2. suffer or be susceptible to damage

If it's passive, it's usually mapped to the transitive sense (sense 1).
Let's consider "are damaged". The agent is "radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident". This implies an external agent inflicting damage. So it's sense 1.

Let's double check.
"if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation..."
This is clearly the passive of "inflict damage upon".
Sense 1 is "inflict damage upon".
Sense 2 is "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (like "damage easily").

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage

I will choose 1.
Wait, let's think if "are damaged" could be sense 2. "These fine china cups damage easily" is intransitive. "The genes are damaged" is passive. Passive forms of transitive verbs are typically mapped to the transitive sense.
So sense 1.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "radiation" in the context: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
The context talks about genes being damaged by radiation, a chemical, or a chance accident.
Sense 1: energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles. (This fits "damaged by radiation" as in ionizing radiation, UV radiation, etc., which damages genes).
Sense 3: radiation sickness. (Doesn't fit "damaged by radiation sickness").
Sense 4: radioactivity. (Could be, but "radiation" as energy is more general and fits "damaged by radiation").
Sense 7: radiation therapy. (Doesn't fit "damaged by radiation therapy" in this general context of causes of gene damage).

Let's look at Sense 1: "energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles". This is the standard sense for "radiation" causing gene damage (e.g., UV radiation, X-rays).
Wait, "radiation" in the context of damaging genes is typically ionizing radiation or UV radiation, which is energy radiated in the form of rays or waves or particles.
Let's check Sense 1 vs Sense 4. Sense 4 is "the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay" (radioactivity). But radiation can also be UV, which is not necessarily nuclear decay. So Sense 1 is better.

Let's double check.
"damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident"
Sense 1: energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.
Yes, this is the most appropriate sense.
Let's review the options.
1. energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation
4. the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay
5. the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance

Sense 1 is the best fit.
Context: "damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division"
Radiation here refers to the physical agent (energy/rays) that damages DNA.
Therefore, sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
The target word is "work".
The proteins no longer "work". This means they no longer perform as expected when applied, or function, operate, go, run.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. exert oneself by doing mental or physical work
2. be employed
3. have an effect or outcome
4. perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. shape, form, or improve a material
...
Sense 4 fits perfectly: "perform as expected when applied", synonyms: function, operate, go, run. The proteins no longer function/operate.

Let's double check sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected". But "function" is a better fit for proteins. "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer function".
Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" -> "function, operate, go, run".
Yes, "function" is the exact synonym for proteins working.

Let's review the context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
The previous sentence uses "functioning normally". So "work" here means "function".
Sense 4 has synonym "function".

Therefore, sense 4 is the best match.
Sense index: 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cells" in the context of biology, specifically cancer, genes, and cell division.
Context: "...their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
This clearly refers to the biological unit of life.
Candidate sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"
This matches perfectly.
Sense index is 2.
Double check:
1. small compartment
2. biology unit
3. electric cell
4. political movement
5. mobile phone
6. monk room
7. prison room

The context is about cancer, genes, cell division, and proteins holding a cell's growth in check.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant."
The word "turn" here means "become" or "undergo a change or development".
Let's check the candidate senses:
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
7. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry

Wait, "turn malignant" means to become malignant.
Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" -> "The weather turned nasty". This perfectly matches "turn malignant".
Let's re-read sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become"
Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" -> "The water turned into ice"
"turn malignant" is taking on a specific property or attribute (malignant).
Let's check sense 7 again. "The weather turned nasty" -> "turn malignant".
Is there any other sense?
Sense 7: pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become.
Yes, "turn malignant" is exactly "take on a specific property or attribute; become".
Let's double check sense 7 vs sense 3.
Sense 3: undergo a change or development.
Sense 7: pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become.
"turn malignant" is taking on the property of being malignant.
Let's look at the example for 7: "The weather turned nasty". "turn malignant" is very similar to "turn nasty".
Therefore, sense 7 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. change orientation
2. undergo a transformation or a change of position or action
3. undergo a change or development
4. cause to move around or rotate
5. change to the contrary
6. pass to the other side of
7. pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become
8. let fall or spill
9. move around an axis
10. cause to move around a center so as to show another side
11. to send or let go
12. break and turn over earth
13. shape by rotating
14. change color
15. twist suddenly
16. cause to change or turn into something different
17. accomplish by rotating
18. get by buying and selling
19. cause to move along an axis
20. channel one's attention
21. cause to assume a crooked form
22. alter the functioning or setting
23. direct at someone
24. have recourse to
25. go sour or spoil
26. become officially one year older

"turn malignant" -> "turn nasty" (sense 7).
I will choose 7.
Wait, let's consider sense 7 vs sense 3.
"turn malignant" is a linking verb usage, synonymous with "become".
Sense 7: pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become.
Synonyms: grow.
Examples: The weather turned nasty; She grew angry.
This is a perfect match.
I will output 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "identified" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
The context is about discovering or recognizing genes.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something (place)
2. give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property (name)
3. consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else
4. conceive of as united or associated
5. identify as in botany or biology, for example (discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name)
6. consider to be equal or the same

The context is about biology/genes: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s..."
Sense 5: "identify as in botany or biology, for example" with synonyms "discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name".
Wait, sense 5 is specifically for biology/botany. The context is about genes, which is biology.
Let's check sense 1: "recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something".
Is "identify" in biology specifically sense 5?
"identify as in botany or biology, for example"
Synonyms: discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name.
In the context, "newly identified genes" means they were discovered or distinguished.
Let's re-read the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
"discovered" is a synonym for sense 5.
Let's check sense 5 again. "identify as in botany or biology, for example".
Yes, genes are biology.
Wait, let's consider sense 1 vs sense 5.
Sense 1: recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something.
Sense 5: identify as in botany or biology, for example.
Is "identify" in "newly identified genes" sense 5?
"identify" in biology often means to classify or discover.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 5: discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name.
"discovered" is explicitly in the context: "discovered in the early 1980s".
So "newly identified" is parallel to "discovered".
Therefore, sense 5 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"identify" (biology) -> sense 5.
"identify" (recognize) -> sense 1.
In WordNet, "identify" has:
- identify (recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something)
- identify (give the name or identifying characteristics of)
- identify (consider oneself as similar to somebody else)
- identify (conceive of as united or associated)
- identify (identify as in botany or biology, for example)
- identify (consider to be equal or the same)

"newly identified genes" -> discovered genes.
Sense 5 has "discover" as a synonym.
I will choose sense 5.
Wait, let's look at the exact wording of sense 5: "identify as in botany or biology, for example".
Yes, genes are biology.
I'll output 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "differ".
Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

In the context, genes are being compared, and they are different from each other. This matches sense 1 ("be different").
Sense 2 is about opinions, which doesn't apply to genes.

Therefore, the best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "family" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
The context talks about a "family of genes".
This means a collection of things sharing a common attribute.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. social unit living together
2. primary social group; parents and children
3. a collection of things sharing a common attribute (synonyms: class, category)
4. people descended from a common ancestor
5. a person having kinship with another or others
6. (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
7. a loose affiliation of gangsters
8. an association of people who share common beliefs or activities

Sense 3: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" fits "family of genes" perfectly, as genes are grouped into families based on shared attributes (like sequence homology or function).
Wait, could it be 6? "a taxonomic group containing one or more genera". Genes are not genera.
So sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "a family of genes" -> a collection of things sharing a common attribute.
Yes, sense 3.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 3}.
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discover
Target surface form: discovered
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discovered" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
The context is about scientific discovery of genes (oncogenes).
Sense 1: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, find, notice)
Sense 3: make a discovery, make a new finding (find) - examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle.
Sense 7: see for the first time; make a discovery (Who discovered the North Pole?)
Sense 8: identify as in botany or biology, for example (identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name)

Wait, "discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes". This is a scientific discovery of a new finding (genes).
Let's check Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding" -> "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This perfectly matches discovering a family of genes.
Let's check Sense 1: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" -> "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water".
Let's check Sense 7: "see for the first time; make a discovery" -> "Who discovered the North Pole?"
Sense 3 is the most appropriate for scientific discoveries like genes, X-rays, elementary particles.

Let's read the context again: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
This is a scientific discovery. Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Synonyms: find.
Examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle.

Is it Sense 3? Yes.
Let's double check Sense 3 vs Sense 7. Sense 3 is "make a discovery, make a new finding". Sense 7 is "see for the first time; make a discovery". Discovering genes is making a new finding.
I will choose Sense 3.
Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again. "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Yes, "discovered in the early 1980s" refers to the scientific finding of oncogenes.
I'll output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "early" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
The phrase is "early 1980s".
This refers to the beginning of a period of time (the 1980s).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

"early 1980s" means at or near the beginning of a period of time.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time".
Examples: "early morning". "early 1980s" is analogous to "early morning".

Let's double check.
Sense 1: early%3:00:00::
Sense 2: early%3:00:02:: (stage of development)
Sense 3: early%5:00:00:past:00 (distant past)
Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "called" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
The sentence means that the family of genes discovered in the early 1980s is named "oncogenes".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful

Wait, "called oncogenes" means they are named oncogenes.
Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. Synonyms: name.
Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality.
Sense 27: consider or regard as being.

Is "oncogenes" a proper name or a common noun? It's a common noun, but it's a specific name given to a class of genes.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader".
Wait, sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
What about sense 2? "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
What about sense 27? "consider or regard as being".
Let's look at the context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes." -> "call" here is sense 1 or 2?
"called oncogenes" -> named oncogenes.
Let's see: "call" meaning "name".
WordNet sense 1: call%2:32:02:: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to.
Is there a better sense?
Let's check sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" -> synonyms: name.
"called oncogenes" -> named oncogenes.
Let's check sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
"oncogenes" is a name.
Let's check sense 1 again. "They named their son David".
Is "oncogenes" a proper name? No, but it's a specific name.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
Let's look at sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
Let's look at sense 27: "consider or regard as being".
Actually, "call" as in "name" is often sense 1.
Let's search for "call" meaning "name".
WordNet:
call.v.01: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. (name)
call.v.02: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality.
call.v.27: consider or regard as being.

In "called oncogenes", it's giving a name to the family of genes.
"Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" -> name.
"called oncogenes" -> named oncogenes.
I will choose sense 1.

Wait, is "oncogenes" a proper name? No, but "name" is the synonym.
Let's consider sense 1.
"assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to"
Synonyms: name.
Examples: They named their son David.
If I say "a family of genes called oncogenes", it means "a family of genes named oncogenes".
So sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 2: "He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful". This is ascribing a quality.
"oncogenes" is a name, not just a quality.
So sense 1 is better.

Let's double check sense 27: "consider or regard as being". "I would not call her beautiful".
"called oncogenes" is not "regarded as being oncogenes", it is literally named oncogenes.
So sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "present" in the context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells..."
The word "present" here means existing or being in a specified place (in the cell).
Sense 1: temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration.
Sense 2: being or existing in a specified place.

"Oncogenes must be present" -> existing in the cell.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"present in this room" -> "present for a cell to become malignant" -> existing in a specified place.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cell" in the context of biology, specifically cancer, genes, and cell division.
The context mentions: "make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check", "chance accident in cell division", "cells normally under control turn malignant", "normal as well as in cancerous cells".
This clearly refers to the biological unit of life.
Candidate sense 2: sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals.
This matches perfectly.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "become" in the context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells..."
The phrase is "become malignant".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. enter or assume a certain state or condition (synonyms: go, get). Example: He became annoyed...
2. undergo a change or development (synonyms: turn). Example: The water turned into ice...
3. come into existence.
4. enhance the appearance of.

"become malignant" means to enter or assume a certain state or condition (malignant).
Wait, "turn malignant" is also a synonym. Let's look at sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" (go, get). "He became annoyed".
Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" (turn). "The water turned into ice".
Is "become malignant" sense 1 or sense 2?
"become malignant" -> enter a state.
Let's check WordNet for "become malignant".
Actually, "become" + adjective usually falls under sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition.
Let's re-read sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" (go, get).
Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" (turn).
In the text: "cells normally under control turn malignant." Then: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant".
"become" here is synonymous with "turn" or "get".
Wait, sense 1 has "get" and "go". "He became annoyed".
Sense 2 has "turn". "The water turned into ice".
Is "become malignant" sense 1?
Let's consider "become" + adjective. WordNet sense 1 is "enter or assume a certain state or condition".
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious".
"become malignant" is entering a state.
Let's check sense 2: "undergo a change or development".
I will go with sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: go, get.
Synonyms for sense 2: turn.
In the text, "turn malignant" is used earlier: "cells normally under control turn malignant."
Then "become malignant".
Does "become" map to sense 1? Yes, "become" + adjective is typically sense 1.
Let's double check.
"become" (enter or assume a certain state or condition) -> sense 1.
"become" (undergo a change or development) -> sense 2.
I'll select 1.
Wait, let's look at the exact definitions.
1. enter or assume a certain state or condition
2. undergo a change or development
"become malignant" is entering a state.
I will choose 1.
Let's review the prompt: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant"
"become" + adjective = sense 1.
I am confident in 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" (lemma: find).
Context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
The researchers discovered or determined the existence/presence of oncogenes in normal as well as in cancerous cells.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. come upon, as if by accident
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice) - "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint"
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
8. make a discovery, make a new finding
9. make a discovery (She found that he had lied to her)

Wait, "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells". This means they discovered their presence.
Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" -> "We found traces of lead in the paint". This perfectly matches "found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells".
Let's check sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" -> "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
But here, they found *them* (oncogenes) in normal cells. It's about determining the presence of something.
Sense 2 fits "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
Let's re-read the context: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells".
This is exactly "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice.
Examples: "We found traces of lead in the paint".
Matches "found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells".

Let's check sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".
Sense 2 is more about "presence, or fact of". "found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells" -> found their presence.

Let's look at sense 2 again.
"discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
Yes, "found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells" means determining their presence.

Is there any other sense?
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
Sense 9: "make a discovery" (She found that he had lied to her)

Sense 2 is the best fit for "found [object] in [location]".
"We found traces of lead in the paint" -> "found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells".
The structure is identical.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.
Let's double check.
"researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells"
Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.
Yes.
End of reasoning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "normal" in the context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
The contrast is between "normal" cells and "cancerous" cells.
"Normal" here means conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
Sense 1: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
Sense 2: in accordance with scientific laws.
Sense 3: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
Sense 4: forming a right angle.

"normal cells" vs "cancerous cells" -> not abnormal, conforming to the standard type of cell.
Sense 1 fits best.
Let's double check.
"normal" as in "normal cells" = not abnormal, standard.
Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal"
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancerous".
Context: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
The context is talking about cells that have cancer, i.e., affected with cancer.
Sense 1: relating to or affected with cancer (a cancerous growth)
Sense 2: like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (remorse was cancerous within him)

The context clearly refers to biological cells affected with cancer.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cells" in the context of cancer, genes, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, and cell division.
The context explicitly mentions "biology", "cancer", "cell division", "proteins", "malignant".
Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense index is 2.
Double check:
1. honeycomb
2. biology
3. electric cell
4. political movement
5. mobile phone
6. monk room
7. prison room

The context is clearly biological.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.
Output format: {"sense_index": 2}