[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "disciplined" in the context: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
The context contrasts "progressive education" (which is "interesting and agreeable", "personality development", minimizing tests) with "disciplined instruction".
"Disciplined instruction" implies instruction that is controlled, follows rules, is strict, or is trained/structured.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Wait, "disciplined instruction" means instruction that is controlled, strict, or follows rules. Or does it mean instruction that trains?
"disciplined instruction" -> instruction that is controlled, orderly, strict.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "obeying the rules".
Wait, sense 1 is "controlled:00" (obeying the rules).
Sense 2 is "trained:00" (trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise).
"disciplined instruction" - instruction that is disciplined (controlled, strict, orderly).
Is "disciplined" modifying "instruction" as in "instruction that is controlled/strict" or "instruction that trains"?
"disciplined instruction" means instruction that is strict, orderly, controlled.
Let's consider "disciplined" as an adjective.
Sense 1: controlled (obeying the rules).
Sense 2: trained (trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise).
If it's "disciplined instruction", it means instruction that is strict, controlled, orderly.
Wait, "disciplined" in "disciplined instruction" means the instruction itself is controlled, strict, or follows rules.
Let's look at similar phrases: "disciplined approach", "disciplined mind".
If it's "disciplined instruction", it's instruction that is controlled, strict, orderly.
Let's check WordNet for "disciplined".
Senses of disciplined:
1. disciplined (vs. undisciplined) - trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise (e.g., a disciplined mind)
2. disciplined - obeying the rules (e.g., a disciplined army)
Wait, the candidate senses are:
1. controlled:00 (obeying the rules)
2. trained:00 (trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise)

Is "disciplined instruction" instruction that obeys the rules, or instruction that is trained?
Actually, "disciplined instruction" means instruction that is strict, controlled, orderly.
Wait, "disciplined" modifying "instruction" might mean "controlled" (strict, orderly).
Let's search for "disciplined instruction". It usually means instruction that is strict, orderly, controlled.
"Progressive education ... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
Here, "disciplined" contrasts with "interesting and agreeable", "personality development", "minimize those irksome tests".
So "disciplined" means strict, controlled, orderly, following rules.
Therefore, sense 1 (controlled:00) is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"disciplined instruction" -> instruction that is controlled, strict.
Sense 1: obeying the rules.
Sense 2: trained mentally or physically.
Instruction cannot be "trained mentally or physically". Instruction can be "controlled" or "strict".
So sense 1 is the correct one.
Let's review the definition of sense 1: "obeying the rules".
Wait, could it be "controlled" as in "strict"? Yes.
I will choose sense 1.
Let's re-read carefully: "disciplined instruction".
If a person is disciplined, they obey rules. If instruction is disciplined, it is controlled, strict, orderly.
Sense 1: controlled.
Sense 2: trained.
Instruction is not trained. Instruction is controlled.
So sense 1.
Let's confirm.
"disciplined instruction" -> controlled instruction.
Yes, sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "instruction" in the context: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
The context contrasts "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction".
Sense 1: a message describing how something is to be done (direction)
Sense 2: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill (education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity)
Sense 3: the profession of a teacher (teaching, pedagogy)
Sense 4: (computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program

In the context, "disciplined instruction" refers to the activities of educating or instructing, imparting knowledge or skill, as opposed to "personality development".
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"disciplined instruction" -> activities that impart knowledge or skill.
Sense 2: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill.
Matches perfectly.
Sense 3 is the profession of a teacher, which doesn't fit "disciplined instruction" as well as the activity itself.
Sense 1 is a message describing how something is to be done.
Sense 4 is computer science.

So, sense_index: 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "nice" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
The context implies that it is pleasant, pleasing, or agreeable for teachers to think they are engaged in personality development.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance
2. socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous
3. done with delicacy and skill
4. excessively fastidious and easily disgusted
5. exhibiting courtesy and politeness

Sense 1 fits best: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable". It is pleasant/agreeable for teachers to think they are engaged in personality development.
Let's double check. "It is nice for teachers to think..." -> it is pleasant/agreeable.
Sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance"
Sense 2: "socially or conventionally correct"
Sense 3: "done with delicacy and skill"
Sense 4: "excessively fastidious"
Sense 5: "exhibiting courtesy and politeness"

Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
This means it is pleasant or agreeable for them.
Therefore, sense 1.
End of reasoning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "teachers" in the context of "American education", "education establishment", "Progressive education", "disciplined instruction", "personality development", "tests", "profession", "educational psychology".
The context clearly refers to people whose occupation is teaching.
Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching (synonyms: instructor)
Sense 2: a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher)

The context refers to human teachers in the education system.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "think" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
The phrase is "think they are engaged in...".
This means to believe, suppose, or imagine.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. judge or regard; look upon; judge (believe, consider, conceive) - "I think he is very smart"
2. expect, believe, or suppose (opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess) - "I thought to find her in a bad state"
Wait, "think they are engaged in" is more like "believe" or "suppose".
Let's check sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" -> "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart".
Let's check sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose" -> "I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state".
Wait, "think they are engaged in" is a belief or supposition.
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"think they are engaged in" -> "believe they are engaged in".
Sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" synonyms: believe, consider, conceive. Example: "I think he is very smart".
Sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose" synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess. Example: "I thought to find her in a bad state".
Let's consider "think they are engaged in". It's a belief. "I think he is very smart" is very similar to "think they are engaged in".
Wait, "think" + clause (that they are engaged in).
Sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" -> "I think he is very smart".
Sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose" -> "I imagine she earned a lot of money".
Actually, "think" meaning "believe" is often sense 1.
Let's check WordNet for "think".
think%2:31:01:: judge or regard; look upon; judge. "I think he is very smart"; "I believe her to be very smart"
think%2:31:03:: expect, believe, or suppose. "I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel"; "I thought to find her in a bad state"
"think they are engaged in" -> "believe they are engaged in".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"think" + that-clause.
In WordNet, "think" meaning "believe" is sense 1. "I think he is very smart".
"think" meaning "suppose" is sense 2.
Let's look at the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'".
This is a belief or opinion they hold. "believe" is a synonym for sense 1.
Let's check sense 1 synonyms: believe, consider, conceive.
"teachers to believe they are engaged in..." fits perfectly.
Let's check sense 2 synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess.
"teachers to suppose they are engaged in..." also fits, but "believe" is more direct.
Wait, "think" as in "hold the opinion that" is sense 1.
Let's re-read sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
Let's re-read sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose".
Actually, "think" meaning "believe" is often sense 1.
Let's search for "think they are" in WordNet examples.
"I think he is very smart" -> sense 1.
"I thought to find her in a bad state" -> sense 2.
"think they are engaged in" is a state of belief.
I will go with sense 1.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
Is "think they are engaged in" judging or regarding? Yes, regarding themselves as engaged in personality development.
Let's consider sense 1.
Let's consider sense 2. "expect, believe, or suppose".
"think" in "I think he is very smart" is sense 1.
"think" in "I think they are engaged in" is very similar to "I think he is very smart".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"think" (verb)
1. judge or regard; look upon; judge
2. expect, believe, or suppose
3. use or exercise the mind...
"think they are engaged in" -> "believe they are engaged in".
Sense 1 has "believe" as a synonym.
I'll output 1.
Wait, let's look at the exact phrase: "think they are engaged in".
Could it be sense 1? Yes.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
"think they are engaged in" is a belief. "believe" is in sense 1.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "personality" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
The context talks about "personality development" in the sense of developing the attributes, behavioral, temperamental, emotional, and mental characteristics of a unique individual (the students).
Sense 1: the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual.
Sense 2: a person of considerable prominence.

Clearly, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "development" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
The phrase is "personality development".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...
4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation
5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful
6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose
7. a state in which things are improving; the result of developing
8. processing a photosensitive material
9. (music) the section of a composition

"personality development" refers to the process of a person's personality passing by degrees to a more advanced or mature stage, or the act of improving/expanding/refining.
Wait, let's look at sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". Synonyms: evolution. Examples: the development of his ideas took many years.
Sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining". Examples: he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development.
Is "personality development" sense 1 or sense 2?
"personality development" is the process of developing one's personality, making it more advanced or mature.
Let's consider "development" in "personality development".
Could it be sense 2? "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
Or sense 1? "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".
Actually, "personality development" is often considered the process of growth and maturation.
Let's check WordNet for "personality development".
Wait, sense 2 is "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
Sense 1 is "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".
Let's look at the context: "engaged in 'personality development'". This is about the process of a student's personality maturing or developing.
Is it sense 2? "the development of his ideas took many years"
Let's search for "personality development" in WordNet. It might not be there, but "development" as a process of maturing is sense 2.
Wait, let's look at sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
Let's look at sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".
"personality development" is the process of a person's personality maturing.
Let's consider sense 2.
Wait, "personality development" is a process.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"development" in "personality development" -> process of maturing.
Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
Synonyms: evolution.
Let's check sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".
"personality development" is more about the process of maturing (sense 2) or the act of improving (sense 1)?
Actually, "personality development" is often used to mean the process of developing one's personality, which is a process of maturing.
Let's look at the examples for sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization".
What about sense 1: "he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development".
"personality development" is a process of maturing. So sense 2.
Let's re-read the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
This refers to the process of a student's personality maturing or developing.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's think if "personality development" could be sense 1. "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".
No, "personality development" is a process of maturing.
Let's check sense 2 again. "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
Yes, "personality development" fits "more advanced or mature stage".
I'll go with 2.
Wait, let's consider sense 1. "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".
Is "personality development" an act of improving? Yes, but it's a process of maturing.
Let's search my internal knowledge for "personality development" WordNet.
WordNet 3.1:
development n
1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...
"personality development" is a process of maturing.
I will select 2.
Let's double check. "personality development" -> process of maturing.
Yes, 2 is the best fit.
Another option: 1. "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".
But "personality development" is a process of maturing, which is exactly sense 2.
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "even" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
The phrase is "even nicer".
This is a comparative structure: "nicer" is a comparative adjective, and "even" modifies it to mean "to a greater degree or extent".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected (e.g., even an idiot knows that)
2. in spite of; notwithstanding (e.g., even when he is sick)
3. to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons (synonyms: yet, still; examples: looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem)
4. to the full extent (e.g., loyal even unto death)

Sense 3 perfectly matches "even nicer", as it is used with a comparison ("nicer") to mean "to a greater degree or extent".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 3.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "nicer" (lemma: nice).
Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
Here, "nice" means pleasant, pleasing, or agreeable.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance
2. socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous
3. done with delicacy and skill
4. excessively fastidious and easily disgusted
5. exhibiting courtesy and politeness

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable". "It is pleasant/agreeable for teachers to think... and even more pleasant/agreeable to minimize those irksome tests..."

Let's double check.
"nice" in "nice for teachers to think" -> pleasant, agreeable.
Sense 1: pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance.
Examples: what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "minimize".
Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
The teachers want to make the irksome tests seem less significant or important, or perhaps reduce their frequency/importance.
Wait, let's look at the candidate senses:
1. make small or insignificant (Let's minimize the risk)
2. represent as less significant or important (understate, minimise, downplay)
3. cause to seem less serious; play down (belittle, denigrate, derogate)

In the context, "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" means to make them less significant or important, or to reduce their impact/frequency. Wait, "minimize" here could mean "make small or insignificant" (sense 1) or "represent as less significant or important" (sense 2).
Let's re-read carefully: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
Does it mean to make the tests less frequent/important in practice, or to represent them as less significant?
Actually, "minimize" in the sense of "make small or insignificant" (sense 1) fits "minimize the risk" or "minimize the tests".
Wait, sense 1: "make small or insignificant".
Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important".
Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious; play down".

If teachers "minimize those irksome tests", they might be reducing the number of tests or making them less of a focus. "Make small or insignificant" (sense 1) fits "minimize the risk" and "minimize the tests".
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "Let's minimize the risk".
Is "minimize those irksome tests" about making them less significant in practice (e.g., giving fewer of them, or making them count for less), or representing them as less significant?
"minimize those irksome tests" -> make them less significant or important in the curriculum.
Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
Sense 2: represent as less significant or important.
Sense 3: cause to seem less serious; play down.

"minimize those irksome tests" -> make them small or insignificant (in terms of their role in the classroom).
Let's consider "minimize" as in "reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree".
Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
I think sense 1 is the best fit. "minimize the risk" -> "minimize the tests".
Wait, could it be sense 1? Yes, "make small or insignificant".
Let's look at sense 1 again: "make small or insignificant".
Let's look at sense 2: "represent as less significant or important".
If teachers minimize the tests, they might just give fewer of them or make them less important in grading. This is making them small or insignificant, not just representing them as such.
Therefore, sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check. "minimize those irksome tests" -> make them less significant.
Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context. "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
If they minimize the tests, they reduce their importance or frequency. "Make small or insignificant" fits perfectly.
Let's consider if it's sense 1.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tests" in the context of "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" in the context of education, teachers, and students.
The context mentions "education establishment", "teachers", "disciplined instruction", "personality development", and "tests with often disappointing results".
This clearly refers to school examinations or tests evaluating skill or knowledge.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. trying something to find out about it (trial, tryout)
2. standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc (mental test, psychometric test)
3. a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge (examination, exam)
4. the act of undergoing testing (trial)
5. the act of testing something (trial, run)
6. a hard outer covering

Sense 3 is "a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge" with synonyms "examination, exam". This perfectly matches "tests" in an educational context (school tests, exams).
Sense 2 is more about psychometric or mental testing, which is less specific to the general school "tests" mentioned here, although related. Sense 3 is the standard "exam" sense.
Let's double check. "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." Teachers minimize exams/tests.
Sense 3 is the best fit.
Sense index: 3.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often".
Context: "...minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
Here, "often" modifies "disappointing results", meaning that in many cases or instances, the results are disappointing.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes) - e.g., we often met over a cup of coffee.
2. frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal) - e.g., I don't drink much.
3. in many cases or instances.

"often disappointing results" means that the results are disappointing in many cases or instances.
Sense 3 fits best. "in many cases or instances".
Let's double check.
"tests with often disappointing results" -> tests that in many cases or instances have disappointing results.
Sense 1: many times at short intervals. Not really about short intervals.
Sense 2: frequently or in great quantities. Not about quantities.
Sense 3: in many cases or instances. This perfectly matches "often disappointing results" (results that are often disappointing).

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "results" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>."
The context refers to the outcomes or scores of the tests.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

In the context, "results" refers to the outcomes of the tests (e.g., test scores, outcomes).
Sense 3: "something that results" with example "he listened for the results on the radio" (like election results or test results).
Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, effect).
Test results are the outcomes or scores, which fits "something that results" (Sense 3) or "a phenomenon that follows..." (Sense 1).
Wait, "results on the radio" is typically election results or sports results, which are outcomes. Test results are also outcomes.
Let's check WordNet for "result".
Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot).
Sense 3: something that results (resultant, final result, outcome, termination). Example: "he listened for the results on the radio".
Actually, test results are the outcomes of the tests. "disappointing results" -> outcomes.
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
"he listened for the results on the radio" -> this is sense 3.
"disappointing results" of tests -> outcomes.
Let's look at sense 3: "something that results".
Let's look at sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".
In WordNet, "result" as in "test results" or "election results" is often sense 3 (something that results, outcome).
Wait, "result" (noun)
1. a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon
2. a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem
3. something that results
4. the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause

Test results are "something that results" from the test.
Let's consider "disappointing results". This is an outcome.
Sense 3: "something that results" -> synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome, termination. Example: "he listened for the results on the radio".
Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" -> synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot. Example: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business".

"disappointing results" of tests. The results are the scores or outcomes. This aligns well with "something that results" (sense 3), as in "election results" or "test results".
Let's choose sense 3.
Wait, let's re-read the examples for sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio". This perfectly matches "test results" as a plural noun meaning the outcomes or scores.
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Another check:
"minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results"
The results are the outcomes of the tests.
Sense 3 is "something that results".
I will output 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "provides" in the context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
The meaning here is to give something useful or necessary to (teachers with a superior self-definition).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for

Sense 1: "give something useful or necessary to" -> "provides teachers with a superior self-definition". This matches "provide [someone] with [something]".
Sense 2: "give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance" -> not quite, it's an abstract thing (self-definition).
Sense 1 fits best. "provide someone with something" is the exact structure.

Let's double check.
"provide teachers with a superior self-definition"
Sense 1: give something useful or necessary to. Synonyms: supply, render, furnish. Example: We provided the room with an electrical heater.
This matches perfectly.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "teachers" in the context of "American education's future", "education establishment", "Progressive education", "disciplined instruction", "schoolteacher".
The context clearly refers to people whose occupation is teaching.
Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching (synonyms: instructor)
Sense 2: a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher)

The context refers to human teachers in schools.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "profession".
Context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
The context talks about teachers defining themselves as a "profession" because they have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. This implies an occupation requiring special education.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. the body of people in a learned occupation (e.g., medical profession)
2. an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion
4. affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)". The context explicitly mentions "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy", which aligns with "requiring special education".

Let's double check.
"provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
This matches sense 2: an occupation requiring special education.

Sense 1 is the body of people. Here it's "a profession", referring to the occupation itself, not the body of people.
Sense 2 is the occupation requiring special education.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "passed" in the context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
The context is about teachers completing and successfully going through courses in educational psychology and philosophy.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. go across or through
2. move past
3. make laws
4. pass by (time)
5. place into the hands
6. stretch out over a distance
7. travel past
8. come to pass
9. go unchallenged; be approved
10. pass time
11. pass over, across, or through
12. transmit information
13. disappear gradually
14. go successfully through a test or a selection process (make it) - "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now"
15. be superior or better than some standard
16. accept or judge as acceptable (The teacher passed the student although he was weak)
17. allow to go without comment or censure
18. transfer to another
19. be inherited by
20. throw (a ball)
21. be inherited by
22. cause to pass
23. grant authorization or clearance for
24. die
25. eliminate from the body

Wait, "passed courses" means they successfully completed or went through a test or selection process, or they were accepted as acceptable.
Let's check sense 14: "go successfully through a test or a selection process" - synonyms: make it. Examples: "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now".
Is there a sense for "pass a course"?
Sense 14: go successfully through a test or a selection process.
Sense 16: accept or judge as acceptable. Examples: The teacher passed the student although he was weak.
In the context, "they will have passed courses" means they successfully completed the courses (went through the tests/selection process of the course).
Wait, "passed courses" could be sense 14. Let's see if there is another sense.
"passed courses" -> they successfully completed them.
Sense 14: go successfully through a test or a selection process.
Let's check sense 14 again. "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now".
What about sense 16? "accept or judge as acceptable" - this is from the perspective of the teacher passing the student. Here, the teachers themselves passed the courses. So they went successfully through the test/selection process.
Therefore, sense 14 is the best fit.

Let's review the context: "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
They successfully completed the courses.
Sense 14: go successfully through a test or a selection process.
Is there any other sense?
Sense 1: go across or through.
Sense 14 is the most specific to passing a course/exam.

Let's double check WordNet for "pass a course".
"pass" (verb) - go successfully through a test or a selection process. "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now"
Yes, this fits perfectly.
I will choose 14.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "courses" in the context: "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."
The context clearly refers to education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings, i.e., classes or courses of study.
Sense 1: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes.
This perfectly matches "passed courses in educational psychology" and "took such courses in college".
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

The context explicitly mentions "educational psychology", which is exactly the example given for sense 1.
Sense 1 is "relating to the process of education".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "...since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

The context is "educational philosophy", which relates to the process of education, just like the example "educational psychology" in sense 1.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: philosophy
Target surface form: philosophy
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "philosophy" in the context: "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
The context refers to "educational philosophy" as a subject or system of beliefs/ideas taught in college courses.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Wait, "educational philosophy" is a system of beliefs or a school of thought accepted by a group (educators).
Let's re-read sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school" -> synonyms: doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism.
Sense 2: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics" -> this is the academic discipline of philosophy.
Wait, "educational philosophy" is a specific branch or system of beliefs. Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Actually, "educational philosophy" is a system of beliefs or a school of thought.
Let's check WordNet for "philosophy".
Sense 1: a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school.
Sense 2: the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics.
Sense 3: any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation.

In the context, "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy". This refers to the academic discipline or the system of beliefs.
Wait, "educational philosophy" is a specific system of beliefs or school of thought.
Let's consider "philosophy" as a system of beliefs (sense 1). "educational philosophy" is a system of beliefs about education.
Or is it sense 2, the rational investigation? "courses in educational philosophy" - studying the rational investigation of questions about education?
Actually, WordNet often classifies "educational philosophy" or "political philosophy" under sense 1 (a belief or system of beliefs accepted as authoritative by some group or school).
Let's check the synonyms for sense 1: doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism.
"educational philosophy" fits "philosophical system" or "school of thought".
Let's check sense 2: the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics. This is the general discipline.
Is "educational philosophy" a system of beliefs? Yes.
Let's look at similar examples. "Marxist philosophy" -> sense 1.
"educational philosophy" -> sense 1.

Let's read the context again: "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
Could it be sense 1? Yes, "educational philosophy" is a system of beliefs.
Let's consider if it's sense 1. "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school"
Yes, "educational philosophy" is a system of beliefs.

Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 1: philosophy%1:09:01::
Sense 2: philosophy%1:09:00::
Sense 3: philosophy%1:09:02::

"educational philosophy" is a system of beliefs. I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's think if "educational philosophy" is the rational investigation (sense 2).
"courses in educational philosophy" - you study the rational investigation? Or you study the system of beliefs?
Usually, "philosophy of education" is a branch of philosophy, but "educational philosophy" as a course is often a system of beliefs (like progressivism, etc., which is mentioned in the text: "Progressive education"). The text says: "Progressive education... is far more interesting... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition... since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
Progressive education is a "school of thought" or "philosophical system". Thus, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's confirm: "Progressive education" is a school of thought. The text links "Progressive education" to "educational philosophy". Therefore, "educational philosophy" here refers to a system of beliefs or school of thought (sense 1).
I'll go with 1.