[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "labor" in the context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
The context discusses immigrants complementing local workers, unskilled immigrants working in sectors that do not attract local labor.
Sense 1: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages (labour, working class, proletariat). Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
Sense 2: productive work (especially physical work done for wages).
Sense 7: any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted.

Wait, the context says "local labor", "shortage of local labor". This refers to the workforce, the workers, the social class or the collective body of workers.
Let's check Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" -> synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat. Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field". This matches "shortage of local labor" perfectly.
Let's check Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)". Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill".
In the context, "local labor" refers to the local workers/workforce. "shortage of local labor" is exactly the example for Sense 1 ("there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field").
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"local labor" -> local workers.
Sense 1: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages.
Synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat.
Example: there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field.
Context: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
This is a perfect match for Sense 1.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "trades" in the context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor."
The context talks about immigrants exercising "trades" (occupations, skilled practices, jobs) where there is a shortage of local labor.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. commercial exchange of goods and services
2. the skilled practice of a practical occupation (synonyms: craft)
3. business given to a commercial establishment
4. a particular instance of buying or selling
5. people who perform a particular kind of skilled work
6. steady winds
7. an equal exchange

"exercising trades" means practicing a skilled occupation.
Sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation" fits perfectly. "exercising trades" = practicing occupations.
Let's double check. "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
Yes, "trade" as in a skilled occupation or craft.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Sense 5 is "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work", but "exercising trades" refers to the practice/occupation itself, not the people.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "shortage".
Context: "...exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

In the context, "shortage of local labor" refers to the property of being an amount by which something (local labor) is less than expected or required (a deficit or shortfall in the labor supply).
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required".
Sense 2 is "an acute insufficiency" (like famine, dearth), which is more extreme and typically used for things like food, water, etc.

Let's check the examples for sense 1: "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit".
"shortage of local labor" is a deficit or shortfall.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "labor" in the context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
The context talks about "local labor" in the sense of workers, workforce, or the people who do manual labor or work for wages.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy...
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers...
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party...
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department...
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted...

The context says "shortage of local labor". This matches the example for sense 1: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
Sense 1 is "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (or the workforce).
Wait, "local labor" refers to the workers themselves, the workforce.
Sense 1 fits perfectly with the example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages. Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
Sense 2: productive work (especially physical work done for wages). Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill".
In the context, "shortage of local labor" means shortage of local workers. This aligns with sense 1.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best match.
Context: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
Example for sense 1: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field"
This is a direct match in phrasing and meaning.
I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sectors" in the context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
The context is about economics, employment, and labor.
Sense 1: plane figure bounded by two radii (geometry)
Sense 2: a social group that forms part of the society or the economy (e.g., the public sector)
Sense 3: a particular aspect of life or activity (e.g., sphere)
Sense 4: minimum track length (computing)
Sense 5: portion of a military position
Sense 6: measuring instrument

In the context, "sectors" refers to parts of the economy or labor market (e.g., dynamic sectors, sectors which do not attract local labor).
Sense 2 fits perfectly: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector".
Let's double check. "sectors, which do not attract local labor" -> economic sectors.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "labor" in the context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
The context talks about "local labor" meaning the local workforce, workers, or people who do manual labor or work for wages.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy...
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers...
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party...
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department...
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted...

The context says "local labor", which refers to the people/workers. "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" is the example for sense 1.
"local labor" = local workers / working class / people who do manual labor or work for wages.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages. (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat). Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
Sense 2: productive work (especially physical work done for wages).
In the context, "local labor" refers to the people (workers), not the abstract concept of work. "attract local labor" means attract local workers.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the example for sense 1: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field". This matches "shortage of local labor" in the previous sentence ("exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor").
So sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
Here, "ones" refers to "immigrants" (the most highly skilled immigrants).
Sense 1: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number.
Sense 2: a single person or thing.

"ones" is a pronoun referring to "immigrants" (people/things).
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct sense.
Let's double check.
"the most highly skilled ones" -> "the most highly skilled immigrants".
"ones" = a single person or thing (pluralized as ones).
Sense 2 fits perfectly.
Sense 1 is the number 1.
So sense_index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sectors" in the context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
The context is about economic sectors, parts of the economy or society.
Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" | examples="the public sector"
This perfectly matches "sectors" in the context of employment, economy, and labor.
Sense 1: geometry
Sense 3: aspect of life or activity
Sense 4: computing
Sense 5: military
Sense 6: measuring instrument

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "dynamic sectors" -> economic sectors.
Sense 2 is "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy".
Yes, sense 2.
Format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "training".
Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
Wait, "training" here refers to the activity leading to skilled behavior, or the result of good upbringing?
"training does is not linked to offers of employment" -> "training" as in education, skill acquisition, vocational training.
Sense 1: activity leading to skilled behavior (preparation, grooming)
Sense 2: the result of good upbringing (education, breeding)

In the context of "highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training is not linked to offers of employment", it refers to vocational training, skill acquisition, or education in a professional sense.
Sense 1 fits "activity leading to skilled behavior" or professional training.
Let's double check. "training" in the context of employment and skilled workers.
Sense 1: activity leading to skilled behavior.
Sense 2: the result of good upbringing (breeding).

Clearly Sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "offers" in the context: "the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
The phrase is "offers of employment".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Wait, "offers of employment" refers to something offered (a proposal or bid, or a job offer).
Sense 1: the verbal act of offering.
Sense 2: something offered (as a proposal or bid).
"offers of employment" -> job offers, which are proposals or bids of employment.
Let's check the examples: "a generous offer of assistance" (Sense 1). "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds" (Sense 2).
Is "offer of employment" a verbal act or something offered?
"offer of employment" is a proposal or bid.
Let's consider "offer" as a noun.
Sense 1: the verbal act of offering.
Sense 2: something offered (as a proposal or bid).
"offers of employment" -> job offers. A job offer is a proposal.
Let's look at WordNet:
offer%1:10:00:: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)"
offer%1:10:01:: "the verbal act of offering"
"offers of employment" is a proposal of employment.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "offers of employment" -> job offers. A job offer is a proposal.
Sense 2: something offered (as a proposal or bid).
Yes, "offers of employment" fits "something offered (as a proposal or bid)".
I will choose 2.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
"offers of employment" = job offers.
Sense 2 is "something offered (as a proposal or bid)".
Sense 1 is "the verbal act of offering".
I'll go with 2.
Let's review the options.
1. the verbal act of offering
2. something offered (as a proposal or bid)
3. a usually brief attempt

"offers of employment" is a proposal. So 2.
Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "employment".
Context: "...offers of employment."
The sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
"offers of employment" means offers of a job, the state of being employed or having a job, or the occupation for which you are paid.
Let's look at the senses:
1. the state of being employed or having a job (employ)
2. the occupation for which you are paid (work)
3. the act of giving someone a job (engagement)
4. the act of using (use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise)

"offers of employment" -> offers of a job / the state of being employed.
Wait, "offers of employment" usually means offers of a job (the act of giving someone a job? No, "offers of employment" means offers of a job, i.e., the state of being employed or having a job, or the occupation).
Let's check sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job". Example: "they are looking for employment".
Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid". Example: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work".
Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job".
"offers of employment" -> offers of a job.
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"offers of employment" -> "offers of a job" -> "the state of being employed or having a job" (sense 1) or "the occupation for which you are paid" (sense 2)?
Actually, "offers of employment" is a common phrase meaning "job offers".
Let's consider "employment" in "offers of employment".
If I say "an offer of employment", it means an offer to employ someone, or an offer of a job.
Sense 1: the state of being employed or having a job.
Sense 2: the occupation for which you are paid.
Sense 3: the act of giving someone a job.
Wait, "offers of employment" -> "offers of a job".
Let's look at similar examples. "He received an offer of employment."
In WordNet, "employment" sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job".
Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid".
Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job".
"offers of employment" -> "offers of a job" -> "the state of being employed or having a job" (sense 1) or "the act of giving someone a job" (sense 3)?
Actually, "offers of employment" is often mapped to sense 1 (the state of being employed or having a job) or sense 2 (the occupation).
Let's search for "offers of employment" in WordNet or similar datasets.
"offers of employment" -> "employment" as in "job".
Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job"
Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid"
"offers of employment" -> "offers of a job" -> "the state of being employed or having a job" (sense 1).
Wait, "offers of employment" could be "offers of a job" -> "the occupation for which you are paid" (sense 2)? No, "employment" in "offers of employment" means "a job" or "the state of being employed".
Let's check the context: "where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
This means training is not linked to getting a job.
"getting a job" -> "the state of being employed or having a job" (sense 1).
Let's consider Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job".
Synonyms: employ.
Examples: they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city.
Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid".
Synonyms: work.
Examples: he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work.
"offers of employment" -> "offers of a job".
Is "employment" here the state of being employed or the occupation?
"offers of employment" = "job offers". A job is an occupation (sense 2) or the state of being employed (sense 1)?
Actually, "employment" in "offers of employment" is often sense 1.
Let's look at the phrase "offers of employment". It means "offers to employ".
If it means "offers to employ", it might be sense 1.
Let's choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
"offers of employment" -> "job offers".
In WordNet, "employment" sense 1 is "the state of being employed or having a job".
Sense 2 is "the occupation for which you are paid".
"offers of employment" -> "offers of a job".
I will go with sense 1.
Let's double check. "offers of employment" -> "offers of a job".
"job" can be sense 1 or sense 2.
"employment" in "offers of employment" is the state of being employed.
I'll output 1.
Wait, let's think if it could be 1. "offers of employment" -> "offers of a job".
Yes, sense 1.
Let's consider "offers of employment" -> "offers of work" -> sense 2?
"offers of employment" is a fixed phrase. "Employment" here means "a job" or "the state of being employed".
I'll bet on 1.
Let's review the options.
1. the state of being employed or having a job
2. the occupation for which you are paid
3. the act of giving someone a job
4. the act of using

"offers of employment" -> "offers of a job".
"having a job" -> sense 1.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effect" in the context: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
The context discusses the impact or consequence of the arrival of immigrants on the pay of locals.
Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot).
Sense 2: an outward appearance (impression).
Sense 3: an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived).
Sense 4: the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work.
Sense 5: (of a law) having legal validity.
Sense 6: a symptom caused by an illness or a drug.

The context clearly refers to a consequence or result (positive impact/consequence on the pay of locals).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "positive effect on the pay of locals" -> consequence, outcome, result.
Matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "way" in the context: "In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
The phrase is "In the same way as".
This means "in the same manner" or "in the same fashion".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares

"In the same way as" refers to the manner or fashion in which something happens or is done.
Sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" (manner, mode, style, fashion).
This perfectly matches "In the same way as".

Let's double check.
"In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult..." -> "In the same manner as..."
Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1 index is 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "country" in the context: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
The context talks about a nation or state, a politically organized body of people under a single government, or the territory occupied by a nation.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic)
2. the territory occupied by a nation (state, land)
3. the people who live in a nation or country (nation, land)
4. an area outside of cities and towns (rural area)
5. a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (area)

In the context, "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" refers to a nation or state, a politically organized body of people under a single government.
Wait, "country" here means a nation or state.
Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government.
Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation.
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" -> a nation/state.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "the state has elected a new president; African nations"
Examples for sense 2: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries"
"country" in "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" refers to the nation/state as a political entity or the territory?
Usually, "country" meaning nation/state is sense 1.
Let's consider "country" as a nation. "African nations" -> country.
"he visited several European countries" -> sense 2.
But "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" implies the political entity or the nation as a whole.
Let's look at similar examples. "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" -> a nation.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists".
Could it be sense 1? Yes, "a politically organized body of people under a single government".
Let's check if there is any nuance. "country" = nation.
I'll go with 1.
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government.
Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation.
"a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" - the country has a shortage, meaning the nation has a shortage.
I will select 1.
Wait, "country" in "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" is a nation.
Let's choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "shortage".
Context: "...a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists..."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

In the context, "shortage of anaesthetists" refers to an amount by which something is less than expected or required (a deficit or shortfall in the number of anaesthetists).
Sense 1 fits "amount by which something is less than expected or required".
Sense 2 is "an acute insufficiency" (dearth, famine).
"shortage of anaesthetists" is a deficit/shortfall.
Let's check the examples. "nutritional deficit" -> shortage.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"shortage of local labor" -> deficit, shortfall.
"shortage of anaesthetists" -> deficit, shortfall.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "complementarities" (lemma: complementarity).
Context: "...the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
The context talks about how immigrants and locals complement each other (e.g., surgeon and anaesthetist), meaning one supplements or depends on the other, creating a positive effect.
Candidate senses:
1. complementarity%1:24:01:: - a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities (like wave-particle duality).
2. complementarity%1:24:02:: - the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other. Example: the complementarity of the sexes.

Sense 2 fits perfectly, as it describes how locals and immigrants supplement each other (e.g., surgeon and anaesthetist).

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "arrival" in the context: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
The context talks about the act of immigrants arriving or coming to a country.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. accomplishment of an objective (reaching)
2. the act of arriving at a certain place (they awaited her arrival)
3. someone who arrives (or has arrived) (arriver, comer)

In the context, "the arrival of immigrants" refers to the act of immigrants arriving at a certain place (the country). It is not the accomplishment of an objective, nor does it refer to the immigrants themselves as "someone who arrives" (though "arrival" can mean that, "the arrival of immigrants" means the act of them arriving).
Wait, "the arrival of immigrants" -> the act of arriving at a certain place.
Let's check sense 2: "the act of arriving at a certain place".
Yes, "the arrival of immigrants" fits "the act of arriving at a certain place".

Let's double check.
"the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect" -> the act of arriving.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Sense 1: accomplishment of an objective.
Sense 3: someone who arrives. "the arrival of immigrants" -> the act of arriving, not the people themselves. If it were "the arrivals", it might be sense 3.

Therefore, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effect" in the context: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
The context talks about the consequence or result of the arrival of immigrants on the pay of locals.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, outcome, result). The arrival of immigrants causes a positive result/consequence on the pay of locals.

Let's double check.
"positive effect on the pay of locals" -> consequence, outcome, result.
Sense 1 is the best match.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rise" in the context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
The context talks about a "rise of 1% in the migratory flow".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a growth in strength or number or importance
2. the act of changing location in an upward direction
3. an upward slope or grade
4. a movement upward
5. the amount a salary is increased
6. the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises
7. a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground
8. (theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost
9. an increase in cost
10. increase in price or value

Wait, "rise of 1% in the migratory flow" means a growth in number.
Sense 1: "a growth in strength or number or importance".
Let's check the context again: "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
Is it sense 1? "a growth in strength or number or importance"
Or sense 10: "increase in price or value"? No, migratory flow is a number.
Let's check sense 1: "a growth in strength or number or importance".
Is there any other sense?
Sense 1: rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance.
Yes, "migratory flow" is a number/quantity. A rise of 1% in the migratory flow is a growth in number.
Let's double check.
"a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" -> growth in number.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value

Since it's "migratory flow", it's a number. So sense 1 is the best.
Wait, let's see if there is a better fit.
"a growth in strength or number or importance"
Yes, "rise" as in "a rise in population", "a rise in the migratory flow".
I will choose 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "flow" in the context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
The phrase is "migratory flow".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. motion characteristic of fluids
2. amount of fluid that flows in a given time
3. act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression
4. any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously (e.g., a stream of people, flow of visitors)
6. dominant course of successive events or ideas
7. menstruation

"migratory flow" refers to the movement of people (immigrants) in a continuous manner, resembling a flowing stream in moving continuously.
Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" with examples "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors".
This perfectly matches "migratory flow" (flow of migrants/immigrants).

Let's check sense 5 again.
sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors

Yes, "migratory flow" is a flow of people (migrants).
Sense 5 is the best fit.
Let's double check sense 3: "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression". But sense 5 specifically mentions "a stream of people" and "flow of visitors", which is exactly analogous to "migratory flow".

Therefore, sense 5 is the most appropriate.
I will return {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "increase" in the context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
The word "increase" here refers to "the amount by which something increases" (0.6 to 0.9%).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. a quantity that is added (addition, gain)
2. a change resulting in an increase
3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increment, growth)
4. the amount by which something increases (increment) - examples: "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare"
5. the act of increasing something (step-up)

The context says "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%". This perfectly matches sense 4: "the amount by which something increases", with the example "an increase of 15 percent in the fare".

Let's double check.
"an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay"
Sense 4: "the amount by which something increases"
Synonyms: increment
Examples: "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare"

This is a perfect match.
Sense 4 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fact" in the context: "And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
The phrase is "the fact that [clause]".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
2. a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened
3. an event known to have happened or something known to have existed
4. a concept whose truth can be proved

Wait, "the fact that..." usually refers to a statement or assertion of verified information, or a piece of information.
Let's check WordNet for "fact that".
Sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
Sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
Sense 3: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. "your fears have no basis in fact"
Sense 4: a concept whose truth can be proved. "scientific hypotheses are not facts"

In the context: "without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth"
This is a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case.
Wait, let's consider sense 1 vs sense 2.
"the fact that..." is often sense 1 or sense 2.
Let's look at similar examples. "the fact that he is here" -> a piece of information? Or a statement?
Actually, "fact" in "the fact that" is often sense 1 or 2.
Let's check the exact WordNet definitions.
Sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
Sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
Is "the fact that..." a statement or a piece of information?
"without taking into account the fact that..." -> taking into account a piece of information.
Let's search for "the fact that" in WordNet examples.
Wait, "fact" sense 1: "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
Sense 2: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
Sense 3: "your fears have no basis in fact"
Sense 4: "scientific hypotheses are not facts"

Let's rethink: "the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth" is a piece of information about circumstances that exist.
Or is it a statement? "a statement or assertion of verified information"
Actually, "the fact that" is often mapped to sense 1 or 2. Let's look at the phrasing: "taking into account the fact that..."
"taking into account" implies considering a piece of information.
Let's consider sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
Let's consider sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened".
In many WSD datasets, "the fact that" is sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the definition of sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
"the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth" is a piece of information about circumstances that exist.
Let's check if there's any other sense.
Could it be sense 1? Yes.
Let's check sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information". The text says "without taking into account the fact that...". It's not just a statement, it's the information itself.
I will guess sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the SemCor or OMSTI data for "the fact that".
"the fact that" is often sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved

"taking into account the fact that..." -> taking into account a piece of information.
I'll go with 1.
Let's double check. "the fact that" is a piece of information.
Yes, "a piece of information about circumstances that exist" fits perfectly with "the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth".
I will output 1.