[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: decade
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "decade".
Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box..."
This refers to a period of 10 years.
Candidate sense 1: a period of 10 years (decennary, decennium)
Candidate sense 2: the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one (ten, 10, X, tenner)

The context clearly refers to a period of 10 years ("Only a decade ago").
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

The context is clearly about the disease "cancer" (malignant growth, genes, colon cancer, deadly state).
This matches sense 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "knew" (lemma: know).
Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."
Meaning: We possessed no knowledge or information about cancer at the molecular level.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar

"knew nothing at the molecular level" -> possess knowledge or information about.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
Let's double check. "we knew nothing" -> we possessed no knowledge or information about it.
Sense 1 is the best match.
Sense 1: know%2:31:01::
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: molecular
Target surface form: molecular
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the <t>molecular</t> level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=molecular%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules | examples=molecular structure; molecular oxygen
2. sense_key=molecular%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller | examples=proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "molecular" in the context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."
The context is about genes, cancer, and the biological/chemical level of molecules.
Sense 1: relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules (molecular structure; molecular oxygen).
Sense 2: relating to simple or elementary organization (molecular facts of perception).

The context clearly refers to the biological/chemical sense of "molecular" (genes, cancer, molecular level).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>."
The word "level" here refers to a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series, or a degree of analysis/understanding (molecular level).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. level%1:07:00:: - a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality (degree, grade)
2. level%1:26:01:: - a relative position or degree of value in a graded group (grade, tier)
3. level%1:26:00:: - a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process (degree, stage, point)
4. level%1:07:01:: - height above ground
5. level%1:06:00:: - indicator that establishes the horizontal
6. level%1:06:03:: - a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line
7. level%1:09:00:: - an abstract place usually conceived as having depth (layer, stratum)
8. level%1:06:01:: - a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale

Wait, "molecular level" is a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series, or a degree of analysis.
Let's check sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - synonyms: degree, stage, point. Examples: "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?"
Is "molecular level" a degree, stage, or point? Yes, it's a level of analysis or a specific position in a continuum of scale (from macroscopic to molecular).
Wait, sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" - degree, grade.
Sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - degree, stage, point.
Let's consider "molecular level". It's a level of organization or analysis.
In WordNet, "level" as in "molecular level" is often sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
Let's check the examples for sense 3: "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?"
Wait, "molecular level" is a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series.
Let's check sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality". "molecular level" is not intensity or amount or quality.
Sense 3 fits "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series".
Let's check if there is another sense.
"level" in "molecular level" -> sense 3.
Let's double check.
"at the molecular level" -> a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series.
Yes, sense 3.
Let's review the options.
1. position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality
2. relative position or degree of value in a graded group
3. specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process
4. height above ground
5. indicator
6. flat surface
7. abstract place usually conceived as having depth (layer, stratum)
8. structure consisting of a room

"molecular level" is a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series (e.g., macroscopic, cellular, molecular, atomic).
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's confirm.
"at the molecular level" -> "at what stage are the social sciences?" -> "at the molecular stage/point/degree".
Yes, sense 3.
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: Today
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Today".
Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The contrast is between "a decade ago" and "Today".
This refers to the present time or age, not specifically the current 24-hour day.
Sense 1: the present time or age (e.g., the world of today; today we have computers).
Sense 2: the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow).

The context clearly contrasts "a decade ago" with "Today" in terms of the present era or time, not the specific day.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"Only a decade ago... Today, we know..." -> present time or age.
Sense 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "know" in the context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The sentence expresses being aware of the truth of something, having a belief or faith in something, regarding it as true beyond any doubt.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (I know that the President lied...)
3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. (I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun)

Wait, "know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" is a fact or specific piece of information, or is it "be aware of the truth of something"?
Let's look at sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" -> "I know that the President lied to the people"
Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" -> "I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"

Actually, "know that [proposition]" is often sense 1 or 3.
Let's re-read the definitions.
Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.
Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt.

In the context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
This is a scientific fact, a specific piece of information.
Wait, let's look at similar examples. "I know that the President lied to the people" is sense 1.
"Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" is sense 3.
Is "we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" more like sense 1 or 3?
"know that" + clause.
Let's consider sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"

Actually, WordNet often distinguishes "know" (fact) as sense 1.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"
Sense 3: "I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"

Wait, "know that" is often sense 1. Let's look at the exact wording.
"know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer"
Is it "be aware of the truth of something" (sense 3) or "be cognizant or aware of a fact" (sense 1)?
"possess knowledge or information about" -> "we know that..."
Let's search for "know that" in WordNet.
Sense 1: know%2:31:01:: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.
Sense 3: know%2:31:02:: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt.

In "we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer", it's a scientific fact. "possess knowledge or information about" fits well.
Wait, let's look at sense 1 vs sense 3.
Sense 1 is "know%2:31:01::"
Sense 3 is "know%2:31:02::"
Often, "know that" + fact is sense 1.
Let's consider "I know that the President lied to the people" (sense 1).
"Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (sense 3).
What is the difference? Sense 3 has "regard as true beyond any doubt", "have a belief or faith in something".
Sense 1 is "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information".
Scientific knowledge is "a fact or a specific piece of information". So sense 1 is highly likely.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
This is possessing knowledge or information about a fact.
I will choose sense 1.

Wait, looking at the exact phrase "know that", it can be sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt

"we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" -> this is a fact.
I'll go with 1.
Let's double check if 1 is the standard for "know that [fact]". Yes, "I know that the President lied" is a fact.
"Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" is also a fact, but maybe it emphasizes "regard as true beyond any doubt" (belief/faith/truth).
Here, "we know that..." is about possessing the information/fact.
I will select 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
Yes, "we know that..." fits "possess knowledge or information about".
I'll output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accumulation
Target surface form: accumulation
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accumulation%1:22:00:: | definition=an increase by natural growth or addition | synonyms=accretion
2. sense_key=accumulation%1:14:00:: | definition=several things grouped together or considered as a whole | synonyms=collection, aggregation, assemblage
3. sense_key=accumulation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of accumulating | synonyms=accrual, accruement
4. sense_key=accumulation%1:21:00:: | definition=(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "accumulation".
Context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The context talks about "several of these altered genes" being grouped together or considered as a whole, or the act of accumulating them.
Wait, let's look at the senses:
1. an increase by natural growth or addition (accretion)
2. several things grouped together or considered as a whole (collection, aggregation, assemblage)
3. the act of accumulating (accrual, accruement)
4. (finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends...

"accumulation of several of these altered genes" -> "several things grouped together or considered as a whole" (collection, aggregation, assemblage).
Wait, "accumulation" here means a collection or aggregation of several altered genes.
Let's check the synonyms: collection, aggregation, assemblage.
"the accumulation of several of these altered genes" -> the collection/aggregation of several of these altered genes.
Is it sense 2?
"several things grouped together or considered as a whole"
Yes, "several of these altered genes" matches "several things grouped together".
Let's consider sense 1: "an increase by natural growth or addition".
Sense 2: "several things grouped together or considered as a whole".
"accumulation of several of these altered genes" -> the collection of several altered genes.
Let's see: "accumulation" in WordNet:
Sense 1: an increase by natural growth or addition (accretion)
Sense 2: several things grouped together or considered as a whole (collection, aggregation, assemblage)
Sense 3: the act of accumulating (accrual, accruement)
Sense 4: (finance) profits...

"accumulation of several of these altered genes" -> "collection of several of these altered genes".
"aggregation of several of these altered genes".
"assemblage of several of these altered genes".
This perfectly matches sense 2.
Let's double check. "accumulation of several of these altered genes" -> "several things grouped together or considered as a whole".
Yes, "several of these altered genes" is the "several things grouped together".
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's review the definition of sense 2: "several things grouped together or considered as a whole".
Synonyms: collection, aggregation, assemblage.
Context: "accumulation of several of these altered genes"
Matches "collection of several of these altered genes".
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: altered
Target surface form: altered
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these <t>altered</t> genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=altered%3:00:00:: | definition=changed in form or character without becoming something else; ; ; - Charles Dickens | examples=the altered policy promised success; following an altered course we soon found ourselves back in civilization
2. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:castrated:00 | definition=having testicles or ovaries removed | synonyms=neutered
3. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:modified:00 | definition=changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose | synonyms=adapted | examples=seeds precisely adapted to the area; instructions altered to suit the children's different ages

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "altered" in the context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The context talks about genes that have changed in form or character (mutated), without becoming something else entirely (they are still genes, but altered/mutated).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. altered%3:00:00:: - changed in form or character without becoming something else.
2. altered%5:00:00:castrated:00 - having testicles or ovaries removed.
3. altered%5:00:00:modified:00 - changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose.

Sense 1 fits perfectly: genes are changed in form or character (mutated) without becoming something else.
Sense 3 implies improvement or making more fit for a purpose, which doesn't fit cancer-causing genes.
Sense 2 is about castration, irrelevant.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Double check: "altered genes" -> genes that have changed in form or character.
Sense 1: changed in form or character without becoming something else.
Yes.
Format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: initiate
Target surface form: initiate
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can <t>initiate</t> a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=initiate%2:36:01:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, start | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
2. sense_key=initiate%2:36:00:: | definition=take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of | synonyms=pioneer | examples=This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants
3. sense_key=initiate%2:41:01:: | definition=accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite | synonyms=induct | examples=African men are initiated when they reach puberty
4. sense_key=initiate%2:32:00:: | definition=bring up a topic for discussion | synonyms=broach
5. sense_key=initiate%2:30:00:: | definition=set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for | synonyms=lead up | examples=Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "initiate" in the context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The context talks about genes causing or bringing cancer into being.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. bring into being (originate, start) - "He initiated a new program; Start a foundation"
2. take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of (pioneer)
3. accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite (induct)
4. bring up a topic for discussion (broach)
5. set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for (lead up)

"initiate a cancer" means to bring it into being, to start it, to originate it.
Sense 1: bring into being.
Sense 5: set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for.
Wait, "initiate a cancer" - bring into being.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "He initiated a new program; Start a foundation".
Sense 5: "Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II".
"initiate a cancer" is more like "bring into being" or "originate".
Let's consider "initiate" as "bring into being".
"the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" -> bring a cancer into being.
Sense 1 fits best.
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 5.
Sense 1: bring into being.
Sense 5: set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for.
"initiate a cancer" -> bring into being.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: originate, start.
"originate a cancer" makes sense.
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The context is about genes, tumor-suppressors, colon cancer, and malignant growth.
Sense 1: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense 2: astrology.
Sense 3: constellation.
Sense 4: zodiac sign.
Sense 5: type genus of the family Cancridae.

Therefore, the best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "then".
Context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state."
The word "then" here means "subsequently or soon afterward".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

In the context, "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state", "then" means "subsequently or soon afterward".
This matches sense 1.
Let's double check. "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it..." -> first initiate, then propel. This is a temporal sequence.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propel
Target surface form: propel
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, <t>propel</t> it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propel%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move forward with force | synonyms=impel | examples=Steam propels this ship
2. sense_key=propel%2:36:00:: | definition=give an incentive for action | synonyms=motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite | examples=This moved me to sacrifice my career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "propel".
Context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The word "propel" here means to cause the cancer to move forward or progress into a deadly state.
Sense 1: cause to move forward with force (impel). Example: Steam propels this ship.
Sense 2: give an incentive for action (motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite). Example: This moved me to sacrifice my career.

In the context, the altered genes "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state." This is a metaphorical use of "cause to move forward with force" or "drive forward". It's not about giving an incentive for action (like motivating a person). It's about driving the cancer forward into a deadly state.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms. "impel" is a synonym for sense 1. "motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite" for sense 2.
"propel it into a deadly state" -> cause to move forward with force (metaphorically, driving the disease forward).
Let's consider "propel" in WordNet.
propel%2:35:00:: cause to move forward with force
propel%2:36:00:: give an incentive for action

"propel it into a deadly state" -> cause to move forward.
I will choose sense 1.
Let's double check. "propel" in the sense of driving something forward. "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "deadly" in the context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The context is about cancer, a disease.
Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death (fatal accident, deadly enemy)
Sense 2: of an instrument of certain death (deadly poisons, lethal weapon)
Sense 3: extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom (venomous snakes, virulent insect bite)
Sense 4: involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death (seven deadly sins)
Sense 5: exceedingly harmful (baneful, pernicious, pestilent)
Sense 6: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect (virulent)

Wait, "deadly state" of cancer. Cancer is a disease.
Let's check the examples and definitions.
Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death. "a deadly enemy", "a fatal accident".
Sense 6: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect.
Is cancer described as having a rapid course and violent effect? Or just causing death?
"propel it into a deadly state" -> causing or capable of causing death.
Let's look at WordNet for "deadly".
deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 -> causing or capable of causing death.
deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 -> (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect.
Wait, "deadly state" of cancer. Does it mean fatal? Yes, cancer is a fatal disease.
Let's consider "deadly" as an adjective modifying "state".
"propel it into a deadly state" -> a state that causes death.
Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"deadly state" -> fatal state.
Synonyms for sense 1: deathly, mortal.
Synonyms for sense 6: virulent.
Is "deadly" here meaning "fatal"? Yes, "fatal state" makes sense.
Let's re-read the context: "accumulate several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
This means the cancer becomes capable of causing death.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 6.
Sense 6 is specifically "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect". Cancer is a disease, but "deadly state" doesn't necessarily mean rapid course and violent effect, it means it will kill the patient (fatal).
So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

"deadly state" -> fatal state.
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's search for "deadly state" in WordNet or similar corpora. "deadly" modifying "state" or "disease".
Actually, "deadly" in "deadly state" means "fatal".
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "state" in the context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
The context talks about cancer being propelled into a deadly "state".
This refers to the condition or way something is with respect to its main attributes.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. territory occupied by a constituent administrative district
2. the way something is with respect to its main attributes (e.g., state of health)
3. group of people comprising the government
4. politically organized body of people
5. chemistry states of matter
6. state of depression or agitation
7. territory occupied by a nation
8. federal department

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes", like "his state of health". Here, it's a "deadly state" of cancer.

Let's double check.
"propel it into a deadly state" -> condition, state of being.
Sense 2: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes"
Examples: "the current state of knowledge; his state of health"
This matches "deadly state" (of cancer).

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
The target word is "call".
The meaning is to assign a specified proper name or common noun to something, or to ascribe a quality/name to something.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful

Wait, "call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" -> "tumor-suppressors" is a common noun phrase reflecting a quality or category.
Let's check sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". Examples: "He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"tumor-suppressors" is a common noun. Sense 1 says "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
Sense 2 says "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
Let's re-read the context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
This fits "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
Wait, sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
Sense 2 is "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
Let's check if there is another sense.
"call" meaning "name" or "term".
In WordNet, "call" has:
call%2:32:00:: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality
call%2:32:02:: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

"tumor-suppressors" is a common noun. So sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" -> they give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality.
Yes, sense 2.
Let's review the options.
1. assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to
2. ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality
27. consider or regard as being

"tumor-suppressors" is a name of a common noun.
I will choose 2.
Wait, let's see if 2 is the exact match.
"call" + object + noun phrase.
"call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors"
Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality"
Examples: "He called me a bastard"
This perfectly matches "call [object] [common noun]".
I'll go with 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "new" in the context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
The context talks about a "new class of genes" that have just been identified or discovered.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (a new law; new cars)
2. original and of a kind not seen before (fresh, novel)
3. lacking training or experience (raw)
4. having no previous example or precedent or parallel (unexampled)
5. other than the former one(s); different
6. unaffected by use or exposure
7. gratuitously new (newfangled)
8. in use after medieval times
9. used of a living language; being the current stage in its development
10. harvested at an early stage of development
11. unfamiliar

The context says "newly identified genes" and "new class of genes". This fits sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".
Let's double check. "new class of genes" -> a class of genes that has just been discovered/identified.
Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before"
Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different"

"newly identified genes" -> "new class of genes". The genes were just discovered. So "new" means recently discovered.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the definition of sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".
Yes, "new class of genes" = a class of genes recently discovered.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's consider sense 1 vs sense 2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - maybe, but "newly identified" strongly points to "recently discovered", which is explicitly in sense 1.
Therefore, sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Context: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes... Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors..."
"newly identified" -> "new" = recently discovered.
Sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "class" in the context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
The context talks about a group of genes that share a common attribute (being tumor-suppressors or anti-cancer genes).
Sense 1: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (synonyms: category, family). Example: "there are two classes of detergents".
This perfectly matches "class of genes".
Sense 2: students taught together.
Sense 3: social class.
Sense 4: education.
Sense 5: league ranked by quality.
Sense 6: graduating class.
Sense 7: biology taxonomic group (but genes are not a taxonomic group, they are a category of genes).
Sense 8: elegance.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "class of genes" -> a collection of things sharing a common attribute.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "simply" in the context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
The meaning here is "and nothing more" or "just" or "merely".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

In the context, "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes" means "or just anti-cancer genes" or "or merely anti-cancer genes".
This matches sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, just, only, but).

Let's double check.
"Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
"simply" = merely, just.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1: and nothing more.
Synonyms: merely, just, only, but.
Examples: I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time.

Yes, sense 1 is correct.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "functioning" in the context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
The context is about genes performing their expected biological role or working as expected.
Candidate senses:
1. perform as expected when applied (work, operate, go, run)
2. serve a purpose, role, or function (serve)
3. perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function (officiate)

"When functioning normally, they make proteins..." -> "When working normally, they make proteins..."
Sense 1 fits best: "perform as expected when applied" (work, operate).
Let's double check. "functioning normally" -> "working normally".
Sense 1: perform as expected when applied. Synonyms: work, operate, go, run.
Sense 2: serve a purpose, role, or function. Synonyms: serve.
Sense 3: perform duties attached to a particular office.

"functioning normally" is a common collocation meaning "working normally" or "operating normally".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the examples for sense 1: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?"
"functioning normally" -> "working normally".
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check."
The phrase is "hold ... in check".
Let's look at the candidate senses.
Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" synonyms: control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate. Examples: moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue.
Wait, "hold in check" means to restrain or control.
Let's check sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" synonyms: control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate.
Is there a better sense?
Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep clean; hold in place"
Sense 7: "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement" synonyms: restrain, confine.
Sense 27 has "check" as a synonym and "hold in restraint".
Let's re-read the context: "make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
"hold in check" is an idiom meaning to restrain or control.
Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" synonyms: control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate.
Wait, let's look at sense 27 again. "hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits".
Is there a sense for "hold in check"?
Let's check sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" synonyms: control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate.
Yes, "check" is a synonym.
Let's check sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep clean; hold in place"
Let's check sense 27 again. "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
Wait, "hold in check" -> "hold" is the verb, "in check" is the adverbial phrase.
Could it be sense 27? "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
Let's see: "hold a cell's growth in check" -> restrain a cell's growth.
Synonyms for sense 27: control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate.
This perfectly matches "hold ... in check".
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 7: "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement" synonyms: restrain, confine.
Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" synonyms: control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate.
"hold in check" is literally "hold ... in check".
I will choose sense 27.
Wait, let's look at the exact wording of sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
Is there a sense for "hold in check"?
Yes, "hold in check" is often mapped to "control" or "restrain".
Sense 27 has "check" as a synonym.
Let's review the options.
1. keep in a certain state, position, or activity
7. to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement
27. lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits
"hold a cell's growth in check" -> restrain/control.
Sense 27 is the best fit.
Let's check if there is a more specific sense.
"hold in check" -> "hold" + "in check".
Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
I'll go with 27.
Wait, let's look at sense 27 again. "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
Is "hold in check" exactly sense 27?
Yes, "hold in check" means to restrain or control.
I will output 27.
Let's consider sense 27.
"moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue"
"hold a cell's growth in check" -> "hold in restraint"
Yes, 27.