[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: realize
Target surface form: realize
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=realize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognize, recognise, realise, agnize, agnise
2. sense_key=realize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realise, see | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=realize%2:36:00:: | definition=make real or concrete; give reality or substance to | synonyms=realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate | examples=our ideas must be substantiated into actions
4. sense_key=realize%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, make, earn, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
5. sense_key=realize%2:40:00:: | definition=convert into cash; of goods and property | synonyms=realise
6. sense_key=realize%2:36:07:: | definition=expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass | synonyms=realise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "realize" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
The context talks about making their full academic potential a reality, or actualizing it.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. be fully aware or cognizant of (recognize)
2. perceive (an idea or situation) mentally (understand)
3. make real or concrete; give reality or substance to (actualize, actualise, substantiate)
4. earn on some commercial or business transaction
5. convert into cash
6. expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music)

"realize their full academic potential" means to make it real or concrete, to actualize it.
Sense 3: make real or concrete; give reality or substance to. Synonyms: realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate.
This perfectly matches "realize their full academic potential" (i.e., actualize their potential).

Let's double check.
"realize their full academic potential" -> actualize their potential.
Sense 3 is the best fit.
Sense 1 is "recognize", which doesn't fit "realize their potential" as well as "actualize" does. You don't just recognize your potential, you make it real.
Therefore, sense 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their <t>full</t> academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "full" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
The phrase is "full academic potential".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. containing as much or as many as is possible or normal (a full glass)
2. constituting the full quantity or extent; complete (entire, total) - gave full attention
3. complete in extent or degree and in every particular (total) - a full game
4. filled to satisfaction with food or drink
5. (of sound) having marked deepness and body
6. having the normally expected amount (good)
7. being at a peak or culminating point (broad)
8. having ample fabric

"full academic potential" means the complete or total academic potential.
Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" (entire, total). Examples: "gave full attention". "full academic potential" fits "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete".
Wait, sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular".
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention".
"full academic potential" -> "full" modifies "academic potential". It means the complete extent of their potential.
Sense 2 is "full%5:00:01:whole:00" (constituting the full quantity or extent; complete).
Sense 3 is "full%5:00:00:complete:00" (complete in extent or degree and in every particular).
Is "full potential" sense 2 or 3?
"full attention" is sense 2. "full potential" is similar to "full attention" or "full extent".
Let's consider "full" as in "full potential".
WordNet for "full" (adj):
- full (containing as much or as many as is possible or normal)
- full, entire, total (constituting the full quantity or extent; complete) -> "gave full attention", "full potential" fits here.
- full, total (complete in extent or degree and in every particular) -> "a full game", "a total eclipse"
- full, replete (filled to satisfaction with food or drink)
- full ((of sound) having marked deepness and body)
- full, good (having the normally expected amount) -> "gives full measure"
- full, broad (being at a peak or culminating point) -> "broad daylight", "full summer"
- full, wide, wide-cut (having ample fabric)

"full academic potential" -> "full" meaning complete, entire, total.
Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete"
Synonyms: entire, total.
Examples: "gave full attention".
"realize their full academic potential" -> realize the complete extent of their academic potential.
Sense 2 seems the best fit.

Let's double check sense 2 vs sense 3.
Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete"
Sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular"
"full potential" is about the extent. "full attention" is also about extent.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's search for "full potential" in WordNet.
Actually, "full" in "full potential" is often sense 2.
Let's review the exact definitions.
Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete"
Sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular"
"full academic potential" -> the entire/total academic potential.
I'll go with 2.
Let's consider "full" in "full potential".
"full" = entire, total.
Yes, sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full <t>academic</t> potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "academic" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
The context is about education, students, educational ladder, mastering the 3 R's, tracking, gifted youngsters, further study.
"academic potential" refers to potential related to academia, education, or an academy.
Sense 1: associated with academia or an academy (the academic curriculum; academic gowns).
Sense 2: hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result (an academic discussion; an academic question).
Sense 3: marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects (donnish, pedantic).

"academic potential" clearly means potential related to academia or education.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"academic potential" -> potential in an academic setting (school, education).
Sense 1: associated with academia or an academy.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "potential" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
The context talks about academic potential, inherent capacity for coming into being, or ability to develop.
Sense 1: the inherent capacity for coming into being (potentiality, potency).
Sense 2: the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts (electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage).

Clearly, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "actually".
Context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
The word "actually" here means "in actual fact" or "really".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

In the context "No one in his right mind actually believes...", it means "in actual fact" or "really".
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "in actual fact", synonym "really", example "no one actually saw the shark".
Let's double check. "No one actually believes" -> "No one really believes".
Sense 1 is the best match.
Sense 2 is "surprisingly" or "in reality" (opposite of expectation).
Sense 3 is "at the present moment".
Sense 4 is sentence modifier.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "believes" in the context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
The sentence means that no one actually thinks or judges that we all have an equal academic potential.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. accept as true; take to be true (I believed his report)
2. judge or regard; look upon; judge (think, consider, conceive) (I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart)
3. be confident about something (trust) (I believe that he will come back from the war)
4. follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
5. credit with veracity

In the context, "believes that we all have an equal academic potential" is expressing an opinion or judgment about a proposition. "No one in his right mind actually thinks/judges that we all have an equal academic potential."
Wait, "accept as true; take to be true" (sense 1) vs "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (sense 2).
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart".
In the context, "believes that we all have an equal academic potential" is similar to "thinks that we all have an equal academic potential".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"accept as true; take to be true" - I believed his report.
"judge or regard; look upon; judge" - I think he is very smart.
"believes that we all have an equal academic potential" -> thinks that we all have an equal academic potential.
Let's consider "believe" in WordNet.
Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true. "I believed his report"
Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge. "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart"
Sense 3: be confident about something. "I believe that he will come back from the war"

Wait, "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
This is about holding an opinion or judgment. "think" is a synonym for sense 2.
Let's see: "I think he is very smart" -> "I believe he is very smart".
"No one ... believes that we all have an equal academic potential." -> "No one ... thinks that we all have an equal academic potential."
So sense 2 fits perfectly.

Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: accept as true. (e.g., I believed his report).
Sense 2: judge or regard. (e.g., I think he is very smart).
The context is about a general proposition or opinion: "that we all have an equal academic potential." This is a judgment or opinion, not just accepting a specific report as true.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's review the synonyms for sense 2: think, consider, conceive.
"No one in his right mind actually thinks that we all have an equal academic potential." This substitution works perfectly.
Sense 1 synonyms: none listed, but definition is "accept as true; take to be true".
Sense 2 is definitely the intended sense for "believes that [proposition about a state of affairs]".

Let's confirm the sense index.
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00::
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04::
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03::
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01::
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02::

So sense 2 is the correct one.
Context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
Substitute "thinks": "No one in his right mind actually thinks that we all have an equal academic potential."
Matches sense 2.
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "equal" in the context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
The context discusses students having different academic potentials, meaning they do not have the same quantity, value, or measure of academic potential.
Sense 1: having the same quantity, value, or measure as another.
Sense 2: having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task (adequate).

"equal academic potential" means the same amount/level of academic potential.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "equal" modifying "academic potential" -> same quantity/measure.
Sense 1: equal%3:00:00::
Sense 2: equal%3:00:03::

I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "academic" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
The context is about education, students, schooling, and their potential in an educational setting.
Sense 1: associated with academia or an academy (e.g., academic curriculum, academic gowns). This fits "academic potential" (potential in school/academia).
Sense 2: hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result. (Doesn't fit "academic potential").
Sense 3: marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects. (Doesn't fit).

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "academic potential" means potential in academic pursuits, associated with academia or an academy.
Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "potential" in the context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>."
The context is about academic potential, the inherent capacity for coming into being or developing.
Sense 1: the inherent capacity for coming into being (potentiality, potency).
Sense 2: the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts (electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage).

Clearly, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "generally".
Context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."
Meaning: usually, as a rule.
Candidate senses:
1. usually; as a rule (by and large, more often than not, mostly)
2. without distinction of one from others (in general, in the main)
3. without regard to specific details or exceptions (broadly, loosely, broadly speaking)

"It is generally desirable" means "It is usually desirable" or "as a rule, it is desirable".
Sense 1 fits best.
Let's double check.
"generally desirable" -> usually desirable.
Sense 1: usually; as a rule.
Sense 2: without distinction of one from others.
Sense 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions.

Sense 1 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "desirable".
Context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

In the context, "desirable" means "worth having or seeking or achieving" (using older textbooks is a good thing to do, worth seeking/achieving).
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Sense 2 is about being a suitable spouse.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "use" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."
The context is about employing or utilizing older textbooks for their inherent or natural purpose (teaching/learning).
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose". Using older textbooks means employing them for teaching.
Sense 2 is about consuming drugs.
Sense 3 is about using up or consuming fully.
Sense 4 is about using to one's advantage (manipulating).
Sense 5 is about availing oneself to (practice a religion).
Sense 6 is "used to".

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Double check: "use older textbooks" -> employ/utilize older textbooks.
Matches sense 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rather" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones."
The phrase is "rather than".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

In the context, "rather than" means "instead of".
Sense 1 has the definition "on the contrary" and synonym "instead", with the example "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left".
This perfectly matches "rather than newer ones" (instead of newer ones).

Let's double check.
"rather than" -> instead of.
Sense 1: rather%4:02:02::
Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.
Context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks ... rather than newer ones."
Meaning: instead of newer ones.
Sense 1: on the contrary, instead.
Example: "rather than disappoint the children..."

Therefore, sense_index is 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "newer" (comparative of "new").
Context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."
The contrast is between "older" textbooks and "newer" ones.
"newer" here means "other than the former one(s); different" or "more recently made".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (a new law; new cars)
5. other than the former one(s); different. (they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it)
7. (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new. (newfangled)

Wait, "newer" in "newer ones" (textbooks) refers to textbooks that have just been made or acquired, i.e., more recently published.
Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different"

Let's look at the contrast: "older textbooks ... rather than newer ones."
"older" means having existed for a longer time. "newer" means having existed for a shorter time, i.e., more recently made.
Sense 1 fits "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made".
Is there a better fit?
Let's consider Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Examples: a new law; new cars.
"newer ones" = more recently made textbooks.

Let's check Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different". Example: "my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it". This is about replacement. Here, it's about the age of the textbooks (older vs newer).
So Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"older textbooks" vs "newer ones".
Older = having existed for a long time.
Newer = having existed for a short time, recently made.
Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
This perfectly matches the age contrast.

Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different

The contrast is explicitly "older" vs "newer". Older refers to age/duration. Newer refers to age/duration.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, could it be 7? "gratuitously new" (newfangled). The context says "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial." This implies they are newfangled. But the word itself is just "newer", contrasting with "older". The modish/trendy part is an elaboration on why the newer ones are bad, but the word "newer" itself just means more recently made.
Sense 1 is the primary sense for "new" in terms of age.
I'll go with 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."
The word "ones" refers to "textbooks", which are single things or items.
Sense 1: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number.
Sense 2: a single person or thing.
In this context, "ones" refers to "textbooks" (things).
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "newer ones" = "newer textbooks". Textbooks are things.
Sense 2: "a single person or thing".
Matches perfectly.
Return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often".
Context: "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."
Here, "often" means "in many cases or instances".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes)
2. frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal)
3. in many cases or instances

In the context, "often downright silly" means "in many cases or instances, they are downright silly".
Sense 3 fits best.
Let's double check.
"often downright silly" -> in many cases or instances.
Yes, sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "dubious" in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."
The context implies that the theories are questionable, open to doubt, or not well-founded.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. fraught with uncertainty or doubt (doubtful) - examples: doubtful that the cord would hold, doubtful whether she would be admitted.
2. open to doubt or suspicion (doubtful, dubitable, in question) - examples: the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed.
3. not convinced - examples: they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious.

In the context, "dubious psychological and sociological theories" means the theories are open to doubt or suspicion, questionable.
Sense 2 fits best: "open to doubt or suspicion". The theories are questionable.
Sense 1 is more about uncertainty (e.g., whether something will happen).
Sense 3 is about a person being unconvinced.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"dubious psychological and sociological theories" -> theories that are questionable, open to doubt.
Sense 2: open to doubt or suspicion.
Matches perfectly.
Sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: psychological
Target surface form: psychological
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "psychological".
Context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."
Candidate senses:
1. mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature
2. of or relating to or determined by psychology

In the context, "psychological and sociological theories" refers to theories of psychology.
Sense 2 definition: "of or relating to or determined by psychology", example: "psychological theories".
This perfectly matches the context "psychological and sociological theories".

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
Sense 1: mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature.
Sense 2: of or relating to or determined by psychology.
The context explicitly says "psychological and sociological theories". Sense 2 has the exact example "psychological theories".

I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rather" in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience."
The phrase is "rather than".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

In the context, "rather than" means "instead of".
Sense 1 has the definition "on the contrary" and synonym "instead", and the example "rather than disappoint the children...".
This perfectly matches "rather than on educational experience" (instead of on educational experience).

Let's double check.
"rather than" -> instead of.
Sense 1: rather%4:02:02::
Definition: on the contrary
Synonyms: instead
Examples: rather than disappoint the children...

Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.
Context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."
Meaning: instead of on educational experience.
Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."
The context contrasts "dubious psychological and sociological theories" with "educational experience".
Sense 1: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

In the context, "educational experience" refers to experience related to the process of education (teaching, schooling, etc.), not an experience that provides knowledge (like an educational film).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"educational experience" -> experience in the field of education, relating to the process of education.
Sense 1: relating to the process of education.
Sense 2: providing knowledge.
Sense 1 is clearly the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "experience" in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."
The context contrasts "dubious psychological and sociological theories" with "educational experience".
This refers to the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities (i.e., practical experience in education).
Sense 1: the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities. (e.g., a man of experience; experience is the best teacher).
Sense 2: the content of direct observation or participation in an event. (e.g., he had a religious experience).
Sense 3: an event as apprehended. (e.g., a surprising experience).

"Educational experience" refers to the accumulated knowledge/skill from teaching/educating over time, which aligns with Sense 1.
Let's double check. "rather than on educational experience" -> practical knowledge gained from doing education.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Sense 1 index is 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reasons" in the context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods."
The sentence explains the cause or explanation of why American students do poorly in math tests.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a rational motive for a belief or action (ground)
2. an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon (the reason a steady state was never reached...)
3. the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination
4. the state of having good sense and sound judgment
5. a justification for something existing or happening (cause, grounds)
6. a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion

Wait, "reasons" here means "explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" or "a justification for something existing or happening"?
Let's re-read sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" -> "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly". This perfectly matches "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math'".
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" -> "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice".
Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" -> "the reason that war was declared".

In the context, "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math'". This is an explanation of the cause of a phenomenon (poor performance in math tests).
Let's check sense 2 vs sense 5.
Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"
The text says "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math'". This is explaining the cause of the phenomenon (doing poorly).
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"reasons" -> "explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"
Example for sense 2: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly"
Context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math'..."
This is exactly an explanation of the cause of a phenomenon.

Let's review sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action"
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"
Sense 2 is "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon".
Yes, sense 2 is the most accurate.
Context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods."
This is an explanation of the cause of the phenomenon of American students doing poorly.
I will choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "American" in the context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods."
The context refers to students in the United States, as compared with British, French, German, or Japanese students.
Sense 1: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture.
Sense 2: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas.

The context clearly refers to the United States of America (American students, American textbooks, compared with British, French, German, Japanese).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American <t>students</t> do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "students" in the context of "American students do so poorly in math tests".
The context talks about education, young men and women, academic potential, textbooks, math tests, learning.
Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (pupil, educatee).
Sense 2: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (scholar, scholarly person, bookman).

The context clearly refers to learners enrolled in educational institutions (taking math tests, learning conceptual basis).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do <t>so</t> poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "so" in the context: "One of the reasons American students do <t>so</t> poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods."
The phrase is "do so poorly".
"so" here modifies "poorly", meaning "to a very great extent or degree".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion)
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth

"so poorly" means "to a very great extent or degree" poorly.
Sense 1 fits perfectly. "never been so happy" -> "do so poorly".
Let's double check.
"so" modifying an adjective or adverb to mean "to a very great extent or degree".
Yes, sense 1.
"so poorly" -> to a very great extent or degree.
Sense 1 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as <t>compared</t> with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "compared" in the context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods."
The phrase is "as compared with".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. examine and note the similarities or differences of (John compared his haircut to his friend's)
2. be comparable (This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes)
3. consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous (We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans)
4. to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Wait, "as compared with" means examining and noting the similarities or differences of, or just comparing one thing to another.
Let's re-read sense 1: "examine and note the similarities or differences of".
Is it sense 1? "as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students" -> examining the performance of American students and noting the differences (they do poorly) compared to others.
Let's check sense 1 vs sense 3.
Sense 1: examine and note the similarities or differences of.
Sense 3: consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous.
Here, the author is contrasting American students' poor performance with that of British, French, German, or Japanese students. This is noting differences. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"as compared with" -> comparing American students with British, French, etc.
Sense 1: examine and note the similarities or differences of.
Yes, "compared with" in this context is about noting the differences in math test performance.

Let's review the options.
1. compare%2:31:00:: examine and note the similarities or differences of
2. compare%2:42:00:: be comparable
3. compare%2:31:01:: consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous
4. compare%2:32:00:: to form the comparative or superlative form

The context is "do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students". This is an active comparison of performance, noting the differences.
Therefore, sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Let's confirm if "as compared with" is sense 1. Yes, "compare with" is typically sense 1 (examine and note similarities or differences). "Compare to" is often sense 3 (consider as similar).
"compared with" -> sense 1.
I will choose 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese <t>students</t>, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "students" in the context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods."
The context talks about learners enrolled in educational institutions (taking math tests, learning math).
Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (pupil, educatee).
Sense 2: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (scholar, scholarly person, bookman).

The context clearly refers to learners enrolled in educational institutions (taking math tests).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.