[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: follow
Target surface form: followed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that <t>followed</t>, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=follow%2:38:00:: | definition=to travel behind, go after, come after | examples=The ducklings followed their mother around the pond; Please follow the guide through the museum
2. sense_key=follow%2:42:00:: | definition=be later in time | synonyms=postdate | examples=Tuesday always follows Monday
3. sense_key=follow%2:42:05:: | definition=come as a logical consequence; follow logically | synonyms=fall out | examples=It follows that your assertion is false; the theorem falls out nicely
4. sense_key=follow%2:38:01:: | definition=travel along a certain course | synonyms=travel along | examples=follow the road; follow the trail
5. sense_key=follow%2:41:00:: | definition=act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes | synonyms=comply, abide by | examples=He complied with my instructions; You must comply or else!
6. sense_key=follow%2:42:01:: | definition=come after in time, as a result | synonyms=come after | examples=A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake
7. sense_key=follow%2:30:00:: | definition=behave in accordance or in agreement with | synonyms=conform to | examples=Follow a pattern; Follow my example
8. sense_key=follow%2:42:02:: | definition=be next | examples=Mary plays best, with John and Sue following
9. sense_key=follow%2:40:00:: | definition=choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans | synonyms=adopt, espouse | examples=She followed the feminist movement; The candidate espouses Republican ideals
10. sense_key=follow%2:42:03:: | definition=to bring something about at a later time than | examples=She followed dinner with a brandy; He followed his lecture with a question and answer period
11. sense_key=follow%2:36:00:: | definition=imitate in behavior; take as a model | synonyms=take after | examples=Teenagers follow their friends in everything
12. sense_key=follow%2:31:00:: | definition=follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something | synonyms=trace | examples=We must follow closely the economic development is Cuba; trace the student's progress
13. sense_key=follow%2:41:02:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, observe, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
14. sense_key=follow%2:41:01:: | definition=be the successor (of) | synonyms=succeed, come after | examples=Carter followed Ford; Will Charles succeed to the throne?
15. sense_key=follow%2:36:01:: | definition=perform an accompaniment to | synonyms=play along, accompany | examples=The orchestra could barely follow the frequent pitch changes of the soprano
16. sense_key=follow%2:30:01:: | definition=keep informed | synonyms=keep up, keep abreast | examples=He kept up on his country's foreign policies
17. sense_key=follow%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=come | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
18. sense_key=follow%2:41:10:: | definition=accept and follow the leadership or command or guidance of | examples=Let's follow our great helmsman!; She followed a guru for years
19. sense_key=follow%2:41:11:: | definition=adhere to or practice | examples=These people still follow the laws of their ancient religion
20. sense_key=follow%2:41:09:: | definition=work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function | synonyms=be | examples=He is a herpetologist; She is our resident philosopher
21. sense_key=follow%2:39:13:: | definition=keep under surveillance | synonyms=surveil, survey | examples=The police had been following him for weeks but they could not prove his involvement in the bombing
22. sense_key=follow%2:38:13:: | definition=follow in or as if in pursuit | synonyms=pursue | examples=The police car pursued the suspected attacker; Her bad deed followed her and haunted her dreams all her life
23. sense_key=follow%2:31:14:: | definition=grasp the meaning | examples=Can you follow her argument?; When he lectures, I cannot follow
24. sense_key=follow%2:30:12:: | definition=keep to | synonyms=stick to, stick with | examples=Stick to your principles; stick to the diet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "followed" in the context: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed..."
The context describes a series of letters to a newspaper. One writer made a remark. Then, a torrent of replies came after that remark.
So "followed" means "came after in time, as a result" or "be later in time".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. to travel behind, go after, come after
2. be later in time (postdate)
3. come as a logical consequence
4. travel along a certain course
5. act in accordance with someone's rules
6. come after in time, as a result (come after) - "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake"
Wait, "In the torrent of replies that followed" -> the replies came after the initial letter.
Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result" synonyms: come after. Examples: A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake.
Sense 2: "be later in time" synonyms: postdate. Examples: Tuesday always follows Monday.
Sense 8: "be next" Examples: Mary plays best, with John and Sue following.

Let's look at sense 6: "come after in time, as a result". The replies came after the letter.
Is it sense 6? "come after in time, as a result"
Let's see: "In the torrent of replies that followed..."
The replies followed the letter.
Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result"
Wait, "followed" here is intransitive. "replies that followed".
Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result"
Sense 2: "be later in time"
Sense 8: "be next"

Let's check WordNet for "follow" intransitive "come after in time, as a result".
Actually, "follow" intransitive meaning "come after in time, as a result" is sense 6.
Let's check the examples for sense 6: "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake".
Wait, sense 6 is "come after in time, as a result".
Is there another sense?
"come after in time, as a result" -> sense 6.
Let's re-read the context: "One writer... remarked on the 'frequency of women fainting in peals,' and suggested that they 'settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings.' In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer..."
The replies came after the remark.
Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result"
Let's check sense 6 vs sense 2.
Sense 2: "be later in time" (postdate). Example: Tuesday always follows Monday.
Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result" (come after). Example: A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake.
The replies came as a result of the letter. So sense 6 is very appropriate.

Let's check sense 6:
sense_key=follow%2:42:01:: | definition=come after in time, as a result | synonyms=come after | examples=A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake

Is there any other sense?
Sense 8: "be next" - Mary plays best, with John and Sue following.
Sense 6 fits "come after in time, as a result" perfectly. The replies followed the letter.

Let's double check sense 6.
"come after in time, as a result"
Yes, "replies that followed" = replies that came after (the letter).

Let's review the options.
1. to travel behind
2. be later in time
3. come as a logical consequence
4. travel along
5. act in accordance
6. come after in time, as a result
7. behave in accordance
8. be next
9. choose and follow
10. to bring something about at a later time than
11. imitate in behavior
12. follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development
13. follow with the eyes or the mind
14. be the successor (of)
15. perform an accompaniment to
16. keep informed
17. to be the product or result
18. accept and follow the leadership
19. adhere to or practice
20. work in a specific place
21. keep under surveillance
22. follow in or as if in pursuit
23. grasp the meaning
24. keep to

Sense 6 is the best fit. "come after in time, as a result".
The replies came after the letter, as a result of it.
I will choose 6.
Wait, let's consider if "followed" here is just "came after".
Yes, "replies that followed" -> replies that came after.
Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result".
I am confident in 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "woman" in the context: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that..."
The context refers to a specific adult female person, a ringer from Solihull.
Sense 1: an adult female person (as opposed to a man).
Sense 2: a female person who plays a significant role in the life of a particular man.
Sense 3: a human female employed to do housework.
Sense 4: women as a class.

The context says "one woman ringer from Solihull". This is an individual adult female person.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"one woman ringer" -> an adult female person.
Sense 1 is correct.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ringer".
Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

The context clearly talks about people who ring church bells.
Sense 1: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
Sense 2: a person who is almost identical to another
Sense 3: a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
Sense 4: (horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

The best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull <t>observed</t> that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "observed" in the context: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired...'"
The woman ringer is making a comment or remark.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, find, discover, notice)
2. make mention of (note, mention, remark) - "She observed that his presentation took up too much time"
3. observe with care or pay close attention to (note, take note)
4. watch attentively
5. show respect towards
6. behave as expected during of holidays or rites
7. follow with the eyes or the mind
8. stick to correctly or closely
9. conform one's action or practice to

The context is "one woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired...'"
This perfectly matches sense 2: "make mention of" (note, mention, remark).
The example for sense 2 is "She observed that his presentation took up too much time".
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the <t>average</t> male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%5:00:02:normal:01 | definition=approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value | synonyms=mean | examples=the average income in New England is below that of the nation; of average height for his age
2. sense_key=average%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered | synonyms=ordinary | examples=average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street
3. sense_key=average%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=lacking exceptional quality or ability | synonyms=fair, mediocre, middling | examples=a novel of average merit; only a fair performance of the sonata
4. sense_key=average%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=around the middle of a scale of evaluation | synonyms=intermediate, medium | examples=an orange of average size; intermediate capacity
5. sense_key=average%5:00:03:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution | synonyms=modal | examples=the modal age at which American novelists reach their peak is 30
6. sense_key=average%5:00:01:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values) | synonyms=median | examples=the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20; the median income for the year was $15,000

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "average" in the context: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
The speaker is describing the typical, commonly encountered male ringer, or the ordinary male ringer.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value (mean)
2. lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered (ordinary)
3. lacking exceptional quality or ability (fair, mediocre, middling)
4. around the middle of a scale of evaluation (intermediate, medium)
5. relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution (modal)
6. relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (median)

In this context, "the average male ringer" means the typical, ordinary, commonly encountered male ringer.
Sense 2: "lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered" synonyms: ordinary. Examples: average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street.
This perfectly matches "the average male ringer".

Let's double check.
"the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired" -> the typical/ordinary male ringer.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Sense 1 is more about statistical norm (mean).
Sense 3 is about mediocre quality, but "average" here is used to mean "typical" or "ordinary" (the common man in the street).
Wait, "average" as in "ordinary" is sense 2.
Let's review the examples for sense 2: "average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street".
Yes, "the average male ringer" is exactly like "the ordinary man in the street".

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 2}.
I will output this.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation | examples=a male infant; a male holly tree
2. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 | definition=characteristic of a man | synonyms=manful, manlike, manly, virile | examples=a deep male voice; manly sports
3. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys | examples=the male lead; the male population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "male" in the context: "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
The context is talking about a male ringer, meaning a ringer who is a man.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. male%3:00:00:: - being the sex that produces gametes (biological sex).
2. male%5:00:02:masculine:01 - characteristic of a man (e.g., a deep male voice).
3. male%5:00:01:male:00 - for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys (e.g., the male lead, the male population).

"the average male ringer" refers to a ringer who is a man, i.e., composed of men or pertaining to men.
Sense 3 fits best: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". "male ringer" = a ringer who is male (a man).
Wait, "male" as an adjective modifying "ringer".
Is it sense 3? "the male lead; the male population". Yes, "male ringer" is like "male population" or "male lead".
Let's double check sense 1: "a male infant" - biological sex.
Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys".
"male ringer" -> a ringer who is a man.
I will choose sense 3.
Let's review the options.
1. biological sex
2. characteristic of a man (masculine)
3. for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys

"male ringer" means a ringer who is a man. This aligns with sense 3.
Let's confirm.
"the average male ringer" -> a ringer of the male sex / composed of men.
Sense 3 is the best fit.
Another example: "male nurse", "male student". These fall under sense 3.
Yes, sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ringer".
Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

The context is clearly about bell-ringing in churches.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Sense 1 is the best fit.
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: badly
Target surface form: badly
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=badly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=severely, gravely, seriously | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
2. sense_key=badly%4:02:00:: | definition=(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly | examples=he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends
3. sense_key=badly%4:02:06:: | definition=evilly or wickedly | examples=treated his parents badly; to steal is to act badly
4. sense_key=badly%4:02:05:: | definition=in a disobedient or naughty way | synonyms=mischievously, naughtily | examples=he behaved badly in school; he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister
5. sense_key=badly%4:02:04:: | definition=with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly') | synonyms=bad | examples=the injury hurt badly; the buildings were badly shaken
6. sense_key=badly%4:02:03:: | definition=very much; strongly | synonyms=bad | examples=I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it; the cables had sagged badly
7. sense_key=badly%4:02:12:: | definition=without skill or in a displeasing manner | examples=she writes badly; I think he paints very badly
8. sense_key=badly%4:02:10:: | definition=in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage | synonyms=disadvantageously | examples=the venture turned out badly for the investors; angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them
9. sense_key=badly%4:02:07:: | definition=unfavorably or with disapproval | synonyms=ill | examples=tried not to speak ill of the dead; thought badly of him for his lack of concern
10. sense_key=badly%4:02:08:: | definition=with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display | examples=they took their defeat badly; took her father's death badly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "badly" in the context: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
The phrase is "badly dressed".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. to a severe or serious degree (badly injured)
2. in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well (ill, poorly) - "he was ill prepared"
3. evilly or wickedly
4. in a disobedient or naughty way
5. with great intensity
6. very much; strongly
7. without skill or in a displeasing manner (she writes badly; I think he paints very badly)
8. in a disadvantageous way
9. unfavorably or with disapproval
10. with unusual distress or resentment

"badly dressed" means dressed in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner.
Sense 2: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well" synonyms: ill, poorly.
Wait, let's check sense 2. "badly dressed" -> poorly dressed.
Is there a better fit?
Sense 2: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well"
Let's see: "badly dressed" is a classic example of "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner".
Synonyms: ill, poorly. "poorly dressed" is a very common phrase.
Let's check sense 7: "without skill or in a displeasing manner" (she writes badly; paints badly). Dressing is not really a skill in this context, but rather a state of being poorly dressed.
Sense 2 fits "badly dressed" perfectly. "badly" = "poorly".

Let's review the context: "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
"badly dressed" -> poorly dressed.
Sense 2: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well"
Synonyms: ill, poorly.
Examples: he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends.

Is there any other sense?
Sense 1: to a severe or serious degree. (badly injured)
Sense 2: in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well.

I will choose sense 2.
Let's double check.
"badly dressed" -> poorly dressed.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Another option: Sense 7 "without skill or in a displeasing manner". But "badly dressed" is more about the state (poorly) than the skill of dressing.
I'll go with 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dressed
Target surface form: dressed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "dressed" in the context: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
The context describes how the male ringers are clothed or attired (badly dressed).
Sense 1: dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination (e.g., neatly dressed workers).
Sense 2: treated with medications and protective covering.
Sense 3: (of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth.
Sense 4: dressed in fancy or formal clothing.

The context says "badly dressed", which refers to being clothed. Sense 1 is the most appropriate, as it covers "dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination" and the example "neatly dressed workers" matches the usage "badly dressed".

Let's check Sense 1: "dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination" -> "badly dressed" fits "often used in combination".
Sense 4 is "dressed in fancy or formal clothing", which doesn't fit "badly dressed".

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Double check:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00

"badly dressed" -> clothed.
Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: large
Target surface form: large
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "large" in the context: "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
The phrase is "large beer-belly".
This refers to a beer-belly that is above average in size.
Sense 1: above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent. Synonyms: big. Examples: a large city.
Sense 2: fairly large or important in effect.
Sense 3: ostentatiously lofty in style.
Sense 4: generous and understanding.
Sense 5: conspicuous in position or importance.
Sense 6: having broad power and range and scope.
Sense 7: in an advanced stage of pregnancy.

"large beer-belly" clearly means a beer-belly that is big in size.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"large beer-belly" -> size.
Sense 1: above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent.
Yes, sense 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unwashed
Target surface form: unwashed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "unwashed".
Context: "...badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
The context describes a male ringer who is badly dressed, has acne, a beer-belly, and is frequently unwashed (not cleaned with soap and water).
Candidate senses:
1. unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 (of or associated with the great masses of people)
2. unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 (not cleaned with or as if with soap and water)

The context clearly refers to physical cleanliness (or lack thereof), matching sense 2.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Output format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "women" in the context: "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.'"
Wait, the target is "women" (plural of woman).
The context says "Another women wrote from Sheffield..." (Note: grammatical error in the original text, "Another women" instead of "Another woman", but the target lemma is "woman" and surface form is "women").
The definition of sense 1 is "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)".
The definition of sense 4 is "women as a class".
Here, "Another women" refers to a specific individual female person (a woman ringer from Sheffield).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."
This refers to a single adult female person.
Sense 1: an adult female person (as opposed to a man).
Sense 4: women as a class.
Clearly sense 1.
The target lemma is "woman", surface form "women".
Sense index 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: wrote
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk
9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "wrote" in the context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"
The context is about a woman communicating by letter to a newspaper ("The Ringing World").
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. produce a literary work
2. communicate or express by writing
3. have (one's written work) issued for publication
4. communicate (with) in writing
5. communicate by letter
6. write music
7. mark or trace on a surface
8. record data on a computer
9. write or name the letters
10. create code

Sense 5: "communicate by letter" - examples: "He wrote that he would be coming soon".
Sense 2: "communicate or express by writing" - examples: "Please write to me every week".
Sense 4: "communicate (with) in writing" - examples: "Write her soon, please!"

Wait, "wrote from Sheffield to say that..."
Is it sense 5? "communicate by letter"
Let's check the examples for sense 5: "He wrote that he would be coming soon".
The context says: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"
This perfectly matches "communicate by letter" (sense 5) or "communicate or express by writing" (sense 2).
Wait, "communicate by letter" is sense 5.
Let's see: "wrote from Sheffield to say that..."
Is it sense 5? Yes, "communicate by letter" fits "wrote from Sheffield to say that...".
Let's check sense 5: sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon.
This matches "wrote ... to say that".

Let's check sense 2: communicate or express by writing.
Sense 5 is more specific to "wrote to say that".
Let's look at the phrasing: "wrote from Sheffield to say that..."
This is exactly "communicate by letter".

Let's double check sense 5.
"communicate by letter"
Example: "He wrote that he would be coming soon"
Context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..."
This is a perfect match.

Let's review the options.
1. produce a literary work
2. communicate or express by writing
3. have (one's written work) issued for publication
4. communicate (with) in writing
5. communicate by letter
6. write music
7. mark or trace on a surface
8. record data on a computer
9. write or name the letters
10. create code

Sense 5 is the best fit.
I will output {"sense_index": 5}.
Wait, is "communicate by letter" the exact sense for "wrote to say that"? Yes.
Let's confirm.
"Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..." -> communicate by letter.
Yes.
End of reasoning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "say" in the context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.'"
The context is about a woman writing to express or state something in words.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. express in words (state, tell) - "He said that he wanted to marry her"
2. report or maintain (allege, aver) - "He said it was too late to intervene"
3. express a supposition (suppose)
4. have or contain a certain wording or form (read)
5. give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority (order, tell)
6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way
7. communicate or express nonverbally
8. utter aloud
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
10. recite or repeat a fixed text
11. indicate

The woman wrote to "say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint...'"
This is expressing in words, stating something.
Sense 1: express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you.
Sense 2: report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver.
Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare.

Let's look at Sense 1: "express in words". The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" matches "say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known...'"
Wait, "say that..." is a classic example of sense 1 (express in words).
Let's check sense 1 vs sense 9. Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" (e.g., "I say let's forget this whole business").
Sense 1 is "express in words" (e.g., "He said that he wanted to marry her").
The context is "wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint...'"
This is expressing in words.
Let's consider Sense 1.
"say%2:32:00::" -> express in words.
Is there any other sense?
"say%2:32:01::" -> report or maintain.
"say%2:32:00::" is the most general and fits "say that [clause]".
Let's choose 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.'"
This is stating a fact or expressing in words.
Sense 1: express in words.
I will go with 1.
Let's double check if there's any other.
"say%2:32:00::" is the standard "say that" sense.
Yes, 1 is the best fit.
Another option: 2 (report or maintain). But she is not alleging, she is stating her experience.
So 1 is correct.
I'll output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "years" in the context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"
The context refers to a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days, specifically a duration of 60 years.
Sense 1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days. Examples: "she is 4 years old; in the year 1920".
Sense 2: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year...
Sense 3: the period of time that it takes for a planet...
Sense 4: a body of students who graduate together.

The context clearly uses "years" to mean a period of time containing 365 days (duration of 60 years).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "in her 60 years of ringing" -> 60 periods of 365 days.
Matches sense 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: never
Target surface form: never
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=never%4:02:00:: | definition=not ever; at no time in the past or future | synonyms=ne'er | examples=I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day
2. sense_key=never%4:02:01:: | definition=not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances | examples=never fear; bringing up children is never easy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "never".
Context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
This means "not ever; at no time in the past or future".
Sense 1: not ever; at no time in the past or future. Example: "I have never been to China".
Sense 2: not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances. Example: "never fear".

The context clearly matches Sense 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: known
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "known" (lemma: know).
Context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
Meaning: to have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations, or to be aware of a fact or specific piece of information, or to have experienced.
Wait, "I have never known a lady to faint" means "I have never experienced or witnessed a lady fainting".
Let's check the senses:
1. be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (I know that the President lied...)
2. know how to do or perform something.
3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something.
4. be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object.
5. have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. (I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?)
Wait, "known a lady to faint" -> have experienced or witnessed.
Is it sense 1 or sense 5?
"have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" -> "have you ever known hunger?"
Wait, "I have never known a lady to faint" -> I have never experienced a situation where a lady faints.
Let's look at sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
Let's look at sense 5: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations"
Is there a sense for "experience"? Yes, sense 5 has synonyms "experience, live".
"I have never known a lady to faint" -> I have never experienced a lady fainting.
Let's consider "know" in the sense of "experience". "I have never known a lady to faint" = I have never experienced a lady fainting.
Wait, let's look at the examples for sense 5: "I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?"
What about sense 1? "I know that the President lied to the people"
What about sense 4? "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object"
What about sense 11? "perceive as familiar"
Let's search for "know someone to do something".
In WordNet, "know" meaning "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" (sense 5) might be the best fit for "known a lady to faint".
Wait, could it be sense 1? "be cognizant or aware of a fact..."
Let's check the exact phrase "known a lady to faint". It means "experienced a lady fainting".
Let's look at sense 5: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" synonyms: experience, live.
"I have never known a lady to faint" -> I have never experienced a lady fainting.
Let's consider another sense: "know" as in "perceive as familiar" (11). No.
"know" as in "be aware of the truth of something" (3). No.
"know" as in "be cognizant or aware of a fact" (1). "I know that..."
Is "known a lady to faint" considered "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations..."? Yes, "situations".
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"know" (verb)
1. know, cognize, cognise - be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
5. know, experience, live - have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations
"I have never known a lady to faint" -> I have never experienced a situation where a lady faints.
Therefore, sense 5 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check. "I have never known a lady to faint" -> I have never experienced a lady fainting.
Yes, "experience" is a synonym for sense 5.
"I have never experienced a lady to faint" -> "I have never known a lady to faint".
I will choose sense 5.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
Could it be sense 1? "I have never been aware of a fact that a lady fainted"? No, "known a lady to faint" is an experiential construction. "I have known him to lie" = I have experienced him lying.
So sense 5 is correct.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01::
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04::
I'll go with 5.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for 5: experience, live.
"I have never experienced a lady to faint" - well, "experienced a lady fainting".
Yes, sense 5.
Let's consider if "know" here means "be aware of". "I have never been aware of a lady fainting". But "known a lady to faint" is specifically about personal experience. "I have known him to be late" = I have experienced him being late.
So 5 is the best fit.
Another option: 1. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information". But "known a lady to faint" is not just a fact, it's an experience.
I will output 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lady
Target surface form: lady
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman | examples=a nice lady at the library helped me
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement | synonyms=dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman | examples=a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain | synonyms=noblewoman, peeress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "lady" in the context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
The context is about women bell-ringers. The writer is a woman ringer from Sheffield, talking about women in general, not specifically noblewomen or women of refinement.
Sense 1: a polite name for any woman.
Sense 2: a woman of refinement.
Sense 3: a woman of the peerage in Britain.

The context uses "lady" as a polite or general term for a woman, contrasting with "men". "I have never known a lady to faint... I have seen one or two men die".
This matches sense 1: "a polite name for any woman".

Let's check the context again: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
This is a general reference to a woman.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1 index is 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belfry
Target surface form: belfry
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "belfry".
Context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."
The context is about bell-ringing in churches (St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey).
A belfry is a room where bells are hung, often at the top of a tower.
Sense 1: a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building (campanile).
Sense 2: a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung.

In the context of ringing bells in a church, the ringers are in the room where the bells are hung, which is the belfry.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "faint in the belfry" -> faint in the room where bells are hung.
Sense 2 is "a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung".
Sense 1 is "a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building".
Churches have belfries (rooms) where bells are hung, not necessarily standalone bell towers.
So sense 2 is correct.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "seen" in the context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."
The speaker is talking about witnessing or perceiving by sight the event of men dying.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam

Wait, "I have seen one or two men die" means she has witnessed it.
Is it sense 1 (perceive by sight) or sense 3 (perceive or be contemporaneous with, witness)?
Let's check sense 1: "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight".
Let's check sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" (witness).
Actually, "see someone die" is perceiving by sight.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight".
Is there a better fit?
Let's consider "see" as in "witness". Sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" synonyms=witness, find.
But "I have seen one or two men die" is literally perceiving by sight.
Let's check sense 1 again. "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight".
Wait, sense 1 is the most basic visual perception.
Let's check sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" -> "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school".
What about sense 1? "You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?"
Is "see someone die" sense 1? Yes, perceiving by sight.
Let's look at sense 1 vs sense 3.
In WordNet, "see" meaning "perceive by sight" is 1.
"see" meaning "perceive or be contemporaneous with" is 3.
"see" meaning "see or watch" is 7.
"see" meaning "go or live through" is 21.
"I have seen one or two men die" -> I have perceived by sight one or two men die.
Wait, "see" in "I have seen one or two men die" is visual perception.
Let's check if there is a "witness" sense. Sense 3 has synonym "witness".
But "see" in "I have seen one or two men die" is definitely visual perception.
Let's look at the example for sense 1: "Can you see the bird in that tree?"
Is "see" in "I have seen one or two men die" sense 1? Yes.
Wait, let's consider sense 1.
Let's consider sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with".
Let's consider sense 1. "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight".
I will go with 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."
This is literal visual perception. She has seen them die.
Sense 1 is "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight".
Let's check if there's any other sense.
Sense 1 is the most direct fit for literal visual perception of an event.
Let's double check sense 1.
Yes, "see" = perceive by sight.
I will choose 1.
Wait, could it be 3? "perceive or be contemporaneous with" -> witness. "I have witnessed one or two men die".
But "see" is the word. "I have seen" -> perceive by sight.
I'll output 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with
I think 1 is the best.
Let's consider if "see" in "I have seen one or two men die" is sense 1. Yes.
Done.