[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "diversity".
Context: "...the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

In the context, "diversity contributed by immigrants" refers to the variety or heterogeneity of people, backgrounds, and ideas they bring, which contributes to the creation of ideas and economic growth.
Sense 1: noticeable heterogeneity, variety. This fits perfectly.
Sense 2: condition or result of being changeable. This does not fit.

Therefore, the best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "creation" in the context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
The phrase is "creation of ideas".
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. creation%1:04:00:: - the human act of creating (creative activity)
2. creation%1:06:00:: - an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. creation%1:11:00:: - the event that occurred at the beginning of something
4. creation%1:04:01:: - the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new (initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation)
5. creation%1:04:02:: - (theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. creation%1:17:00:: - everything that exists anywhere

"creation of ideas" refers to the human act of creating ideas, or the act of starting something new (origination, innovation).
Wait, "creation of ideas" is the human act of creating.
Let's look at sense 1: "the human act of creating" (creative activity).
Let's look at sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new" (origination, innovation).
Is "creation of ideas" more about the human act of creating (sense 1) or the act of starting something for the first time (sense 4)?
"creation of ideas" -> "creative activity" or "origination"?
"contributes to the creation of ideas" -> the human act of creating ideas.
Let's check WordNet for "creation of ideas".
"creation" as in "the human act of creating" (sense 1).
Wait, "creation of ideas" is an act of creating.
Let's see: "creation" (1) the human act of creating.
"creation" (4) the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new.
"creation of ideas" is more like "creative activity" (sense 1).
Let's consider "creation of ideas" -> "the human act of creating".
Is there a better fit?
"creation of ideas" -> "origination" (sense 4)?
"creation of ideas" is a general act of creating.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: creative activity.
Synonyms for sense 4: initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation.
"creation of ideas" is not necessarily "starting something for the first time" in the sense of founding an institution, but rather the act of creating (ideas).
Wait, "creation of ideas" is the human act of creating.
Let's choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read sense 1: "the human act of creating".
Sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new".
"creation of ideas" -> "creative activity".
I will go with sense 1.
Let's double check. "creation of ideas" -> "the human act of creating".
Yes, "creation" in "creation of ideas" is the act of creating.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Let's review the context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth".
"creation of ideas" = the human act of creating ideas.
Sense 1: creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity.
I'll output 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ideas" in the context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
The context talks about the creation of ideas, innovation, thoughts, concepts, which lead to economic growth.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. idea%1:09:00:: the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about (synonyms: thought). "creation of ideas" -> creation of thoughts, concepts, innovations.
2. idea%1:09:01:: your intention; what you intend to do.
3. idea%1:09:03:: a personal view.
4. idea%1:09:02:: an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth.
5. idea%1:10:00:: (music) melodic subject of a musical composition.

"creation of ideas" fits best with sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" (thoughts, concepts, innovations).
Let's double check. "creation of ideas" -> creation of thoughts/concepts.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Context: "diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth"
Sense 1: the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about. Synonyms: thought.
Yes, "creation of ideas" means generating new thoughts, concepts, or innovations.
I will choose sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "proportion" in the context: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners".
The context talks about a part of a whole (a large part of naturalised immigrants).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. proportion%1:24:00:: - the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole.
2. proportion%1:07:00:: - magnitude or extent (e.g., a building of vast proportions).
3. proportion%1:25:00:: - balance among the parts of something.
4. proportion%1:24:01:: - the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree. Synonyms: ratio. Examples: an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin.
5. proportion%1:07:01:: - harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole.

The phrase "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants" matches the example "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations" or "a large proportion of gin". This is sense 4.
Let's double check.
Sense 4: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree"
Example: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations"
Context: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners"
This perfectly matches sense 4.
Sense 1 is more about the mathematical quotient.
Sense 4 is about the comparative quantity or part of a whole.

Let's review the options.
1. quotient
2. magnitude or extent
3. balance
4. relation between things with respect to comparative quantity (ratio, part of a whole)
5. harmonious arrangement

"a large proportion of naturalised immigrants" -> sense 4.
I will output {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "American" in the context: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants".
The context refers to Nobel prize winners from the United States of America.
Sense 1: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture.
Sense 2: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "winners" in the context of "American Nobel prize winners".
The context talks about immigrants contributing to the creation of ideas and economic growth, and mentions that a large proportion of naturalized immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners.
A Nobel prize winner is someone who has achieved great success, an achiever.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. the contestant who wins the contest (victor)
2. a gambler who wins a bet
3. a person with a record of successes (achiever, success, succeeder)

A Nobel prize winner is a person with a record of successes, an achiever.
Sense 3 fits best.
Let's double check. Nobel prize winners are not just contestants who win a contest in the typical sense, but people with a record of successes (achievers).
Wait, "Nobel prize winners" could be seen as "contestant who wins the contest"? No, Nobel prize is an award for achievement, not a contest.
Sense 3: "a person with a record of successes" -> "achiever, success, succeeder".
Yes, Nobel prize winners are achievers.
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's review the examples for sense 3: "his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply".
This perfectly matches the idea of a Nobel prize winner being an achiever.
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Yahoo" in the context: "...whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants."
The context lists companies: Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay, and Yahoo.
Sense 1: a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture (yokel, rube, etc.)
Sense 2: one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
Sense 3: a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

The context clearly refers to the company/search engine Yahoo.
Therefore, sense 3 is the best match.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "contributors" in the context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."
The context talks about migrants making a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) to public budgets.
Sense 1: someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money. Synonyms: subscriber.
Sense 2: a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book.

The context clearly refers to contributing money (to social systems, public budgets).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "net contributors to social systems" -> contributing money.
Sense 1 is "someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money".
Sense 2 is "a writer whose work is published...".
So Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "budgets" in the context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

In the context, "total budgets of European countries" and "public budgets" refers to the sum of money allocated or the financial plan/summary of intended expenditures. Wait, "total budgets" usually refers to the sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (or the total financial resources). Let's look at the definitions.
Sense 1: a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.
Sense 2: a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them.

"averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries" -> this refers to the total sum of money allocated (the total budget amount).
"public budgets" -> could be either, but "total budgets" strongly points to the sum of money.
Let's consider "total budgets" as the total amount of money.
Wait, "budget" as a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (Sense 1).
"budget" as a summary of intended expenditures (Sense 2).
"total budgets of European countries" - the total amount of money.
Let's check the examples. "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" -> sum of money.
"the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" -> summary of intended expenditures.
"total budgets" -> sum of money. "1% of the total budgets" means 1% of the total sum of money.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries" -> 1% of the total sum of money.
"public budgets" -> public funds / sum of money.
I will choose Sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "total budgets of European countries". A country's budget is a summary of intended expenditures, but "1% of the total budgets" refers to the monetary amount. "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" fits "1% of the total budgets".
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: Labor
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Labor" in the context "The World Labor Organisation".
The World Labor Organisation (ILO) is an international organization dealing with labor issues, particularly international labor standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages (labour, working class, proletariat)
2. productive work (especially physical work done for wages) (labour, toil)
3. concluding state of pregnancy
4. an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (labor movement, trade union movement)
5. a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900
6. the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 (Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL)
7. any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted (undertaking, project, task)

Wait, "World Labor Organisation" refers to the organization dealing with labor (work, workers, employment).
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Let's check the definition of "World Labor Organisation". It's the International Labour Organization.
"Labour" in this context refers to "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" or "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages"?
Actually, "labor" in "World Labor Organisation" refers to the concept of work, employment, or the working class.
Let's see: "World Labor Organisation" -> "World Labour Organization".
Sense 1: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages.
Sense 2: productive work (especially physical work done for wages).
Wait, "labor" in "Department of Labor" or "World Labor Organization" usually refers to the workforce or the concept of work.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: labour, working class, proletariat.
Synonyms for sense 2: labour, toil.
Is "World Labor Organisation" about "productive work" or "working class"?
Actually, the ILO is the International Labour Organization. "Labour" here means work, employment, or the workforce.
Let's consider sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages".
Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)".
In "World Labor Organisation", "Labor" is used as a modifier. "Labor" meaning work or the workforce.
Let's check WordNet for "labor" in "Department of Labor".
Wait, sense 6 is "the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913". But this is specifically the US department.
What about "World Labor Organisation"? It's not the US department.
Could it be sense 1? "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" -> "labour, working class, proletariat".
Or sense 2? "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" -> "labour, toil".
Let's search for "World Labor Organisation" in WordNet or similar contexts.
"labor" as in "labor union", "labor movement" (sense 4).
But "World Labor Organisation" is an organization for "labor" (work/employment).
Let's look at the exact phrase "World Labor Organisation".
In WordNet, "labor" has:
1. a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages
2. productive work (especially physical work done for wages)
If I have to choose between 1 and 2, "World Labor Organisation" deals with "labor" as in work, employment, or the working class.
Actually, the International Labour Organization (ILO) is a UN agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting international labour standards.
"Labour" here is often synonymous with "work" or "the workforce".
Let's consider sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". Synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat.
Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)". Synonyms: labour, toil.
In "World Labor Organisation", "Labor" is a noun adjunct. Does it mean "work" or "working class"?
"International Labour Organization" -> "Organisation internationale du Travail" (Work). So it means "work" or "productive work".
Wait, "Travail" is work. So sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)".
Let's check if there is a better fit.
What about sense 1? "labour" as in "working class".
But "Organisation internationale du Travail" translates to "International Work Organization". So "labor" = "work".
Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check.
"productive work (especially physical work done for wages)"
Synonyms: labour, toil.
Examples: his labor did not require a great deal of skill.
Is "World Labor Organisation" referring to "productive work"? Yes, "labour" in this context is the general concept of work/employment.
Let's consider if "labor" in "World Labor Organisation" could be sense 1. "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". The ILO represents workers, employers, and governments. But the name itself translates to "Work".
Let's choose sense 2.
Wait, let's look at the candidates again.
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil
Could it be 1? "Labour" as in "Labour Party" is 5. "Labour" as in "working class" is 1.
In "World Labor Organisation", it's about "labor" as in "work".
I will go with 2.
Let's re-read the context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution..."
This is about work, employment, wages.
Sense 2: productive work (especially physical work done for wages).
I'll select 2.
Wait, let's think if "labor" in "World Labor Organization" is considered "a social class" or "productive work".
In many dictionaries, "labor" in "Department of Labor" or "International Labor Organization" refers to "workers collectively" or "work".
If it refers to "workers collectively", that might be closer to sense 1 (working class) or a different sense not listed, but sense 1 has "labour, working class, proletariat".
However, "International Labour Organization" is literally "Organisation internationale du Travail" (Work).
So "productive work" (sense 2) is the most accurate translation of the concept.
Let's choose 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organisation
Target surface form: Organisation
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, system | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
4. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, system | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business | synonyms=organization | examples=he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department
6. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: | definition=the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically | synonyms=organization | examples=his organization of the work force was very efficient
7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, formation, organization | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Organisation" in the context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution..."
The World Labor Organisation (International Labour Organization) is a group of people who work together, or an organization.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something (administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization)
2. a group of people who work together (organization)
3. an organized structure for arranging or classifying (arrangement, organization, system)
4. an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized (organization, system)
5. the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business (organization)
6. the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically (organization)
7. the act of forming or establishing something (constitution, establishment, formation, organization)

Wait, "World Labor Organisation" is an organization, a group of people who work together.
Sense 2: "a group of people who work together" (synonyms: organization).
Sense 1: "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" (synonyms: administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization).

Is "World Labor Organisation" a group of people who work together? Yes, it's an organization.
Let's look at WordNet for "organization".
Sense 1: a group of people who work together (synonyms: organization, organisation)
Sense 2: the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something (synonyms: administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization, organisation)

Wait, "World Labor Organisation" is an organization.
In WordNet, "organization" has:
1. a group of people who work together
2. the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something
3. an organized structure for arranging or classifying
4. an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized
5. the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business
6. the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically
7. the act of forming or establishing something

"World Labor Organisation" is a specific organization, a group of people who work together.
Let's check sense 2: "a group of people who work together".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"World Labor Organisation" is an organization.
In WordNet, "organization" sense 1 is "a group of people who work together".
Let's see: "The World Labor Organisation estimates..."
This refers to the entity itself, a group of people who work together.
Sense 2 in the candidate list is: sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
Sense 1 in the candidate list is: sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization

Usually, "World Labor Organisation" is an organization (a group of people who work together).
Let's choose sense 2.
Wait, let's double check.
"organisation" in WordNet:
1.14.00: a group of people who work together
1.14.01: the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something

"World Labor Organisation" is an organization. It is a group of people who work together.
I will select 2.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
So {"sense_index": 2}.
Let's consider if "World Labor Organisation" is "the persons who make up a body for the purpose of administering something". No, it's the organization itself, which is a group of people who work together.
I'll go with 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "age" in the context: "an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution..."
The phrase is "at the age of 30".
This refers to a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises, or simply a specific number of years of life.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. how long something has existed (e.g., age of a building)
2. an era of history (e.g., Stone Age)
3. a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises (e.g., school age, age of 30)
4. a prolonged period of time (e.g., for ages)
5. a late time of life (e.g., old age)

Sense 3 fits perfectly: "a time of life (usually defined in years)". "at the age of 30" specifies a time of life defined in years.

Let's double check.
"age of 30" -> time of life defined in years.
Sense 3: "a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises"
Examples: "she was now of school age; tall for his eld"
Yes, sense 3 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contribution
Target surface form: contribution
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work
2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation
3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation
4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest
5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "contribution" in the context: "an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
The context explicitly mentions "an average of 150,000 Euros", which is an amount of money.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. the part played by a person in bringing about a result
2. a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause
3. act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity
4. an amount of money contributed
5. a writing for publication

Sense 4: "an amount of money contributed" fits perfectly with "150,000 Euros".
Let's double check.
"make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros"
This is an amount of money contributed.
Sense 4 is the best fit.
Sense 1 is more abstract (part played).
Sense 2 is a voluntary gift.
Sense 3 is act of giving to a charity.
Sense 4 is an amount of money contributed.
Sense 5 is a writing.

Therefore, sense 4 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 4}.
I will output this.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditure
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "expenditure".
Context: "...an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
The context talks about "receipts less expenditure", which refers to money paid out or an amount spent.
Sense 1: money paid out; an amount spent (synonyms: outgo, spending, outlay).
Sense 2: the act of spending money for goods or services.
Sense 3: the act of consuming something.

"receipts less expenditure" refers to the amount of money spent (an amount spent).
Sense 1 fits best.
Let's double check. "receipts less expenditure" -> receipts (money received) less expenditure (money paid out).
Sense 1 is "money paid out; an amount spent".
Sense 2 is "the act of spending money for goods or services".
Sense 1 is the most appropriate for "an amount spent" in the context of a budget calculation (receipts less expenditure).
I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:00:: | definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00:: | definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. sense_key=average%1:09:01:: | definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "average" in the context: "an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
The word "average" here refers to a statistic describing the location of a distribution, or an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual.
Wait, let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:00:: | definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00:: | definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. sense_key=average%1:09:01:: | definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average

Wait, "an average of 150,000 Euros" is a statistic describing the location of a distribution (mean).
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "it set the norm for American homes"
Wait, "average" as a noun meaning "a statistic describing the location of a distribution" (mean).
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
Sense 1: a statistic describing the location of a distribution.
Sense 3: an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual.
In the context, "an average of 150,000 Euros" is a statistical average (mean).
Let's see: "an average of 150,000 Euros" -> a statistic describing the location of a distribution.
Let's check WordNet for "average" noun.
average%1:09:00:: "a statistic describing the location of a distribution"
average%1:09:01:: "an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual"
"an average of 150,000 Euros" is a statistic.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"an average of 150,000 Euros" -> a statistic describing the location of a distribution.
Yes, "average" as a noun meaning the arithmetic mean.
Sense 1 is "a statistic describing the location of a distribution".
Sense 3 is "an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual".
The context is about a calculated net contribution, which is a statistical average.
So sense 1.
Wait, let's review the exact wording. "an average of 150,000 Euros". This is a statistic.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "budgets" in the context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

In the context, "public budgets" refers to the sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (the public sector's funds), or the summary of intended expenditures?
Wait, "total budgets of European countries" and "public budgets".
Is it the sum of money allocated (1) or the summary of intended expenditures (2)?
"total budgets of European countries" -> the sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (the country's budget).
Let's check the examples. "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" -> sum of money.
"the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" -> summary of intended expenditures.
"public budgets" -> the sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (the public sector's funds).
Wait, "total budgets of European countries" - a country's budget is a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (or the whole government's spending).
Let's consider "budget%1:21:02::" vs "budget%1:21:03::".
"total budgets of European countries" -> the sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.
Actually, 1 is "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose".
2 is "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them".
"public budgets" in this context refers to the funds (sum of money) that the public sector has. "make a net contribution ... to public budgets" means contributing money to the public funds.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"total budgets of European countries" -> the sum of money allocated.
"public budgets" -> the sum of money allocated.
Yes, sense 1.
Wait, "budget" as a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.
"public budgets" = public funds.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mandate
Target surface form: mandate
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
2. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
3. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "mandate".
Context: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.'"
This refers to Nicolas Sarkozy's term in office, his political mandate, the commission given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory.
Sense 1: a document giving an official instruction or command.
Sense 2: a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I...
Sense 3: the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory.

Sense 3 fits perfectly.
"mandate" in the context of a politician's term or the authority given by voters.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "growth" in the context: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.'"
The context is about economic growth, missing points of growth (economic expansion).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. biological growth
2. progression from simpler to more complex forms (growth of culture)
3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment) - examples: the increase in unemployment; the growth of population. This fits "economic growth" or "points of growth".
4. vegetation
5. gradual beginning or coming forth
6. pathology (tumor)
7. something grown or growing (hair)

Sense 3 is the best fit for "economic growth" or "points of growth" in an economic context.
Let's double check. "missing points of growth" refers to economic growth, which is a process of becoming larger or more important (increase in GDP, etc.).
Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" synonyms: increase, increment.
Yes, sense 3 is the correct one.
Context: "missing points of growth" -> economic growth.
Sense 3 is the most appropriate.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: question
Target surface form: question
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=question%1:10:00:: | definition=an instance of questioning | synonyms=inquiry, enquiry, query, interrogation | examples=there was a question about my training; we made inquiries of all those who were present
2. sense_key=question%1:10:01:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=head | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
3. sense_key=question%1:10:03:: | definition=a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply | synonyms=interrogation, interrogative, interrogative sentence | examples=he asked a direct question; he had trouble phrasing his interrogations
4. sense_key=question%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise
5. sense_key=question%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote | synonyms=motion | examples=he made a motion to adjourn; she called for the question
6. sense_key=question%1:10:04:: | definition=an informal reference to a marriage proposal | examples=he was ready to pop the question

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "question" in the context: "The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect."
The phrase "in question" means "the subject matter at issue" or "being discussed or referred to".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. an instance of questioning
2. the subject matter at issue (synonyms: head; examples: the question of disease merits serious discussion)
3. a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply
4. uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something
5. a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote
6. an informal reference to a marriage proposal

The phrase "in question" refers to the specific thing being discussed or referred to.
Sense 2: "the subject matter at issue" fits perfectly. "The teeth in question" means "the teeth being discussed" or "the teeth at issue".

Let's double check.
"the question of disease merits serious discussion" -> "the subject matter at issue".
"in question" is an idiom meaning "being considered or discussed".
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Context: "The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect."
"question" here means the subject matter at issue.
Index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effect" in the context: "The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>."
The context talks about an action (intended to serve to dissuade immigrants) having a result or consequence (precisely the opposite effect).
Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot).
Sense 2: an outward appearance.
Sense 3: an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived).
Sense 4: the central meaning or theme.
Sense 5: (of a law) having legal validity.
Sense 6: a symptom caused by an illness or a drug.

The "opposite effect" means the opposite result or consequence.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "had precisely the opposite effect" -> "had precisely the opposite consequence/result".
Matches sense 1.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pound
Target surface form: pound
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pound%1:23:09:: | definition=16 ounces avoirdupois | synonyms=lb | examples=he got a hernia when he tried to lift 100 pounds
2. sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid
3. sense_key=pound%1:23:10:: | definition=a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy
4. sense_key=pound%1:23:08:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Syrian pound
5. sense_key=pound%1:23:07:: | definition=the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Sudanese pound
6. sense_key=pound%1:23:05:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Lebanese pound
7. sense_key=pound%1:23:04:: | definition=formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=Irish pound, Irish punt, punt
8. sense_key=pound%1:23:03:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Egyptian pound
9. sense_key=pound%1:23:02:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents | synonyms=Cypriot pound
10. sense_key=pound%1:23:00:: | definition=a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec | synonyms=lbf.
11. sense_key=pound%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) | synonyms=Ezra Pound, Ezra Loomis Pound
12. sense_key=pound%1:10:00:: | definition=a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) | synonyms=pound sign
13. sense_key=pound%1:06:00:: | definition=a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs | synonyms=dog pound | examples=unlicensed dogs will be taken to the pound
14. sense_key=pound%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) | synonyms=hammer, hammering, pounding | examples=the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard; the pounding of feet on the hallway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."
The word "pound" here refers to the British currency, as Deutsche Bank is a German bank but the fine is in pounds (or it's a general reference to the British pound, or maybe just the currency unit). Wait, "multi-million pound fine" usually refers to British pounds (GBP).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. 16 ounces avoirdupois
2. the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence (British pound, pound sterling, quid)
3. apothecary weight
4. Syrian pound
5. Sudanese pound
6. Lebanese pound
7. Irish pound
8. Egyptian pound
9. Cypriot pound
10. unit of force
11. Ezra Pound
12. pound sign
13. dog pound
14. act of pounding

"multi-million pound fine" -> British pound.
Sense 2 is "the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence".
This perfectly matches "pound" in "multi-million pound fine".
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: usa
Target surface form: USA
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t> Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, US
2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: | definition=the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare | synonyms=United States Army, US Army, Army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "usa" and the surface form is "USA".
The context is: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t> Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."
The context clearly refers to the country, the United States of America.
Candidate sense 1: North American republic containing 50 states... synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, US.
Candidate sense 2: the army of the United States of America... synonyms=United States Army, US Army, Army.

The context refers to the country, so sense 1 is the correct choice.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trouble
Target surface form: trouble
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh <t>trouble</t> is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trouble%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=problem | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
2. sense_key=trouble%1:11:01:: | definition=an angry disturbance | synonyms=fuss, bother, hassle | examples=he didn't want to make a fuss; they had labor trouble
3. sense_key=trouble%1:11:00:: | definition=an event causing distress or pain | examples=what is the trouble?; heart trouble
4. sense_key=trouble%1:04:02:: | definition=an effort that is inconvenient | synonyms=difficulty | examples=I went to a lot of trouble; he won without any trouble
5. sense_key=trouble%1:12:03:: | definition=a strong feeling of anxiety | synonyms=worry | examples=his worry over the prospect of being fired; it is not work but worry that kills
6. sense_key=trouble%1:26:02:: | definition=an unwanted pregnancy | examples=he got several girls in trouble

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "trouble" in the context: "Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."
The context talks about a "multi-million pound fine" and "problems at home" and "disputes arising from the bankruptcy".
This indicates a source of difficulty or a problem.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trouble%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=problem | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
2. sense_key=trouble%1:11:01:: | definition=an angry disturbance | synonyms=fuss, bother, hassle | examples=he didn't want to make a fuss; they had labor trouble
3. sense_key=trouble%1:11:00:: | definition=an event causing distress or pain | examples=what is the trouble?; heart trouble
4. sense_key=trouble%1:04:02:: | definition=an effort that is inconvenient | synonyms=difficulty | examples=I went to a lot of trouble; he won without any trouble
5. sense_key=trouble%1:12:03:: | definition=a strong feeling of anxiety | synonyms=worry | examples=his worry over the prospect of being fired; it is not work but worry that kills
6. sense_key=trouble%1:26:02:: | definition=an unwanted pregnancy | examples=he got several girls in trouble

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "a source of difficulty", synonym "problem". The text explicitly says "As if the problems at home were not already enough...".
So sense 1 is the best match.
Checking sense 1: "a source of difficulty" -> "Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar..."
Yes, sense 1.
End of thought.