[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus <t>time</t> their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time | synonyms=clock | examples=he clocked the runners
2. sense_key=time%2:31:00:: | definition=assign a time for an activity or event | examples=The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene
3. sense_key=time%2:31:01:: | definition=set the speed, duration, or execution of | examples=we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely
4. sense_key=time%2:30:01:: | definition=regulate or set the time of | examples=time the clock
5. sense_key=time%2:30:06:: | definition=adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time | examples=The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "time" in the context: "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus <t>time</t> their pulls."
The ringers are adjusting the moment they pull the rope so that it happens at the desired time, coordinating with the other ropes.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. measure the time or duration (clock)
2. assign a time for an activity or event
3. set the speed, duration, or execution of
4. regulate or set the time of (time the clock)
5. adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time (The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely)

In the context, the ringers are timing their pulls, meaning they are adjusting the moment they apply force (pull the rope) so that the action occurs at the desired time, coordinating with the other ropes. This perfectly matches sense 5: "adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time". The example "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely" is very similar to timing a pull on a rope.

Let's double check.
"thus time their pulls" -> adjust the timing of their pulls so that the force is applied at the desired time.
Sense 5 fits perfectly.
Sense 3 is "set the speed, duration, or execution of" (e.g., time the process to manufacture our cars).
Sense 5 is "adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time". Pulling a rope is applying a force.

Therefore, sense 5 is the best match.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pull
Target surface form: pulls
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their <t>pulls</t>. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pull%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you | synonyms=pulling | examples=the pull up the hill had him breathing harder; his strenuous pulling strained his back
2. sense_key=pull%1:19:00:: | definition=the force used in pulling | examples=the pull of the moon; the pull of the current
3. sense_key=pull%1:07:00:: | definition=special advantage or influence | synonyms=clout | examples=the chairman's nephew has a lot of pull
4. sense_key=pull%1:06:01:: | definition=a device used for pulling something | examples=he grabbed the pull and opened the drawer
5. sense_key=pull%1:26:00:: | definition=a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments | synonyms=wrench, twist | examples=the wrench to his knee occurred as he fell; he was sidelined with a hamstring pull
6. sense_key=pull%1:04:01:: | definition=a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke) | synonyms=puff, drag | examples=he took a puff on his pipe; he took a drag on his cigarette and expelled the smoke slowly
7. sense_key=pull%1:04:02:: | definition=a sustained effort | examples=it was a long pull but we made it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "pulls" in the context of bell ringing.
"using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls."
The ringers are pulling ropes. A "pull" here refers to the act of pulling the rope.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pull%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you | synonyms=pulling | examples=the pull up the hill had him breathing harder; his strenuous pulling strained his back
2. sense_key=pull%1:19:00:: | definition=the force used in pulling
3. sense_key=pull%1:07:00:: | definition=special advantage or influence
4. sense_key=pull%1:06:01:: | definition=a device used for pulling something
5. sense_key=pull%1:26:00:: | definition=a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments
6. sense_key=pull%1:04:01:: | definition=a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke)
7. sense_key=pull%1:04:02:: | definition=a sustained effort

Sense 1 is "the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you". This perfectly matches the ringers timing their pulls (the act of pulling the rope).

Let's double check.
"each pulling a rope" -> "time their pulls" -> the act of pulling.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: Far
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. <t>Far</t> above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Far" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."
The context describes the physical location of the bells relative to the ringers. The bells are "Far above in the belfry".
This indicates a great distance in space.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. far%4:02:02:: to a considerable degree; very much
2. far%4:02:00:: at or to or from a great distance in space
3. far%4:02:04:: at or to a certain point or degree
4. far%4:02:01:: remote in time
5. far%4:02:05:: to an advanced stage or point

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "at or to or from a great distance in space". The bells are far above (a great distance in space).

Let's double check.
"Far above in the belfry" -> spatial distance.
Sense 2 is the best match.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: above
Target surface form: above
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far <t>above</t> in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=above%4:02:00:: | definition=at an earlier place | synonyms=supra | examples=see above
2. sense_key=above%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to a place that is higher | synonyms=higher up, in a higher place, to a higher place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "above".
Context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."
The word "above" here refers to a physical location that is higher up (in the belfry, which is above the ringing chamber).
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=above%4:02:00:: | definition=at an earlier place | synonyms=supra | examples=see above
2. sense_key=above%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to a place that is higher | synonyms=higher up, in a higher place, to a higher place

Sense 2 fits perfectly, as it means "in or to a place that is higher".
The bells are physically higher up in the belfry.
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bronze
Target surface form: bronze
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge <t>bronze</t> bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bronze%5:00:00:chromatic:00 | definition=of the color of bronze | synonyms=bronzy
2. sense_key=bronze%5:00:00:metallic:00 | definition=made from or consisting of bronze

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "bronze" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."
The word "bronze" modifies "bells".
Bells are made of bronze.
Sense 1: of the color of bronze
Sense 2: made from or consisting of bronze
The bells are made of bronze, not just colored bronze.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze <t>bells</t>, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "bells" in the context of "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
This refers to the physical objects, hollow devices made of metal that make a ringing sound when struck.
Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck"
Sense 3: "the sound of a bell being struck"
Sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument"

The context describes "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees". This perfectly matches Sense 1: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.

Let's check Sense 1.
"a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck"
Yes, bronze bells mounted on wheels.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mount
Target surface form: mounted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, <t>mounted</t> on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mount%2:35:00:: | definition=attach to a support | examples=They mounted the aerator on a floating
2. sense_key=mount%2:30:00:: | definition=go up or advance | synonyms=wax, climb, rise | examples=Sales were climbing after prices were lowered
3. sense_key=mount%2:30:01:: | definition=fix onto a backing, setting, or support | examples=mount slides for macroscopic analysis
4. sense_key=mount%2:36:00:: | definition=put up or launch | examples=mount a campaign against pornography
5. sense_key=mount%2:38:01:: | definition=get up on the back of | synonyms=hop on, mount up, get on, jump on, climb on, bestride | examples=mount a horse
6. sense_key=mount%2:38:00:: | definition=go upward with gradual or continuous progress | synonyms=climb, climb up, go up | examples=Did you ever climb up the hill behind your house?
7. sense_key=mount%2:36:01:: | definition=prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance | synonyms=put on | examples=mount a theater production; mount an attack
8. sense_key=mount%2:35:07:: | definition=copulate with | synonyms=ride | examples=The bull was riding the cow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "mounted" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."
The bells are attached to or fixed onto wheels.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. mount%2:35:00:: | definition=attach to a support | examples=They mounted the aerator on a floating
2. mount%2:30:00:: | definition=go up or advance
3. mount%2:30:01:: | definition=fix onto a backing, setting, or support | examples=mount slides for macroscopic analysis
4. mount%2:36:00:: | definition=put up or launch
5. mount%2:38:01:: | definition=get up on the back of
6. mount%2:38:00:: | definition=go upward with gradual or continuous progress
7. mount%2:36:01:: | definition=prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance
8. mount%2:35:07:: | definition=copulate with

Sense 1: "attach to a support" - "mounted on wheels" fits perfectly. The wheels act as a support or base to which the bells are attached.
Sense 3: "fix onto a backing, setting, or support" - usually for slides, pictures, etc.
Sense 1 is the best fit for "mounted on wheels".

Let's double check.
"attach to a support" -> "mounted on wheels"
Yes, sense 1.
Wait, let's review sense 1 vs sense 3.
Sense 1: attach to a support. Example: They mounted the aerator on a floating...
Sense 3: fix onto a backing, setting, or support. Example: mount slides for macroscopic analysis.
"mounted on wheels" -> the wheels are a support. Sense 1 is more appropriate for attaching a large object to a support structure like wheels.

Let's check the context again: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly"
This means the bells are attached to wheels.
Sense 1: attach to a support.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wheel
Target surface form: wheels
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on <t>wheels</t>, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wheel%1:06:00:: | definition=a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)
2. sense_key=wheel%1:06:05:: | definition=a handwheel that is used for steering | synonyms=steering wheel
3. sense_key=wheel%1:07:00:: | definition=forces that provide energy and direction | examples=the wheels of government began to turn
4. sense_key=wheel%1:06:01:: | definition=a circular helm to control the rudder of a vessel
5. sense_key=wheel%1:06:03:: | definition=game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling; the wheel rotates horizontally and players bet on which slot the roulette ball will stop in | synonyms=roulette wheel
6. sense_key=wheel%1:06:02:: | definition=an instrument of torture that stretches or disjoints or mutilates victims | synonyms=rack
7. sense_key=wheel%1:06:06:: | definition=a wheeled vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals | synonyms=bicycle, bike, cycle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "wheels" in the context of "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
The bells are mounted on a circular frame with spokes or a solid disc that can rotate on a shaft or axle, allowing them to swing.
Sense 1: "a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)"
This perfectly matches the physical wheels on which the bells are mounted to swing.
Let's check the other senses:
2. steering wheel - no
3. forces that provide energy - no
4. circular helm - no
5. roulette wheel - no
6. instrument of torture - no
7. bicycle - no

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Context: "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees"
Sense 1: a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines).
Matches perfectly.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, <t>swing</t> madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%2:38:02:: | definition=move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting | examples=He swung his left fist; swing a bat
2. sense_key=swing%2:38:00:: | definition=move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner | synonyms=sway | examples=He swung back
3. sense_key=swing%2:38:03:: | definition=change direction with a swinging motion; turn | examples=swing back; swing forward
4. sense_key=swing%2:41:01:: | definition=influence decisively | synonyms=swing over | examples=This action swung many votes over to his side
5. sense_key=swing%2:35:00:: | definition=make a big sweeping gesture or movement | synonyms=sweep, swing out
6. sense_key=swing%2:42:00:: | definition=hang freely | synonyms=dangle, drop | examples=the ornaments dangled from the tree; The light dropped from the ceiling
7. sense_key=swing%2:33:00:: | definition=hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement | examples=The soccer player began to swing at the referee
8. sense_key=swing%2:30:08:: | definition=alternate dramatically between high and low values | examples=his mood swings; the market is swinging up and down
9. sense_key=swing%2:42:01:: | definition=live in a lively, modern, and relaxed style | examples=The Woodstock generation attempted to swing freely
10. sense_key=swing%2:42:10:: | definition=have a certain musical rhythm | examples=The music has to swing
11. sense_key=swing%2:41:00:: | definition=be a social swinger; socialize a lot | synonyms=get around
12. sense_key=swing%2:36:03:: | definition=play with a subtle and intuitively felt sense of rhythm
13. sense_key=swing%2:35:08:: | definition=engage freely in promiscuous sex, often with the husband or wife of one's friends | examples=There were many swinging couples in the 1960's

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about bell ringing. "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
The bells are hanging and moving in a swinging motion.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting
2. move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner
3. change direction with a swinging motion; turn
4. influence decisively
5. make a big sweeping gesture or movement
6. hang freely (dangle, drop) - wait, bells swing, but do they hang freely? "hang freely" is dangle.
Wait, let's re-read the definition of sense 2: "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner"
Wait, what about sense 6? "hang freely" - synonyms: dangle, drop.
Let's consider "swing" as in a pendulum or a bell.
Is there a sense for "swing" meaning to move back and forth or in a circle?
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "He swung back"
Wait, sense 2: "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner"
Let's check sense 6: "hang freely" - "the ornaments dangled from the tree; The light dropped from the ceiling"
Wait, bells "swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
Is there a sense for "swing" meaning to move in a curve or arc? Sense 1: "move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting"
What about sense 3: "change direction with a swinging motion; turn"
Let's look at WordNet for "swing".
swing%2:38:00:: "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner"
swing%2:38:01:: "move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting"
swing%2:38:02:: "change direction with a swinging motion; turn"
Wait, the target is "swing" in "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
Is it sense 2? "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner"
Let's check WordNet 3.1:
swing v
1. swing, sway - move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner; "He swung back"
2. swing, swish, sweep, sweep - move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting; "He swung his left fist"; "swing a bat"
3. swing, turn - change direction with a swinging motion; "turn"; "swing back"; "swing forward"
4. swing - influence decisively; "This action swung many votes over to his side"
5. swing, sweep, swing out - make a big sweeping gesture or movement
6. swing, dangle, drop - hang freely; "the ornaments dangled from the tree"; "The light dropped from the ceiling"
7. swing - hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement; "The soccer player began to swing at the referee"
8. swing - alternate dramatically between high and low values; "his mood swings"; "the market is swinging up and down"
9. swing - live in a lively, modern, and relaxed style; "The Woodstock generation attempted to swing freely"
10. swing - have a certain musical rhythm; "The music has to swing"
11. swing, get around - be a social swinger; socialize a lot
12. swing - play with a subtle and intuitively felt sense of rhythm
13. swing - engage freely in promiscuous sex, often with the husband or wife of one's friends; "There were many swinging couples in the 1960's"

Wait, bells "swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
Is it sense 1 (move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner)?
Or sense 6 (hang freely)?
Or sense 3 (change direction with a swinging motion; turn)?
Actually, bells swing. "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" (sense 1 in my list, sense_key=swing%2:38:00::).
Wait, "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" is sense 1 in the candidate list (index 2).
Let's re-read the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%2:38:02:: | definition=move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting
2. sense_key=swing%2:38:00:: | definition=move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner | synonyms=sway | examples=He swung back
3. sense_key=swing%2:38:03:: | definition=change direction with a swinging motion; turn | examples=swing back; swing forward
4. sense_key=swing%2:41:01:: | definition=influence decisively
5. sense_key=swing%2:35:00:: | definition=make a big sweeping gesture or movement
6. sense_key=swing%2:42:00:: | definition=hang freely | synonyms=dangle, drop
7. sense_key=swing%2:33:00:: | definition=hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement
8. sense_key=swing%2:30:08:: | definition=alternate dramatically between high and low values
9. sense_key=swing%2:42:01:: | definition=live in a lively, modern, and relaxed style
10. sense_key=swing%2:42:10:: | definition=have a certain musical rhythm
11. sense_key=swing%2:41:00:: | definition=be a social swinger; socialize a lot
12. sense_key=swing%2:36:03:: | definition=play with a subtle and intuitively felt sense of rhythm
13. sense_key=swing%2:35:08:: | definition=engage freely in promiscuous sex

Wait, "swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
Is it sense 2? "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner"
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"change direction with a swinging motion; turn" (sense 3)
"hang freely" (sense 6)
"move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting" (sense 1)
The bells are "mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
This is a swinging motion. Sense 2: "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner".
Wait, could it be sense 2? Yes, "sway" is a synonym.
Let's consider "swing" as in a pendulum. "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner".
Is there any other sense?
What about "swing" meaning to move back and forth?
In WordNet, "swing" (v) has:
1. swing, sway - move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner; "He swung back"
This is the most general sense for swinging motion.
Let's check if "swing" in "bells swing" is sense 1 (index 2).
Yes, "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner".
Wait, the bells "swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
Is it sense 2?
Let's look at the candidates again.
Candidate 2: sense_key=swing%2:38:00:: | definition=move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner | synonyms=sway | examples=He swung back
Candidate 3: sense_key=swing%2:38:03:: | definition=change direction with a swinging motion; turn | examples=swing back; swing forward
Candidate 6: sense_key=swing%2:42:00:: | definition=hang freely | synonyms=dangle, drop | examples=the ornaments dangled from the tree; The light dropped from the ceiling

The bells are "mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
This is a swinging motion. Sense 2 (index 2) is "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner".
I will choose 2.
Wait, let's think if "change direction with a swinging motion; turn" is better. "swing madly through a full 360 degrees" - this is a continuous swinging motion, not just changing direction.
"move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" fits "swing madly".
I'll go with 2.
Let's double check.
"the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees"
Sense 2: move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner.
Yes, 2 is the best fit.
Another option: 6 (hang freely). But they are "mounted on wheels" and "swing madly", which is an active motion, not just hanging freely.
So 2 is the best.
Index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: madly
Target surface form: madly
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing <t>madly</t> through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=madly%4:02:02:: | definition=in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=frantically | examples=she fought back madly
2. sense_key=madly%4:02:01:: | definition=in an insane manner | synonyms=insanely, crazily, dementedly | examples=she behaved insanely; he behaves crazily when he is off his medication
3. sense_key=madly%4:02:00:: | definition=(used as intensives) extremely | synonyms=insanely, deadly, deucedly, devilishly | examples=she was madly in love; deadly dull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "madly".
Context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
The bells are swinging in an uncontrolled, wild, or frantic manner.
Candidate senses:
1. in an uncontrolled manner (frantically)
2. in an insane manner (insanely, crazily, dementedly)
3. (used as intensives) extremely (insanely, deadly, deucedly, devilishly)

The bells swing "madly" through a full 360 degrees. This describes the physical motion of the bells, which is wild, uncontrolled, or frantic.
Sense 1: "in an uncontrolled manner" fits perfectly with the physical swinging of the bells.
Sense 2: "in an insane manner" is more about mental state or behavior of a person.
Sense 3: "extremely" is an intensifier, which doesn't fit "swing extremely through a full 360 degrees".

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "swing madly" -> swing frantically, in an uncontrolled manner.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a <t>full</t> 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "full" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a <t>full</t> 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
The phrase is "a full 360 degrees".
This means the complete extent, the whole 360 degrees.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. containing as much or as many as is possible or normal (a full glass)
2. constituting the full quantity or extent; complete (entire, total) - "an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention"
3. complete in extent or degree and in every particular (total) - "a full game; a total eclipse"
Wait, "a full 360 degrees" means the complete quantity or extent.
Let's check sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" (entire, total).
Let's check sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" (total).
Is "full 360 degrees" sense 2 or 3?
Wait, "full" modifying a quantity like "360 degrees" or "attention" or "town".
Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" synonyms=entire, total. Examples: "an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention".
Sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" synonyms=total. Examples: "a full game; a total eclipse".
Let's consider "full 360 degrees". It means the entire 360 degrees.
"full" as in "full attention" (sense 2).
Let's look at WordNet for "full".
full (adj)
1. containing as much or as many as is possible or normal
2. constituting the full quantity or extent; complete (entire, total) -> "an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention"
3. complete in extent or degree and in every particular (total) -> "a full game; a total eclipse"
Wait, "full 360 degrees" is a quantity. "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete".
Let's search for "full 360 degrees" or similar. "full" modifying a number or quantity usually falls under sense 2 (entire, total).
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "gave full attention".
Wait, sense 2 is "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete".
Sense 3 is "complete in extent or degree and in every particular".
Is "full 360 degrees" sense 2? Yes, "full" meaning "entire" or "total" quantity.
Let's re-read sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete". Synonyms: entire, total.
Let's re-read sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular". Synonyms: total.
"full 360 degrees" -> entire 360 degrees.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's think if "full" in "full 360 degrees" is sense 2.
"full" as in "a full 360 degrees" = "the entire 360 degrees".
Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete"
Sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular"
I'll go with 2.
Let's double check. "full" + number/quantity -> sense 2.
Example: "a full 360 degrees" -> "entire 360 degrees".
Yes, sense 2.
Let's review the options.
1. containing as much or as many as is possible or normal
2. constituting the full quantity or extent; complete
3. complete in extent or degree and in every particular
4. filled to satisfaction with food or drink
5. (of sound) having marked deepness and body
6. having the normally expected amount
7. being at a peak or culminating point
8. having ample fabric

"full 360 degrees" -> entire 360 degrees. Sense 2.
I am confident in 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degrees
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "degrees" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
The context mentions "360 degrees", which is a measure for arcs and angles.
Candidate sense 4: sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle.
This perfectly matches the context.
I will return {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "starting" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
The bells have a beginning (starting) and an ending in the inverted position.
This refers to having a beginning in a spatial or temporal sense.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. take the first step or steps in carrying out an action
2. set in motion, cause to start
3. leave
4. have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense (synonyms: begin; examples: The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro)
5. bring into being
6. get off the ground
7. move or jump suddenly
8. get going or set in motion
9. begin or set in motion
10. begin work or acting in a certain capacity
11. play in the starting lineup
12. have a beginning characterized in some specified way
13. begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object
14. bulge outward

"starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
This means the swing has a beginning (starting) in the inverted position.
Sense 4: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense"
Wait, "starting" here is an intransitive verb meaning "having a beginning".
Let's look at sense 4: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
Is there any other sense?
Sense 12: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" (e.g., The novel begins with a murder). But here it's "starting and ending ... in the inverted position".
Wait, sense 4 is "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
Let's re-read the sentence: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
This means the swing starts in the inverted position.
Sense 4 fits perfectly: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
Let's check sense 4 again. "The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro".
Yes, "starting" here means "beginning" in a spatial/temporal sense.
Let's consider sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". The bells are not taking a step.
Sense 4 is the best fit.
Let's double check sense 4 vs sense 12.
Sense 12: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" -> "The novel begins with a murder".
Sense 4: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
"starting and ending ... in the inverted position" -> spatial/temporal beginning.
I will choose sense 4.
Wait, let's look at the phrasing: "starting and ending ... in the inverted position".
This is exactly "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
I'll output 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: end
Target surface form: ending
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ending" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
The bells start and end in the inverted position.
This means they have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived

The bells "start and end" in the inverted position. This is an intransitive use: "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense".
Sense 1 is intransitive: "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense".
Sense 2 is transitive: "bring to an end or halt".
Sense 3 is transitive: "be the end of; be the last or concluding part of".
Sense 4 is transitive: "put an end to".

The bells are not bringing something to an end, they are the ones ending (intransitive).
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
Let's double check. "starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
Yes, intransitive. "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense".
Sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inverted
Target surface form: inverted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00 | definition=being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed | synonyms=upside-down | examples=a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake
2. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04:: | definition=(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk | synonyms=anatropous

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "inverted".
Context: "...starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
The bells are mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending in the inverted, or mouth-up position.
This means top and bottom are reversed (mouth-up instead of mouth-down).
Candidate sense 1: being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed. Synonyms: upside-down.
Candidate sense 2: (of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: position
Target surface form: position
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
2. sense_key=position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons | synonyms=military position
3. sense_key=position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=view, perspective | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
4. sense_key=position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
5. sense_key=position%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=status | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
6. sense_key=position%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=post, berth, office, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
7. sense_key=position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
8. sense_key=position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position
9. sense_key=position%1:04:02:: | definition=(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player | examples=what position does he play?
10. sense_key=position%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting something in a certain place | synonyms=placement, location, locating, positioning, emplacement
11. sense_key=position%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=situation | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
12. sense_key=position%1:09:01:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=stance, posture
13. sense_key=position%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=side | examples=there are two sides to every question
14. sense_key=position%1:10:01:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=place | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
15. sense_key=position%1:04:03:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, place, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
16. sense_key=position%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "position" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
The bells are in a specific physical arrangement or posture, specifically "inverted, or mouth-up".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. position%1:15:00:: the particular portion of space occupied by something (place)
4. position%1:07:01:: the arrangement of the body and its limbs (posture, attitude) - wait, bells don't have limbs, but "arrangement of the body" or physical orientation.
7. position%1:07:00:: the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated (spatial relation) - "the position of the hands on the clock"
Let's re-read 7: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" -> "the position of the hands on the clock"
Wait, "inverted, or mouth-up position" refers to the way in which the bells are situated or oriented.
Let's check 7: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated"
Let's check 1: "the particular portion of space occupied by something"
Let's check 4: "the arrangement of the body and its limbs" (posture)
Let's check 8: "the appropriate or customary location"
Let's check 7 again. "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" - "the position of the hands on the clock". The bells are in an inverted position. This is a spatial property or way in which something is situated.
Wait, let's look at 7: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated".
Is there a better fit?
What about 1? "the particular portion of space occupied by something" - "he put the lamp back in its place".
What about 7? "the position of the hands on the clock" - this is about orientation or way of being situated. "inverted, or mouth-up position" is exactly the way in which the bells are situated.
Let's consider "position" as orientation.
Is there an "orientation" sense? No.
Let's look at 7: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated".
Let's look at 4: "the arrangement of the body and its limbs".
Let's look at 1: "the particular portion of space occupied by something".
"inverted, or mouth-up position" -> this is the way in which the bells are situated.
Let's check WordNet for "position" senses.
Sense 7: position%1:07:00:: the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated.
Example: "the position of the hands on the clock"
This perfectly matches "inverted, or mouth-up position" (the way the bells are situated/oriented).
Let's double check if there's any other.
Sense 1: place. "he put the lamp back in its place".
Sense 7: spatial relation. "the position of the hands on the clock".
The bells are in an inverted position. This is a spatial property / way in which something is situated.
I will choose 7.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
This describes the orientation of the bells.
Sense 7: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated"
Synonyms: spatial relation.
Examples: "the position of the hands on the clock"
This is a very strong match for "inverted, or mouth-up position".
Let's confirm the sense index.
1. position%1:15:00::
2. position%1:15:02::
3. position%1:09:00::
4. position%1:07:01::
5. position%1:26:00::
6. position%1:04:01::
7. position%1:07:00::
8. position%1:15:03::
9. position%1:04:02::
10. position%1:04:00::
11. position%1:26:02::
12. position%1:09:01::
13. position%1:10:00::
14. position%1:10:01::
15. position%1:04:03::
16. position%1:04:04::

Sense 7 is the best fit.
"the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated"
Yes, "inverted, or mouth-up position" is the way in which the bells are situated.
I will output 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled <t>ringers</t> use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ringers" in the context of "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber... Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
The context clearly describes people ringing church bells.
Candidate sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" | synonyms=toller, bell ringer.
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "use" in the context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
The ringers are employing or utilizing their wrists for a particular purpose (to advance or retard the next swing).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose (utilize, utilise, apply, employ). Example: use your head!
2. take or consume (regularly or habitually) (habituate). Example: She uses drugs rarely.
3. use up, consume fully (expend). Example: The legislature expended its time on school questions.
4. seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage. Example: She uses her influential friends to get jobs.
5. avail oneself to (practice, apply). Example: apply a principle; practice a religion.
6. habitually do something (use only in the past tense). Example: She used to call her mother...

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "employ for a particular purpose". The ringers employ their wrists to advance or retard the next swing.
Let's double check. "use their wrists" -> employ their wrists.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1: put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose.
Yes, "use your head!" is similar to "use their wrists".
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: retard
Target surface form: retard
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate | examples=This drug will retard your heart rate
2. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed
3. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth or development of | synonyms=check, delay | examples=The brain damage will retard the child's language development
4. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up | examples=The car decelerated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "retard".
Context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
The ringers are controlling the swing of the bells. They can "advance or retard the next swing".
This means they cause the swing to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate, or slow the growth/development of? No, it's about the swing of the bell.
Wait, "advance or retard the next swing" means to make it happen earlier or later, or to speed up or slow down the swing.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate (e.g., retard your heart rate)
2. be delayed
3. slow the growth or development of (e.g., retard the child's language development)
4. lose velocity; move more slowly (intransitive: The car decelerated)

Wait, "retard" in "advance or retard the next swing" is transitive. "use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing".
Sense 1: cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate.
Sense 3: slow the growth or development of.
Sense 4: lose velocity; move more slowly (intransitive).

Is it sense 1? "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate".
Let's check the context: "advance or retard the next swing". To retard a swing means to slow it down or delay it.
Wait, "advance or retard" - advance means to move forward in time or speed up, retard means to delay or slow down.
Sense 1: cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate.
Sense 3: slow the growth or development of.
Sense 1 fits "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate" (e.g., retard the swing).
Wait, "retard the next swing" - does it mean delay it?
Let's see: "advance or retard the next swing".
If I advance a swing, I make it happen sooner. If I retard it, I make it happen later.
But sense 1 is "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate".
Is there a sense for "delay"?
Sense 2: be delayed (intransitive).
Sense 3: slow the growth or development of.
Sense 1: cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate.
Let's look at WordNet for "retard".
retard%2:30:01:: cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate. "This drug will retard your heart rate"
retard%2:30:07:: slow the growth or development of. "The brain damage will retard the child's language development"
retard%2:30:00:: lose velocity; move more slowly. "The car decelerated"

Wait, "retard the next swing" - the swing is a movement. So "cause to move more slowly" fits perfectly.
Let's consider "advance or retard". In bell ringing, you can advance or retard the bell's swing to change its position in the sequence.
"retard" here means to slow down the swing, i.e., cause it to move more slowly.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"
"retard" is transitive.
Sense 1 is transitive: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate".
Sense 3 is transitive: "slow the growth or development of". A swing is not growth or development.
Sense 4 is intransitive: "lose velocity; move more slowly".
So Sense 1 is the only transitive sense that applies to a physical movement (swing).

Let's review the definition of sense 1: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate".
Yes, "retard the next swing" = cause the next swing to move more slowly.

I will choose sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity | examples=the party went with a swing; it took time to get into the swing of things
2. sense_key=swing%1:06:00:: | definition=mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth
3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06:: | definition=a sweeping blow or stroke | examples=he took a wild swing at my head
4. sense_key=swing%1:04:00:: | definition=changing location by moving back and forth | synonyms=swinging, vacillation
5. sense_key=swing%1:10:01:: | definition=a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz | synonyms=swing music, jive
6. sense_key=swing%1:07:00:: | definition=a jaunty rhythm in music | synonyms=lilt
7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it | synonyms=golf stroke, golf shot
8. sense_key=swing%1:04:02:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, cut | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
9. sense_key=swing%1:04:04:: | definition=a square dance figure; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "swing" in the context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
The context is about bells swinging back and forth.
"changing location by moving back and forth" (sense 4) fits perfectly.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. state of steady vigorous action
2. mechanical device used as a plaything
3. sweeping blow or stroke
4. changing location by moving back and forth (synonyms: swinging, vacillation)
5. style of jazz
6. jaunty rhythm in music
7. act of swinging a golf club
8. baseball batter's attempt
9. square dance figure

The bells are "mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees". The ringers advance or retard the next "swing" (the act of the bell changing location by moving back and forth).
Sense 4 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"changing location by moving back and forth"
Yes, the bell swings back and forth (or full 360 degrees, which is a swinging motion).
Sense 4 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "so" in the context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
The phrase is "so that".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. so%4:02:02:: to a very great extent or degree
2. so%4:02:06:: in a manner that facilitates (examples: he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat)
3. so%4:02:05:: in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied
4. so%4:02:07:: to a certain unspecified extent or degree
5. so%4:02:08:: in the same way; also
6. so%4:02:04:: in the way indicated
7. so%4:02:03:: (usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed (examples: he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells)
8. so%4:02:09:: subsequently or soon afterward
9. so%4:02:10:: (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result
10. so%4:02:00:: in truth

Wait, "so that" in "so that one bell can swap places with another" means "in a manner that facilitates" or "in order that".
Let's check sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates" -> examples: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat". This perfectly matches "so that one bell can swap places with another".
Let's check sense 7: "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" -> examples: "he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells". This is "so [adjective] that [result]". Here it's "so that [purpose]".
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
This is a purpose clause. "so that" = "in order that" = "in a manner that facilitates".
Sense 2: in a manner that facilitates.
Examples: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" -> "so [that] he could describe".
Yes, sense 2 is the correct one.
Let's review the options.
1. degree
2. in a manner that facilitates
3. condition
4. extent
5. also
6. in the way indicated
7. so [adj] that
8. then
9. therefore
10. indeed

Sense 2 is definitely the one.
Context: "so that one bell can swap places with another"
Matches "so he could describe their behavior" (with 'that' omitted or included).
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.