[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: signal
Target surface form: signal
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "signal" in the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The context describes a cue or incitement to action for the ringers to begin varying the order.
Sense 1: any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message.
Sense 2: any incitement to action. Examples: "he awaited the signal to start"
Sense 3: an electric quantity...

The context says "at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order". This matches "he awaited the signal to start" (Sense 2).
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"at a signal" -> incitement to action.
Sense 2: any incitement to action.
Yes, sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ringers" in the context of church bells.
Context: "Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
This clearly refers to people who ring church bells.
Candidate sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" | synonyms=toller, bell ringer.
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense index is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "begin".
Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The ringers start varying the order.
Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out. Examples: We began working at dawn; Who will start?
Sense 3: set in motion, cause to start. Synonyms: lead off, start, commence. Examples: The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities.
Sense 8: begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object. Synonyms: start. Examples: begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot.

Wait, "begin varying" is taking the first step in carrying out an action (varying the order).
Let's check Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". "We began working at dawn". "the ringers begin varying the order". This matches perfectly.
Let's check Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start". "The U.S. started a war". The ringers are not causing something else to start, they are starting to do something themselves.
So Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's review the context: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound"
"begin" + gerund (varying).
Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" -> "began working".
This is exactly Sense 1.
Let's double check.
"begin varying" -> begin to vary.
Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action.
Yes, Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vary
Target surface form: varying
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather
4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "varying" in the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The ringers are changing the order of the bells.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence (change, alter)
2. be at variance with; be out of line with (deviate, diverge, depart)
3. be subject to change in accordance with a variable
4. make something more diverse and varied (variegate, motley)

In the context, "varying the order" means changing or altering the order.
Sense 1: "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence" - synonyms: change, alter.
Wait, "varying the order" is transitive here: "varying the order".
Sense 1 is intransitive or transitive? "become different" is intransitive, but "change, alter" can be transitive.
Let's check WordNet for "vary".
Sense 1: vary%2:30:01:: become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence. (change, alter)
Wait, "vary" can be transitive: "vary the order".
Is there a transitive sense?
Sense 4: make something more diverse and varied (variegate, motley). "Vary the menu".
But "varying the order" is more like "changing the order".
Let's re-read Sense 1: "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence". Synonyms: change, alter.
Wait, "vary" as in "vary the order" -> change the order.
Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season". These are intransitive.
Is "vary" transitive in Sense 1? Yes, "alter" is transitive.
What about Sense 4? "make something more diverse and varied". "Vary the menu".
Does "varying the order" mean making it more diverse, or just changing it? "Each variation, or change, can occur only once". The text says "Each variation, or change...". So "varying" = "changing".
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit, as it aligns with "change, alter".

Let's look at the context again: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once..."
The text explicitly equates "variation" with "change".
Sense 1 has synonyms "change, alter".
So Sense 1 is the correct choice.
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 1: vary%2:30:01::
Sense 2: vary%2:42:00::
Sense 3: vary%2:42:01::
Sense 4: vary%2:30:04::

"varying the order" -> changing the order.
Sense 1 is "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence" (change, alter).
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's consider if "vary" in "varying the order" is Sense 1.
Yes, "change, alter" are the synonyms.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
So {"sense_index": 1}.
Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: order
Target surface form: order
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: | definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: | definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: | definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: | definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: | definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: | definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: | definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: | definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: | definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: | definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "order" in the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The context talks about varying the sequence or arrangement in which the bells sound.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. command given by a superior
2. degree in a continuum of size or quantity
3. established customary state
4. logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements (synonyms: ordering, ordination)
5. condition of regular or proper arrangement
6. legally binding command
7. commercial document
8. formal association
9. body of rules
10. status or rank of a Christian clergyman
11. group of person living under a religious rule
12. taxonomic group
13. request for something to be made
14. architecture style
15. the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement

Wait, "varying the order in which the bells sound" refers to the sequence or arrangement of the bells.
Sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements" (synonyms: ordering, ordination). Example: "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation".
Sense 15: "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement" (synonyms: ordering). Example: "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list".

Let's read the context again: "varying the order in which the bells sound".
Is it the arrangement (sense 4) or the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement (sense 15)?
"varying the order" -> "order" here is a noun meaning the sequence or arrangement.
Sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements".
Sense 15: "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement".
"varying the order" -> the sequence itself, not the act of ordering.
Let's check sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements".
Wait, sense 4 is "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements".
Let's check WordNet for "order" meaning sequence.
WordNet 3.1:
order (n)
1. order, monastic order (a group of person living under a religious rule)
2. order (a degree in a continuum of size or quantity)
3. order (a condition of regular or proper arrangement)
4. order, ordering (the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement)
5. order (a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities)
6. order (a request for something to be made, supplied, or served)
7. order (often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed
8. order (a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge))
9. order (a body of rules followed by an assembly)
10. order (logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements)
11. order (established customary state (especially of society))
12. order (usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy
13. order (a formal association of people with similar interests)
14. order (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
15. order (architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans

Wait, the prompt says:
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

"varying the order in which the bells sound"
Is it the arrangement (4) or the act (15)?
"varying the order" -> the sequence. "order" here is the arrangement itself.
"we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation" -> this matches "varying the order in which the bells sound".
So sense 4 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"varying the order in which the bells sound"
"order" = sequence, arrangement.
Sense 4: logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements.
Sense 15: the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement.
The bells are sounding in a certain order (arrangement/sequence). It's not the act of putting them in order, but the sequence itself.
Therefore, sense 4 is the correct choice.
Let's review the prompt's candidate 4:
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation

Yes, "inverse order of their presentation" is very similar to "order in which the bells sound".
I will output 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "bells" in the context of "church bells", "ringing them", "playing tunes on bells", "weigh more than a ton", "highest-pitched bell to the lowest", "varying the order in which the bells sound".
This clearly refers to a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.
Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck"
Sense 3: "the sound of a bell being struck" (but the context says "weigh more than a ton", "highest-pitched bell", "12 bells", which are physical objects, not just the sound).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"some bells weigh more than a ton" -> physical object.
"as many as 12 bells" -> physical objects.
Sense 1 is the correct sense.
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sound" in the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The bells are making a noise or sound.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. appear in a certain way (This sounds interesting)
2. make a certain noise or sound (She went 'Mmmmm'; The gun went 'bang')
3. give off a certain sound or sounds (This record sounds scratchy)
4. announce by means of a sound (sound the alarm)
5. utter with vibrating vocal chords (voice, vocalize)
6. cause to sound (sound the bell; sound a certain note)
7. measure the depth of (fathom)

Wait, the bells "sound" (intransitive). "varying the order in which the bells sound".
Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds. Example: "This record sounds scratchy".
Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound.
Let's check the context: "varying the order in which the bells sound". The bells are giving off a sound.
Is it sense 3? "give off a certain sound or sounds"
Or sense 2? "make a certain noise or sound"
Let's look at WordNet for "sound" (verb).
sound%2:39:03:: give off a certain sound or sounds. "This record sounds scratchy"
sound%2:39:00:: make a certain noise or sound. "She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'"
Wait, "the bells sound" -> give off a sound.
Let's consider "sound" as in "the bells sound".
Is it sense 3? "give off a certain sound or sounds"
Let's check WordNet:
sound%2:39:03:: give off a certain sound or sounds.
Wait, let's search for "bells sound".
"the bells sound" -> give off a sound.
Let's look at sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds".
Let's look at sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound".
Actually, "sound" intransitive: "The bells sound".
In WordNet, "sound" (verb) has:
- sound (make a certain noise or sound) -> "The gun went bang"
- sound (give off a certain sound or sounds) -> "This record sounds scratchy"
Wait, "give off a certain sound or sounds" fits "the bells sound".
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"varying the order in which the bells sound" -> the bells give off a sound.
Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds.
Let's re-read the context: "varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The bells are the subject. They give off a sound.
Sense 3 is "give off a certain sound or sounds".
Sense 2 is "make a certain noise or sound".
Is there a difference? "give off a certain sound or sounds" is often used for objects like records, bells, etc.
Let's check WordNet 3.1:
sound%2:39:03:: give off a certain sound or sounds. "This record sounds scratchy"
sound%2:39:00:: make a certain noise or sound. "She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'"
Wait, "sound" as in "the bells sound" -> give off a sound.
I will choose sense 3.
Let's double check.
"varying the order in which the bells sound"
Could it be sense 3? Yes.
Let's consider sense 3.
Wait, "sound" (verb) intransitive: "The bell sounds".
WordNet:
sound%2:39:03:: give off a certain sound or sounds.
I'll go with 3.
Wait, let's look at sense 3 again. "give off a certain sound or sounds".
Is there any other sense?
"sound" (verb) - cause to sound (sound the bell). But here it's intransitive: "the bells sound".
So it's 3.
Let's review the options.
1. appear in a certain way
2. make a certain noise or sound
3. give off a certain sound or sounds
4. announce by means of a sound
5. utter with vibrating vocal chords
6. cause to sound
7. measure the depth of

"give off a certain sound or sounds" (3) fits "the bells sound".
I will output 3.
Wait, "make a certain noise or sound" (2) vs "give off a certain sound or sounds" (3).
"give off a certain sound or sounds" is typically for objects emitting sound, like a record, a bell, an engine.
"make a certain noise or sound" is often for animals or people, or specific onomatopoeic sounds ("went bang").
Therefore, 3 is the best fit.
I will output 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "altering" in the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The ringers are varying the order of the bells without changing the steady rhythm.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. alter%2:30:01:: cause to change; make different; cause a transformation (synonyms: change, modify)
2. alter%2:30:00:: become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence (synonyms: change, vary)
3. alter%2:36:00:: make an alteration to (e.g., a dress)
4. alter%2:30:04:: insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby
5. alter%2:29:00:: remove the ovaries of

In the context, "altering" is a transitive verb: "without altering the steady rhythm".
Sense 1 is transitive: "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation".
Sense 2 is intransitive: "become different in some particular way".
Since "altering" takes an object ("the steady rhythm"), it is transitive.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"without altering the steady rhythm" -> without causing the steady rhythm to change.
Sense 1: cause to change; make different; cause a transformation.
Examples: "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"
This perfectly matches the transitive use of "altering" in the context.
Sense 2 is intransitive ("her mood changes", "selection varies").
Sense 3 is about clothes.
Sense 4 is about texts.
Sense 5 is about animals.

So Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "steady" in the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The phrase is "steady rhythm".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Sense 1 has the example "a steady beat", which is very similar to "steady rhythm".
"not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" - wait, "a steady beat" is an example for sense 1.
Let's check sense 1: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" - wait, the definition says "especially in behavior", but the example is "a steady beat".
Is there another sense?
Sense 1: steady%3:00:00:: (adjective) not subject to change or variation especially in behavior. Examples: a steady beat; a steady job.
This perfectly matches "steady rhythm".

Let's double check.
"without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
"steady rhythm" -> "steady beat" -> sense 1.

Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00

Sense 1 is the only one with "a steady beat" as an example.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rhythm" in the context of bell ringing.
Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The context is about the striking of bells, which produces a sound, a musical or rhythmic pattern.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning...

The "steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the beat or musical rhythm of the bells.
Sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" or "beat, musical rhythm". The striking of bells is a musical or rhythmic sound, and "beat" fits perfectly with "steady rhythm of the striking".
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 2: "recurring at regular intervals". This is more abstract.
Sense 1 is "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" / "beat". The striking of bells is a musical activity (playing tunes on bells, change-ringing).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the context: "varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
This is the beat of the striking.
Sense 1: beat, musical rhythm.
I will choose 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "striking" in the context of ringing church bells.
Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The "striking" here refers to the physical coming together of the clapper and the bell, or the sound produced by this contact.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Wait, "striking" in the context of bells refers to the act of hitting or the sound of hitting.
Sense 1: "the physical coming together of two or more things" (contact, impinging)
Sense 2: "the act of contacting one thing with another" (hit, hitting)

In the context of bells, "striking" is the act of the clapper hitting the bell, or the sound of the hit.
"the steady rhythm of the striking" -> the steady rhythm of the hitting.
Let's check the examples.
Sense 1: contact, impinging.
Sense 2: hit, hitting.
"striking" as a noun meaning "the act of contacting one thing with another" (hit, hitting).
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"striking" in WordNet:
striking%1:04:00:: (the act of contacting one thing with another) -> hit, hitting.
striking%1:11:00:: (the physical coming together of two or more things) -> contact, impinging.

Wait, the rhythm of the striking. The striking of the bells.
"striking" as in "the act of hitting".
Let's consider "striking" in WordNet.
Sense 1: striking%1:11:00:: (the physical coming together of two or more things)
Sense 2: striking%1:04:00:: (the act of contacting one thing with another)

Actually, "striking" of a bell is the act of hitting.
Let's look at the synonyms: "hit, hitting".
"the steady rhythm of the hitting" makes sense.
Let's choose sense 2.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "the steady rhythm of the striking."
Is it "hit, hitting" or "contact, impinging"?
"striking" (noun) - the act of hitting.
I will go with sense 2.
Let's double check.
"striking" (noun)
1. the physical coming together of two or more things (contact, impinging)
2. the act of contacting one thing with another (hit, hitting)

In the context of bells, the clapper strikes the bell. It is an act of hitting.
So sense 2 is better.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.
Wait, is "striking" in WordNet sense 1 or 2?
Let's search my internal knowledge for "striking" noun.
striking n
1. the physical coming together of two or more things ("contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull")
2. the act of contacting one thing with another ("repeated hitting raised a large bruise"; "after three misses she finally got a hit")

"the steady rhythm of the striking" -> the steady rhythm of the hitting.
Yes, sense 2.
I'll output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "variation" in the context of change-ringing bells.
Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
The text explicitly says "Each variation, or change, can occur only once".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard

Wait, "Each variation, or change, can occur only once".
Is it "an instance of change"?
Let's check sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change"
Wait, "Each variation, or change, can occur only once".
Could it be sense 1? "an instance of change"
Let's see: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" -> "an instance of change".
Let's check the synonyms for sense 1: fluctuation.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change".
Is there a better sense?
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once"
"variation" here means "an instance of change".
Let's check sense 1 again. "an instance of change"
Let's check sense 11: "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard"
But the text says "Each variation, or change, can occur only once". This implies "variation" = "change" (noun, instance of change).
Let's look at sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change"
Wait, "Each variation, or change, can occur only once"
Is it sense 1?
Let's consider "variation" in change-ringing. A "change" is a specific permutation of the bells. So a variation is an instance of change.
Let's check sense 1: variation%1:11:01::
Definition: an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change.
Synonyms: fluctuation.
Wait, "Each variation, or change, can occur only once"
Could it be sense 1? Yes, "an instance of change".
Let's check if there is a sense for "permutation" or "arrangement". No.
What about sense 1? "an instance of change"
Let's check sense 11: "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard"
But "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" -> "variation" is a countable noun here, "Each variation". Sense 1 is "an instance of change".
Let's check sense 1: "an instance of change"
Is there any other sense?
Sense 1: variation%1:11:01::
Let's review the definition of sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change"
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once"
This perfectly matches "an instance of change".
Let's double check.
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once"
"variation" = "change" (instance of change).
I will go with sense 1.
Wait, let's look at sense 1 again. "an instance of change"
Yes, "Each variation, or change, can occur only once".
I'll select 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "occur".
Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
Meaning: Each variation can happen or take place only once.
Sense 1: come to pass (happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out).
Sense 2: come to one's mind; suggest itself.
Sense 3: to be found to exist.

In the context, "occur" means "happen" or "take place".
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "Each variation, or change, can happen only once, the rules state." Yes, this makes perfect sense.
Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "only" in the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state."
The meaning here is "without any others being included or involved" or "and nothing more"?
Wait, "only once" means "exactly once" or "no more than once".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
Wait, "only once" -> "exclusively once" or "and nothing more"?
Let's see: "can occur only once" -> "can occur and nothing more than once"? Or "exclusively once"?
Actually, "only" modifying "once" usually means "and nothing more" (merely, just).
Wait, "only once" = "just once".
Let's check sense 1: "and nothing more" -> synonyms: merely, simply, just, but. "I was merely asking". "just once".
Let's check sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" -> synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. "was entirely to blame".
If I say "only once", does it mean "exclusively once" or "just once"?
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once" -> it can occur just once, and no more.
Let's look at similar examples. "I only have one" -> "I have only one" -> "and nothing more".
Wait, "only once" is often "just once".
Let's consider "only" as an adverb.
Sense 1: and nothing more. "merely, simply, just, but".
Sense 2: without any others being included or involved. "entirely, exclusively, solely, alone".
If the rules state that each variation can occur "only once", it means it cannot occur more than once. It is restricted to exactly one occurrence.
Is it "exclusively" (sense 2) or "just" (sense 1)?
"only once" -> "just once".
Let's search for "only once" in WordNet or similar.
Actually, if it means "exclusively", it would be "solely once"? No, "just once" is more natural.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: merely, simply, just, but.
"just once" fits perfectly.
Let's look at sense 2: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. "exclusively once" is a bit awkward.
Wait, "only" in "only once" can be sense 1.
Let's re-read the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
This means it can occur just once, and no more.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"only" modifying a numeral or frequency (once, twice, one, two) usually falls under "and nothing more" (merely, just).
Example: "I have only two dollars" -> "I have just two dollars".
"only once" -> "just once".
So sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone
"only once" -> "just once" -> sense 1.
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's think if "only" here means "exclusively". "Each variation can occur exclusively once"? No, "just once" is better.
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "once".
Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
Meaning: on one occasion, one time.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

"occur only once" means "on one occasion" or "one time".
This matches sense 1.
Sense 1: on one occasion.
Sense 2: as soon as.
Sense 3: at a previous time.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Double check: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" -> on one occasion.
Yes, sense 1.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rules" in the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
The context is about change-ringing, a specific activity or game-like exercise with bells.
The rules state how the game or activity is to be conducted.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior
2. something regarded as a normative example
3. prescribed guide for conduct or action
4. (linguistics) a rule describing a linguistic practice
5. a basic generalization that is accepted as true
6. the duration of a monarch's or government's power
7. dominance or power through legal authority
8. directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted
9. any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order
10. a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon
11. (mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems
12. measuring stick

Wait, change-ringing is an activity, but is it a game or sport? "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted" (sense 8).
Or is it "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (sense 3)?
Let's re-read the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
This is a rule of the activity/game of change-ringing.
Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted"
Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action"
Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior"

Let's look at similar examples. "rules of chess" is sense 8. Change-ringing is an exercise, but it has "rules" that state how it is conducted.
Is change-ringing a game or sport? "a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago".
Wait, sense 8 is "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".
Sense 3 is "prescribed guide for conduct or action".
Let's consider "rules of the game" vs "rules of conduct".
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." This is a rule of the activity.
Could it be sense 8? "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".
Or sense 1? "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior".
Let's check sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".
Is change-ringing a game or sport? It's an "exercise".
Maybe sense 8 is the best fit because it's a set of rules for an activity with specific procedures (like a game).
Wait, "rules" in the context of a game or sport. Change-ringing is a structured activity with specific rules.
Let's look at sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".
Let's look at sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action".
Actually, "rules" of an activity like change-ringing might be sense 8.
Let's search for "rules state" in WordNet.
"the rules state" -> "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted"
Wait, "rules" in "the rules state" could be sense 8.
Let's consider "rules of chess" (sense 8). Change-ringing is similar to a game in that it has rules defining how it is conducted.
Let's check sense 8 again. "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".
Is there a better sense?
Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior"
Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action"
Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted"

"Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
This is a rule of the game/activity.
I will go with sense 8.
Wait, let's think if change-ringing is considered a game or sport. "a mind-boggling exercise".
Maybe sense 8 is the most specific for rules of an activity with variations and patterns.
Let's consider sense 8.
"directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted"
Yes, "rules" of change-ringing.
Let's double check sense 8.
"he knew the rules of chess"
"the rules state" -> rules of the activity.
I'll output 8.
Wait, let's look at sense 8 again. "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".
Is change-ringing a game or sport? It's an "exercise".
What about sense 3? "prescribed guide for conduct or action".
"prescribed guide for conduct or action" is very broad.
Sense 8 is more specific to activities with rules like games.
I'll choose 8.
Let's reconsider. Maybe 8 is correct.
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
This is a rule of the game.
I will choose 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "state" in the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
The rules express in words or declare that each variation can occur only once.
Sense 1: express in words (say, tell). Example: He said that he wanted to marry her.
Sense 2: put before (submit, put forward, posit). Example: I submit to you that the accused is guilty.
Sense 3: indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. (express). Example: Can you express this distance in kilometers?

In the context, "the rules state" means the rules say or tell.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "the rules state" -> the rules say.
Sense 1: express in words.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Ringers" in the context of playing tunes on bells, specifically change-ringing.
The context says: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods'..."
This clearly refers to people who ring church bells.
Candidate sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - synonyms: toller, bell ringer.
Candidate sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another"
Candidate sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses"
Candidate sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg"

Sense 1 is the best match.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: method
Target surface form: methods
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "<t>methods</t>, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: | definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "methods" in the context of change-ringing.
"Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods', which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."
This refers to a way of doing something, a systematic way, an orderly logical arrangement (in steps).
Sense 1: a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps).
Sense 2: an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky...

Clearly, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: names
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%1:10:00:: | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing
2. sense_key=name%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's reputation | examples=he wanted to protect his good name
3. sense_key=name%1:14:00:: | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens | examples=he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name
4. sense_key=name%1:18:00:: | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure | examples=they studied all the great names in the history of France; she is an important figure in modern music
5. sense_key=name%1:04:00:: | definition=by the sanction or authority of | examples=halt in the name of the law
6. sense_key=name%1:10:01:: | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "names" in the context: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."
The word "names" refers to the labels or titles given to the patterns of changes (methods).
Sense 1: "a language unit by which a person or thing is known" (e.g., his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing).
Sense 2: "a person's reputation"
Sense 3: "family based on male descent"
Sense 4: "a well-known or notable person"
Sense 5: "by the sanction or authority of"
Sense 6: "a defamatory or abusive word or phrase"

The context clearly uses "names" to mean the labels or titles of the methods. This matches Sense 1.
Let's double check. "odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters." These are language units by which the methods are known.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: series
Target surface form: series
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A <t>series</t> of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "series" in the context: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal' and takes about three hours."
The context is about change-ringing, where ringers vary the order of bells. Each variation is a change. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a peal.
This means a sequence of changes happening one after another.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components...
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps...
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another". A series of changes (variations) happening one after another.

Let's double check.
"A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal'..."
Yes, a sequence of changes.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.