[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "born", which is the past participle of "bear".
Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
The word "born" here means "brought into existence by birth" or "given birth to".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. bear%2:42:01:: have
2. bear%2:29:01:: cause to be born (give birth, deliver, birth, have) - wait, "born" is passive. "A person who is born" -> "cause to be born" is the active sense, but "born" is the passive participle of this sense. Let's check other senses.
Wait, "born" is the past participle of "bear" in the sense of "give birth to".
Sense 2: bear%2:29:01:: definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
Is there a sense for "be born"?
Let's see: "A person who is born with one defective copy..."
Wait, if the lemma is "bear", the sense "cause to be born" (bear%2:29:01::) is the one that yields "born" as its past participle.
Let's check if there is another sense.
13. bear%2:29:00:: be pregnant with (gestate, expect)
2. bear%2:29:01:: cause to be born (give birth, deliver, birth, have)
In WordNet, "born" is the past participle of "bear" in the sense of "give birth to".
"A person who is born" -> passive of "bear" (cause to be born).
Let's verify.
"bear" (verb) -> born (past participle).
Sense 2: cause to be born.
Yes, "born" is the past participle of "bear" meaning "give birth to".
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
No, "born" is specifically the past participle of "bear" in the sense of giving birth.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct one.
Let's review the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy..."
This means the person was caused to be born (by their parents) with a defective copy.
So sense 2 is the best fit.
Another option: "bear" as in "have on one's person" (wear) - no, that's "borne".
"bear" as in "endure" - "borne".
"bear" as in "carry" - "borne".
"born" is exclusively used for birth.
So sense 2 is definitely the correct one.
Sense index: 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copy" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The context is about genetics, specifically genes inherited in two copies, one from each parent.
A gene copy is a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (or a duplicate/replica).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor)
3. matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
4. material suitable for a journalistic account

Sense 2 fits best, as a gene copy is a duplicate or identical version of a gene. "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is a biological example.

Let's double check.
"Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
This refers to a duplicate or identical thing.
Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing"

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 2}.
I will output this.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copy" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The context is about genes, specifically "two copies, one from each parent."
A gene copy is a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (or a duplicate/replica).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor)
3. matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
4. material suitable for a journalistic account

Sense 2 fits best, as a gene copy is a duplicate or identical thing (a copy of the gene from the other parent).
Wait, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" is the definition of sense 2.
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing"
Yes, a gene copy is a duplicate.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's review the context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..."
This is clearly sense 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
The target lemma is "damage".
The surface form is "damaged".
The context talks about a gene being damaged.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Wait, "damaged" here is a passive participle or adjective. "one copy is damaged early in life".
Is it sense 1 (inflict damage upon) or sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage)?
Wait, "is damaged" is passive. "one copy is damaged" means someone/something damaged it.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" -> "the roof was damaged".
Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" -> intransitive.
In the context, "one copy is damaged early in life" implies an external agent or process damages it, or it's a passive construction of sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the candidate senses again.
1. damage%2:30:00:: inflict damage upon
2. damage%2:30:01:: suffer or be susceptible to damage

If it's "is damaged", it's the passive of "damage" (transitive). So sense 1.
Let's double check. "one copy is damaged early in life" -> something damages it.
Sense 1 is transitive: "inflict damage upon".
Sense 2 is intransitive: "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
Since "is damaged" is passive, it corresponds to the transitive sense 1.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the context: "in whom one copy is damaged early in life". This is a passive construction. The active would be "something damages one copy early in life".
So sense 1.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, is there any other sense? The prompt only gives 2 candidate senses.
1. damage%2:30:00::
2. damage%2:30:01::
I will choose 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "early" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The phrase is "early in life".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

"early in life" means "during an early stage" of life.
Sense 1: "during an early stage" (e.g., early on in her career). This perfectly matches "early in life".
Sense 2: "before the usual time or the time expected". Not applicable here.
Sense 3: "in good time". Not applicable here.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "early in life" -> "during an early stage". Yes.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "life" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The phrase is "early in life".
This refers to the period between birth and the present time, or the period of existence of an individual.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. characteristic state or mode of living
2. experience of being alive
3. course of existence of an individual
4. condition of living or state of being alive
5. period during which something is functional (lifetime, lifespan)
6. the period between birth and the present time (examples: I have known him all his life)
7. period from the present until death
8. a living person
9. animation and energy
10. living things collectively
11. organic phenomenon
12. account of the series of events
13. motive for living
14. prison term

"early in life" refers to the period between birth and the present time, or the period of existence.
Wait, "early in life" means early in the period between birth and the present time, or early in the lifespan.
Let's look at sense 6: "the period between birth and the present time" -> "I have known him all his life".
Sense 5: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" -> "he lived a long and happy life".
Sense 3: "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living" -> "he hoped for a new life in Australia".
"early in life" is a temporal phrase. "life" here means the period of time from birth to the present (or to death).
Let's consider sense 6: "the period between birth and the present time".
Is "early in life" referring to the period between birth and the present time? Yes, "early in life" means early in one's lifespan or the period between birth and the present.
Wait, let's look at WordNet for "early in life".
"life" in "early in life" is often sense 6: "the period between birth and the present time".
Let's check sense 6: "the period between birth and the present time". Examples: "I have known him all his life".
What about sense 5: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)".
"early in life" -> "life" as the period of existence.
Let's search for "early in life" in WordNet or similar datasets.
"early in life" -> life%1:28:01:: (the period between birth and the present time).
Let's double check. "in whom one copy is damaged early in life". This means early in the person's life (the period between birth and the present time).
Sense 6 fits perfectly.
Let's review the options.
1. life%1:26:01::
2. life%1:09:00::
3. life%1:26:02::
4. life%1:26:00::
5. life%1:28:00::
6. life%1:28:01::
7. life%1:28:02::
8. life%1:18:00::
9. life%1:07:01::
10. life%1:03:00::
11. life%1:19:00::
12. life%1:10:00::
13. life%1:16:00::
14. life%1:28:03::

"early in life" -> life%1:28:01::
Let's confirm. "I have known him all his life" -> life%1:28:01::
"early in life" is a temporal expression referring to the period between birth and the present.
Therefore, sense 6 is the best match.
Let's consider sense 5: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)". "life" as lifespan. "early in life" could be early in the lifespan. But "life" in "early in life" is typically sense 6.
Let's check WordNet:
life%1:28:01:: the period between birth and the present time; "I have known him all his life"
life%1:28:00:: the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death); "the battery had a short life"; "he lived a long and happy life"
"early in life" is a common collocation for life%1:28:01::.
I will choose 6.
Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
"early in life" -> period between birth and the present time.
Yes, 6.
I'm confident.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "especially".
Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
Meaning: to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "particularly prone to cancer".
Sense 2 is "in a special manner", which doesn't fit "prone to cancer".

Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The context is clearly about the disease, malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
Candidate sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense index: 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "only" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The phrase is "need only lose".
This means "merely", "simply", "just".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as

"need only lose" -> "need merely lose" or "need simply lose".
This perfectly matches sense 1: "and nothing more", synonyms: merely, simply, just, but.

Let's double check.
"he need only lose the other copy" -> he needs to do nothing more than lose the other copy.
Yes, sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "lose" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The person needs to "lose" the other copy of the gene. This means to fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense". The person ceases to have the other copy of the gene.
Let's double check. "lose the other copy" -> cease to have the other copy.
Sense 1 is the best match.
Sense 1: fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense.
Yes.
Format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop."
The word "other" here refers to the second copy of the gene, not the one already mentioned (the defective/damaged one).
Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied"
Sense 2: "recently past"
Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past"
Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected"

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "the other copy" means the copy not already mentioned (the one that is not the defective one).
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copy" in the context of genetics: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The context refers to a gene copy, which is a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (a duplicate or replica of a gene).
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Sense 2 fits best: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". A gene copy is a duplicate of a gene.
Let's double check. "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent." This means two identical or similar instances of the gene.
Sense 2 is the most appropriate.
Sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop."
The context is clearly about the disease, malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
Candidate sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense index is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "develop" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>."
The context is about cancer coming into existence, taking on form or shape, arising.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. make something new (product, creation)
2. work out (theory)
3. gain through experience
4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features)
5. come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow) - "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
6. change the use of and make available
7. elaborate theories
8. create by training
9. be gradually disclosed
10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve
11. become technologically advanced
12. cause to grow and differentiate
13. generate gradually
14. grow emotionally or mature
15. make visible by means of chemical solutions
16. superimpose a 3D surface
17. move pieces into strategically more advantageous positions
18. move into a strategically more advantageous position
19. elaborate by unfolding of a musical idea
20. happen
21. expand in the form of a series

Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow). Cancer comes into existence.
Wait, let's check sense 5 vs sense 10.
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" (A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower).
Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow).
In the context: "for a cancer to develop". Cancer comes into existence. "arise" is a synonym for sense 5.
Let's check the examples for sense 5: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".
Is there a better fit?
"for a cancer to develop" -> come into existence.
Let's consider "develop" as in "a disease develops".
WordNet sense for "develop" meaning "come into existence; take on form or shape" is sense 5.
Wait, let's look at sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
Yes, "a cancer to develop" means a cancer to arise or come into existence.
Let's double check sense 5.
"come into existence; take on form or shape"
Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
This perfectly matches "for a cancer to develop" (i.e., for a cancer to arise).

Let's check sense 20: "happen" (break, recrudesce). "Report the news as it develops". Not quite.
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".
Sense 5 is "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Cancer developing is coming into existence. "arise" is a synonym. "for a cancer to arise" is a very common collocation.
Therefore, sense 5 is the best fit.
Let's review the context: "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
Synonyms for sense 5: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
"for a cancer to arise" -> "for a cancer to develop".
I will choose sense 5.
Wait, let's look at sense 5 again.
sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship

Yes, sense 5 is the most appropriate.
Let's consider if "develop" here means "grow" (sense 10). "A flower developed on the branch". But cancer "developing" is more about its onset, its coming into existence, rather than just growing. "arise" is the exact synonym.
I am confident in sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Emerging" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

"Emerging genetic tests" refers to tests that are coming into existence or being developed, not yet fully mature or established, but nascent.
Wait, "emerging" in "emerging genetic tests" means they are coming into existence, newly developed, or emergent.
Let's check the examples: "an emergent republic" (nascent). "the rising generation" (future/coming to maturity).
"Emerging genetic tests" are tests that are just coming into existence or being developed. "Nascent" fits perfectly.
Let's consider "coming into existence" vs "coming to maturity".
"Emerging" here means newly developed, coming into existence.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "Emerging genetic tests" -> tests that are just starting to exist or be used. "Nascent" is a synonym.
Sense 2: nascent.
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "genetic" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
The context talks about tests that can spot cancer-susceptible individuals based on their genes (inherited copies of suppressor genes, etc.).
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible)
2. of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical)
3. pertaining to or referring to origin
4. of or relating to the science of genetics

"genetic tests" refers to tests of genes. "genetic" here means "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
Wait, sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" -> "genetic code", "genic combinations".
Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" -> "familial traits".
Is "genetic tests" referring to tests of genes (sense 2) or hereditary (sense 1)?
"genetic tests" are tests that analyze genes. So sense 2 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check. "genetic tests" -> tests relating to genes.
Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
Yes, "genetic tests" are tests of genes.
Let's consider sense 2.
"genetic tests" -> tests of genes.
Sense 2 is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's look at the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
The tests are testing the genes. So "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
Sense 2.
Let's review the options.
1. hereditary
2. of or relating to or produced by or being a gene
3. origin
4. science of genetics

"genetic tests" -> tests of genes. Sense 2.
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "able" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
The phrase is "able to spot".
Sense 1: (usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something. Examples: able to swim; she was able to program her computer.
Sense 2: have the skills and qualifications to do things well. Synonyms: capable. Examples: able teachers; a capable administrator.
Sense 3: having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity. Examples: able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet.
Sense 4: having a strong healthy body. Synonyms: able-bodied. Examples: an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army.

The context says "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot...". This matches "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something" (Sense 1), especially since it is followed by "to" ("able to spot").
Sense 1 explicitly mentions "(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something".
Let's double check Sense 1 vs Sense 3. Sense 3 is "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity". Genetic tests are not inherently physical or mental in the human sense, but they have the necessary means or capability to do something. Sense 1 is the standard predicative "able to [verb]" sense.
"Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot..." -> "able to spot" -> Sense 1.
Let's review the examples for Sense 1: "able to swim; she was able to program her computer".
This perfectly matches "able to spot".
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "individuals" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
The context refers to human beings (Bill and Bonnie Quinlan, a person who is born with one defective copy).
Sense 1: a human being (person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul)
Sense 2: a single organism

The context clearly refers to human beings ("A person who is born...", "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan").
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "believe" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
The scientists judge or regard this as a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. accept as true; take to be true (I believed his report)
2. judge or regard; look upon; judge (think, consider, conceive) (I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart)
3. be confident about something (trust) (I believe that he will come back from the war)
4. follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
5. credit with veracity

In the context, "what some scientists believe is a new age..." means "what some scientists think/consider/judge to be a new age...".
This matches sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (synonyms: think, consider, conceive).
Let's double check. "what some scientists believe is a new age" -> "what some scientists think is a new age".
Sense 2 fits perfectly.
Let's review the examples for sense 2: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart".
Here, "believe" is used as "think" or "consider".
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Context: "what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
Synonyms: think, consider, conceive.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "new" in the context: "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
The phrase is "new age".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (a new law; new cars)
2. original and of a kind not seen before (fresh, novel)
3. lacking training or experience (raw)
4. having no previous example or precedent or parallel (unexampled)
5. other than the former one(s); different (they now have a new leaders)
6. unaffected by use or exposure (it looks like new)
7. gratuitously new (newfangled)
8. in use after medieval times
9. used of a living language
10. harvested at an early stage of development
11. unfamiliar (new experiences)

"new age" in this context means an age that has just come into being or is relatively recent, or perhaps "original and of a kind not seen before" (novel).
Wait, "new age" usually means an age that is just beginning or recently come into being.
Let's check sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Is "new age" sense 1? Yes, "a new age" = an age that has just come into being.
Let's check sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before" (novel).
Let's check sense 4: "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" (unexampled).
Let's check sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different".

"ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
This means an age that has just come into being.
Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
Examples: a new law; new cars.
Wait, "new age" is often sense 1.
Let's consider "new" as in "new age".
Is it sense 1? "having just come into being". Yes, ushering in a new age.
Let's review the options.
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different

"new age" -> an age that has just come into being.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's think if "new" here means "different" (sense 5) or "just come into being" (sense 1).
"ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age" -> ushering in an age that has just come into being.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Let's double check.
"new age" -> new%3:00:00::
Yes.
Let's consider if it could be 1.
"having just (or relatively recently) come into being" -> "ushering in a new age"
Yes.
I'll output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "age" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
The phrase is "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis".
This refers to an era or period of history with a distinctive feature.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. how long something has existed
2. an era of history having some distinctive feature (synonyms: historic period, examples: we live in a litigious age)
3. a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises
4. a prolonged period of time (synonyms: long time, years)
5. a late time of life (synonyms: old age, years, eld, geezerhood)

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" -> an era of history having some distinctive feature.
Index is 2.
Double check: "a new age" -> era of history.
Yes, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. ... predictive cancer diagnosis."
The context is clearly about the disease, malignant growth or tumor.
Sense 1: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "first" in the context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
The context implies they are among the earliest or initial beneficiaries.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. preceding all others in time or space or degree (the first house on the right; the first day of spring)
2. indicating the beginning unit in a series (1st)
3. serving to set in motion (inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden)
4. serving to begin (beginning)
5. ranking above all others (foremost, world-class)
6. highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections

"first beneficiaries" means they are among the earliest in time.
Sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" fits "first beneficiaries" (earliest in time).
Wait, "first" as in "first beneficiaries" - does it mean "earliest in time"? Yes.
Let's check sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree".
Is there a better fit?
Sense 2: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" (1st). "first beneficiaries" doesn't necessarily mean the 1st unit in a series, but rather the earliest in time.
Let's consider "first" as an adjective modifying "beneficiaries".
"first" in "first beneficiaries" -> earliest in time.
Sense 1: preceding all others in time or space or degree.
Let's check if there is an alternative.
"first" (adjective) - earliest in time.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check.
"Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
"first" here means earliest in time.
Sense 1: preceding all others in time or space or degree.
Examples: the first house on the right; the first day of spring.
This matches "first beneficiaries" (earliest in time).
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's review sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: preceding all others in time or space or degree.
Sense 2: indicating the beginning unit in a series.
"first beneficiaries" -> earliest in time.
I'll go with 1.