[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggesting
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "suggesting" in the context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
The context implies that the finding (finding them in normal as well as cancerous cells) implies as a possibility that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. make a proposal, declare a plan for something (propose, advise)
2. drop a hint; intimate by a hint (hint)
3. imply as a possibility (intimate) - example: "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification"
4. suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine (indicate)
5. call to mind (evoke, paint a picture)

Sense 3 fits perfectly: "imply as a possibility". The evidence (finding them in normal cells) implies as a possibility that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Let's double check.
"suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
This is exactly "imply as a possibility".
Sense 3 is the best match.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 3}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cause" in the context: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves."
The context is about oncogenes giving rise to or causing cancer to happen.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Sense 1 is "give rise to; cause to happen or occur". This fits "cause cancer" (give rise to cancer).
Sense 2 is "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner". This doesn't fit "cause cancer" as well as sense 1, because cancer is not an agent that is caused to act.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves" -> oncogenes don't give rise to cancer by themselves.
Sense 1: give rise to; cause to happen or occur.
Sense 2: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner.

Sense 1 is definitely the correct one.
Output format: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the given context.
The context is about biology, specifically genes, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, and malignant cells.
The target word is "cancer".
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

The context clearly refers to the disease, malignant growth or tumor.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "recent" in the context: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

In the context "recent months", it means "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time".
Sense 2 fits perfectly.
Let's double check.
"recent months" -> months of the immediate past.
Sense 2: of the immediate past or just previous to the present time.
Sense 1: new.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Output format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "months" in the context: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
The context refers to a period of time, specifically a time unit of approximately 30 days, rather than a specific calendar month (like January, February, etc.).
Sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month). Example: he paid the bill last month.
Sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days. Example: he was given a month to pay the bill.

"In recent months" refers to a duration or a period of time of several months, not a specific named calendar month.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"recent months" -> a period of time.
Sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days.
Yes, sense 2.
Format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: come
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "come" in the context: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
The phrase is "come to believe".
Let's look at the candidate senses.
Sense 4: "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position" | examples: "The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life"
This perfectly matches "come to believe".
Let's double check.
"come to believe" -> reach a state of believing.
Sense 4 is "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position".
Examples: "We came to understand the true meaning of life".
This is exactly "come to believe".
Sense index: 4.
Let's review the options.
1. move toward
2. reach a destination
3. come to pass
4. reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position
5. to be the product or result
...
17. come to one's mind
...
Yes, sense 4 is the best fit.
"come to believe" -> "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position".
I will output {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" in the context: "suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
The context is about malignant growth, tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes, and cells turning malignant.
Sense 1: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense 2: astrology.
Sense 3: constellation.
Sense 4: zodiac sign.
Sense 5: genus of crabs.

Therefore, the best sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "turn" in the context: "An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
The meaning is to cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics.
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. change orientation or direction
2. undergo a transformation or a change of position or action
3. undergo a change or development (become)
4. cause to move around or rotate
5. change to the contrary
6. pass to the other side of
7. pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become (grow)
8. let fall or spill
9. move around an axis
10. cause to move around a center so as to show another side
11. to send or let go
12. break and turn over earth
13. shape by rotating
14. change color
15. twist suddenly
16. cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics (turn the frog into a prince)
17. accomplish by rotating
18. get by buying and selling
19. cause to move along an axis
20. channel one's attention
21. cause to assume a crooked form
22. alter the functioning or setting
23. direct at someone
24. have recourse to
25. go sour or spoil
26. become officially one year older

In the context, "turn proliferating cells malignant" means to cause the cells to change or turn into something different (malignant).
Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics"
Examples: "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold"
This perfectly matches "turn proliferating cells malignant".

Let's double check sense 16.
"cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics"
Yes, "turn [object] [adjective/noun]" -> cause to change into something different.
"turn proliferating cells malignant" -> cause proliferating cells to become malignant.

Is there any other sense?
Sense 3: undergo a change or development (become) - intransitive. "The water turned into ice". Here "turn" is transitive: "turn proliferating cells malignant".
Sense 16 is transitive: "cause to change or turn into something different".

Therefore, sense 16 is the best fit.
Let's review the sense index: 16.
Sense 16: sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold

Matches perfectly.
Context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant..."
"turn" is transitive, taking "proliferating cells" as object and "malignant" as object complement.
Sense 16 is the causative of becoming.
I will output {"sense_index": 16}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cells" in the context of biology, specifically discussing genes, proteins, cell division, and cancer.
The context mentions: "hold a cell's growth in check", "chance accident in cell division", "cells normally under control turn malignant", "cancerous cells", "proliferating cells".
This clearly refers to the biological unit of life.
Candidate sense 2: sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals.
This matches perfectly.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "only" in the context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
The word "only" here means "never except when" or "only when".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. and nothing more (merely, simply, just, but)
2. without any others being included or involved (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone)
3. with nevertheless the final result
4. in the final outcome
5. except that
6. never except when (only if, only when) - examples: call me only if your cold gets worse
7. as recently as

The context says "only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged", which means "never except when the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged".
This perfectly matches sense 6: "never except when" (synonyms: only if, only when).

Let's double check.
"An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
This means it turns malignant *only when* the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.
Sense 6 is "never except when" (only if, only when).
Yes, sense 6 is the best fit.
Sense 6 index is 6.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 6}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" (lemma: damage).
Context: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
Wait, the target is "damaged" in "if the genes are damaged".
Is it sense 1 (inflict damage upon) or sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage)?
Wait, "are damaged" is passive. The genes suffer damage.
Let's check the senses.
Sense 1: inflict damage upon. (e.g., The snow damaged the roof).
Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage. (e.g., These fine china cups damage easily).
Wait, "are damaged" is a passive construction of "damage" (inflict damage upon). "The genes are damaged [by radiation]".
So the underlying verb is "damage" meaning "inflict damage upon".
Let's see: "if the genes are damaged" -> someone/something damages the genes.
Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage. (This is usually intransitive or middle voice, like "damage easily").
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct sense for the passive "are damaged".
Let's double check.
"are damaged" -> passive of "damage" (inflict damage upon).
Sense 1: damage%2:30:00:: inflict damage upon.
Sense 2: damage%2:30:01:: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
The context says "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation...". This is clearly the passive of "inflict damage upon".
So sense 1.
Wait, let's review the exact wording.
"if the genes are damaged" -> passive voice of "damage" (inflict damage upon).
Sense 1 is "inflict damage upon".
Sense 2 is "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
I will choose 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "inherited" in the context of genes.
"Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
This clearly refers to receiving by genetic transmission.
Sense 3: "receive by genetic transmission" (examples: I inherited my good eyesight from my mother).
Sense 1: "obtain from someone after their death"
Sense 2: "receive from a predecessor"

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copies" in the context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
The context is about genes being inherited in two copies.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing
3. matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
4. material suitable for a journalistic account

Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" fits "two copies, one from each parent" (two identical or similar versions of the gene).
Wait, "copy" in genetics refers to a version of a gene. "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing".
Let's check the examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
Is there a better sense?
Sense 2 is the most general "thing made to be similar or identical to another thing".
Let's review the options.
1. transcript
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing
3. written matter
4. journalistic account

Clearly, sense 2 is the best fit.
"two copies, one from each parent" -> two identical/similar things (genes).
I will choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "parent".
Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
The context is about genes being inherited from a father or mother.
Sense 1: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
Sense 2: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

In the context of human genetics ("inherited in two copies, one from each parent"), "parent" refers to a father or mother (human).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "one from each parent" -> human parents.
Sense 1 is "a father or mother".
Sense 2 is "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained".
While humans are animals, "parent" in the context of inheriting genes in humans is typically sense 1.
Wait, "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
Is it sense 1? Yes, "a father or mother".
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copy" in the context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
The context refers to a gene being inherited in two copies, one from each parent. This means a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing, or a duplicate.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing
3. matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
4. material suitable for a journalistic account

Sense 2 fits best: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". A gene copy is a duplicate of the gene.

Let's double check.
"Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
This is a duplicate or identical thing.
Sense 2: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing.

Is there any other sense? No.
The answer is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "needed" in the context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
The phrase is "proteins needed to control cell growth".
This means the proteins are required to control cell growth.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. need%2:42:00:: require as useful, just, or proper (synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve). Example: success usually requires hard work.
2. need%2:34:00:: have need of (synonyms: want, require). Example: This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner.
3. need%2:34:01:: have or feel a need for. Example: always needing friends and money.

In the context, "proteins needed to control cell growth" means the proteins are required for controlling cell growth.
Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" -> "proteins required to control cell growth". This fits perfectly. The subject of "needed" is "proteins", which are required for a purpose.
Wait, let's check the examples. "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work".
"proteins needed to control cell growth" -> "proteins required to control cell growth".
Sense 1 is "require as useful, just, or proper".
Sense 2 is "have need of" (e.g., "This piano wants the attention...").
Sense 3 is "have or feel a need for" (e.g., "always needing friends and money").

The proteins don't "have need of" or "feel a need for". The proteins are required.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct sense.
Let's double check.
"proteins needed to control cell growth" -> "proteins required to control cell growth".
Sense 1: require as useful, just, or proper.
Yes, "require" is a synonym.
I will choose sense 1.
Context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth"
"needed" here is a past participle used as an adjective, meaning "required".
Sense 1: require as useful, just, or proper.
Matches perfectly.
Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "control" in the context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
The context is about proteins that "control cell growth".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. exercise authoritative control or power over (command)
2. lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate)
3. handle and cause to function (operate)
4. control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage (manipulate, keep in line)
5. check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard (verify)
6. verify by using a duplicate register for comparison
7. be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something (see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain)
8. have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of (master)

Wait, "control cell growth" means to hold in restraint, keep within limits, or regulate.
Let's re-read sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" (synonyms: hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate).
Is there a better sense?
What about "regulate"? Sense 2 has "hold or keep within limits".
Let's check the context again: "cells normally under control turn malignant." "proteins needed to control cell growth".
This means to keep cell growth within limits, to restrain it.
Sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
Synonyms: hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate.
Examples: moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue.
Wait, "control cell growth" is a very common phrase. Does it mean "regulate"?
Let's see if there is a "regulate" sense.
Sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
Is there another sense?
Let's check WordNet for "control".
control%2:41:01:: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
Wait, "control cell growth" -> "hold or keep within limits".
Let's consider "control" as in "regulate".
Is there a sense for "regulate"?
Maybe sense 2 is the best fit. "hold or keep within limits" fits "control cell growth" perfectly, as tumor-suppressor genes suppress growth, keeping it within limits.
Let's check sense 1: "exercise authoritative control or power over" - no.
Sense 3: "handle and cause to function" - no.
Sense 4: "manipulate" - no.
Sense 5: "check or regulate (a scientific experiment)" - no.
Sense 6: "verify by using a duplicate register" - no.
Sense 7: "be careful or certain to do something" - no.
Sense 8: "have a firm understanding or knowledge of" - no.

Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate. "hold or keep within limits" matches "control cell growth" (i.e., keep cell growth within limits, restrain it).
Let's double check if there's any other sense.
"control" in WordNet:
1. control, command - exercise authoritative control or power over
2. control, hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate - lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits
3. operate, control - handle and cause to function
4. manipulate, keep in line, control - control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage
5. control, verify - check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard
6. control - verify by using a duplicate register for comparison
7. see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain, control - be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something
8. master, control - have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of

Yes, sense 2 is the best fit for "control cell growth" in the context of tumor-suppressor genes, which "suppress" or "hold in restraint" cell growth.
"cells normally under control turn malignant" -> "under control" means "held in restraint" or "kept within limits".
So sense 2 is definitely the right choice.
Context: "cells normally under control turn malignant" -> "under control" = held in restraint.
"proteins needed to control cell growth" -> hold or keep within limits.
I will choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cell" in the context of "cell growth" and "cell division".
The context discusses genes, radiation, chemicals, cell division, malignant cells, oncogenes, cancerous cells, tumor-suppressor genes, and proteins needed to control cell growth.
This clearly refers to the biological sense of "cell".
Candidate sense 2: sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals.
This matches perfectly.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "growth" in the context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
The context is about cell growth, which is a biological process of an individual organism or cell growing organically.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing

"cell growth" refers to the biological process of cells growing organically. Sense 1 is "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically".
Wait, sense 1 is "the process of an individual organism growing organically".
Is "cell growth" considered sense 1? Yes, "cell growth" is a biological process.
Let's check sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important".
But "cell growth" is specifically biological. Sense 1 explicitly says "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically".
Wait, sense 1 is "growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis".
Let's re-read the context: "control cell growth".
Is it sense 1? Yes, "cell growth" is a biological process.
Let's consider sense 1 vs sense 3. "cell growth" is a biological process.
Sense 1: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level.
Wait, "cell growth" is the process of cells growing.
Let's check if there is a better fit.
"control cell growth" -> biological process.
Sense 1 is the best fit for biological growth.
Let's double check.
"cell growth" -> biology.
Sense 1: growth%1:22:00::
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for 1: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis.
Is "cell growth" ontogeny? No, but it's biological growth.
What about sense 3? "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important".
But "cell growth" is a specific biological term.
I'll go with 1.
Let's review the context again: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
"cell growth" is the biological process of cells growing.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The context is clearly about the disease, malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
Candidate sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"
This perfectly matches the context.
Sense index is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "arise" in the context: "so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
The context is about cancer coming into existence, developing, or originating.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow) - "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
2. originate or come into being (come up, bob up) - "a question arose"
3. rise to one's feet
4. result or issue (come up) - "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion"
5. move upward
6. take part in a rebellion
7. get up and out of bed

Cancer "arising" means it comes into existence or develops.
Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow.
Sense 2: "originate or come into being" - synonyms: come up, bob up. Example: "a question arose".
Sense 4: "result or issue" - synonyms: come up. Example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion".

Wait, "cancer to arise" -> cancer comes into existence, develops.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 1: come into existence; take on form or shape.
Sense 2: originate or come into being.
Actually, sense 1 is "come into existence; take on form or shape" (originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow).
Sense 2 is "originate or come into being" (come up, bob up).
Wait, "arise" in "cancer to arise" is more like "develop" or "come into existence".
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow.
Synonyms for sense 2: come up, bob up.
Synonyms for sense 4: come up.
Sense 1 fits "develop" and "come into existence" perfectly. "for cancer to develop" is a very common phrase.
Let's re-read the context: "so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
"arise" here means "come into existence; take on form or shape" or "originate or come into being".
Wait, WordNet sense 1 for arise is "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Let's check WordNet for "arise".
arise v
1. come into existence; take on form or shape; "A new religious movement originated in that country"; "a love that sprang up from friendship"; "the problem arose for the first time in this century"; "Her mother suddenly appeared on the scene"; "The new breed of mosquitoes originated in the tropics"
2. originate or come into being; "a question arose"
3. rise to one's feet; "The audience got up and applauded"
4. result or issue; "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion"
5. move upward; "The fog lifted"; "The smoke arose from the forest fire"
6. take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance
7. get up and out of bed; "I get up at 7 A.M. every day"; "They rose early"

In the context, "for cancer to arise" means for cancer to come into existence or develop.
Sense 1 has "develop" as a synonym. "for cancer to develop" is exactly what the next sentence says: "for a cancer to develop."
"so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy... is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The text uses "arise" and "develop" almost interchangeably here.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: come into existence; take on form or shape. Synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow.
Sense 2: originate or come into being. Synonyms: come up, bob up.
Since "develop" is a synonym for sense 1, and the text explicitly says "for a cancer to develop" right after, sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will choose sense 1.
Context: "so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
Synonym "develop" in sense 1 matches "for a cancer to develop" in the next sentence.
I am confident in sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copies" in the context of genes: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
The word "copies" here refers to a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (a duplicate, a replica, or in this case, a genetic copy/allele).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing
3. matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
4. material suitable for a journalistic account

Sense 2 fits best: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". A gene copy is a duplicate or identical version of the gene inherited from a parent.

Let's double check.
"Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
This means two identical or similar things (the gene from the mother and the gene from the father).
Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing"

Is there any other sense? No.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "impaired".
Context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
The context is talking about genes being damaged or defective, meaning their function or utility is diminished.
Sense 1: diminished in strength, quality, or utility. Example: impaired eyesight.
Sense 2: mentally or physically unfit. Synonyms: afflicted.

In the context, "impaired" refers to the genes' ability to function (make proteins needed to control cell growth). This fits "diminished in strength, quality, or utility" (Sense 1).
Sense 2 is about being mentally or physically unfit, which applies to people or animals, not genes.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"both copies must be impaired" -> diminished in utility/function.
Sense 1: impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility
Sense 2: impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit

Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "person" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
The context refers to a human being.
Sense 1: a human being (individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul).
Sense 2: a human body (usually including the clothing).
Sense 3: a grammatical category.

The context clearly uses "person" to mean a human being.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.