[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "polyps" in the context of colon cancer, developing in the bowel, and progressing to malignancy.
Sense 1: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane (synonyms: polypus). This fits the medical context of colon cancer and bowel polyps.
Sense 2: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral). This is the biological/zoological sense, which does not fit the context of colon cancer.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cases" in the context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."
The context is talking about instances or occurrences of polyps becoming malignant.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities

Wait, "in some cases" means "in some instances".
Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" -> instance, example. "in some cases" = "in some instances".
Let's check sense 1. "in some cases" is a very common phrase meaning "in some instances".
Is it sense 1? Yes, "an occurrence of something" (instance, example).
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
"in some cases" -> "in some instances".
Sense 1: instance, example.
Let's see: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant" -> "which in some instances become increasingly malignant".
This perfectly matches sense 1.
Let's review the options.
1. case%1:11:00:: an occurrence of something (instance, example)
2. case%1:26:00:: a special set of circumstances (event)
7. case%1:18:02:: a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures (subject, guinea pig)

"in some cases" is an idiom meaning "in some instances".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's confirm.
"which in some cases become increasingly malignant" -> "which in some instances become increasingly malignant".
Yes, sense 1.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "become".
Context: "...which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The polyps "become increasingly malignant".
This means they enter or assume a certain state or condition (increasingly malignant).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

"become increasingly malignant" -> enter or assume a certain state or condition.
Wait, "become increasingly malignant" is like "get increasingly malignant".
Sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition. Synonyms: go, get. Example: He became annoyed... It must be getting more serious.
Sense 2: undergo a change or development. Synonyms: turn. Example: The water turned into ice.

"become increasingly malignant" -> "get increasingly malignant".
Let's look at the phrasing: "become increasingly malignant".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"become" + adjective (increasingly malignant) usually maps to sense 1 (enter or assume a certain state or condition).
Example: "He became annoyed" (become + adjective).
"become increasingly malignant" is become + adjective phrase.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"become" + adjective = sense 1.
"become" + noun = sense 2 (undergo a change or development, e.g., became her worst enemy).
Here, "malignant" is an adjective.
So sense 1 is correct.
Sense 1 index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "stages" in the context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The context talks about the progression of cancer/polyps from less severe to deadly, which are distinct time periods or phases in a sequence of events (development of cancer).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope

"identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"
This matches "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" (sense 1) or "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (sense 2).
Wait, "progressing from less severe to deadly" implies a sequence of events or a process.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected"
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?"
Actually, "stages" of cancer development is typically "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" (phase).
Wait, "identifiable stages" -> "identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (sense 2)?
Let's re-read the definition of sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
Definition of sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
The text says: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"
"identifiable stages" matches "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (sense 2) or "distinct time period in a sequence of events" (sense 1).
Wait, "stages" of cancer are often called "phases" or "stages".
Let's look at the synonyms:
Sense 1: phase
Sense 2: degree, level, point
"identifiable stages" -> "identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (sense 2) has "identifiable" in the definition! "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
Wait, the text says "identifiable stages".
Let's check WordNet for "stage".
Sense 1: any distinct time period in a sequence of events. "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected"
Sense 2: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process. "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?"
Is cancer development a "process"? Yes.
Is it a "sequence of events"? Yes.
But "identifiable stages" strongly aligns with "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
Wait, let's search for "identifiable stages" in WordNet or similar.
Actually, the phrase "identifiable stages" might just be a coincidence, but "progressing from less severe to deadly" implies a continuum or series.
Let's consider "phase" (sense 1). Cancer stages are often referred to as phases or stages.
But "progressing from less severe to deadly" is a continuum.
Let's look at sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
Let's look at sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
"identifiable stages" -> "identifiable position".
Let's choose sense 1 because "stages" of cancer are distinct time periods or phases in the development (sequence of events).
Wait, "progressing from less severe to deadly" -> continuum.
Let's check the exact definition of stage%1:28:00:: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
stage%1:26:00:: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
In medical contexts, "stages" of a disease are often "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (e.g., Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, Stage IV). These are positions in a continuum of severity.
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> continuum of severity.
Therefore, sense 2 is highly appropriate.
Let's re-evaluate sense 1 vs sense 2.
"identifiable stages" -> "specific identifiable position"
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> "continuum or series or especially in a process"
This perfectly matches sense 2.
Let's double check.
"at what stage are the social sciences?" -> position in a process.
"identifiable stages" -> identifiable position.
I will go with sense 2.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events". Cancer development is a process, not necessarily just a sequence of events, but a continuum of severity. "less severe to deadly" is a continuum.
So sense 2 is better.
Let's review the prompt: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"
"identifiable" is in the definition of sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
This is a very strong lexical overlap.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's check if there is any other sense.
No, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's confirm the sense index.
1. stage%1:28:00::
2. stage%1:26:00::
I will output 2.
Let me reconsider sense 1. "phase" is a synonym for sense 1. Cancer stages are often called phases. But "continuum" fits "progressing from less severe to deadly" better.
Also, the word "identifiable" is explicitly in the definition of sense 2.
I'll go with 2.
Wait, "identifiable stages" -> "identifiable position".
Yes, sense 2.
Let's check if "stage" in cancer is sense 1 or 2.
WordNet:
stage n
1. any distinct time period in a sequence of events
2. a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process
3. a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience
...
In the sentence: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"
"identifiable stages" -> "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
I am confident in 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "progressing" in the context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The context describes polyps becoming increasingly malignant, moving from less severe to deadly.
Sense 1: develop in a positive way (come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up). Wait, "develop in a positive way" might not fit "less severe to deadly", but "progress" here means to advance or develop. Let's look at the synonyms: advance, come along.
Wait, let's re-read Sense 1: "develop in a positive way". Is it positive? "progressing from less severe to deadly" - this is a development, but maybe not positive. However, "progress" in the sense of "advance" or "develop" is often Sense 1.
Let's check Sense 2: "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" (advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on). Example: Time marches on.
Let's check Sense 3: "form or accumulate steadily" (build up, work up, build). Example: Resistance built up.

Wait, is "progressing" here meaning "develop"? "progressing from less severe to deadly".
Let's look at WordNet for "progress".
Sense 1: develop in a positive way. "He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along".
Sense 2: move forward, also in the metaphorical sense. "Time marches on".
Wait, could it be Sense 1? "develop in a positive way" is the gloss, but the synonyms are "come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up".
Actually, "progress" as in "develop" or "advance" is often Sense 1.
Let's consider "progressing from less severe to deadly". This is a development or advancement in stages.
Is there another sense?
Let's search for "progress" in WordNet.
1. progress (develop in a positive way)
2. progress (move forward, also in the metaphorical sense)
3. progress (form or accumulate steadily)

In the sentence: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".
This means advancing or developing.
Does "progress" mean "develop in a positive way" here? The gloss says "positive way", but maybe it's just the general "develop" sense.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up.
Synonyms for Sense 2: advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on.
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> advancing.
Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
"progress" as a verb:
1. develop in a positive way (come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up)
2. move forward, also in the metaphorical sense (advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on)

Wait, "progressing from less severe to deadly" is a development. "develop in a positive way" might be the gloss for "progress" as in "make progress". But here it's "progressing from X to Y", which is more like "advancing" or "moving forward".
Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along".
Examples for Sense 2: "Time marches on".
If it's "progressing from less severe to deadly", it's moving forward in stages.
Wait, "progress" meaning "develop" is often Sense 1. "The disease is progressing."
Let's check WordNet for "progress" verb.
Sense 1: develop in a positive way. "He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along"
Sense 2: move forward, also in the metaphorical sense. "Time marches on"
Is "progressing" in "progressing from less severe to deadly" Sense 1 or 2?
Actually, "progress" meaning "to advance or go forward" is Sense 2? No, "advance" is in both.
Let's look at the gloss: "develop in a positive way". The context is "become increasingly malignant... progressing from less severe to deadly". This is a development. Even though it's deadly, it's a development of the disease. "The cancer is progressing." This is a standard medical usage of "progress", which aligns with "develop".
Wait, could it be Sense 1? Yes, "develop" is the key verb in the gloss. "develop in a positive way" is the gloss, but "develop" is the core meaning.
Let's consider Sense 1: "develop in a positive way".
Let's consider Sense 2: "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense".
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> this is a change of state, a development.
I will choose Sense 1 because "develop" fits "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages".
Wait, let's re-read the gloss for Sense 1: "develop in a positive way". Is it positive? No, but WordNet glosses can be imperfect. "come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up" are the synonyms.
What about Sense 2? "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense". Synonyms: "advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on".
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> this is advancing or developing.
Let's search my internal knowledge for "progressing from less severe to deadly".
In WordNet, "progress" verb:
1. develop in a positive way
2. move forward, also in the metaphorical sense
3. form or accumulate steadily

If I have to choose between 1 and 2, "develop" (Sense 1) fits "become increasingly malignant" better than "move forward" (Sense 2). "The disease progressed" is a classic example of Sense 1 (even if the gloss says "positive way", it's the "develop" sense).
Let's double check if there's any other sense. No, only 3 candidates.
Candidate 1: develop in a positive way.
Candidate 2: move forward, also in the metaphorical sense.
Candidate 3: form or accumulate steadily.

"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> this is a development. I'll go with 1.
Wait, let's think if "progress" here means "move forward". "progressing from less severe to deadly" -> moving from one stage to another.
But "develop" is a better fit for "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages".
Let's choose 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for 1: come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up.
Synonyms for 2: advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on.
"progressing" in medical contexts usually means the disease is developing or advancing. "The cancer progressed." This is Sense 1.
I will output 1.
Let's review the prompt: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Let me reconsider. "progressing from less severe to deadly" - is it "move forward"? "move forward" is more about physical or temporal movement (Time marches on). "develop" is about changing state or growing, which fits "become increasingly malignant". So 1 is better.
Yes, 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "less" in the context: "progressing from less severe to deadly".
The phrase is "less severe".
"less" is used to form the comparative of the adjective "severe".
Sense 1: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs. Examples: less interesting; less expensive.
Sense 2: comparative of little. Examples: she walks less than she should; he works less these days.

"less severe" matches Sense 1 perfectly, as it forms the comparative of the adjective "severe".
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "severe" in the context: "progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The context is talking about the progression of cancer/polyps from less severe (less bad, less dangerous, less critical) to deadly.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality (severe pain, severe case of flu)
2. very strong or vigorous (strong winds)
3. severely simple (stark interior)
4. unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment (spartan)
5. causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm (dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening)
6. very bad in degree or extent (severe worldwide depression, severe damage)

Wait, "less severe to deadly". "Deadly" is a synonym for life-threatening, dangerous, grave, serious.
Sense 5: causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm (dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening).
Sense 6: very bad in degree or extent (severe worldwide depression, severe damage).
Sense 1: intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality (severe pain, severe case of flu).

Let's look at the progression: "progressing from less severe to deadly".
"Deadly" is a strong indicator for sense 5 (dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening).
Wait, "severe" in the context of a disease or condition progressing to "deadly".
Is it sense 5 or sense 6?
Sense 5: causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm. Synonyms: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening.
Sense 6: very bad in degree or extent.
Sense 1: intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality.

Let's check the examples for sense 5: "a dangerous operation; a grave situation".
In the context, "progressing from less severe to deadly". "Severe" here means serious, dangerous, life-threatening.
Wait, let's consider sense 5 vs sense 6.
"severe" modifying the condition of the polyps/cancer.
"progressing from less severe to deadly"
If it's "serious", it aligns with sense 5.
Let's check WordNet for "severe".
severe (adj)
1. intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality
2. very strong or vigorous
3. severely simple
4. unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment
5. causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm
6. very bad in degree or extent

"progressing from less severe to deadly"
"deadly" is a synonym for life-threatening, which is in sense 5.
"serious" is also in sense 5.
"grave" is in sense 5.
So sense 5 is the best fit.

Let's double check sense 5: "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm" -> synonyms: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening.
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> less serious to deadly.
Yes, sense 5 fits perfectly.
Let's consider sense 6: "very bad in degree or extent" -> "a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage".
Here, the polyps are becoming increasingly malignant, progressing from less severe (less serious/dangerous) to deadly.
So sense 5 is the most appropriate.
Wait, let's look at sense 1: "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality" -> "severe pain; a severe case of flu".
Could it be sense 1? "a severe case of flu" is a medical condition. But "deadly" is explicitly in sense 5's synonyms (life-threatening).
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> "less serious to deadly".
I will go with sense 5.
Let's review the exact text: "progressing from less severe to deadly".
Synonyms for sense 5: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening.
"serious" is a very common synonym for "severe" in medical contexts (e.g., severe illness = serious illness).
Therefore, sense 5 is the best match.
Let's confirm the index.
1. intense
2. strong
3. plain
4. nonindulgent
5. critical
6. bad

Index 5 is "critical" (causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm).
Yes, 5.
I will output {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "deadly".
Context: "...progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The context is talking about cancer (colon cancer) progressing from less severe to causing death.
Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death (fatal, deathly, mortal). Example: a fatal accident; a deadly enemy.
Sense 2: of an instrument of certain death (lethal). Example: deadly poisons; lethal weapon.
Sense 3: extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom (venomous, virulent).
Sense 4: involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death (mortal).
Sense 5: exceedingly harmful (baneful, pernicious, pestilent).
Sense 6: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect (virulent).

Wait, the context says "progressing from less severe to deadly". This means causing death.
Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death.
Is it sense 1? Yes, "deadly" in the sense of causing death.
Let's check the examples: "a fatal accident; a deadly enemy".
Wait, sense 1 is "causing or capable of causing death".
Sense 6 is "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect". But colon cancer progressing to deadly means it becomes fatal.
Let's look at sense 1: "causing or capable of causing death".
Is there a better fit?
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> causing death.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check.
"deadly" modifying the stages of cancer. "progressing from less severe to deadly".
Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's review sense 1 vs sense 6.
Sense 6: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect.
But "deadly" here just means fatal, causing death.
Sense 1 is "causing or capable of causing death".
I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "genetic" in the context: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The context is about cancer suppressor genes, chromosomes, and molecular biology.
The phrase is "genetic damage".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary)
2. of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical) - examples: genic combinations; genetic code
3. pertaining to or referring to origin
4. of or relating to the science of genetics

"genetic damage" refers to damage to the genes or DNA.
Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". This fits "genetic damage" (damage to genes).
Let's double check. "genetic damage" means damage to the genes.
Sense 2 is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
Synonyms: genic, genetical.
Examples: genic combinations; genetic code.
This perfectly matches "genetic damage" (damage to genes).

Let's review the context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes... as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
"genetic damage" = damage to genes.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Sense 1 is about heredity/family.
Sense 3 is about origin.
Sense 4 is about the science of genetics.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 2}.
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damage" in the context of "genetic damage".
The context mentions "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" and "searching for signs of genetic damage".
This refers to the occurrence of a change for the worse, harm, or impairment to the genes.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

"genetic damage" refers to the occurrence of a change for the worse (harm, impairment) to the genetic material. It is a state or occurrence of harm, not the act of damaging (which would be sense 3).
Wait, "genetic damage" is a noun phrase meaning harm or impairment to genes.
Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (harm, impairment).
Sense 3: "the act of damaging something or someone".
In "signs of genetic damage", it's the impairment itself, the occurrence of a change for the worse.
Let's check WordNet for "damage".
damage%1:11:00:: is "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (harm, impairment).
damage%1:04:00:: is "the act of damaging something or someone" (harm, hurt, scathe).
"genetic damage" is the impairment or harm that has occurred, so sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" -> the occurrence of a change for the worse.
Yes, sense 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurring
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "occurring" in the context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The context describes a process or event (a cascade of genetic damage) happening or taking place.
Sense 1: come to pass (happen, go on, pass off). Example: What is happening?
Sense 2: come to one's mind; suggest itself. Example: It occurred to me...
Sense 3: to be found to exist. Example: sexism occurs in many workplaces.

In the context, "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" means the cascade of genetic damage is happening or taking place.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "happen" fits perfectly: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be happening."
Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "student" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
The context refers to a "doctoral student", which is a learner enrolled in an educational institution (specifically, a university, pursuing a doctorate).
Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (pupil, educatee).
Sense 2: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (scholar, scholarly person, bookman).

A doctoral student is a learner enrolled in an educational institution, not necessarily a learned person who has already gained mastery (that would be a scholar, but "doctoral student" specifically implies they are still a student/learner).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "doctoral student" -> enrolled in an educational institution.
Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "began" (lemma: begin).
Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
The action is "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing".
This means they started or took the first steps in carrying out an action (probing).
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language

"began months of tedious and often frustrating probing" -> they started doing this probing.
Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" -> "began probing" -> "began months of probing".
Wait, sense 1 is "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action".
Let's see: "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing".
Is it sense 1? Yes, they started the action of probing.
Let's check sense 1 examples: "We began working at dawn". Here, "began months of probing" is similar to "began working".
Wait, sense 1 is "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action".
Let's check sense 8: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" (begin a cigar, start the soup). Not this.
Sense 1 fits best. "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing" -> they started to probe.
Let's double check sense 1.
"take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"
Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out.
Yes, "set out to repeat" was used earlier, and now they "began months of... probing".
So sense 1 is the best fit.
Another option: sense 3 "set in motion, cause to start". But they are the ones doing the probing, not causing something else to start.
So sense 1 is correct.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Let's review the sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
They started the action of probing.
Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action.
Matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "months" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
The context refers to a duration of time, approximately 30 days each, rather than a specific calendar month (like January, February).
Sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (e.g., "he paid the bill last month")
Sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days (e.g., "he was given a month to pay the bill")

"months of tedious and often frustrating probing" indicates a duration of time, not a specific calendar month.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"months of tedious and often frustrating probing" -> duration.
Sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days.
Yes, sense 2.
Format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tedious".
Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words; synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy

In the context, "tedious" describes "months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes". This refers to a task that is mentally wearing, boring, or irksome, not something that is long-winded or verbose (which applies to speech or writing).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
The phrase is "tedious and often frustrating probing".
Here, "often" modifies "frustrating". It means that the probing was frustrating in many cases or instances.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes) - e.g., we often met over a cup of coffee.
2. frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal) - e.g., I don't drink much.
3. in many cases or instances.

"often frustrating" means that in many cases or instances, the probing was frustrating.
Sense 3 fits best: "in many cases or instances".
Let's double check. "tedious and often frustrating probing" -> the probing was frustrating in many cases or instances.
Sense 1: many times at short intervals. Doesn't fit "often frustrating".
Sense 2: frequently or in great quantities. Doesn't fit.
Sense 3: in many cases or instances. Fits perfectly. "often frustrating" = frustrating in many cases or instances.
Therefore, sense 3 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "searching" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
The context implies trying to locate or discover signs of genetic damage.
Sense 1: try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of (seek, look for). Example: The police are searching for clues.
Sense 2: search or seek (look). Example: We looked all day...
Sense 3: inquire into (research, explore). Example: the students had to research the history...
Sense 4: subject to a search. Example: The police searched the suspect.

"searching for signs of genetic damage" matches "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" (Sense 1).
Synonyms: seek, look for.
"searching for" -> "seeking" or "looking for".
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"searching for signs of genetic damage" -> "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of".
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "signs" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
The context is about searching for indications or evidence of genetic damage in chromosomes.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation

Wait, "signs of genetic damage" - is it medical or general indication?
"signs of genetic damage" -> "signs of strain" is a good parallel.
Let's check sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)"
Let's check sense 6: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease"
Is "genetic damage" a disorder or disease? It's damage. "signs of genetic damage" is more like "signs of strain" (sense 1).
Wait, "signs of genetic damage" could be sense 1.
Let's re-read the context: "searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
"signs of genetic damage" -> perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent.
Let's consider sense 1 vs sense 6.
Sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)"
Sense 6: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease"
"genetic damage" is not necessarily a disorder or disease, it's damage. "signs of genetic damage" is closer to "signs of strain" or "signs of spring".
Also, "signs of genetic damage" is a general indication.
Let's look at sense 1: "he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring"
"searching for signs of genetic damage" -> "signs of strain" is a very close match in structure and meaning.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's double check if there's any other.
Sense 1: sign%1:10:05::
Sense 6: sign%1:26:00::
"signs of genetic damage" -> "signs of strain" (1).
I'll go with 1.
Let's review the definition of 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)". Genetic damage is not immediately apparent, they are probing chromosomes to find it.
Yes, 1 is the best fit.
Another option: 6. "objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease". Genetic damage is not a disorder or disease per se, it's the underlying cause.
So 1 is better.
Let's confirm the index. 1.
Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "genetic" in the context of "genetic damage".
The context is about molecular biology, chromosomes, cancer suppressor genes, and genetic deletions.
"genetic damage" refers to damage to genes or DNA.
Sense 1: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary).
Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical). Examples: genic combinations; genetic code.
Sense 3: pertaining to or referring to origin.
Sense 4: of or relating to the science of genetics.

"genetic damage" means damage to the genes. So it is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
Let's check Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
"genetic damage" = damage to genes.
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"genetic deletions" -> deletions of genes.
"genetic damage" -> damage to genes.
Sense 2 fits perfectly.
Sense 4 is "of or relating to the science of genetics" (e.g., genetic research).
Sense 2 is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
"genetic damage" is damage to the gene itself, so it relates to the gene.
I will choose Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damage" in the context of "genetic damage".
The context says: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
The senses are:
1. the occurrence of a change for the worse (harm, impairment)
2. loss of military equipment
3. the act of damaging something or someone (harm, hurt, scathe)
4. the amount of money needed to purchase something
5. any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right

"genetic damage" refers to the occurrence of a change for the worse, impairment, or harm to the genes.
Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (harm, impairment). This fits "genetic damage" perfectly, as it's a state or occurrence of impairment.
Sense 3: "the act of damaging something or someone". "genetic damage" is not the act, but the result/occurrence.
Let's double check. "genetic damage" = impairment of genes.
Sense 1 is "the occurrence of a change for the worse".
Synonyms: harm, impairment.
Yes, "impairment" fits "genetic damage" very well.
Let's review the options.
1. damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
3. damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe

"genetic damage" is a noun phrase referring to the impairment itself, not the act of damaging.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's confirm.
"cascade of genetic damage" -> occurrence of a change for the worse.
"signs of genetic damage" -> signs of impairment.
Sense 1 is correct.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.