[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "report" in the context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
The context is about a research team announcing or publishing the result of an investigation or finding (dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. to give an account or representation of in words (describe, account)
2. announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding (Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research)
3. announce one's presence
4. make known to the authorities
5. be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism
6. complain about; make a charge against

Sense 2 perfectly matches "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding", and the example "The team reported significant advances in their research" is very similar to "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses...".

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dual
Target surface form: dual
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report <t>dual</t> chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:multiple:00 | definition=consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs | synonyms=double, duple | examples=an egg with a double yolk; a double (binary) star
2. sense_key=dual%5:00:02:multiple:00 | definition=having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities; ; - R.W.Emerson; -Frederick Harrison | synonyms=double, twofold, treble, threefold | examples=a double (or dual) role for an actor; the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence
3. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:plural:00 | definition=a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural) | examples=ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "dual" in the context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
The phrase is "dual chromosome losses".
This means losses of two chromosomes, or involving two parts/components.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs (synonyms: double, duple)
2. having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities (synonyms: double, twofold, treble, threefold)
3. a grammatical number category referring to two items or units

In "dual chromosome losses", it refers to the loss of two chromosomes (or two copies, as mentioned earlier: "loss of both copies of the same gene"). This fits sense 1: "consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs".
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "dual chromosome losses" = losses of two chromosomes. "consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs".
Yes, sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "losses" in the context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
The context talks about "dual chromosome losses", meaning the loss of chromosomes (something that is lost, specifically genetic material).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death

Wait, "loss of both copies of the same gene" -> "dual chromosome losses".
Is it "something that is lost" (1) or "the act of losing something" (3)?
"loss of both copies" -> the act of losing? Or the thing that is lost?
Let's check WordNet for "loss".
loss%1:21:01:: "something that is lost"
loss%1:04:00:: "the act of losing someone or something"
Wait, "loss of both copies" -> the act of losing.
But "dual chromosome losses" -> the things that are lost? Or the events of losing?
Let's see: "loss of livestock" (1). "loss of both copies" is similar to "loss of livestock".
Wait, "loss of both copies of the same gene" -> "loss" as in "something that is lost" or "the act of losing"?
In WordNet, "loss of livestock" is sense 1. "loss of both copies" is similar.
Let's check sense 1: "something that is lost". Example: "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt".
Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something". Example: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock".
"dual chromosome losses" -> the chromosomes that are lost, or the events of losing chromosomes?
"report dual chromosome losses" -> they reported the losses (the things lost, or the events?).
Actually, "loss" in "loss of livestock" is sense 1. "loss of both copies" is sense 1.
Let's consider "loss" in genetics: "loss of heterozygosity", "chromosome loss". This is the event or the thing lost?
If I look at "loss of livestock", it's sense 1.
"loss of both copies" -> sense 1.
Let's re-read sense 1: "something that is lost".
Is "loss of both copies" something that is lost? Yes, the copies are lost.
Wait, "loss" as in "the act of losing" (sense 3).
Let's search for "loss of" in WordNet.
"loss of livestock" -> 1.
"loss of credibility" -> 4.
"weight loss" -> 2.
"loss of a loved one" -> 5.
"business loss" -> 6.
"military loss" -> 7.
"passing" -> 8.

What about "chromosome losses"? It's the loss of chromosomes. Like "loss of livestock". So sense 1.
Let's double check.
"loss of both copies of the same gene" -> "loss" here is the thing that is lost (the copies) or the act of losing them?
In "the loss of both copies", "loss" is the state or fact of being lost, or the thing lost.
Actually, WordNet sense 1: "something that is lost".
Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something".
If it's "dual chromosome losses", it refers to the chromosomes that are lost, or the events? "report dual chromosome losses" -> they reported that two chromosomes were lost. So the losses are the things lost.
I will go with sense 1.
Wait, let's think if "loss" in "loss of both copies" is sense 1.
"the car was a total loss"
"loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt"
"loss of both copies of the same gene"
Yes, "loss of livestock" is exactly parallel to "loss of both copies".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review sense 1: "something that is lost".
Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something".
Is "loss of livestock" the act of losing livestock, or the livestock that is lost? "loss of livestock" is the livestock that is lost (or the fact that it is lost). WordNet puts it in 1.
So "loss of both copies" should be 1.
I'll output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: childhood
Target surface form: childhood
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare <t>childhood</t> cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=childhood%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of person's life when they are a child
2. sense_key=childhood%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of a child between infancy and adolescence | synonyms=puerility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "childhood" in the context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
The phrase is "childhood cancer".
Sense 1: the time of person's life when they are a child. (e.g., childhood cancer = cancer occurring during childhood).
Sense 2: the state of a child between infancy and adolescence (puerility).

"childhood cancer" refers to cancer that occurs during the time of a person's life when they are a child.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"childhood cancer" -> cancer of childhood (the time of a person's life when they are a child).
Sense 1: the time of person's life when they are a child.
Sense 2: the state of a child between infancy and adolescence.
Sense 1 is more appropriate for "childhood cancer".
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the given context.
Context: "...a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
The word "cancer" here refers to a malignant growth or tumor.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division...
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation...
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac...
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae

Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I need to return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.
No hedging.
Only the JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
The target word is "called".
The phrase is "cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor".
This means the cancer is named Wilm's tumor.
Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. Synonyms: name. Examples: They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader.
This perfectly matches "called Wilm's tumor".
Let's double check other senses.
Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality. (e.g., He called me a bastard). Not this.
Sense 27: consider or regard as being. (e.g., I would not call her beautiful). Not this.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_to
Target surface form: turned
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_to%2:32:01:: | definition=speak to | synonyms=address | examples=He addressed the crowd outside the window
2. sense_key=turn_to%2:30:00:: | definition=direct one's interest or attention towards; go into | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "turned" (lemma: turn_to).
Context: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
Wait, the context says "turned his attention colon cancer" (probably missing "to", but the lemma is turn_to).
Sense 1: speak to (address)
Sense 2: direct one's interest or attention towards; go into (The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium)

In the context, Dr. Vogelstein directed his attention towards colon cancer.
This perfectly matches Sense 2: "direct one's interest or attention towards".

Let's check the sense index.
Sense 1: turn_to%2:32:01::
Sense 2: turn_to%2:30:00::

The best indexed sense is 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the <t>second</t> biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "second" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
The word "second" here means coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude.
Candidate sense 1: sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
Candidate sense 2: sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

The context clearly matches sense 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: big
Target surface form: biggest
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life
3. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
4. sense_key=big%5:00:00:loud:00 | definition=loud and firm | examples=a big voice; big bold piano sounds
5. sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intemperate:00 | definition=prodigious | synonyms=heavy | examples=big spender; big eater
7. sense_key=big%5:00:02:proud:00 | definition=exhibiting self-importance | synonyms=boastful, braggart, bragging, braggy, cock-a-hoop, crowing | examples=big talk
8. sense_key=big%5:00:00:proud:00 | definition=feeling self-importance | synonyms=swelled, vainglorious | examples=too big for his britches; had a swelled head
9. sense_key=big%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=(of animals) fully developed | synonyms=adult, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup | examples=an adult animal; a grown woman
10. sense_key=big%5:00:00:heavy:08 | definition=marked by intense physical force | examples=a big wind
11. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=large, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
12. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:01 | definition=given or giving freely | synonyms=bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving | examples=was a big tipper; the bounteous goodness of God
13. sense_key=big%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, large, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "biggest" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
The phrase is "second biggest cancer killer".
This refers to the magnitude or extent of the number of deaths caused by colon cancer.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life
5. sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus

"biggest cancer killer" means the one that kills the largest number of people. This is about size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent.
Sense 1: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent".
Is it sense 1? Yes, "biggest" here means largest in number (of deaths).
Let's double check. "second biggest cancer killer" -> second largest in number of deaths.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Let's review the options.
1. above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent
2. significant
5. conspicuous in position or importance
"biggest cancer killer" is about the number of people it kills, so "number or quantity or magnitude or extent".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Another option: "biggest" as in "largest".
Yes, sense 1.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
The context is clearly about the disease, malignant growth or tumor.
Sense 1: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
This matches perfectly.
Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: killer
Target surface form: killer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=killer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who causes the death of a person or animal | synonyms=slayer
2. sense_key=killer%1:26:00:: | definition=the causal agent resulting in death | synonyms=cause of death | examples=heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States
3. sense_key=killer%1:09:00:: | definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with | examples=that exam was a real killer
4. sense_key=killer%1:05:00:: | definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas | synonyms=killer whale, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "killer" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
The context talks about colon cancer being the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S.
Sense 1: someone who causes the death of a person or animal (slayer)
Sense 2: the causal agent resulting in death (cause of death) - example: "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States"
Sense 3: a difficulty that is hard to deal with
Sense 4: predatory black-and-white toothed whale

The context matches Sense 2 perfectly, as it refers to cancer as a cause of death, similar to the example "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "U.S." in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer."
The context refers to the country, the United States of America, where colon cancer is the second biggest cancer killer.
Sense 1: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States (U.S. government).
Sense 2: North American republic containing 50 states... (United States, USA, America).
The context clearly refers to the country, not the government.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "believed" in the context: "But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
Wait, there are two instances of "believed" in the context.
1. "believed Dr. Knudson was right"
2. "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits" on cancer suppressor genes"

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. accept as true; take to be true (I believed his report)
2. judge or regard; look upon; judge (I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart)
3. be confident about something (I believe that he will come back from the war)
4. follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
5. credit with veracity

"believed Dr. Knudson was right" -> accept as true; take to be true. Or "judge or regard"?
"believed colon cancer might also arise" -> accept as true, or be confident about something.
Let's see: "believe [someone] was right" -> accept as true.
"believe [that] colon cancer might also arise" -> accept as true.
Wait, "believe" + clause (that something is true).
Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true. Examples: I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War.
Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge. Examples: I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart.
Sense 3: be confident about something. Examples: I believe that he will come back from the war.

Let's look at "believed Dr. Knudson was right". This is "accept as true".
Let's look at "He believed colon cancer might also arise...". This is "accept as true" or "be confident about something".
Actually, "believe" + that-clause is often sense 1.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "I believed his report"
Sense 3: "I believe that he will come back from the war" (be confident about something).
Is "believe" in "believed Dr. Knudson was right" sense 1? Yes, accept as true.
Is "believe" in "believed colon cancer might also arise" sense 1? Yes, accept as true.
Wait, let's consider sense 1 vs sense 3.
"accept as true; take to be true" fits "believed Dr. Knudson was right" perfectly.
Let's check sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true".
Let's check sense 3: "be confident about something".
In the context, "believed Dr. Knudson was right" -> accepted as true.
"believed colon cancer might also arise" -> accepted as true / took to be true.
I will go with sense 1.

Wait, looking at the exact text: "believed Dr. Knudson was right" -> accept as true.
"believed colon cancer might also arise" -> accept as true.
Let's choose sense 1.
Let's double check if there's any other.
"believe" + that-clause can be sense 1.
I'll output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "arise" in the context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
The context talks about colon cancer coming into existence or developing from multiple hits on cancer suppressor genes.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow)
2. originate or come into being (come up, bob up) - e.g., a question arose
3. rise to one's feet
4. result or issue (come up) - e.g., A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. move upward
6. take part in a rebellion
7. get up and out of bed

Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms "originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow". The context says "arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages." The synonym "develop" and "originate" fits perfectly with cancer arising/developing.
Wait, let's check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow). Example: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".
Sense 2: "originate or come into being" (come up, bob up). Example: "a question arose".
Sense 4: "result or issue" (come up). Example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion".

In the context, "colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
"arise" here means to come into existence, to develop.
Synonyms for sense 1 include "develop", which is explicitly used in the context ("develop in stages").
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"arise from" -> originate, develop.
Sense 1: come into existence; take on form or shape.
Sense 2: originate or come into being (usually for abstract things like questions, problems).
Sense 4: result or issue (usually for situations, problems).
Cancer is a physical/biological entity that comes into existence or develops. Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
"develop" is a synonym for sense 1.
I will choose sense 1.
Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
Sense 1: come into existence; take on form or shape.
Matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer".
Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
The context is about a disease, specifically malignant growth or tumor.
Sense 1: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
This perfectly matches the context of "cancer suppressor genes" and "colon cancer".
Sense 1 is the correct sense.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often".
Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages."
The word "often" here means "in many cases or instances".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes) - e.g., we often met over a cup of coffee.
2. frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal) - e.g., I don't drink much.
3. in many cases or instances.

In the context, "it often seems to develop in stages" means "in many cases or instances, it seems to develop in stages."
Sense 3 fits perfectly.
Let's double check.
"because it often seems to develop in stages." -> in many cases or instances.
Yes, sense 3.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "seems" in the context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
The sentence means that colon cancer appears to develop in stages, or gives the impression of developing in stages.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. seem%2:39:00:: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (look, appear). Example: She seems to be sleeping.
2. seem%2:39:01:: seem to be true, probable, or apparent. Example: It seems that he is very gifted.
3. seem%2:42:00:: appear to exist. Example: There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now.
4. seem%2:39:02:: appear to one's own mind or opinion. Example: I seem to be misunderstood by everyone.

In the context, "it often seems to develop in stages" means it gives the impression or has the outward aspect of developing in stages.
Wait, "seems to develop" is similar to "seems to be sleeping" (sense 1).
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem".
"it often seems to develop in stages" -> gives a certain impression or has a certain outward aspect.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.
Let's double check sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". Example: "It seems that he is very gifted". This is usually followed by a "that" clause or used impersonally.
Sense 1 is "seem to [verb]" or "seem [adjective]". "seems to develop" matches "seems to be sleeping".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the definition of sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
Yes, "it often seems to develop in stages" means it gives the impression of developing in stages.
I will choose sense 1.
Context: "because it often seems to develop in stages."
Sense 1: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect.
Matches "seems to develop".
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "develop" in the context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages."
The context talks about colon cancer arising from multiple hits and developing in stages, preceded by polyps, progressing from less severe to deadly.
This means the cancer comes into existence, takes on form or shape, or grows/progresses.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. make something new (product, creation)
2. work out (theory)
3. gain through experience
4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) - "The patient developed abdominal pains"
5. come into existence; take on form or shape - "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment - "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower"
20. happen - "Report the news as it develops"

Wait, "develop in stages" for a disease or condition.
Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire. Examples: He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains.
Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - examples: A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower.

Let's read the context again: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

"develop in stages" -> grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment.
Wait, "develop" here means to grow or progress.
Let's check sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
Is there a better fit?
Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape"
Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"

Let's look at WordNet for "develop" intransitive.
"develop in stages" -> grow, progress, unfold, or evolve.
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
Examples: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower"

Wait, what about sense 5? "come into existence; take on form or shape"
"arise from multiple hits... because it often seems to develop in stages."
"develop" here is intransitive.
Let's consider "develop" as in "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve".
Sense 10 fits "progressing from less severe to deadly" and "in stages".
Let's check sense 10 again. "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
Yes, "develop in stages" matches "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve".

Let's check sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". This is usually transitive or intransitive for a person/thing acquiring a feature (e.g., "The patient developed abdominal pains"). Here, the cancer itself is developing.

Let's check sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". "A new religious movement originated..."

Let's check sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower". This perfectly matches "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly".

Let's review the exact wording of sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".
The context says: "because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"
This is exactly "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve".

Therefore, sense 10 is the best fit.
Let's double check if there are any other senses.
Sense 20: "happen" - "Report the news as it develops"
Sense 9: "be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest" - "The plot developed slowly"

"develop in stages" -> grow, progress, unfold, or evolve.
I will go with 10.
Wait, let's look at sense 10 again. "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
Yes, "develop in stages" is a classic example of this sense.
Let's confirm the sense index.
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00::
I will output 10.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "stages" in the context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The context talks about the development of colon cancer in distinct time periods or phases (progressing from less severe to deadly).
Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" (synonyms: phase). Example: "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected".
Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (synonyms: degree, level, point). Example: "at what stage are the social sciences?"
Sense 6: "a section or portion of a journey or course" (synonyms: leg).

Wait, "develop in stages" -> "progressing from less severe to deadly". This is a sequence of events or a process.
Let's look at Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
Let's look at Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
"develop in stages" -> "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".
"stage" as a phase in a sequence of events.
Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected".
Sense 1 is "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
Sense 2 is "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
Actually, "develop in stages" is often mapped to Sense 1 (phase).
Let's consider "stage" in "identifiable stages".
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> sequence of events.
Let's check WordNet for "stage" meaning "phase".
Sense 1: stage%1:28:00:: (any distinct time period in a sequence of events)
Synonyms: phase.
"develop in stages" -> "develop in phases".
I will choose Sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
"develop in stages" -> "develop in phases".
I'll go with 1.
Let's double check. "identifiable stages" -> "identifiable phases".
Yes, 1 is the best fit.
Another option: 1.
Let's review the prompt: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, "develop in stages" -> "develop in phases".
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> sequence of events.
I am confident in 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often".
Context: "It often seems to develop in stages."
Wait, there are two occurrences of "often" in the context:
1. "because it often seems to develop in stages."
2. "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
3. "tedious and often frustrating probing..."

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes)
2. frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal)
3. in many cases or instances

"because it often seems to develop in stages." -> in many cases or instances.
"It often is preceded by the development of polyps..." -> in many cases or instances.
"tedious and often frustrating probing" -> in many cases or instances.

Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" fits best. "often" here means "in many cases" (e.g., colon cancer often seems to develop in stages = in many cases it seems to develop in stages).

Let's check the examples for sense 3: "in many cases or instances".
Is there an example? The prompt doesn't give one for sense 3, but "in many cases or instances" perfectly matches "often seems to develop in stages" or "often is preceded by".

Let's evaluate sense 1: "many times at short intervals". This doesn't fit "often seems to develop in stages" or "often is preceded by".
Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities". Doesn't fit as well as sense 3.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"because it often seems to develop in stages." -> in many cases or instances.
Yes, "often" modifying "seems to develop" or "is preceded by" means "in many cases or instances".
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "preceded" in the context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."
The sentence means that the development of polyps in the bowel comes before colon cancer.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. be earlier in time; go back further (predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate) - e.g., Stone tools precede bronze tools.
2. come before - e.g., Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify.
3. be the predecessor of - e.g., Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands.
4. move ahead (of others) in time or space.
5. furnish with a preface or introduction.

In the context, "It often is preceded by the development of polyps..." means the development of polyps comes before it in time.
Sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further" - "Stone tools precede bronze tools". This fits perfectly with "colon cancer is preceded by the development of polyps".
Wait, sense 1 is "be earlier in time; go back further".
Sense 2 is "come before" (spatial or temporal, but example is spatial/grammatical: adjectives precede the noun).
Sense 3 is "be the predecessor of" (e.g., Bill preceded John).
Let's re-read sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further". Synonyms: predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate. Example: Stone tools precede bronze tools.
In the context, colon cancer is preceded by the development of polyps. The development of polyps is earlier in time than colon cancer.
Is it sense 1? Yes, "be earlier in time".
Let's check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: be earlier in time; go back further.
Sense 2: come before.
The context is about temporal sequence: "develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps... progressing from less severe to deadly". This is a temporal sequence.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"preceded by the development of polyps" -> the development of polyps is earlier in time.
Sense 1: be earlier in time; go back further.
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: predate, antecede, antedate. These are temporal.
Synonyms for sense 2: predate (wait, predate is in both? No, sense 2 has predate? The prompt says: "synonyms=predate" for sense 2, but example is "Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify", which is spatial/linear).
Sense 1 is definitely temporal.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "development" in the context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The context talks about the process of polyps developing in the bowel, progressing from less severe to deadly, in identifiable stages.
This matches sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" with synonyms "evolution" and examples "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization".
Wait, sense 3 is "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
Is "development of polyps" considered an individual organism growing organically, or a process passing by degrees to a different stage?
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> "passes by degrees to a different stage".
Let's re-read the context: "because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
The word "stages" is explicitly mentioned: "develop in stages", "identifiable stages".
Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically..."
Polyps are not necessarily an individual organism growing organically in the sense of ontogeny, but rather a pathological process passing by degrees to a different stage (malignancy).
Let's check the examples for sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization".
Wait, "development of polyps" could be sense 2.
Let's consider "development" as a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage.
"progressing from less severe to deadly" -> "passes by degrees to a different stage".
Yes, sense 2 fits perfectly with "passes by degrees to a different stage".
Let's double check sense 2 vs sense 3.
Sense 3 is specifically "an individual organism growing organically". Polyps are growths, but the context emphasizes "develop in stages", "identifiable stages", "progressing from less severe to deadly". This strongly aligns with "passes by degrees to a different stage".
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically
4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation
5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful
6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose
7. a state in which things are improving
8. processing a photosensitive material
9. (music) the section of a composition

"development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"
This is a process passing by degrees to a different stage.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's look at the phrasing: "development of polyps".
Is it sense 2? Yes.
Let's confirm.
"development of polyps" -> process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage.
Yes.
End of thought.