[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as <t>China</t> and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "China".
Context: "...demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India."
This refers to the country, the People's Republic of China.
Sense 1: a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world. Synonyms: People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay.
Sense 2: high quality porcelain originally made only in China.
Sense 3: a government on the island of Taiwan...
Sense 4: dishware made of high quality porcelain.

The context clearly refers to the country (People's Republic of China).
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: urgency
Target surface form: urgency
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new <t>urgency</t> as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=urgency%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity
2. sense_key=urgency%1:07:00:: | definition=pressing importance requiring speedy action | examples=the urgency of his need
3. sense_key=urgency%1:26:01:: | definition=an urgent situation calling for prompt action | examples=I'll be there, barring any urgencies; they departed hurriedly because of some great urgency in their affairs
4. sense_key=urgency%1:10:00:: | definition=insistent solicitation and entreaty | synonyms=importunity, urging | examples=his importunity left me no alternative but to agree

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "urgency" in the context: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."
The context describes a situation where the talks have become more pressing and require speedy action because heads of government are arriving soon.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. urgency%1:26:00:: the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity
2. urgency%1:07:00:: pressing importance requiring speedy action | examples=the urgency of his need
3. urgency%1:26:01:: an urgent situation calling for prompt action | examples=I'll be there, barring any urgencies; they departed hurriedly because of some great urgency in their affairs
4. urgency%1:10:00:: insistent solicitation and entreaty | synonyms=importunity, urging

In the context, "took on new urgency" means the talks became of pressing importance requiring speedy action.
Sense 2: "pressing importance requiring speedy action" fits perfectly with "took on new urgency".
Let's check sense 1: "the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity".
Sense 2 is specifically "pressing importance requiring speedy action", which aligns with "took on new urgency" (the talks became more pressing/important requiring speedy action).
Wait, "urgency" as "pressing importance requiring speedy action" is sense 2.
Let's look at the example for sense 2: "the urgency of his need".
Context: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."
This means the talks became more pressing, requiring speedy action.
Sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 2.
Sense 1: the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity.
Sense 2: pressing importance requiring speedy action.
"took on new urgency" -> the talks acquired a new pressing importance requiring speedy action.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, let's consider sense 2. "pressing importance requiring speedy action".
Yes, "urgency" in "took on new urgency" is an abstract noun meaning pressing importance.
Sense 2 is the best.
Let's review the options.
1. state of being urgent
2. pressing importance requiring speedy action
3. an urgent situation
4. insistent solicitation

"took on new urgency" -> the talks took on new pressing importance requiring speedy action.
I'll go with 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the <t>fact</t> that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fact" in the context: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."
The phrase is "the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues".
This refers to a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred, or a statement/assertion of verified information.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. fact%1:09:01:: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. (e.g., collect all the facts of the case)
2. fact%1:10:01:: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. (e.g., supported his argument with an impressive array of facts)
3. fact%1:26:01:: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. (e.g., basis in fact)
4. fact%1:09:02:: a concept whose truth can be proved. (e.g., scientific hypotheses are not facts)

Wait, "the fact that..." is often considered a piece of information about circumstances that exist.
Let's check WordNet for "fact that".
"fact" sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
"fact" sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
In "the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues", it's a piece of information about circumstances that exist.
Wait, let's look at similar examples. "the fact that..." is often sense 1.
Let's consider "fact" sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues" -> this is a circumstance that exists.
Let's check the examples for sense 1: "first you must collect all the facts of the case".
Sense 2: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts".
Sense 3: "your fears have no basis in fact".
Sense 4: "scientific hypotheses are not facts".

"the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues" is a circumstance that exists.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"fact" in "the fact that..." is often sense 1.
I will choose 1.
Wait, let's re-read the context: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."
This is a circumstance that exists.
Sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
Yes, sense 1.
Let's consider if it could be 2. Sense 2 is "a statement or assertion of verified information". Here, it's not a statement, it's the circumstance itself.
So sense 1 is better.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issues
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding <t>issues</t> before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity) | synonyms=issuing, issuance | examples=a new issue of stamps; the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | definition=supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government | synonyms=military issue, government issue
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | definition=the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property | synonyms=return, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff | examples=the average return was about 5%
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | definition=the immediate descendants of a person | synonyms=offspring, progeny | examples=she was the mother of many offspring; he died without issue
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | definition=the becoming visible | synonyms=emergence, egress | examples=not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening that permits escape or release | synonyms=exit, outlet, way out | examples=he blocked the way out; the canyon had only one issue
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of issuing printed materials | synonyms=publication

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "issues" in the context: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."
The context is about climate change negotiations, resolving disputes, and dealing with important questions that need to be settled.
Sense 1: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled" (e.g., "the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues").
Sense 3: "some situation or event that is thought about" (topic, subject, matter).
Sense 1 fits perfectly with "resolve most of the outstanding issues" (disputes/questions to be settled).
Let's double check. "outstanding issues" in negotiations refers to points of dispute that must be settled.
Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1: issue%1:09:01::
Index: 1.
Context: "resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."
This matches "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled".
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a <t>deal</t>. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "deal" in the context: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a <t>deal</t>."
The context is about international climate negotiations, resolving outstanding issues, and reaching an agreement.
"strike a deal" means to reach an agreement.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a particular instance of buying or selling (trade, business deal)
2. an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each (bargain)
3. a large number or amount or extent
4. a plank of softwood
5. wood that is easy to saw
6. the cards held in a card game
7. the type of treatment received
8. the act of distributing playing cards
9. the act of apportioning or distributing something

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each". The context mentions "resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal", which is an agreement between parties (nations) after discussion.

Let's double check.
"strike a deal" -> reach an agreement.
Sense 2: "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each"
Synonyms: bargain.
Examples: he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals.

Yes, sense 2 is the best fit.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: officials
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level <t>officials</t> such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "officials" in the context of "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes..."
The context refers to government officials, people who hold an office.
Sense 1: a worker who holds or is invested with an office (synonyms: functionary)
Sense 2: someone who administers the rules of a game or sport

The context clearly matches Sense 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minister
Target surface form: minister
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice <t>minister</t> stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minister%1:18:00:: | definition=a person authorized to conduct religious worship | synonyms=curate, minister of religion, parson, pastor, rector | examples=clergymen are usually called ministers in Protestant churches
2. sense_key=minister%1:18:02:: | definition=a person appointed to a high office in the government | synonyms=government minister | examples=Minister of Finance
3. sense_key=minister%1:18:01:: | definition=a diplomat representing one government to another; ranks below ambassador | synonyms=diplomatic minister
4. sense_key=minister%1:04:00:: | definition=the job of a head of a government department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "minister" in the context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice <t>minister</t> stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week."
The context refers to a government official, specifically a "vice minister" in the Chinese government, and an "environment minister".
Sense 1: religious worship (curate, pastor)
Sense 2: a person appointed to a high office in the government (government minister)
Sense 3: a diplomat representing one government to another
Sense 4: the job of a head of a government department

The context clearly refers to a person appointed to a high office in the government (Indian environment minister, Chinese vice minister).
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister" -> person appointed to a high office in the government.
Sense 2: minister%1:18:02::
Matches perfectly.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: plane
Target surface form: planes
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off <t>planes</t> and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=plane%1:06:01:: | definition=an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets | synonyms=airplane, aeroplane | examples=the flight was delayed due to trouble with the airplane
2. sense_key=plane%1:25:00:: | definition=(mathematics) an unbounded two-dimensional shape | synonyms=sheet | examples=we will refer to the plane of the graph as the X-Y plane; any line joining two points on a plane lies wholly on that plane
3. sense_key=plane%1:26:00:: | definition=a level of existence or development | examples=he lived on a worldly plane
4. sense_key=plane%1:06:02:: | definition=a power tool for smoothing or shaping wood | synonyms=planer, planing machine
5. sense_key=plane%1:06:00:: | definition=a carpenter's hand tool with an adjustable blade for smoothing or shaping wood | synonyms=carpenter's plane, woodworking plane | examples=the cabinetmaker used a plane for the finish work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "planes" in the context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off <t>planes</t> and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences..."
The context clearly refers to aircraft that people step off of to attend a conference.
Sense 1: "an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets" (airplane, aeroplane).
This perfectly matches the context.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hall
Target surface form: halls
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's <t>halls</t> to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hall%1:06:03:: | definition=an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open | synonyms=hallway | examples=the elevators were at the end of the hall
2. sense_key=hall%1:06:05:: | definition=a large entrance or reception room or area | synonyms=anteroom, antechamber, entrance hall, foyer, lobby, vestibule
3. sense_key=hall%1:06:02:: | definition=a large room for gatherings or entertainment | examples=lecture hall; pool hall
4. sense_key=hall%1:06:04:: | definition=a college or university building containing living quarters for students | synonyms=dormitory, dorm, residence hall, student residence
5. sense_key=hall%1:06:06:: | definition=the large room of a manor or castle | synonyms=manor hall
6. sense_key=hall%1:18:04:: | definition=English writer whose novel about a lesbian relationship was banned in Britain for many years (1883-1943) | synonyms=Radclyffe Hall, Marguerite Radclyffe Hall
7. sense_key=hall%1:18:03:: | definition=United States child psychologist whose theories of child psychology strongly influenced educational psychology (1844-1924) | synonyms=G. Stanley Hall, Granville Stanley Hall
8. sense_key=hall%1:18:02:: | definition=United States chemist who developed an economical method of producing aluminum from bauxite (1863-1914) | synonyms=Charles Martin Hall
9. sense_key=hall%1:18:01:: | definition=United States explorer who led three expeditions to the Arctic (1821-1871) | synonyms=Charles Francis Hall
10. sense_key=hall%1:18:00:: | definition=United States astronomer who discovered Phobos and Deimos (the two satellites of Mars) (1829-1907) | synonyms=Asaph Hall
11. sense_key=hall%1:06:07:: | definition=a large and imposing house | synonyms=mansion, mansion house, manse, residence
12. sense_key=hall%1:06:08:: | definition=a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research | examples=halls of learning
13. sense_key=hall%1:06:01:: | definition=a large building for meetings or entertainment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "halls" in the context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's <t>halls</t> to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week."
The Bella Center is a convention center. The officials raced through its halls to closed-door meetings.
This refers to an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open, or a large entrance/reception room, or a large room for gatherings.
Wait, "raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings". This implies corridors or passageways connecting rooms.
Let's check the senses:
1. sense_key=hall%1:06:03:: | definition=an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open | synonyms=hallway | examples=the elevators were at the end of the hall
2. sense_key=hall%1:06:05:: | definition=a large entrance or reception room or area | synonyms=anteroom, antechamber, entrance hall, foyer, lobby, vestibule
3. sense_key=hall%1:06:02:: | definition=a large room for gatherings or entertainment | examples=lecture hall; pool hall
13. sense_key=hall%1:06:01:: | definition=a large building for meetings or entertainment

"raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings"
This strongly suggests corridors or passageways (hallways) connecting the rooms.
Sense 1: "an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open"
Let's see if there is any other better fit.
"raced through the Bella Center's halls" -> hallways.
Yes, "hallway" is the synonym for sense 1.
Let's double check. "raced through the halls" is a common idiom for moving through corridors.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's review the options.
1. interior passage or corridor
2. large entrance or reception room
3. large room for gatherings
13. large building for meetings

"raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings" -> they are moving through the corridors to get to the meetings.
So sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: meeting
Target surface form: meetings
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door <t>meetings</t> and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=meeting%1:14:00:: | definition=a formally arranged gathering | synonyms=group meeting | examples=next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson
2. sense_key=meeting%1:14:01:: | definition=a small informal social gathering | synonyms=get together | examples=there was an informal meeting in my living room
3. sense_key=meeting%1:11:00:: | definition=a casual or unexpected convergence | synonyms=encounter | examples=he still remembers their meeting in Paris; there was a brief encounter in the hallway
4. sense_key=meeting%1:04:00:: | definition=the social act of assembling for some common purpose | synonyms=coming together | examples=his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day
5. sense_key=meeting%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of joining together as one | synonyms=merging, coming together | examples=the merging of the two groups occurred quickly; there was no meeting of minds
6. sense_key=meeting%1:15:00:: | definition=a place where things merge or flow together (especially rivers) | synonyms=confluence | examples=Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "meetings" in the context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week."
The context describes formal, arranged gatherings of high-level officials for negotiations.
Sense 1: a formally arranged gathering (group meeting). Examples: next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson.
Sense 2: a small informal social gathering (get together).
Sense 3: a casual or unexpected convergence (encounter).
Sense 4: the social act of assembling for some common purpose (coming together).
Sense 5: the act of joining together as one (merging, coming together).
Sense 6: a place where things merge or flow together (confluence).

"closed-door meetings" refers to formally arranged gatherings.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "closed-door meetings" -> formally arranged gathering.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: claim
Target surface form: claims
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out <t>claims</t> that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=claim%1:10:00:: | definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
2. sense_key=claim%1:10:02:: | definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
3. sense_key=claim%1:04:00:: | definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
4. sense_key=claim%1:07:02:: | definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
5. sense_key=claim%1:07:01:: | definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
6. sense_key=claim%1:10:01:: | definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "claims" in the context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out <t>claims</t> that will be arbitrated over the next week."
The context is about climate change negotiations, where countries are staking out their positions or assertions of what they want or what is true/factual in the negotiations.
Wait, "stake out claims" in negotiations usually means asserting a position or demanding something as rightful or due, or an assertion of a right.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. claim%1:10:00:: - an assertion of a right (as to money or property)
2. claim%1:10:02:: - an assertion that something is true or factual
3. claim%1:04:00:: - demand for something as rightful or due
4. claim%1:07:02:: - an informal right to something
5. claim%1:07:01:: - an established or recognized right
6. claim%1:10:01:: - a demand especially in the phrase

Wait, "stake out claims" in a negotiation context. They are staking out their positions, asserting what they want or their rights.
Is it "demand for something as rightful or due" (3) or "assertion of a right" (1)?
Let's consider "stake out claims". In negotiations, countries stake out claims to what they want, or their positions.
Wait, "stake out claims" -> "demand for something as rightful or due" (3) or "assertion of a right" (1)?
Let's look at the examples for 3: "they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day".
For 1: "his claim asked for damages".
For 2: "his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims".
In the context, "stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week." Arbitration implies a dispute over rights or demands.
"stake out claims" -> they are asserting their positions or demands.
Could it be 3? "demand for something as rightful or due".
Or 1? "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)".
Let's search for "stake out claims" in WordNet or similar contexts.
Actually, in negotiations, "stake out claims" means to assert a position or demand.
Let's look at sense 3: "demand for something as rightful or due".
Wait, sense 1: "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)".
Sense 3: "demand for something as rightful or due".
Let's consider "stake out claims". "stake a claim" is an idiom meaning to assert one's right to something.
"stake out claims" -> asserting a right.
Is it 1 or 3?
"stake out claims that will be arbitrated" -> arbitration is about resolving disputes over claims (demands or rights).
Let's look at the synonyms for 3: none listed, but "demand for something as rightful or due".
Let's look at 1: "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)".
In climate negotiations, countries are staking out claims (demands/positions) that will be arbitrated.
Wait, "stake out claims" -> "demand for something as rightful or due" (3).
Let's check the exact phrase "stake out claims".
"stake out a claim" -> to assert a right to something.
Sense 3: "demand for something as rightful or due".
Sense 1: "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)".
Is it 3? "demand for something as rightful or due".
Let's consider "claim" as in "territorial claim" or "demand".
"stake out claims" -> they are making demands or asserting their positions.
Let's look at sense 3: "demand for something as rightful or due".
Let's look at sense 1: "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)".
In the context of climate change, it's not necessarily money or property, but rather demands for emission cuts, funding, etc.
So "demand for something as rightful or due" (3) fits better than "assertion of a right (as to money or property)" (1).
Wait, "stake out claims" could also be "assertion that something is true or factual" (2)? No, "arbitrated" implies a dispute over demands or rights, not just facts.
Let's re-read the context: "so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week."
Arbitration is the process of resolving a dispute or a grievance outside of the court system. It involves claims and counterclaims.
A claim in arbitration is a demand for something as rightful or due.
Therefore, sense 3 is the most appropriate.
Let's double check sense 3: "demand for something as rightful or due". Examples: "they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day".
This perfectly matches "stake out claims that will be arbitrated". They are staking out their demands.
I will choose 3.
Wait, let's consider sense 1: "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)". "his claim asked for damages".
Sense 3 is more general: "demand for something as rightful or due".
I'll go with 3.
Let's review the options.
1. claim%1:10:00::
2. claim%1:10:02::
3. claim%1:04:00::
4. claim%1:07:02::
5. claim%1:07:01::
6. claim%1:10:01::

"stake out claims" -> demand for something as rightful or due.
Yes, 3.
Let's consider if "stake out claims" means "assertion of a right". "stake a claim" is literally to assert a right. But "stake out claims" in negotiations is to state one's demands.
"stake out claims that will be arbitrated" -> demands.
I am confident in 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next <t>week</t>. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "week".
Context: "...so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week."
This refers to a period of seven consecutive days.
Sense 1: any period of seven consecutive days.
Sense 2: hours or days of work in a calendar week.
Sense 3: a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday.

"the next week" refers to a period of seven consecutive days, not necessarily starting on Sunday, and not specifically the workweek.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check.
"arbitrated over the next week" -> a period of seven consecutive days.
Sense 1: any period of seven consecutive days.
Sense 3: a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday.
Sense 1 is more general and fits "the next week" perfectly.
I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: gathering
Target surface form: gathering
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the <t>gathering</t> -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=gathering%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of persons together in one place | synonyms=assemblage
2. sense_key=gathering%1:04:00:: | definition=the social act of assembling | synonyms=assembly, assemblage | examples=they demanded the right of assembly
3. sense_key=gathering%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of gathering something | synonyms=gather
4. sense_key=gathering%1:06:00:: | definition=sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching | synonyms=gather

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "gathering".
Context: "The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day..."
This refers to a group of persons together in one place, or the event itself where people assemble.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=gathering%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of persons together in one place | synonyms=assemblage
2. sense_key=gathering%1:04:00:: | definition=the social act of assembling | synonyms=assembly, assemblage | examples=they demanded the right of assembly
3. sense_key=gathering%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of gathering something | synonyms=gather
4. sense_key=gathering%1:06:00:: | definition=sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching | synonyms=gather

"The sheer sprawl of the gathering" refers to the event or the group of people. "a group of persons together in one place" fits perfectly.
Wait, "gathering" as a group of persons together in one place (sense 1) vs the social act of assembling (sense 2).
"where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day" -> this describes the group of people or the event.
Let's check WordNet:
gathering (n)
1. a group of persons together in one place (synset: gathering, assemblage)
2. the social act of assembling (synset: assembly, assemblage, gathering)
3. the act of gathering something (synset: gathering, gather)
4. sewing consisting of small folds or puckers...

"The sheer sprawl of the gathering" -> "sprawl" usually applies to a group of people or an event. "a group of persons together in one place" is sense 1.
Let's consider "a group of persons together in one place".
Is it sense 1 or 2?
"the gathering" = the group of people. "where 13,000 people move in and out..."
I will choose sense 1.
Wait, let's re-read carefully: "The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day..."
"gathering" here means the event or the group of people.
Sense 1: a group of persons together in one place.
Sense 2: the social act of assembling.
I think sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "sprawl of the gathering" -> the gathering is the group of people.
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 <t>people</t> move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "people" in the context: "The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 <t>people</t> move in and out of the convention center each day..."
The context refers to a large number of human beings (delegates, activists, etc.) moving in and out of the convention center.
Sense 1: (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. Examples: old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience.
Sense 2: the body of citizens of a state or country.
Sense 3: members of a family line.
Sense 4: the common people generally.

The context clearly refers to a group of human beings collectively (13,000 people).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day". This is a group of human beings.
Sense 1 is the correct choice.
The output format must be exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: day
Target surface form: day
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each <t>day</t>, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=day%1:28:00:: | definition=time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis | synonyms=twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day | examples=two days later they left; they put on two performances every day
2. sense_key=day%1:28:03:: | definition=some point or period in time | examples=it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again
3. sense_key=day%1:28:01:: | definition=a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance | examples=Mother's Day
4. sense_key=day%1:28:02:: | definition=the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside | synonyms=daytime, daylight | examples=the dawn turned night into day; it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime
5. sense_key=day%1:28:04:: | definition=the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working) | examples=my day began early this morning; it was a busy day on the stock exchange
6. sense_key=day%1:28:05:: | definition=an era of existence or influence | examples=in the day of the dinosaurs; in the days of the Roman Empire
7. sense_key=day%1:28:07:: | definition=the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis | examples=how long is a day on Jupiter?
8. sense_key=day%1:28:06:: | definition=the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day | synonyms=sidereal day
9. sense_key=day%1:26:00:: | definition=a period of opportunity | examples=he deserves his day in court; every dog has his day
10. sense_key=day%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935) | synonyms=Clarence Day, Clarence Shepard Day Jr.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each <t>day</t>, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge."
The target word is "day".
The phrase is "each day".
This refers to a 24-hour period or a complete rotation of the Earth, i.e., "time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=day%1:28:00:: | definition=time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis | synonyms=twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day | examples=two days later they left; they put on two performances every day
2. sense_key=day%1:28:03:: | definition=some point or period in time
3. sense_key=day%1:28:01:: | definition=a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance
4. sense_key=day%1:28:02:: | definition=the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside
5. sense_key=day%1:28:04:: | definition=the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working)

"each day" in the context of people moving in and out of the convention center refers to a 24-hour period.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis", "twenty-four hours", "they put on two performances every day".
Let's double check. "each day" = every 24-hour period.
Sense 1 is the best match.
Sense 5 is "recurring hours when you are not sleeping", but "each day" here means per 24-hour period.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shows
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly <t>shows</t> mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining | examples=a remarkable show of skill
2. sense_key=show%1:10:03:: | definition=something intended to communicate a particular impression | synonyms=display | examples=made a display of strength; a show of impatience
3. sense_key=show%1:10:00:: | definition=a social event involving a public performance or entertainment | examples=they wanted to see some of the shows on Broadway
4. sense_key=show%1:04:01:: | definition=pretending that something is the case in order to make a good impression | synonyms=appearance | examples=they try to keep up appearances; that ceremony is just for show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "shows" in the context: "guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out".
The context describes "guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows". This refers to a public performance or entertainment.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. show%1:04:00:: - the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining (a remarkable show of skill)
2. show%1:10:03:: - something intended to communicate a particular impression (made a display of strength)
3. show%1:10:00:: - a social event involving a public performance or entertainment (they wanted to see some of the shows on Broadway)
4. show%1:04:01:: - pretending that something is the case in order to make a good impression (they try to keep up appearances)

"nightly shows" put on by "guitar-playing activists" clearly refers to a social event involving a public performance or entertainment.
Sense 3 fits perfectly.
Let's double check.
"shows" -> plural of show.
"put on nightly shows" -> put on performances.
Sense 3: "a social event involving a public performance or entertainment"
Examples: "they wanted to see some of the shows on Broadway"
This matches "nightly shows mocking the countries".

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.
JSON output: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the <t>countries</t> they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "countries" in the context of "Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen..." and "mocking the <t>countries</t> they think are selling out".
The context refers to politically organized bodies of people under a single government, participating in international climate negotiations (e.g., China, India, European Commission, small island nations).
Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic). Examples: African nations.
Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation.
Sense 3: the people who live in a nation or country.
Sense 4: an area outside of cities and towns.
Sense 5: a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary.

The context talks about "countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change", "small island nations", "emerging economies such as China and India". These are politically organized bodies of people under a single government, i.e., nation-states.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "mocking the countries they think are selling out" -> referring to the nation-states (governments/political entities).
Sense 1 is "a politically organized body of people under a single government".
Matches perfectly.
Sense index: 1.
End of thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: draft
Target surface form: draft
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and <t>draft</t> proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=draft%1:21:00:: | definition=a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another | synonyms=bill of exchange, order of payment
2. sense_key=draft%1:19:00:: | definition=a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle) | synonyms=draught
3. sense_key=draft%1:06:01:: | definition=a preliminary sketch of a design or picture | synonyms=rough drawing
4. sense_key=draft%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving of drink (usually alcoholic) drawn from a keg | synonyms=draught, potation, tipple | examples=they served beer on draft
5. sense_key=draft%1:10:00:: | definition=any of the various versions in the development of a written work | synonyms=draft copy | examples=a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution
6. sense_key=draft%1:07:00:: | definition=the depth of a vessel's keel below the surface (especially when loaded) | synonyms=draught
7. sense_key=draft%1:06:02:: | definition=a regulator for controlling the flow of air in a fireplace
8. sense_key=draft%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of liquid medicine | synonyms=draught | examples=he took a sleeping draft
9. sense_key=draft%1:04:03:: | definition=compulsory military service | synonyms=conscription, muster, selective service
10. sense_key=draft%1:04:02:: | definition=a large and hurried swallow | synonyms=gulp, draught, swig | examples=he finished it at a single gulp
11. sense_key=draft%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling | synonyms=draught, drawing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "draft" in the context: "...and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail..."
The context talks about a "draft treaty proposal" and "draft proposals".
This refers to a preliminary version of a written work or document.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. bill of exchange
2. current of air
3. preliminary sketch of a design or picture
4. serving of drink
5. any of the various versions in the development of a written work | synonyms=draft copy | examples=a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution
6. depth of a vessel's keel
7. regulator for controlling the flow of air
8. dose of liquid medicine
9. compulsory military service
10. large and hurried swallow
11. act of moving a load

Sense 5 matches "draft proposals" perfectly, as it refers to a version in the development of a written work.
The index is 5.
Let's double check.
"any of the various versions in the development of a written work" -> "draft proposals"
Yes, sense 5.
JSON format: {"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proposal
Target surface form: proposals
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft <t>proposals</t> are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proposal%1:10:00:: | definition=something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)
2. sense_key=proposal%1:10:02:: | definition=an offer of marriage | synonyms=marriage proposal, proposal of marriage, marriage offer
3. sense_key=proposal%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of making a proposal | synonyms=proposition | examples=they listened to her proposal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "proposals" in the context of "draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail".
The context is about climate change negotiations, treaties, and draft documents.
Sense 1: something proposed (such as a plan or assumption).
Sense 2: an offer of marriage.
Sense 3: the act of making a proposal.

In the context, "draft proposals" refers to documents containing something proposed (a plan or assumption, specifically a draft treaty proposal).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check. "draft proposals" -> "something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)".
Yes, sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: paper
Target surface form: paper
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on <t>paper</t> rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=paper%1:27:00:: | definition=a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses
2. sense_key=paper%1:10:01:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, report, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
3. sense_key=paper%1:10:03:: | definition=a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements | synonyms=newspaper | examples=he read his newspaper at breakfast
4. sense_key=paper%1:10:00:: | definition=a medium for written communication | examples=the notion of an office running without paper is absurd
5. sense_key=paper%1:10:02:: | definition=a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses | examples=he has written many scientific papers
6. sense_key=paper%1:14:00:: | definition=a business firm that publishes newspapers | synonyms=newspaper, newspaper publisher | examples=Murdoch owns many newspapers
7. sense_key=paper%1:06:00:: | definition=the physical object that is the product of a newspaper publisher | synonyms=newspaper | examples=when it began to rain he covered his head with a newspaper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "paper" in the context: "...and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail..."
The context contrasts "on paper" with "via e-mail", indicating the physical medium for written communication.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. material made of cellulose pulp
2. an essay
3. a daily or weekly publication
4. a medium for written communication (examples: the notion of an office running without paper is absurd)
5. a scholarly article
6. a business firm that publishes newspapers
7. the physical object that is the product of a newspaper publisher

Sense 4 fits perfectly: "a medium for written communication". The phrase "on paper rather than via e-mail" highlights paper as a medium for written communication.

Let's double check.
"passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail"
Sense 4: "a medium for written communication"
Sense 1: "a material made of cellulose pulp..."
Sense 4 is the best fit for "on paper" as a medium of communication, contrasting with e-mail.

Wait, is "on paper" sense 4?
Yes, "a medium for written communication" matches "on paper rather than via e-mail".
Let's review the examples for sense 4: "the notion of an office running without paper is absurd".
This perfectly aligns with the context of passing draft proposals on paper.

Therefore, sense 4 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: challenge
Target surface form: challenge
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a <t>challenge</t>. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=challenge%1:26:00:: | definition=a demanding or stimulating situation | examples=they reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russian power
2. sense_key=challenge%1:10:00:: | definition=a call to engage in a contest or fight
3. sense_key=challenge%1:10:01:: | definition=questioning a statement and demanding an explanation | examples=his challenge of the assumption that Japan is still our enemy
4. sense_key=challenge%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal objection to the selection of a particular person as a juror
5. sense_key=challenge%1:10:03:: | definition=a demand by a sentry for a password or identification

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "challenge" in the context: "The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge."
The context describes a difficult, demanding, or stimulating situation (the sheer sprawl of the gathering, 13,000 people, etc.).
Sense 1: "a demanding or stimulating situation" (e.g., they reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russian power).
Sense 2: "a call to engage in a contest or fight"
Sense 3: "questioning a statement and demanding an explanation"
Sense 4: "a formal objection to the selection of a particular person as a juror"
Sense 5: "a demand by a sentry for a password or identification"

The context clearly matches Sense 1: a demanding or stimulating situation.
The phrase "poses a challenge" means it presents a demanding situation.
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.
I will return {"sense_index": 1}.