[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reports
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 7. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best sense for "reports" in the context: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up
4. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment
5. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment)
6. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person

The context says: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

This is talking about reports (findings/accounts) from several labs that have not yet been published. The word "reports" here refers to accounts or findings from labs - information being reported. Since they are "as yet unpublished," these are not yet written documents but rather verbal/communicated findings or accounts.

Sense 2: "the act of informing by verbal report" - synonyms: account. Example: "he heard reports that they were causing trouble" - this matches well because the reports here are about findings from labs, similar to "he heard reports that..."

Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings" - but the context says "as yet unpublished," so they're not written documents yet.

Sense 3: "a short account of the news" - this could work too, but sense 2 with the example "he heard reports that they were causing trouble" seems to match better since these are scientific findings being shared.

Actually, let me reconsider. The phrase "reports from several labs" - these are communications/accounts from labs about their findings. The example for sense 2 "he heard reports that they were causing trouble" is very similar in structure to "reports from several labs... of missing p53 genes."

I think sense 2 is the best match.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as <t>yet</t> unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "yet" appears in the phrase "as yet unpublished." The word "yet" here means "up to the present time" - it indicates that the reports are unpublished up to now. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary

The phrase "as yet unpublished" uses "as yet" which is a common idiomatic expression meaning "up to now" or "up to the present time." This matches sense 2, which has "as yet" as a synonym and the definition "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time." The reports being unpublished represents a situation that has existed up to this point.

Sense 1 is similar but is more about actions that are yet to happen in the future ("I have yet to see the results"). Sense 2 specifically mentions "as yet" as a synonym and refers to situations existing up to the present time, which fits perfectly with "as yet unpublished" - the reports are not published up to now.

The answer is sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Minimax

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in <t>tissue</t> taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about biological tissue samples taken from cancers (lung, kidney, brain, skin). The word "tissue" here refers to biological tissue - an aggregate of cells. This matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue <t>taken</t> from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "taken" in the context "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" and "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

Here, "taken" is the past participle of "take" meaning to remove, extract, or obtain samples. This is similar to the sense of "get into one's hands, take physically" or "remove something concrete."

Looking at the candidate senses:
- Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - synonyms: get hold of
- Sense 17: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" - synonyms: remove, take away, withdraw

The context is about scientists taking samples/cells from tissue. This is a physical removal or extraction.

Actually, looking more carefully, "taken from" in this context means "extracted from" or "obtained from." The sense that best fits is probably sense 4 (get into one's hands, take physically) since it's about physically taking samples.

But sense 17 is about removing something concrete. "Taken from" tissue means the samples were removed/extracted from the tissue.

Hmm, let me think about this more carefully. In scientific contexts, "taken from" means "obtained from" or "extracted from."

Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - this is about taking possession physically.
Sense 17: "remove something concrete" - this is about removal.

When scientists take samples, they are removing/extracting them. So sense 17 might be more appropriate. But "taken" in "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" - the cells are removed from the tissue.

Actually, I think sense 4 is more about the act of physically taking/grasping something. The samples are obtained by removing them.

Let me reconsider. The phrase "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" means cells that were extracted/removed from the tissue. This is a physical removal. Sense 17 is about removing something concrete.

However, sense 4 is more general and could apply. But sense 17 specifically mentions "remove" as a synonym.

Wait, I need to look at this more carefully. "Taken from" in the context of sampling is about extraction. The most natural interpretation is that the cells were physically removed from the tissue for testing.

I think sense 4 "get into one's hands, take physically" is the best match because the scientists physically took/obtained the cells. But sense 17 is also possible.

Looking at the examples for sense 4: "Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please" - these are about grasping or taking possession of objects.
Looking at sense 17: "remove a threat; remove a wrapper" - these are about removing things.

In scientific sampling, "taken from" is most similar to "obtained from" or "removed from."

Actually, I think there's another sense that might fit better - "remove something concrete" (sense 17). The cells were removed from the tissue.

But let me think about which is more natural. "Cells taken from tissue" - the cells are removed. This is sense 17.

Hmm, but the samples are also being taken (physically grasped/obtained).

I think sense 4 is more appropriate because the act is about taking/obtaining samples, not just removing them. When you take a sample, you are physically taking it into your possession.

Wait, looking at this again: "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" - the cells are obtained by removing them from the tissue. The primary action is the removal from the source.

I'll go with sense 17 "remove something concrete" because the cells are being removed from the tissue.

Actually, no. In the phrase "taken from," the emphasis is on the act of taking (acquiring) rather than removing. If it were just removal, we might say "removed from." "Taken from" implies the cells were acquired by being removed.

Let me look at the senses again:
- Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - this is about acquiring physical possession
- Sense 17: "remove something concrete" - this is about removal

In the context of sampling, the scientists are acquiring cells for study. They take them from the tissue. This is an act of acquisition/obtaining.

I think sense 4 is the best match. The scientists physically took the cells.

But wait, sense 4 says "get into one's hands, take physically" with synonyms "get hold of." This is about physically grasping something.

Sense 8: "take into one's possession" - this is more about possession.

Hmm, let me reconsider sense 4 vs sense 8:
- Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - more physical, immediate
- Sense 8: "take into one's possession" - more about ownership

In the context, the cells are being taken (physically removed and obtained) for testing. This is a physical act of taking.

I think sense 4 is the best fit. The examples "Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please" show the act of physically taking something.

Actually, I realize I should look at this more carefully. The phrase is "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers" - this is tissue that was taken (extracted) from cancer patients/samples. The taking is a physical removal.

I'll go with sense 4 "get into one's hands, take physically" because the action is physical taking of samples.

Wait, but I want to make sure. Let me think about "cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested." The cells were taken from the tissue. This is an extraction.

In WordNet, "take" in the sense of "take a sample" or "take tissue" would likely fall under one of these senses. Sense 4 is the most general physical taking sense.

I'll go with sense 4.

Actually, on further reflection, I think sense 17 "remove something concrete" might be more appropriate because the cells are being removed from the tissue. The act is one of removal (extraction).

Let me decide: in scientific contexts, "taken from" means "extracted from" or "obtained from." The primary action is removal from the source. Sense 17 fits this.

But "take" in "take a sample" or "take tissue" is often categorized as physical taking (sense 4) in WordNet.

I'll go with sense 4 because the act of taking samples is primarily about physically obtaining them, which involves physical taking.

Hmm, I'm going back and forth. Let me settle on sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically."

Wait, I want to reconsider one more time. The phrase is passive: "cells taken from tissue." The taking is done by the scientists. They physically take (obtain) the cells. This is a physical act of taking possession of the cells.

Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - this fits because the scientists physically take the cells.
Sense 8: "take into one's possession" - this also fits because they take possession of the cells.

Between these, sense 4 emphasizes the physical nature more, which matches the context of physically extracting samples.

Final answer: sense 4.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. The cells are being removed from the tissue. The primary action is removal, not just taking.

In WordNet, the verb "take" has many senses. The one that best matches "taken from" in the sense of "extracted from" or "obtained from" is...

Looking at sense 24: "ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial" - examples: "take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors." This is about taking measurements, not taking samples.

Looking at sense 15: "experience or feel or submit to" - examples: "Take a test; Take the plunge." This is not about physical taking.

I think the most appropriate sense is 4: "get into one's hands, take physically." The scientists physically take the cells/tissue samples.

Or sense 17: "remove something concrete."

Let me look at the definition of sense 17 again: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract." The cells are concrete things being removed from the tissue.

Hmm, "taken from" in this context. If I say "the cells were removed from the tissue," that makes sense. If I say "the cells were taken from the tissue," that also makes sense.

In the context of the article, the samples are being obtained for testing. The primary meaning is "obtained" or "extracted."

I think sense 4 is the best fit. The action is physical taking (obtaining) of the samples.

Final answer: sense 4.

Wait, I want to look at sense 4 more carefully: "get into one's hands, take physically" with synonyms "get hold of." The examples are "Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please."

This sense is about physically taking something into one's hands. In the context, the scientists are physically taking samples (cells, tissue) into their possession for testing.

Yes, sense 4 is the best match.

Actually, I realize I should think about this differently. "Cells taken from lung cancer tissue" - here "taken" is the past participle modifying "cells." The cells were taken (by the researchers) from the tissue. The researchers physically removed/extracted the cells.

In WordNet, "take" meaning "to remove" is sense 17: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off."

I think sense 17 is actually the best fit because the primary action is removing the cells from the tissue. The cells are not being taken into the hands in the sense of grasping a cookie; they are being extracted/removed from the tissue.

But wait, in the process of extraction, the cells are also being taken (physically obtained). So it's both removal and taking.

I'll go with sense 4 as my final answer because the action is fundamentally one of taking/obtaining samples, which is a physical act of taking.

Hmm, let me think about this one more time. The key question is: when scientists "take" cells or tissue from a sample, are they primarily taking (obtaining) or removing (extracting)?

I think they're doing both, but the primary action from the perspective of the researchers is taking (obtaining) the samples. They take the samples to study them.

OK, final answer: sense 4.

Actually, I want to reconsider. The word "take" in "take a sample" or "take a biopsy" is commonly understood as "remove" or "extract." The sample is removed from the source.

In WordNet, "take" meaning "to remove" is sense 17. This is the most direct match for "taken from" meaning "removed from" or "extracted from."

Let me go with sense 17.

No wait, sense 4 is more general and includes the idea of taking samples. Let me look at the examples for sense 4 again: "Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please." These are about physically taking objects.

In the scientific context, the researchers physically take (extract) cells and tissue. This is a physical act of taking.

I think either sense 4 or sense 17 could work. But sense 4 is more about taking into one's hands, while sense 17 is more about removing from a source.

For "taken from tissue," the emphasis is on the source (where it was taken from). This suggests removal, which is sense 17.

But "taken" in passive voice often means "obtained" or "acquired," which is more like sense 4 or 8.

OK, I'll go with sense 4. The act of taking samples is a physical act of taking/obtaining.

Hmm, actually, I realize that "taken from" in this context is similar to "obtained from" or "collected from." The researchers collected/obtained the cells and tissue.

Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - this fits "obtained physically."
Sense 17: "remove something concrete" - this fits "removed from."

I'll commit to sense 4. The primary meaning of "take" in "take a sample" is to obtain/collect it, which is a physical act.

Final answer: 4.

Wait, I want to look at this from a different angle. What if the sense is specifically about taking samples or extracting? Is there a sense for that?

Looking at the candidate senses:
- Sense 24: "ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial" - this is about taking readings, not samples.
- Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - this is about physical taking.

There's no specific sense for "take a sample" in the candidates. The closest is sense 4 (physical taking) or sense 17 (removal).

OK, I'll go with sense 4.

Actually, I want to reconsider sense 17 one more time. Sense 17: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract." Synonyms: remove, take away, withdraw. Examples: "remove a threat; remove a wrapper."

The cells are concrete things being removed from the tissue. This fits sense 17.

But sense 4 also fits: the cells are being physically taken (obtained).

Between the two, I think sense 4 is more appropriate because the researchers are actively taking the samples (an act of acquisition), not just removing something unwanted.

Final answer: sense 4.

OK let me commit. The answer is sense 4.

Hmm wait, I want to think about this more carefully. "Cells taken from lung cancer tissue" - in scientific writing, this means cells that were obtained/collected from the tissue. The researchers took (collected) the cells.

The verb "take" in "take a sample" or "take cells" means to obtain/collect. This is a physical act of taking.

Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - this is the most appropriate sense.

Final answer: 4.

Hmm, I realize I keep going back and forth. Let me make a definitive decision.

The key is: what does "take" mean in "cells taken from tissue"?

It means: the cells were obtained/extracted from the tissue by the researchers.

In WordNet, this is closest to sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically." The researchers physically took (obtained) the cells.

OK, final answer: sense 4.

Actually, I just want to double-check by considering the synonym "get hold of." "Get hold of" means to grasp or obtain. The researchers got hold of (obtained) the cells. This fits.

Final answer: sense 4.

Wait, "get hold of" in the examples is used for "Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please." These are about taking/grasping physical objects. The cells are physical objects being taken/obtained. So sense 4 fits.

Final answer: 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, <t>brain</t> and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about cancer research, specifically mentioning "brain" in the phrase "kidney, brain and skin cancers." This refers to the physical organ - the brain as part of the body where cancer can occur. This matches sense 1, which defines brain as "that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord."

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: at_the_same_time
Target surface form: At the same time
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. <t>At the same time</t>, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:03:: | definition=at the same instant | synonyms=simultaneously | examples=they spoke simultaneously
2. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:05:: | definition=overlapping in duration | synonyms=concurrently | examples=concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held; going to school and holding a job at the same time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target phrase "At the same time" in context: "At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

This usage is introducing something happening concurrently/alongside the previously mentioned findings. It's not about a single instant but about overlapping in duration - things happening concurrently. The example for sense 2: "going to school and holding a job at the same time" matches this conjunctive/parallel use well.

Sense 1 is about a single instant (simultaneously).
Sense 2 is about overlapping duration (concurrently).

The context uses "at the same time" to mean "also/concurrently" - indicating parallel ongoing activities. This fits sense 2 better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins <t>team</t> and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context mentions "the Johns Hopkins team" referring to a group of researchers/scientists working together. This is sense 1, which refers to a cooperative unit. Sense 2 refers to draft animals, which doesn't fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rush
Target surface form: rushing
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are <t>rushing</t> to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rush%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street
2. sense_key=rush%2:33:00:: | definition=attack suddenly
3. sense_key=rush%2:30:01:: | definition=urge to an unnatural speed | synonyms=hurry | examples=Don't rush me, please!
4. sense_key=rush%2:30:00:: | definition=act or move at high speed | synonyms=hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate | examples=We have to rush!; hurry--it's late!
5. sense_key=rush%2:38:01:: | definition=run with the ball, in football
6. sense_key=rush%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=race | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze
7. sense_key=rush%2:36:00:: | definition=cause to occur rapidly | synonyms=induce, stimulate, hasten | examples=the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about researchers "rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes." This means they are hurrying/acting quickly to find these genes.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. rush%2:38:00:: - move fast (hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along) - examples about physically moving fast
2. rush%2:33:00:: - attack suddenly
3. rush%2:30:01:: - urge to an unnatural speed (hurry) - "Don't rush me, please!" - this is about urging someone else
4. rush%2:30:00:: - act or move at high speed (hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate) - "We have to rush!" - this is about acting/moving quickly
5. rush%2:38:01:: - run with the ball, in football
6. rush%2:38:10:: - cause to move fast or to rush or race
7. rush%2:36:00:: - cause to occur rapidly

The sense that best fits "rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes" is sense 4 - "act or move at high speed" with synonyms hasten, hurry. The researchers are hurrying to do something. This is about acting quickly, not physically moving fast (sense 1) or urging someone else (sense 3).

Sense 4 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint <t>other</t> tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "other" in the context "rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes" means additional/different tumor-suppressor genes beyond the ones already mentioned (p53). This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hope
Target surface form: hopes
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein <t>hopes</t> soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples=I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise
2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples=I am still hoping that all will turn out well
3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples=I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "hopes" in the sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

Let me analyze the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples="I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise"

2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples="I am still hoping that all will turn out well"

3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples="I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening"

The context is: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18"

This follows the pattern "X hopes [adverb] to [verb]" - which closely matches sense 3's example "I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening." The structure "hopes soon to isolate" = "hopes to isolate soon" fits the pattern of intending with possibility of fulfillment.

Sense 1 is about expecting and wishing, which doesn't quite fit the "hopes to isolate" construction as well.

Sense 2 is about being optimistic, which could work but the specific construction with "to isolate" points more strongly to sense 3.

Sense 3 is the best match because it captures the intention/plan aspect with possibility of fulfillment, matching "hopes soon to isolate" which is about intending to accomplish something.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also <t>involved</t> in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "involved" appears in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

This means the gene on chromosome 18 is connected/associated with colon cancer. This is the sense of "connected by participation or association or use" - sense 1.

The other senses don't fit:
- Sense 2 (mired/entangled) - no
- Sense 3 (emotionally involved) - no
- Sense 4 (complex/intricate) - no
- Sense 5 (enveloped) - no

Sense 1 is clearly the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: close
Target surface form: close
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?
2. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship | examples=a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with...
3. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
4. sense_key=close%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=rigorously attentive; strict and thorough | examples=close supervision; paid close attention
5. sense_key=close%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=marked by fidelity to an original | synonyms=faithful | examples=a close translation; a faithful copy of the portrait
6. sense_key=close%5:00:00:equal:00 | definition=(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched | synonyms=tight | examples=a close contest; a close election
7. sense_key=close%5:00:00:confined:00 | definition=crowded | synonyms=confining | examples=close quarters
8. sense_key=close%5:00:00:unventilated:00 | definition=lacking fresh air | synonyms=airless, stuffy, unaired | examples=a dusty airless attic; the dreadfully close atmosphere
9. sense_key=close%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=of textiles | synonyms=tight | examples=a close weave; smooth percale with a very tight weave
10. sense_key=close%5:00:00:restrained:00 | definition=strictly confined or guarded | examples=kept under close custody
11. sense_key=close%5:00:00:private:00 | definition=confined to specific persons | examples=a close secret
12. sense_key=close%5:00:00:tight:01 | definition=fitting closely but comfortably | synonyms=snug, close-fitting | examples=a close fit
13. sense_key=close%5:00:00:short:01 | definition=used of hair or haircuts | examples=a close military haircut
14. sense_key=close%5:00:00:stingy:00 | definition=giving or spending with reluctance | synonyms=cheeseparing, near, penny-pinching, skinny | examples=our cheeseparing administration; very close (or near) with his money
15. sense_key=close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 | definition=inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information | synonyms=closelipped, closemouthed, secretive, tightlipped | examples=although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "close" appears in the context: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer."

This is the idiomatic expression "close to" meaning "near" or "not far from" achieving something. They're near to finding a gene.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?

2. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship

3. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future

Both senses 1 and 3 seem relevant. Sense 1 specifically mentions "close to" as an example ("close to noon"). Sense 3 is more general about not being far distant.

The phrase "close to finding another gene" means they are near to finding it - they're almost there. This is about being near in terms of progress/degree, not physical space or time specifically.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "close to noon" - this is about time
- Sense 3: "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances" - includes degree

The context is about being close to a goal (finding a gene), which is about degree of progress. Sense 3 includes "degree or circumstances" which fits well.

However, sense 1 also has "close to noon" which is a similar construction. The definition of sense 1 is "at or within a short distance in space or time" - this could apply metaphorically to being close to a goal.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 definition: "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other"
- Sense 3 definition: "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances"

Sense 3 explicitly includes "degree" which is exactly what "close to finding" means - they're at a high degree of progress toward finding it.

I think sense 3 is the better fit because "close to finding" is about being near in degree of progress/completion, which is covered by "degree" in sense 3's definition.

Wait, but sense 1 also has "close to" in its examples. Let me reconsider.

"close to noon" - this is temporal proximity
"how close are we to town?" - this is spatial proximity

"close to finding a gene" - this is about degree of progress

Sense 3's definition specifically mentions "degree or circumstances" which matches this usage better. The example "in the near future" is temporal, but the definition covers more ground.

Actually, I want to reconsider. The phrase "are close to finding" - they're nearly finding it. This is metaphorical proximity.

Looking at WordNet, the adverbial sense "close to" meaning "near to" in terms of a goal/achievement is typically under the adjective sense meaning "near" or "not far distant."

Between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1 is the more general/proto-typical sense
- Sense 3 includes "degree or circumstances"

I think sense 3 is more appropriate because it explicitly covers "degree" which is the relevant meaning here (degree of progress toward the goal).

Actually, let me look at this again. In WordNet, the adjective "close" has these main senses (simplified):
- Sense 1: at or within a short distance (near in space/time)
- Sense 3: not far distant (near, nigh) - this is more of a synonym listing

The difference between these two is subtle. Sense 1 is the primary/first sense. Sense 3 is basically a restatement with different synonyms.

Given that "close to finding" is a very common idiomatic expression, and sense 1's example explicitly shows "close to [noun phrase]" construction, sense 1 might be the intended answer.

But the definition of sense 3 includes "degree" which is the key meaning here.

Hmm. Let me think about which one WordNet annotators would choose. The phrase "are close to finding" - "close" is used as an adjective/predicative describing the state of being near to completion.

In WordNet, the sense "close (adv.) all" or adjective "close" - when used in "close to + verb/gerund", it's typically the sense meaning "near" in terms of distance/degree.

I'll go with sense 3 because:
1. It explicitly mentions "degree" in the definition
2. The synonyms are "near, nigh" which are commonly used in this construction
3. Being "close to finding" is about degree of progress

Wait, actually I want to reconsider one more time. Sense 1 has "close to noon" as an example - this is a temporal "close to" construction. "Close to finding" is also a "close to + action" construction.

But "close to noon" is about a specific point in time (near the time of noon), while "close to finding" is about progress toward a goal.

The key difference is:
- "close to noon" = near in time
- "close to finding" = near in degree of progress

Sense 3's definition includes "degree or circumstances" which directly addresses the second meaning.

I'll go with sense 3.

Final answer: sense_index 3


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about researchers "close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer." This means they are close to discovering/identifying a gene through scientific research.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

- Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover. Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
- Sense 9: "make a discovery" - synonyms: discover. Examples: "She found that he had lied to her"
- Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice
- Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain

The context is about scientific research where researchers are close to discovering a gene. This is about making a discovery through scientific investigation.

Sense 8 specifically mentions "make a discovery, make a new finding" with the example about physicists finding a new elementary particle - this is very similar to finding a new gene. The synonym is "discover."

Sense 4 is about establishing something after calculation/investigation - this could also fit since finding a gene involves investigation.

Sense 8 seems most fitting because it's specifically about making a new discovery/finding, which aligns with the scientific context of discovering a new gene. The example about physicists finding a new elementary particle is very analogous to finding a new gene.

I'll go with sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "involved" appears in the context: "another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer"

This is describing a gene that is connected/associated with colon cancer. The gene is "involved with" colon cancer, meaning it participates in or is associated with colon cancer.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "connected by participation or association or use" - This fits well. The gene is connected by association with colon cancer.
2. "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" - Doesn't fit; this is about being stuck or hindered.
3. "emotionally involved" - Doesn't fit; this is about a gene, not emotions.
4. "highly complex or intricate" - Doesn't fit; this is about complexity.
5. "enveloped" - Doesn't fit; this is about being enclosed.

Sense 1 is clearly the best match. The gene is "involved with" colon cancer, meaning it is connected by participation or association.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The target word "types" appears in the context: "are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer." This is talking about different kinds/categories of colon cancer. The most appropriate sense is the one meaning "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing," which corresponds to sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The user wants me to choose a candidate index between 1 and 6. The word "types" in the context refers to "kinds/categories" of colon cancer. This matches sense 1: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Here, Dr. Minna is expressing his judgment/opinion about something. He's not just accepting a report as true (sense 1), nor is he expressing confidence that something will happen (sense 3), nor following a credo (sense 4), nor crediting someone with veracity (sense 5).

This is sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" — expressing an opinion or judgment about something. The synonyms "think, consider, conceive" fit well. "Dr. Minna believes/think that people who... are especially prone to lung cancer."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "people" appears in the sentence: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

This is referring to human beings in general - anyone who inherits a defective gene. It's not about citizens of a state, family members, or the common people as a social class. The most fitting sense is sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "inherit" in the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

The context is about inheriting a defective gene, which is clearly about genetic transmission. The example "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother" aligns well with inheriting a gene.

The answer is sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copies" in the context of "two copies of chromosome 3." This refers to a biological/genetic context where chromosomes come in pairs - so "copies" here means duplicate versions or instances of a chromosome.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. A reproduction of a written record (transcript)
2. A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - this fits well with the idea of chromosome copies being identical/similar versions
3. Matter to be printed
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account

The context is clearly about genetics - people inheriting a defective gene on one of two copies of chromosome 3. This refers to the two homologous chromosomes (one from each parent), which are similar/identical copies. Sense 2 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <especially> prone to lung cancer."

The word "especially" here means "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" - indicating that these people are particularly/more prone to lung cancer compared to others. This matches sense 1, which has synonyms "particularly, peculiarly, specially" and is about a greater extent or degree.

Sense 2 ("in a special manner") is more about how something is done in a special way, which doesn't fit here.

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about scientific research where "he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers." This is about announcing results of research/findings, which matches sense 2: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding."