[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concerned
Target surface form: concerned
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best sense for "concerned" in the given context. Let me re-read the context:

"the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment"

Here "concerned" means "feeling or showing worry or solicitude" - the public is worried about advances in treatment. This matches sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advance
Target surface form: advances
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context talks about "advances in treatment" related to cancer research. This refers to progress or improvements in treatment. The synonyms for sense 2 include "improvement, betterment" which fits well with "advances in treatment." Sense 1 and 4 are more about physical movement forward. Sense 3 is about tentative suggestions. Sense 5 is about money. Sense 6 is about price increases.

The best fit is sense 2: "a change for the better; progress in development."

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Minimax

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The context discusses cancer research, genetic testing, and medical advances. The sentence says "the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment" - this is referring to medical treatment for cancer. The speaker (Samuel Broder) is saying the public cares about treatment advances, but he's convinced basic research will help there too.

Sense 1 is about "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)" - this matches perfectly. The word "treatment" here refers to medical treatment for cancer.

Sense 2 is about management/handling of people or things.
Sense 3 is about artistic treatment.
Sense 4 is about an extended communication/discussion.

The best fit is sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The user wants me to choose the best sense for "treatment" in the given context. The context talks about cancer research, genetic probes, and how the public is concerned about advances in "treatment" - meaning medical treatment for cancer. Sense 1 is about care provided to improve a situation, especially medical procedures to relieve illness or injury. This is clearly the right one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "basic" in the context: "but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Here, "basic research" refers to fundamental, foundational research — research that serves as a base or starting point for further applied work. This is a common usage where "basic" means fundamental or foundational.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: - "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" - examples: "a basic fact; the basic ingredients"
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 - "reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality" - synonyms: canonic, canonical
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 - "serving as a base or starting point" - synonyms: introductory - examples: "a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits"
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 - "of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base"

Sense 3 seems most fitting. "Basic research" is a standard collocation meaning fundamental research that serves as a starting point/foundation. The examples "basic training for raw recruits" also match the idea of foundational/introductory work. The synonym "introductory" aligns with this sense.

However, sense 1 could also apply — "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" — examples like "a basic fact" or "basic ingredients" suggest something fundamental/essential.

The distinction: Sense 1 is more about being a base/foundation (constituent), while sense 3 is about serving as a starting point (introductory).

"Basic research" in the scientific context typically means fundamental research as opposed to applied research. It's research that forms the foundation/base for further developments. This could be sense 1 (constituting a base/basis) or sense 3 (serving as a base or starting point).

Looking more carefully: Sense 1 is an adjective (pertaining to), sense 3 is also an adjective (serving as). The key difference is the synonyms and examples.

Sense 3's synonym "introductory" and example "basic training" suggest a starting-point, entry-level meaning. "Basic research" is not introductory in the sense of being for beginners — it's fundamental in the sense of being foundational.

Actually, "basic research" is often contrasted with "applied research." Basic research = fundamental research = research that constitutes the basis for understanding. This seems more like sense 1 (pertaining to or constituting a base or basis) or sense 3 (serving as a base or starting point).

Hmm, let me think about this more carefully. The phrase "basic research" in scientific discourse refers to research that seeks to expand fundamental knowledge without immediate practical application. It's the foundational research.

Sense 3 says "serving as a base or starting point" with synonym "introductory" — this fits well with "basic research" as it's the starting point for further research.

Sense 1 says "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" — this is more about being a component/element.

I think sense 3 is the best fit here. "Basic research" = foundational/introductory research that serves as a starting point.

Actually, looking at this again — the context also has "the most basic workings of cancer" earlier, which reinforces the sense of fundamental/foundational. Both phrases use "basic" to mean fundamental.

Between sense 1 and sense 3, I think sense 3 is more specific and better captures the meaning of "basic research" as research that serves as a starting point/foundation for further work. The synonym "introductory" and example "basic training for raw recruits" show that this sense is about being at the beginning/foundation level.

I'll go with sense 3.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "begin" in the context: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Let me analyze this. The sentence is about basic research beginning to show results. The subject is "this basic research" and the verb is "begin" followed by a gerund "showing results."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
- This is about taking the first step in an action. "We began working at dawn" is similar to "will begin showing results" - both involve starting an action.

2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
- This is about something having a beginning in time/space.

3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
- This is about causing something to start, with an agentive subject.

4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
- About speaking.

5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series
- About being first in a series.

6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
- About a temporal event having a beginning.

7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
- About having a beginning characterized in some way.

8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
- About beginning an event with a direct object.

9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation
- Used in negative constructions.

10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language
- About learning a language.

The context is: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Here, "begin" is followed by a gerund "showing results." The subject is "this basic research" which is not agentive - it's not causing something to start, but rather the research itself will start to show results.

Looking at sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - the example "We began working at dawn" is very similar to "will begin showing results." Both involve starting an activity.

Looking at sense 6: "have a beginning, of a temporal event" - this could also fit since the research will have a beginning of showing results.

The key distinction: sense 1 is about taking the first step in an action (more active, agentive), while sense 6 is about a temporal event having a beginning.

In "this basic research will begin showing results," the research is starting to show results - it's the beginning of a temporal event (showing results). However, "begin showing results" is also similar to "begin working" in sense 1.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - this is about the subject performing an action
- Sense 6: "have a beginning, of a temporal event" - this is about an event having a starting point

"Begin showing results" - the research begins to show results. This is more about the temporal event of showing results having a beginning. But it could also be seen as the research taking the first step in showing results.

Hmm, let me think about this more carefully. The pattern "begin + gerund" is common.

In sense 1, the example is "We began working at dawn" - here "we" is the agent taking the first step.
In sense 6, the examples are about events beginning: "WW II began in 1939" - here the war (an event) has a beginning.

"Research will begin showing results" - the research is starting to show results. This is similar to "We began working" in that it's about starting an activity. But the subject "research" is not really an agent in the same way "we" is.

Actually, I think sense 1 fits best because:
1. The construction "begin + gerund" matches the example "We began working at dawn"
2. It's about starting an action/activity
3. The research is starting the activity of showing results

Wait, but sense 6 is specifically about temporal events having a beginning. "Showing results" is a temporal event/process.

Let me reconsider. The difference between sense 1 and sense 6:
- Sense 1: agentive, taking the first step in an action
- Sense 6: eventive, a temporal event having a beginning

"Research will begin showing results" - the research is not really an agent taking a step. Rather, the process of showing results is beginning. This seems more like sense 6.

But actually, looking at the examples again:
- Sense 1: "We began working at dawn" - begin + gerund
- Sense 6: "WW II began in 1939" - just began, no gerund

The construction "begin + gerund" is more characteristic of sense 1.

Hmm, but sense 1 says "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action." The research isn't really "taking steps" - it's that the showing of results is beginning.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit because:
1. The construction matches: "begin + gerund" = "begin showing results" similar to "begin working"
2. It's about starting an activity
3. The synonyms include "start" which is the most common synonym for begin

Let me go with sense 1.

Wait, I want to reconsider once more. The sentence is "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The subject is "this basic research" - it's not an agent that decides to start something. It's more that the research will reach a point where it starts showing results. This is more of an inchoative/eventive meaning.

But sense 1's example "We began working at dawn" is very close in structure. And the definition "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" fits "begin showing results" - the research is taking the first step in showing results.

I'll go with sense 1.

Actually, let me look at this from another angle. The WordNet sense 1 (begin%2:30:00) is categorized under "verb.cognition" or "verb.social" - it's about starting an activity. Sense 6 (begin%2:42:04) is under "verb.change" or "verb.stative" - it's about an event having a temporal beginning.

"Begin showing results" - this is about starting an activity (showing results). The research will start the activity of showing results. This fits sense 1.

Final answer: sense 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "showing" in the context: "but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon."

The meaning here is that the research will begin to produce/become visible results. This is about something becoming visible or noticeable over time.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. show%2:39:02:: give an exhibition of to an interested audience - Not quite right, this is about displaying/demonstrating
2. show%2:31:00:: establish the validity of something - This is about proving
3. show%2:32:00:: provide evidence for - About testifying
4. show%2:39:00:: make visible or noticeable - Possible
5. show%2:39:01:: be or become visible or noticeable - "His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show" - This seems like a good match for "begin showing results"
6. show%2:32:02:: give expression to
7. show%2:32:01:: indicate a place, direction
8. show%2:32:04:: indicate a certain reading; of gauges
9. show%2:32:03:: give evidence of, as of records
10. show%2:38:00:: take (someone) to their seats
11. show%2:33:00:: finish third or better in a race

The context is "this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The meaning is that the results will become visible/noticeable.

Sense 8 (show%2:39:01:: "be or become visible or noticeable") with examples "His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show" seems to fit best. The research will begin to show/become visible results.

Wait, let me reconsider. The numbering in the candidate senses starts from 1, but the actual sense keys are different. Let me match them:

1. show%2:39:02:: - give an exhibition
2. show%2:31:00:: - establish the validity
3. show%2:32:00:: - provide evidence
4. show%2:39:00:: - make visible or noticeable
5. show%2:39:01:: - be or become visible or noticeable
6. show%2:32:02:: - give expression to
7. show%2:32:01:: - indicate a place, direction
8. show%2:32:04:: - indicate a certain reading
9. show%2:32:03:: - give evidence of, as of records
10. show%2:38:00:: - take to seats
11. show%2:33:00:: - finish third

Wait, I see the numbering. Let me recount:
1. show%2:39:02::
2. show%2:31:00::
3. show%2:32:00::
4. show%2:39:00::
5. show%2:39:01::
6. show%2:32:02::
7. show%2:32:01::
8. show%2:32:04::
9. show%2:32:03::
10. show%2:38:00::
11. show%2:33:00::

Wait, the numbering in my list above doesn't match. Let me look again:

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable
5. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
8. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments
9. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records
10. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats
11. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race

OK so:
- Sense 4: make visible or noticeable (active, transitive)
- Sense 5: be or become visible or noticeable (intransitive, becoming visible)

"this basic research will begin showing results" - Here "showing" is intransitive in the sense that the research is showing results, meaning the results are becoming visible/manifesting. The research itself isn't actively making the results visible; the results are becoming apparent/manifest.

Actually, "showing results" can be interpreted as the results becoming visible/manifest. This fits sense 5: "be or become visible or noticeable."

But it could also be sense 4 in the sense of the research making results visible.

Looking at the examples for sense 5: "His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show" - these are about things becoming apparent.

For sense 4: "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please" - these are about actively making something visible.

I think sense 5 (index 5) is the best match because "showing results" means the results will become apparent/visible/manifest. The "results" are what's becoming visible.

Actually, let me think again. "This research will begin showing results" - the subject is "research" and the object is "results." This is transitive - the research is producing/showing results. So it's the research that's making the results visible.

Hmm, but in sense 4, the object is something like "her talent" or "your etchings" - something that already exists and is being made visible.

In sense 5, the examples are intransitive - "His good upbringing really shows" (no object).

"Research will begin showing results" - here "results" is an object, so it could be transitive (sense 4) or it could be that the results are becoming visible (sense 5 used in a way where "results" is a kind of measure or accompaniment).

Actually, in "showing results," the construction is similar to "showing signs of improvement" or "showing promise" - this typically means "exhibiting" or "displaying" qualities. It could be sense 4 (make visible) or it could be interpreted as "be or become visible" with "results" being a measure of progress.

Let me think about it differently. The phrase "begin showing results" means the research will start to manifest/produce visible results. The results are becoming apparent due to the research.

I think sense 5 (be or become visible or noticeable) is actually the best fit. Even though there's a noun after "showing," the meaning is that the results will become visible/noticeable as a consequence of the research. The verb "show" in this intransitive sense means to become apparent or visible.

Examples from dictionaries:
- "She started to show" (began to be visible, as in pregnancy)
- "His fatigue is showing" (becoming apparent)
- "The research is starting to show results" (results becoming visible)

This matches sense 5.

But wait, "showing results" is transitive in form. Let me check if sense 5 can take a complement. Looking at WordNet, "show up" is listed as a synonym for sense 5, which is intransitive. However, in actual usage, "show results" can mean the same thing as "results show" (become visible).

Actually, in WordNet, the intransitive sense (5) is typically used with a prepositional phrase or adverb, or with a result/complement. "Showing results" is a kind of resultative construction where the noun "results" is the result of the showing.

I'll go with sense 5 (index 5) as the best match.

Hmm, but let me reconsider once more. "Showing results" in the context of research is a common collocation meaning "yielding results" or "producing visible outcomes." The closest sense is "be or become visible or noticeable" (sense 5), where the research is becoming visibly effective by showing results.

Actually, I want to reconsider sense 4 (make visible or noticeable) as well. The research actively makes the results visible/noticeable. But sense 4 has examples like "She showed her talent for cooking" - this is more about demonstrating or exhibiting something.

I think sense 5 is still the best. The research is becoming visibly effective - the results are becoming apparent.

Wait, one more consideration. The phrase "this basic research will begin showing results there soon" - the "there" refers to "in treatment" or "in the clinic." The meaning is that the research will start to yield/become visible as results in treatment.

I'll commit to sense 5 (index 5): "be or become visible or noticeable."

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 4 is "make visible or noticeable" with examples "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please." This is transitive.

Sense 5 is "be or become visible or noticeable" with examples "His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show." This is intransitive.

"Research will begin showing results" - grammatically, "research" is the subject and "results" is the object. So it's transitive. But in meaning, the results are becoming visible.

In WordNet, transitive and intransitive senses are distinguished. The transitive sense would be sense 4. But the meaning here is that results will become visible, not that the research is actively displaying results.

I think there's some ambiguity, but the closest match in meaning is sense 5, even if grammatically it appears transitive. Sometimes verbs in the "be/become visible" sense can take a result noun: "She showed emotion" (emotion became visible in her), "He showed promise" (promise became visible).

Let me go with sense 5 (index 5).

Actually, I want to be more careful. Let me look at this from another angle.

"This basic research will begin showing results there soon."

If we paraphrase: "This basic research will begin to become visible/noticeable as results there soon." - This is awkward.

If we paraphrase: "This basic research will begin to make results visible/noticeable there soon." - This is closer to sense 4.

If we paraphrase: "This basic research will begin to manifest/evince/display results there soon." - This combines elements.

Hmm, the meaning is that the research will start to produce observable outcomes. The research is yielding results. This is about the research becoming visibly effective.

I'll go with sense 5 (index 5) as the closest match for "be or become visible or noticeable" because the research is becoming visibly productive.

Wait, I realize I should also consider sense 6 (show%2:32:02:: "give expression to") with synonyms "express, evince" and example "She showed her disappointment." "Showing results" could be "evincing results." But sense 6 is more about emotional expression, and "results" isn't an emotion. So sense 6 is not the best.

And sense 9 (show%2:32:03:: "give evidence of, as of records") with example "The diary shows his distress that evening." This is more about records providing evidence. "Showing results" isn't really about evidence in this sense.

OK, I'll commit to sense 5 (index 5).

Hmm wait, I want to reconsider one more time. "Showing results" - the meaning is that results are becoming apparent, that the research is yielding/becoming effective. In WordNet, this is often classified under "be or become visible or noticeable" (sense 5) or it could be under a more general "manifest" or "exhibit" sense.

Looking at WordNet more carefully, the intransitive sense (show%2:39:01) is "be or become visible or noticeable" with synonyms "show up." This is the sense of "showing" where something becomes apparent.

"Research showing results" means results are becoming apparent. The research is exhibiting/manifesting results, but the key meaning is that the results are becoming visible.

I'll go with index 5.

Final answer: 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "results" in the context: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

This is about basic research showing results - meaning outcomes or consequences of the research. The phrase "showing results" means producing outcomes/effects.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Sense 1 is about a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon - this fits "results" as in outcomes/consequences of research.

Sense 3 is "something that results" with example "he listened for the results on the radio" - this is more about final results/outcomes in a more concrete sense.

The phrase "showing results" typically means demonstrating outcomes/effects. Sense 1 seems to fit best because it's about phenomena that follow and are caused by previous phenomena - which is exactly what research results are (effects/consequences of the research).

However, sense 3 with "something that results" and "final result, outcome, termination" also fits. The example "he listened for the results on the radio" is about waiting for outcomes.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - this is more abstract, about causal relationships
- Sense 3: "something that results" - this is more general, about outcomes

"Showing results" in the context of research typically means demonstrating tangible outcomes or effects. Sense 1 with "consequence, effect, outcome" seems to capture this well.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit because "results" here refers to the effects/outcomes that the basic research will produce - phenomena that follow from the research.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "there" appears in the phrase "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Let me analyze the context: Samuel Broder is talking about basic research that will begin showing results "there" soon. "There" is used as an adverb indicating place - referring to the field of cancer study or the public domain where results will be seen.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "in or at that place" - this fits the spatial/locative meaning
2. "in that matter" - this is about a topic/respect, not really fitting
3. "to or toward that place; away from the speaker" - this implies movement toward a place

The sentence "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon" - "there" refers to a place/context (likely referring to the public domain or the field of cancer study). It's a locative "there" meaning "in that place/context."

Sense 1 seems most appropriate - "in or at that place." The example "they have lived there for years" or "it's not there" are locative uses, similar to how "there" is used here to indicate where results will show.

Sense 3 ("thither") is more about directional movement toward a place, which doesn't quite fit here.

Sense 2 ("in that matter") doesn't fit the context either.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

Here, "made" refers to the act of making/achieving a discovery. The subject (Dr. Dryja) is performing an action—specifically, making a discovery. This is similar to "make a discovery" which falls under performing or carrying out an action.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

- Sense 3 (make%2:36:00): "make or cause to be or to become" - create - "make a mess in one's office; create a furor" - This is about creating something, which could fit "made a discovery"
- Sense 6 (make%2:36:01): "create or manufacture a man-made product" - produce, create - "We produce more cars than we can sell" - This is about manufacturing, less fitting
- Sense 16 (make%2:36:12): "perform or carry out" - "make a decision; make a move" - This is about performing an action
- Sense 23 (make%2:31:13): "institute, enact, or establish" - "make laws" - Not really fitting
- Sense 7 (make%2:31:00): "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - "draw a conclusion" - "made a discovery" could fit here since a discovery is a mental derivation

"Make a discovery" - discovering something. Let's think about this more carefully.

"Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." - This is about achieving/creating a discovery. A discovery is something you find/create through research.

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonyms "create" - "made a discovery" fits well with creating something
Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" with synonyms "draw" - "draw a conclusion" vs "make a discovery" - making a discovery is somewhat similar to deriving/drawing a conclusion

Actually, "make a discovery" is most commonly categorized as "perform or carry out" (sense 16) or "create" (sense 3).

Let me think again. The pattern "make a discovery" typically maps to the creation sense. Looking at WordNet, "make a discovery" is often linked to the "create" sense.

Looking at sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" - synonyms: create - examples: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

And sense 16: "perform or carry out" - examples: "make a decision; make a move"

A discovery isn't really "performed" in the same way a decision is. A discovery is more of a cognitive achievement - you create/find something new.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Make a discovery" in WordNet often falls under the sense of "create" or the perform/carry out sense.

Hmm, looking at the verb patterns:
- "make a discovery" = achieve/perform a discovery

I think sense 16 (perform or carry out) might be the best fit because "made his discovery" is performing the act of discovery. But "discovery" is more about creating/finding something new.

Let me look at sense 3 more carefully: "make or cause to be or to become" with "create" as synonym. "Made his discovery" = created/brought his discovery into being. This seems like a strong fit.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." This refers to the thing that was discovered - the gene that controls retinal cell growth. So it's referring to "something that is discovered."

Looking at the senses:
1. The act of discovering
2. Something that is discovered
3. A productive insight (synonyms: breakthrough, find)
4. Legal discovery

The phrase "made his discovery" refers to the thing discovered, the finding itself. Sense 2 is "something that is discovered." Sense 3 is "a productive insight" with synonyms "breakthrough, find."

Between 2 and 3: "made his retinoblastoma discovery" - this is referring to a specific finding/breakthrough. The synonyms "breakthrough" and "find" for sense 3 seem to fit well with "made his discovery." However, sense 2 is literally "something that is discovered" which is also apt.

In scientific context, "made his discovery" typically refers to the thing found. Sense 3 "a productive insight" with "breakthrough" as a synonym seems like a good fit for a scientific discovery. But sense 2 is the more general "something that is discovered."

Actually, "made his retinoblastoma discovery" - here "discovery" refers to the specific thing found (the gene). This is sense 2. Sense 3 is more about the insight/epiphany aspect, but in scientific writing, discoveries are treated as concrete findings, so sense 2 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Then" in the context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

This "Then" is used to indicate sequence - after the discovery in 1986, subsequently/last spring researchers reported something. This is the temporal connective meaning "subsequently or soon afterward."

Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" - This matches perfectly. "Then" connects two events chronologically.

Sense 3: "at that time" - This would be used like "I was young then" referring to a specific time point.

Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" - This is conditional/consequential, not matching.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "last" appears in the phrase "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

In this context, "last spring" refers to the spring that immediately preceded the current time (the time of writing). This is the temporal sense meaning "immediately past" or "most recent."

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance

Sense 1 matches perfectly - "last spring" means the spring that just passed, i.e., "immediately past." The example "last Thursday" is directly analogous to "last spring."

The answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spring
Target surface form: spring
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00:: | definition=a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed | examples=the spring was broken
3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00:: | definition=a natural flow of ground water | synonyms=fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00:: | definition=a point at which water issues forth
5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00:: | definition=the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length | synonyms=give, springiness
6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00:: | definition=a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards | synonyms=leap, leaping, saltation, bound, bounce

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is: "Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..." This refers to a time period (the season), so sense 1 (the season of growth) is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reported" in the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

This is about researchers announcing their findings from their research/investigation. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. report%2:32:00:: - "to give an account or representation of in words" - synonyms: describe, account
2. report%2:32:04:: - "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" - examples include "The team reported significant advances in their research"
3. report%2:32:03:: - "announce one's presence" - about reporting to work
4. report%2:32:01:: - "make known to the authorities" - about reporting to authorities
5. report%2:32:13:: - "be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism" - about journalism coverage
6. report%2:32:02:: - "complain about; make a charge against" - about complaints

The context is about researchers announcing the result of their finding (finding a gene called p53). This matches sense 2 perfectly - "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" with the example "The team reported significant advances in their research."

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported <t>finding</t> a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "finding" in the context: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

This is about researchers discovering/finding a gene. They made a discovery of a gene's existence and role.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with
2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching
4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion
6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with
7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose
8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding
9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery
10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management
11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about
12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment
13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition
14. find%2:40:15:: - recover the use of
15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching
16. find%2:30:13:: - find oneself

The context is about researchers reporting finding a gene. This is about making a discovery of a gene's existence.

Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::) - "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - this fits well because they're determining the existence/fact of a gene.
Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::) - "make a discovery, make a new finding" - this also fits.
Sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) - "make a discovery" - this could also fit.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 2 emphasizes "determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - very fitting for finding a gene (establishing that it exists)
- Sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding" - more general
- Sense 9 is "make a discovery" - example is "She found that he had lied to her"

The context is "researchers reported finding a gene called p53" - this is about discovering the existence of a specific gene. Sense 2 with "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" seems most precise.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 8 says "make a discovery, make a new finding" and its example "Roentgen discovered X-rays" is very similar to "researchers... finding a gene." This is a scientific discovery.

Sense 2's example "We found traces of lead in the paint" is more about detecting something.

Sense 4 "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - this could also fit since it's after research/investigation.

Hmm, between sense 2 and sense 8:
- Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice
- Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover

The researchers "reported finding" a gene - they discovered it existed. This is about establishing the existence of something new. Sense 2 seems to fit well because it's about determining existence.

But sense 8 is specifically about making a discovery/a new finding, which is exactly what the researchers did - they made a new finding.

Looking at WordNet hierarchy, sense 8 is actually the hypernym of sense 2 in some ways. Let me think about which is more specific and appropriate.

The researchers found a gene - this is them making a discovery. Sense 8 says "make a discovery, make a new finding" which is quite apt.

Actually, sense 2 with "discover or determine the existence" is about finding something that was there but not known. This matches "finding a gene" - they discovered a gene that exists.

I think sense 2 is the best fit. The researchers determined the existence of this gene.

Wait, but in scientific context, "finding a gene" typically means discovering/identifying it, which is sense 8 ("make a discovery, make a new finding").

Let me look at this more carefully. The pattern "reported finding" is commonly used in scientific writing to mean "reported discovering."

Sense 2: detect, observe, discover, notice - "We found traces of lead in the paint" - this is more about detecting existing things
Sense 8: discover - "Roentgen discovered X-rays" - this is about new discoveries

The p53 gene discovery is a new finding, so sense 8 seems very appropriate.

Actually, I'll go with sense 2 because:
- "finding a gene called p53" - they're determining the existence/fact of this gene
- The definition "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" precisely matches

Hmm, but actually, both sense 2 and sense 8 could work. Let me look at the WordNet hierarchy more carefully.

In WordNet, sense 8 (find%2:36:00) is a verb that means "make a discovery" - it's a general sense.
Sense 2 (find%2:39:02) means "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - more specific about discovering existence.

For "finding a gene," the researchers are establishing that this gene exists and what it does. Sense 2 fits well.

I'll go with sense 2 (index 2).

Actually wait, let me reconsider one more time. Looking at the senses:

Sense 2 has synonyms "detect, observe, discover, notice" - these are more about perception/detection
Sense 8 has synonyms "discover" - more about making a new discovery
Sense 9 has synonyms "discover" - similar to 8

In scientific papers, "reported finding" means "reported discovering/identifying." This is a discovery. Both senses 2 and 8 work.

Looking at the examples again:
- Sense 2: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint" - these are about detecting something
- Sense 8: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - these are about discovering something new

The p53 finding is more like the sense 8 examples - it's about discovering a new gene. But it's also like sense 2 in that they're determining the existence of something.

I think sense 2 is the best fit because the researchers are determining the existence and identity of a specific gene. The definition "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" is most applicable.

Let me go with sense 2 (index 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene <t>called</t> p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53"

Here, "called" means "named" - the gene is named p53. This matches sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" with synonyms "name" and examples like "They named their son David."