[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thus
Target surface form: Thus
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. <t>Thus</t> at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thus%4:02:00:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, so | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
2. sense_key=thus%4:02:01:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thusly, so | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The word "thus" in this context is used to introduce a conclusion or result. The sentence before talks about how political leaders are inclined to echo conventional pap, and then "Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced..." This is using "thus" to mean "therefore" or "as a result" — it introduces the logical conclusion/example that follows from the previous reasoning.

Sense 1 matches: "(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result" with synonyms therefore, hence, thence, so.

Sense 2 is about manner ("in the way indicated"), which doesn't fit here.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the <t>recent</t> governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: governor
Target surface form: governors
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent <t>governors</t>' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=governor%1:18:00:: | definition=the head of a state government
2. sense_key=governor%1:06:00:: | definition=a control that maintains a steady speed in a machine (as by controlling the supply of fuel) | synonyms=regulator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conference
Target surface form: conference
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' <t>conference</t> on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conference%1:14:00:: | definition=a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)
2. sense_key=conference%1:14:01:: | definition=an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members | synonyms=league
3. sense_key=conference%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic | synonyms=group discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes a "governors' conference on education" where Gov. Bill Clinton made an announcement. This is a prearranged meeting with a formal agenda, which matches sense 1.

format: unknown

provider: Minimax


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on <t>education</t>, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a "governors' conference on education." This refers to education as a field/sector/policy area - specifically about a conference discussing educational reform, child-development policy, etc. This is about the activities of educating or instructing, the field of education.

Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity

Sense 6: "the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education" - this is about the Department of Education specifically, not just a conference topic.

The "governors' conference on education" is discussing education as a policy area/field - the activities of educating. This fits sense 1, which covers the general domain of educational activities and policy.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Conference on education" - this could refer to education as a field or as a topic. The conference is about educational reform, which is about the activities/sector of education. Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: announce
Target surface form: announced
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas <t>announced</t> that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=announce%2:32:00:: | definition=make known; make an announcement | synonyms=denote | examples=She denoted her feelings clearly
2. sense_key=announce%2:32:02:: | definition=announce publicly or officially | synonyms=declare | examples=The President declared war
3. sense_key=announce%2:32:07:: | definition=give the names of | examples=He announced the winners of the spelling bee
4. sense_key=announce%2:32:01:: | definition=foreshadow or presage | synonyms=annunciate, harbinger, foretell, herald

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Gov. Bill Clinton making a public statement at a governors' conference about education policy. The word "announced" is used in the sense of publicly declaring or stating something officially.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "make known; make an announcement" - This is general, and the synonym "denote" doesn't quite fit the context well.

2. "announce publicly or officially" with synonyms "declare" - This fits well. Clinton made a public statement at a conference. The example "The President declared war" is similar in that it's a public official making a public statement.

3. "give the names of" - This is about announcing winners or naming people. Doesn't fit.

4. "foreshadow or presage" - This is about predicting or signaling something to come. Doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 2 - "announce publicly or officially" which matches the context of a governor making a public statement at a conference.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this <t>country</t> needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "country" appears in the quote: "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five."

In this context, Gov. Bill Clinton is talking about the United States (he's the governor of Arkansas speaking at a governors' conference). The phrase "this country needs..." refers to the nation as a politically organized body — the United States as a state/political entity.

Let me consider the candidates:

1. sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" — synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic. Examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations."

2. sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" — this is about the physical territory.

3. sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country" — about the populace.

4. sense 4: "an area outside of cities and towns" — rural area, not relevant here.

5. sense 5: "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary" — not really relevant.

The context is about the US as a political entity needing a policy. "This country needs a comprehensive child-development policy" — here "country" refers to the nation as a political entity.

Sense 1 fits best: "a politically organized body of people under a single government." The example "African nations" is parallel — Clinton is referring to the US as a nation/political body that needs policy.

Sense 3 ("the people who live in a nation") could also work because "this country needs a policy" could mean the people of the country need a policy. But typically in this construction, "country" refers to the nation as a political entity. Also, the phrase "this country" with the demonstrative pronoun in a political speech typically refers to the nation as a state.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needs
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country <t>needs</t> a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "needs" in the context is used as: "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five."

This means the country requires a comprehensive child-development policy. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

The context is about the country requiring/needing a policy. The word "needs" here means "requires" or "is in need of."

Sense 1 (need%2:42:00::) has the definition "require as useful, just, or proper" with synonyms like necessitate, require. This fits well because saying "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy" means the country requires it as proper/just.

Sense 2 (need%2:34:00::) has definition "have need of" with synonyms want, require. This also seems to fit.

Sense 3 (need%2:34:01::) has definition "have or feel a need for" with example "always needing friends and money" - this seems more about feeling a personal need.

The key difference between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" - this is more about something being necessary/required in an objective sense
- Sense 2: "have need of" - this is about having a need for something

In the context, "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy" - the country is said to require this policy as proper/just/necessary. The verb "need" here is used to mean "require" in a formal/objective sense.

Looking at WordNet's distinctions:
- need%2:42:00:: is the "verb.social" or "verb.stative" sense related to requiring
- need%2:34:00:: and need%2:34:01:: are about having need of something

Actually, looking more carefully:
- sense 1 (need%2:42:00::) is a social verb meaning "to require as useful, just, or proper"
- sense 2 (need%2:34:00::) is "have need of"
- sense 3 (need%2:34:01::) is "have or feel a need for"

The example for sense 1: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work" - this is about something being required/necessary.

The example for sense 2: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner" - this is about wanting/needing attention.

The example for sense 3: "always needing friends and money" - this is about feeling a need.

In the context, "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy" - the country objectively requires this as proper/necessary. This aligns more with sense 1 (require as useful, just, or proper).

Wait, but let me reconsider. The verb "need" in "this country needs X" could be either:
- "the country has a need for X" (sense 2 or 3)
- "X is required/proper for the country" (sense 1)

The distinction in WordNet is often subtle. Looking at the glosses again:
- Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" - this is more about something being required as a matter of propriety or utility
- Sense 2: "have need of" - this is a more general "need" meaning

In the context of "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy," the word is being used in the sense of "requires" or "has need of."

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best match here. The sentence is stating that a comprehensive child-development policy is required/proper for this country. This is a formal, objective use of "need" meaning "require."

Let me verify by looking at the structure. "This country needs X" = "This country requires X" = "X is required for this country." This matches sense 1's definition "require as useful, just, or proper."

So my answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development <t>policy</t> for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about educational policy and political leaders discussing child-development policy. The word "policy" here refers to a plan of action adopted by a government/social group regarding child development. This matches sense 1 (policy%1:09:00::) which is "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group." Sense 2 is more about rationalizing/arguing for a course of action, and sense 3 is about insurance. Sense 1 fits best as it refers to a plan of action (child-development policy) adopted by a social group (the country/government).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for <t>children</t> under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a "comprehensive child-development policy for children under five." This refers to young children, specifically those under five years old. This matches sense 1: "a young person of either sex" with synonyms like kid, youngster, minor, etc. The examples "she writes books for children; they're just kids" align well with this usage.

Sense 2 refers to offspring of any age, which doesn't fit as well since the context specifies "under five."
Sense 3 refers to an immature childish person, which doesn't fit.
Sense 4 refers to a member of a clan or tribe, which doesn't fit.

The best sense is sense 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive <t>development</t> policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "development" appears in the context: "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five" and "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need."

The context is about educational reform and policy. The phrase "child-development policy" refers to a policy related to the development of children. The word "development" here refers to the process of growth and maturation - specifically the development of children.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" - This could fit in the sense of policy development, but the context is about child development specifically.

2. "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" with synonyms "evolution" - This fits well with child development, which is about children progressing to more advanced stages.

3. "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" with synonyms "growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis" - This is specifically about biological growth of an organism.

The phrase "child-development policy" is a compound term referring to policies about child development. In the context of education and children under five, "development" here refers to the growth and maturation of children - their cognitive, physical, and social development.

Sense 3 is specifically about biological/organic growth of an individual organism, which fits "child development" very well. The examples mention "osseous development in children."

Sense 2 is more general - "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage" - this could also apply but is more abstract.

Given that the context specifically mentions "children under five" and "child-development policy," sense 3 (the biological process of an organism growing) seems most appropriate. Child development is fundamentally about the growth and maturation of children.

Wait, let me reconsider. The phrase is "child-development policy" - this is a policy about child development. The word "development" in this compound term refers to the process of children developing/growing. Sense 3 specifically mentions "the process of an individual organism growing organically" which is exactly what child development refers to.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development <t>policy</t> for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses a "comprehensive child-development policy" announced by Gov. Bill Clinton regarding children under five. This is a plan of action adopted by a political/social group (the government) regarding child development and education.

Sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - examples include "a politician keeps changing his policies"
Sense 2: "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - this is more about justification/rationale
Sense 3: insurance policy - not relevant here

The context is about a political leader advocating for a plan of action (a comprehensive child-development policy). This fits sense 1 best - a plan of action adopted by a social group (the government). The example "a politician keeps changing his policies" is very analogous.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: governor
Target surface form: governors
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for <t>governors</t> over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=governor%1:18:00:: | definition=the head of a state government
2. sense_key=governor%1:06:00:: | definition=a control that maintains a steady speed in a machine (as by controlling the supply of fuel) | synonyms=regulator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The context discusses a governors' conference on education, mentioning Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas. The target word "governors" refers to state governors, i.e., the heads of state governments. Sense 1 matches this.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: governor
Target surface form: governors
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for <t>governors</t> over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=governor%1:18:00:: | definition=the head of a state government
2. sense_key=governor%1:06:00:: | definition=a control that maintains a steady speed in a machine (as by controlling the supply of fuel) | synonyms=regulator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The target word is "governors" in the context discussing political leaders and specifically mentions "Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas." The joke about "a comprehensive development policy for governors over 30" refers to political governors, i.e., heads of state government.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seem
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would <t>seem</t> to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "seem" in the sentence: "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence is saying that what would appear to be needed (or what seems to be needed) is a comprehensive development policy for governors over 30. This is a judgment or opinion about what appears to be true.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" - synonyms: look, appear. Examples: "She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem" - This is about appearance/impression.

2. "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - synonyms: appear. Examples: "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad" - This is about appearing to be true or probable.

3. "appear to exist" - examples: "There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now" - This is about existence.

4. "appear to one's own mind or opinion" - examples: "I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters" - This is about personal opinion/mind.

The sentence "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need" is expressing what appears to be true or probable - that such a policy would be a more pressing need. This is an evaluative judgment about what seems to be the case.

Sense 2 is about something seeming to be true, probable, or apparent. The author is making a judgment about what appears to be the case.

Sense 1 is more about outward appearance or giving a certain impression (like how something looks).

Sense 4 is about appearing to one's own mind - this could also fit since it's a personal opinion.

Let me think more carefully. "Would seem to be a more pressing need" - this is a statement about what appears to be the case, a judgment about probability or truth. The author is saying that a comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 appears to be (seems to be) a more pressing need.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: outward aspect, impression
- Sense 2: true, probable, or apparent

Sense 2 seems to fit better because the statement is about what appears to be true or probable - that a policy would be a more pressing need. It's not really about the outward appearance of something, but about a judgment of what seems to be the case.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 1 examples: "She seems to be sleeping" - this is about appearance/state. "This appears to be a very difficult problem" - this is also about appearance/judgment.

Sense 2 examples: "It seems that he is very gifted" - judgment about truth/probability. "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" - judgment.

The sentence "would seem to be a more pressing need" is a judgment about what appears to be true. The author is expressing an opinion that this policy would be a more pressing need.

I think sense 2 fits best - "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - because the author is making a judgment about what appears to be the case (a more pressing need).

Wait, let me also consider sense 4: "appear to one's own mind or opinion" - examples are first person: "I seem to be misunderstood", "I can't seem to learn". This is about the subject's own mental state or ability.

The sentence is impersonal - "would seem to be" - it's not about the speaker's personal mind but about what appears to be the case in general.

So sense 2 is the best fit.

Actually, I want to reconsider once more. The construction "would seem to be" is often used as a polite/hedged way of saying "is" or "appears to be". It's expressing a judgment about what appears to be true.

Sense 1: outward aspect, impression
Sense 2: true, probable, or apparent

The difference is subtle. Sense 1 is more about how something looks (outward aspect), while sense 2 is about what appears to be true or probable.

In this context, the author is saying that such a policy appears to be a more pressing need. This is a judgment about what seems to be true or probable. Sense 2 fits better.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a <t>more</t> pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "more" in the context is used as a comparative adjective modifying "pressing need." The phrase is "a more pressing need," which is comparing the need for a comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 to the need for a child-development policy for children under five.

This is a classic comparative use, forming the comparative degree of the adjective "pressing." This matches sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" with examples like "more interesting; more beautiful."

Sense 2 is about "more" as a comparative of "much" (referring to quantity/degree), as in "he works more now" or "they eat more than they should."

The context clearly uses "more" to form the comparative of the adjective "pressing" (a more pressing need), so sense 1 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: need
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing <t>need</t>. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%1:26:00:: | definition=a condition requiring relief | synonyms=demand | examples=she satisfied his need for affection; God has no need of men to accomplish His work
2. sense_key=need%1:17:00:: | definition=anything that is necessary but lacking | synonyms=want | examples=he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs; I tried to supply his wants
3. sense_key=need%1:03:00:: | definition=the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior | synonyms=motivation, motive | examples=we did not understand his motivation; he acted with the best of motives
4. sense_key=need%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of extreme poverty or destitution | synonyms=indigence, penury, pauperism, pauperization | examples=their indigence appalled him; a general state of need exists among the homeless

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "need" appears in the phrase "a more pressing need." This is referring to something that is necessary or required - a comprehensive development policy for governors over 30. The context is discussing what is needed, suggesting a necessity or requirement.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "a condition requiring relief" - synonyms: demand. This suggests something that demands attention or relief.
2. "anything that is necessary but lacking" - synonyms: want. This refers to something necessary that is missing.
3. "the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action" - synonyms: motivation, motive. This is about psychological drive.
4. "a state of extreme poverty or destitution" - synonyms: indigence, penury, pauperism, pauperization. This is about poverty.

The phrase "a more pressing need" here refers to something that is required/necessary. It's contrasting with Gov. Clinton's proposed need (comprehensive child-development policy) and suggesting that governors themselves need development.

Looking at sense 1 ("a condition requiring relief") vs sense 2 ("anything that is necessary but lacking"):
- Sense 1 emphasizes "requiring relief" - the example is "she satisfied his need for affection"
- Sense 2 emphasizes "necessary but lacking" - the example is "he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs"

The context is about what is pressing/urgent and necessary. "A more pressing need" suggests something that is lacking and necessary. This aligns more with sense 2 - something that is necessary but lacking. The policy is something that is needed (lacking) and necessary.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Need" in "a more pressing need" - this is saying that the need for development of governors is more pressing/urgent. The "need" here is something that requires attention/action.

Sense 1: "a condition requiring relief" - this could work as the need requires action/attention
Sense 2: "anything that is necessary but lacking" - this also works as development is necessary and currently lacking

Looking at the examples again:
- Sense 1: "she satisfied his need for affection" - a need as something to be satisfied/relieved
- Sense 2: "I tried to supply his wants" - a need as something to be supplied

The context suggests that the need is something that should be met/supplied. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need" - this is saying that such a policy is needed.

I think sense 1 is the better fit here because "a pressing need" typically refers to something that requires urgent attention or relief. The "pressing" modifies the urgency of the condition requiring relief.

Actually, both senses 1 and 2 are quite similar. Let me think about this more carefully.

Sense 1 is more about an emotional/personal need (affection), while sense 2 is more about material/practical necessities (means to meet needs).

In this context, the need is for a "comprehensive development policy" - this is a practical, material need. It's something that is necessary but currently lacking. This fits sense 2 better.

But wait, "pressing need" is a common collocation. Let me look at how "pressing need" is typically defined. A "pressing need" is something that urgently requires attention.

I think sense 1 ("a condition requiring relief") is actually the best fit because:
- The context is about a condition that requires action (a pressing need)
- "Requiring relief" in this sense means requiring action/response

Actually, I want to reconsider once more. Sense 1's example "she satisfied his need for affection" and "God has no need of men" suggest needs in a more abstract/emotional sense. Sense 2's example about "sufficient means to meet his simple needs" is about practical necessities.

The "need" in the context is for a policy - a practical necessity. This aligns with sense 2: "anything that is necessary but lacking."

Hmm, but "a pressing need" is often used to mean something urgently required. Let me think about the syntactic/semantic structure:
- "a more pressing need" - need as a noun meaning a requirement or necessity
- This is something that is necessary (development policy for governors) and pressing (urgent)

I'll go with sense 1 because "pressing need" is most naturally interpreted as "a condition requiring relief/attention" in this rhetorical context. The writer is saying that this need is more urgent than Clinton's proposed need.

Wait, let me reconsider one more time. The definitions:
1. "a condition requiring relief" - this is a state/condition
2. "anything that is necessary but lacking" - this is a thing/item

"A more pressing need" - the need here is being treated as something that exists and requires attention. It's both a condition (requiring relief) and a thing (something necessary that is lacking).

I think sense 1 is slightly better because the modifier "pressing" suggests urgency, which aligns with "requiring relief" (requiring action/response). The need is a condition that requires urgent attention.

Final answer: sense 1.

Actually, I want to be more careful here. Let me look at the WordNet definitions more carefully.

Sense 1: need (noun) - "a condition requiring relief" - This is about a state/condition
Sense 2: need (noun) - "anything that is necessary but lacking" - This is about a thing

In the context, "a more pressing need" - is this referring to a condition or a thing? It's referring to a comprehensive development policy, which is a thing. So sense 2 might be more appropriate.

But "need" as a noun can be abstract. "A pressing need for X" means there is a strong requirement for X. The "need" itself is a state/condition of requiring X.

OK, I'll commit to sense 1. The reason is:
- "Pressing need" is a common collocation meaning an urgent requirement
- The definition "a condition requiring relief" captures this urgency
- The example "God has no need of men to accomplish His work" shows that need can refer to something required/necessary

Actually, you know what, let me look at this differently. Let me look at the example sentences for each sense:

Sense 1 examples: "she satisfied his need for affection" and "God has no need of men to accomplish His work"
Sense 2 examples: "he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs" and "I tried to supply his wants"

The context here is about what is required - a policy. "Supply his wants" is similar to "meet a need." The need is something that needs to be supplied/met.

In "a more pressing need," the need is being treated as something that should be met/satisfied. This could be either sense.

I think the most distinguishing factor is the word "pressing." A "pressing need" is one that is urgent and requires immediate attention. This aligns well with "a condition requiring relief" (sense 1).

Final answer: sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extend
Target surface form: extending
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is <t>extending</t> the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extend%2:30:01:: | definition=extend in scope or range or area | synonyms=widen, broaden | examples=The law was extended to all citizens; widen the range of applications
2. sense_key=extend%2:42:03:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, lead | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
3. sense_key=extend%2:42:01:: | definition=span an interval of distance, space or time | synonyms=cover, continue | examples=The war extended over five years; The period covered the turn of the century
4. sense_key=extend%2:40:05:: | definition=make available; provide | synonyms=offer | examples=extend a loan; The bank offers a good deal on new mortgages
5. sense_key=extend%2:29:01:: | definition=thrust or extend out | synonyms=exsert, stretch out, put out, hold out, stretch forth | examples=He held out his hand; point a finger
6. sense_key=extend%2:42:02:: | definition=reach outward in space | synonyms=poke out, reach out | examples=The awning extends several feet over the sidewalk
7. sense_key=extend%2:40:04:: | definition=offer verbally | synonyms=offer | examples=extend my greetings; He offered his sympathy
8. sense_key=extend%2:29:00:: | definition=extend one's limbs or muscles, or the entire body | synonyms=stretch | examples=Stretch your legs!; Extend your right arm above your head
9. sense_key=extend%2:30:09:: | definition=expand the influence of | synonyms=expand | examples=The King extended his rule to the Eastern part of the continent
10. sense_key=extend%2:30:02:: | definition=lengthen in time; cause to be or last longer | synonyms=prolong, protract, draw out | examples=We prolonged our stay; She extended her visit by another day
11. sense_key=extend%2:38:10:: | definition=extend or stretch out to a greater or the full length | synonyms=unfold, stretch, stretch out | examples=Unfold the newspaper; stretch out that piece of cloth
12. sense_key=extend%2:38:14:: | definition=cause to move at full gallop | synonyms=gallop | examples=Did you gallop the horse just now?
13. sense_key=extend%2:35:10:: | definition=open or straighten out; unbend | examples=Can we extend the legs of this dining table?
14. sense_key=extend%2:34:00:: | definition=use to the utmost; exert vigorously or to full capacity | synonyms=strain | examples=He really extended himself when he climbed Kilimanjaro; Don't strain your mind too much
15. sense_key=extend%2:30:15:: | definition=prolong the time allowed for payment of | examples=extend the loan
16. sense_key=extend%2:30:06:: | definition=continue or extend | synonyms=carry | examples=The civil war carried into the neighboring province; The disease extended into the remote mountain provinces
17. sense_key=extend%2:30:12:: | definition=increase in quantity or bulk by adding a cheaper substance | synonyms=stretch | examples=stretch the soup by adding some more cream; extend the casserole with a little rice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years." This means expanding the scope/range of the educational system to include younger children. The system is being broadened to cover a previously uncovered area.

Looking at the senses:

1. "extend in scope or range or area" - synonyms: widen, broaden - examples: "The law was extended to all citizens; widen the range of applications"
2. "stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point"
3. "span an interval of distance, space or time"
9. "expand the influence of" - examples: "The King extended his rule to the Eastern part of the continent"

Sense 1 seems most fitting. The educational system's scope is being widened to include pre-kindergarten years. This is about expanding the scope/range of the system.

Sense 9 is about expanding influence, which is more about political/territorial control, not exactly what's happening here.

Sense 1 is the best match - "extend in scope or range or area" with synonyms widen, broaden. The educational system is being extended in scope (to younger children).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the <t>educational</t> system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is discussing Gov. Clinton advocating "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years" and contrasting it with a "child-care program" vs. an "educational program."

Here, "educational" is being used to refer to the formal educational system - the process of education. It's about the institutional/process sense of education, not about providing knowledge in a general sense.

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" - This fits because it's about the educational system, the formal process of education.

Sense 2: "providing knowledge" / "instructive" - This is more about something that provides knowledge, like an educational film.

The context is clearly about the formal education system (schools, programs), so sense 1 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: system
Target surface form: system
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational <t>system</t> down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=system%1:06:00:: | definition=instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity | examples=he bought a new stereo system; the system consists of a motor and a small computer
2. sense_key=system%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole | synonyms=scheme | examples=a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going
3. sense_key=system%1:27:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium | examples=in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface; a system generating hydrogen peroxide
4. sense_key=system%1:09:00:: | definition=a complex of methods or rules governing behavior | synonyms=system of rules | examples=they have to operate under a system they oppose; that language has a complex system for indicating gender
5. sense_key=system%1:09:02:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, organisation | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
6. sense_key=system%1:08:00:: | definition=a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts | examples=the body has a system of organs for digestion
7. sense_key=system%1:09:01:: | definition=a procedure or process for obtaining an objective | examples=they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation
8. sense_key=system%1:08:01:: | definition=the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole | examples=exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system
9. sense_key=system%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, organisation | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether <t>desirable</t> or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The word "desirable" in the context is used to mean "worth having or seeking or achieving" - referring to whether something (extending the educational system to pre-kindergarten) is good or beneficial. This matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care <t>program</t>, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content: The context discusses a "child-care program" in contrast to an "educational program." This is referring to a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need (like day care programs). The author is distinguishing between a child-care program (services) and an educational program. Sense 2 fits best: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care <t>program</t>, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 8. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content: The context discusses a "child-care program" as opposed to an "educational program." This is referring to a child-care service/system intended to meet a public need. Sense 2 matches: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" with example "working mothers rely on the day care program."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an <t>educational</t> program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is discussing whether a child-care program counts as an "educational" program. The contrast is between "child-care program" and "educational program," and the discussion is about the educational system, schooling, and performance in school. This is clearly about the process of education - relating to education as a system/schooling.

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" - this fits perfectly with the context of the educational system, schooling, and educational programs.
Sense 2: "providing knowledge" - this is more about something that provides knowledge, like a film or experience.

The context is clearly using "educational" in the sense of relating to education/schooling, not in the sense of "providing knowledge/instructive." The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational <t>program</t>. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses a "child-care program" versus an "educational program." The author is distinguishing between a child-care program (which involves care for young children) and an educational program (which involves formal schooling/curriculum).

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished" - this is about a plan
2. "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" - this fits "child-care program" well, as it's a system of services
3. "a radio or television show" - not relevant
4. "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party" - not relevant
5. "an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event" - not relevant
6. "an integrated course of academic studies" - this fits "educational program" well
7. "(computer science) a sequence of instructions" - not relevant
8. "a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation" - not relevant

The target word "program" appears in "an educational program." The context is contrasting a child-care program (sense 2) with an educational program (sense 6). The educational program here refers to a course of study or curriculum - the formal schooling system.

Sense 6: "an integrated course of academic studies" with synonyms "course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus" - this fits "educational program" perfectly, as an educational program is essentially a course of study or curriculum.

The answer is sense 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We <t>know</t> that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "We <t>know</t> that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..." This is about being cognizant or aware of a fact, possessing knowledge about something. This matches sense 1 best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: very
Target surface form: very
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that <t>very</t> early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well
2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "very" in the context "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade" is used as an intensifier modifying "early." This matches sense 1, which is about "very" being used as an intensifier (like "really"). Sense 2 is about "precisely so" (like "the very next page"), which doesn't fit here.