[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and <t>taken</t> the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "taken" in the context: "First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century"

Here, "taken" is the past participle of "take" and means "to assume/acquire/adopt" a certain form or aspect. The sentence is saying that ticket splitting has increased and has assumed/adopted a peculiar pattern.

Looking at the candidate senses:

5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn

This fits perfectly. "Taken the peculiar pattern" = "assumed/adopted a peculiar pattern."

The answer is sense 5.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the <t>past</t> half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

role: assistant

reasoning_content: The target word is "past" in the phrase "the <t>past</t> half century." This refers to the time before the present — "earlier than the present time." This matches sense 1: "earlier than the present time; no longer current."

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the <t>past</t> half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose between sense 1 and sense 2 for the word "past" in the context "over the past half century."

Sense 1: "earlier than the present time; no longer current" - this fits "the past half century" perfectly.
Sense 2: "of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office" - this refers to a person, not a time period.

The answer is clearly sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context talks about "the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" - this refers to the act of selecting someone for a political office. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. election%1:04:01:: - "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office" - this fits well
2. election%1:04:00:: - "the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice" - more general
3. election%1:26:00:: - "the status or fact of being elected" - "they celebrated his election"
4. election%1:09:00:: - "the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy" - not relevant

The phrase "the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" refers to the event/process of voting to select FDR as president. This is most closely aligned with sense 1, which is about a vote to select the winner of a political office.

Sense 3 ("the status or fact of being elected") could also be considered since "the election of Franklin Roosevelt" could mean "the fact that FDR was elected." But the context is discussing the time period when FDR was elected and the New Deal began, which is more about the event/act of the election itself (the vote).

Actually, let me reconsider. "The election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" - this could be interpreted as:
- The vote/event that selected FDR (sense 1)
- The fact/status of FDR being elected (sense 3)

The sentence says "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society..." - this is talking about a time marker, when FDR was elected. This seems more like the event itself (the vote/selection) rather than just the status.

Sense 1 is the best match here.

provider: Minimax


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content: The context discusses "GOP president," "Franklin Roosevelt as president," and "races for the White House" — all clearly referring to the President of the United States. The mention of "the election of Franklin Roosevelt" confirms this is about the U.S. presidency. Sense 2 specifically defines "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government," which matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content: The context is about the White House, national policy, Franklin Roosevelt, New Deal, and congressional races. This is clearly about the President of the United States. Sense 2 is "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government" with synonyms "President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advent
Target surface form: advent
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the <t>advent</t> of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advent%1:04:00:: | definition=arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) | synonyms=coming | examples=the advent of the computer
2. sense_key=advent%1:28:01:: | definition=the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas
3. sense_key=advent%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment | synonyms=Second Coming, Second Coming of Christ, Second Advent, Parousia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "advent" appears in the context: "the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society."

This refers to the arrival or coming of the New Deal - a momentous event in American political history. This matches sense 1: "arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous)" with the example "the advent of the computer." The advent of the New Deal is similar - the arrival of a significant political/economic program.

Sense 2 refers to the Christian liturgical season before Christmas, which doesn't fit.
Sense 3 refers to the Second Coming of Christ in Christian theology, which doesn't fit.

The best sense is sense 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: government
Target surface form: government
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "government" in the sense of the role government plays in society - referring to the system or form by which a community is governed, particularly in contrast to its size/role in society. The sentence says "government occupied a much smaller role in society" - this is referring to government as a system or institution, not the act of governing, not the organization as an authority, and not the study of government.

Looking at the candidates:
1. The organization that is the governing authority - this could work but is more about the specific governing body
2. The act of governing - this is about the activity
3. The system or form by which a community is governed - this fits well with "government occupied a much smaller role in society"
4. The study of government - not relevant here

Sense 3 seems best because it's talking about government as a system occupying a role in society, which aligns with "the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed."

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occupy
Target surface form: occupied
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occupy%2:41:00:: | definition=keep busy with | synonyms=busy | examples=She busies herself with her butterfly collection
2. sense_key=occupy%2:42:00:: | definition=live (in a certain place) | synonyms=reside, lodge in | examples=She resides in Princeton; he occupies two rooms on the top floor
3. sense_key=occupy%2:42:01:: | definition=occupy the whole of | synonyms=fill | examples=The liquid fills the container
4. sense_key=occupy%2:42:04:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, worry | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=occupy%2:33:00:: | definition=march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation | synonyms=invade | examples=Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
6. sense_key=occupy%2:40:08:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=take, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
7. sense_key=occupy%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, engage | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
8. sense_key=occupy%2:41:04:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, take | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "government occupied a much smaller role in society." This means government had a role of a certain size—it took up that amount of space/scope in society. The best match is "occupy the whole of" / "fill" — meaning to take up space. Actually, let me think more carefully. "Government occupied a much smaller role" — here "role" is the object, and "occupied" means it had/took that role.

Looking at the senses:
- Sense 3: "occupy the whole of" / "fill" — this is about filling space
- Sense 6: "require (time or space)" / "take, use up" — example: "This event occupied a very short time"
- Sense 8: "assume, as of positions or roles" / "fill, take" — example: "he occupies the position of manager"

Sense 8 fits well: government occupied a role — meaning it assumed/held a role. The synonyms "fill, take" and the example "he occupies the position of manager" align well with "government occupied a role."

But wait, sense 3 could also work: "government occupied a smaller role" meaning it filled a smaller role/space.

Sense 8 is about assuming a position or role, which is exactly what's happening here. The sense is about assuming/taking on a position. "Government occupied a smaller role" = government took/filled a smaller role.

I'll go with sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "government occupied a much smaller role in society." This is about the function or part that government plays in society - what it is used for or its function in society.

Let me consider the candidates:

1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play - clearly not this
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use
4. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting

The phrase "government occupied a much smaller role in society" - this is about the function/part that government plays.

Sense 1 talks about "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" - government is a group, and this fits with the idea of government's role in society.

Sense 3 talks about "what something is used for" - this is more about purpose/use.

Sense 4 talks about "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" - this could also fit since it's about government's customary activity in society.

The phrase "occupied a role" suggests the function/position that government has. Sense 1 with "function, office, part" seems most fitting - it's about the part that government plays in society, the actions and activities expected of it.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Government occupied a much smaller role in society" - this is about the extent or size of government's function/part in society. Sense 1 (function, office, part) seems best here as it captures the idea of the part that government plays.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: society
Target surface form: society
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in <t>society</t> and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses government occupying a role in "society" - this refers to the broader social group/community as a whole, not a club, not companionship, not the elite. This matches sense 1: "an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma <t>problem</t> confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "problem" appears in the context: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe."

Here, "problem" is used in the context of "prisoner's dilemma problem" - this is a well-known concept in game theory. The "prisoner's dilemma" is a standard game theory scenario that presents a situation/dilemma (a state of difficulty) that needs to be analyzed or understood.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - synonyms: job
2. sense 2: "a question raised for consideration or solution" - examples: homework problems
3. sense 3: "a source of difficulty" - synonyms: trouble

The phrase "prisoner's dilemma problem" refers to the game theory concept where the problem is a situation/state of difficulty that voters face - it's a strategic situation. This fits sense 1 best - "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved." The "prisoner's dilemma problem" is a classic situation that creates a difficulty that needs to be dealt with.

Sense 2 would be more about academic questions or puzzles to solve (like homework problems).

Sense 3 is "a source of difficulty" which is close but more about something being troublesome.

The context says "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters" - this is describing a state of difficulty (a dilemma) that voters face. This aligns with sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved."

Actually, let me reconsider. The "prisoner's dilemma problem" is a well-known game theory framework. The word "problem" here is used in the sense of a situation that presents difficulty - it's a state of difficulty. Sense 1 seems right.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in <t>races</t> for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "races for the White House" and "races for Congress" - these are political competitions/contests. Sense 1 (any competition) with example "the race for the presidency" fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explains
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it <t>explains</t> why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "explains" in the context: "it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives"

Looking at the context, the theory is being used to account for or justify why voters behave a certain way. This matches sense 3, which is "serve as a reason or cause or justification of" with examples like "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again."

The theory serves as a justification/explanation for observed voter behavior, not merely making something comprehensible (sense 1) or defining (sense 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives"

Here, "hold" means to regard or consider something in a certain way. "Voters hold Congress in disdain" = voters regard/view Congress with disdain.

Looking at the candidate senses:

5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important

This is the best match. "Hold in disdain" = "view as disdainful" / "regard with disdain." The definition "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view" with synonyms "deem, view as, take for" fits perfectly.

Other candidates to consider:
- 6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions

This could also be a candidate since "hold a grudge" is similar to "hold in disdain." Let me think more carefully.

"hold a grudge" is sense 6. "hold Congress in disdain" - is this maintaining a feeling/attitude toward Congress? It could be either 5 or 6.

Sense 5 is about viewing/regarding something in a certain way (a cognitive judgment).
Sense 6 is about maintaining/entertaining feelings (more about emotional states).

"Hold in disdain" is more about a judgment/view - regarding Congress as worthy of disdain. This fits sense 5 better.

Also, "hold in contempt/disdain" is a common collocation meaning "to regard as contemptible," which aligns with "deem, view as" in sense 5.

Sense 5 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disdain
Target surface form: disdain
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in <t>disdain</t> but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disdain%1:12:00:: | definition=lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike | synonyms=contempt, scorn, despite | examples=he was held in contempt; the despite in which outsiders were held is legendary
2. sense_key=disdain%1:10:00:: | definition=a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient | synonyms=condescension, patronage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: love
Target surface form: love
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally <t>love</t> their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=love%2:37:00:: | definition=have a great affection or liking for | examples=I love French food; She loves her boss and works hard for him
2. sense_key=love%2:37:02:: | definition=get pleasure from | synonyms=enjoy | examples=I love cooking
3. sense_key=love%2:37:01:: | definition=be enamored or in love with | examples=She loves her husband deeply
4. sense_key=love%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, make out, make love, sleep with, get laid | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about voters holding Congress in disdain but generally loving their own congressional representatives. This is about having affection/liking for their representatives - sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: representative
Target surface form: representatives
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional <t>representatives</t>: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=representative%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who represents others
2. sense_key=representative%1:18:02:: | definition=an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose | synonyms=spokesperson, interpreter, voice | examples=the meeting was attended by spokespersons for all the major organs of government
3. sense_key=representative%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the United States House of Representatives | synonyms=congressman, congresswoman
4. sense_key=representative%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=example, illustration, instance | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "congressional representatives" in the context of races for Congress, legislators, and their constituents. This clearly refers to members of the United States House of Representatives. The synonyms "congressman, congresswoman" match this sense perfectly. The sense index 3 corresponds to "a member of the United States House of Representatives."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any <t>individual</t> legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word "individual" appears in the phrase "Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them..."

Here, "individual" is modifying "legislator" and is being contrasted with "every other legislator" and "his own constituency." The meaning is "a single, particular legislator" as opposed to legislators in general. It's referring to one specific person, a single member, distinguished from others of the same kind.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

Sense 1 is the adjective sense (3:00:00) - "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" with synonym "single."
Senses 2-4 are all adjective senses too (5:00:00).

Wait, let me re-read. Sense 1 is the noun-like adjective meaning "single." Sense 2 means "separate and distinct from others of the same kind." Sense 3 means "characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing" (like single occupancy). Sense 4 means "concerning one person exclusively" (like private).

In the context "Any individual legislator's constituents..." - "individual" here means "a particular/single" legislator, as opposed to legislators in general. It's distinguishing one specific legislator from others of the same kind.

Sense 2 ("separate and distinct from others of the same kind") seems to fit well here - the "individual legislator" is one specific legislator, distinct from all other legislators. The context is contrasting "any individual legislator" with "every other legislator."

Sense 1 ("being or characteristic of a single thing or person") is more about being one vs. many, like "individual drops of rain" emphasizing each drop is a single drop.

Actually, let me think more carefully. "Individual" in "individual legislator" is used to pick out a specific, single legislator from the class of all legislators. The context contrasts this individual legislator with "every other legislator." This is about being distinct/separate from others of the same kind.

Sense 2 seems best: "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" with synonyms "case-by-case, item-by-item."

Wait, but "case-by-case" doesn't quite fit here. Let me reconsider.

Actually, "individual" modifying "legislator" here means "a single, particular one" - it's picking out one from the group. The sense 2 definition "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" fits this well because the individual legislator is being treated as distinct from other legislators.

Hmm, but sense 1 also works: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" - the individual legislator is a single, specific one.

Let me look at examples more carefully:
- Sense 1: "individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages" - here "individual" emphasizes each as a single unit
- Sense 2: "mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis" - similar but more about distinctness

Both senses 1 and 2 seem applicable. However, in the context of "Any individual legislator's constituents," the emphasis is on singling out one particular legislator (as opposed to legislators collectively or legislators in general). The contrast with "every other legislator" suggests we're picking out one specific one.

Actually, I think sense 2 fits better because the context is about distinguishing this one legislator from the others. The individual legislator is treated as separate and distinct from others of the same kind.

But wait, looking at the examples for sense 2 ("mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis"), the meaning seems to be about treating things one at a time, separately. This does fit - we're looking at a single legislator separately from the others.

I'll go with sense 2.

Actually, let me reconsider once more. The phrase is "Any individual legislator's constituents..." Here "individual" is used to emphasize the singleness/specificity of the legislator being discussed. It's like saying "any one particular legislator."

In WordNet, the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" - more about being one/single
- Sense 2: "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" - more about being distinct from others

I think in this context, the emphasis is on singling out one particular legislator, which could be either sense. But the contrast with "every other legislator" in the sentence suggests sense 2 (distinct from others).

Hmm, but actually the phrase "Any individual X" is a common construction meaning "any single X" or "any particular X." This is more about being a single, specific one rather than being distinct from others.

Let me look at the structure: "Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency."

The structure contrasts the individual legislator with "every other legislator." The "individual" here is used to pick out one specific legislator from the group. The constituents of any one specific legislator appreciate the benefits but not the costs imposed by other legislators.

I think sense 1 fits better here - "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" - because the focus is on the singularity/specificity of the legislator, not on the distinctness from others per se. The contrast with others comes from the rest of the sentence, not from the word "individual" itself.

Wait, I'm going back and forth. Let me commit.

"Individual" in "individual legislator" = "a single, particular legislator" = "one specific legislator as opposed to legislators in general."

This is the "single" meaning (sense 1) rather than the "distinct from others" meaning (sense 2).

Actually, I realize I need to think about this more carefully. The WordNet distinction here:
- Sense 1 (3:00:00): "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" - this is the adjectival use meaning "single"
- Sense 2 (5:00:00:independent:00): "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" - this means being independent/separate

In "individual legislator," we're talking about a specific, single legislator. This is the "single" sense.

But the examples in sense 2 are "mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis" which are very similar to sense 1's examples "individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages."

These two senses seem very close. Let me look at the glosses again:
- Sense 1: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person"
- Sense 2: "separate and distinct from others of the same kind"

The key difference is whether "individual" emphasizes being a single entity (sense 1) or being distinct from others (sense 2).

In our context, "individual legislator" is being contrasted with other legislators. The constituents of any one individual legislator appreciate benefits for that legislator's district but not costs from other legislators' districts. The "individual" here is being used to single out one legislator to talk about, contrasting with the others.

Hmm, I think sense 2 might actually fit better because the contrast with other legislators is the key feature of the discussion.

Let me make a final decision. I'll go with sense 2 because:
1. The context explicitly contrasts "individual legislator" with "every other legislator"
2. The meaning is about treating one legislator as distinct from the rest
3. The synonym "case-by-case" works in the sense of looking at legislators one at a time

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. "Any individual X" in English typically means "any one particular X" or "any single X." This is more about singularity than distinctness.

Example: "Any individual student can sign up for the class" = "Any one (single) student can sign up."
Not: "Any student who is distinct from others can sign up."

In our context: "Any individual legislator's constituents..." = "Any one particular legislator's constituents..."

This is the "single" sense, which is sense 1.

OK, I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, let me look one more time at the WordNet definitions:
- Sense 1: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" - emphasizes singularity
- Sense 2: "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" - emphasizes distinctness

"Any individual legislator" - this is asking about any one specific legislator. The "individual" emphasizes that we're talking about one particular legislator (singular), as opposed to legislators in general or all legislators collectively.

I think this is sense 1 - it's about being a single, particular one.

Final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, but I'm not 100% sure. Let me think about the synonyms:
- Sense 1 synonym: "single"
- Sense 2 synonyms: "case-by-case, item-by-item"
- Sense 3 synonyms: "single"
- Sense 4 synonyms: "private"

Replacing "individual" with "single" in our context: "Any single legislator's constituents..." - this works well.
Replacing with "case-by-case" or "item-by-item": doesn't work.
Replacing with "private": "Any private legislator's constituents..." - doesn't work.

So sense 1 (with synonym "single") fits best.

Final answer: sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any <t>individual</t> legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word "individual" appears in the phrase "Any individual legislator's constituents..." Here, "individual" modifies "legislator" and means a single, particular legislator as opposed to legislators in general.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

Sense 1 is the adjective sense meaning "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" - this fits "any individual legislator" meaning any single legislator.

Sense 2 means "separate and distinct from others" which is close but more about case-by-case handling.

Sense 3 means "meant for a single person" - like a single serving.

Sense 4 means "concerning one person exclusively" / personal / private.

The phrase "Any individual legislator" means "any particular/single legislator" - this is sense 1, the adjective meaning single/singular, marking one specific member of the group of legislators.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constituent
Target surface form: constituents
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's <t>constituents</t> appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constituent%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system | synonyms=component, element | examples=spare components for cars; a component or constituent element of a system
2. sense_key=constituent%1:18:00:: | definition=a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes | examples=needs continued support by constituents to be re-elected
3. sense_key=constituent%1:24:00:: | definition=something determined in relation to something that includes it | synonyms=part, portion, component part, component | examples=he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself; I read a portion of the manuscript
4. sense_key=constituent%1:10:00:: | definition=(grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction | synonyms=grammatical constituent
5. sense_key=constituent%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, element, factor, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses voters, legislators, and congressional representatives. The word "constituents" here refers to the voters who are represented by their legislators. This matches sense 2: "a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes."