[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enter
Target surface form: entering
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for <t>entering</t> the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enter%2:38:00:: | definition=to come or go into | synonyms=come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into | examples=the boat entered an area of shallow marshes
2. sense_key=enter%2:33:00:: | definition=become a participant; be involved in | synonyms=participate | examples=enter a race; enter an agreement
3. sense_key=enter%2:41:06:: | definition=register formally as a participant or member | synonyms=enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit | examples=The party recruited many new members
4. sense_key=enter%2:42:00:: | definition=be or play a part of or in | synonyms=figure | examples=Elections figure prominently in every government program; How do the elections figure in the current pattern of internal politics?
5. sense_key=enter%2:32:04:: | definition=make a record of; set down in permanent form | synonyms=record, put down
6. sense_key=enter%2:36:00:: | definition=come on stage
7. sense_key=enter%2:41:00:: | definition=take on duties or office | synonyms=accede | examples=accede to the throne
8. sense_key=enter%2:35:03:: | definition=put or introduce into something | synonyms=insert, infix, introduce | examples=insert a picture into the text
9. sense_key=enter%2:30:10:: | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) | synonyms=embark | examples=she embarked upon a new career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "entering" in the context of "entering the modern world of work."

Let me analyze this. The phrase "entering the modern world of work" means to go into, to join, to come into the modern world of work.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=enter%2:38:00:: | definition=to come or go into - This seems relevant as "entering" means coming or going into the modern world of work.

2. sense_key=enter%2:33:00:: | definition=become a participant; be involved in - This could also fit as entering the world of work means becoming a participant in it.

3. sense_key=enter%2:41:06:: | definition=register formally as a participant or member - This is more about formal registration, which doesn't quite fit.

4. sense_key=enter%2:42:00:: | definition=be or play a part of or in - Not quite right.

5. sense_key=enter%2:32:04:: | definition=make a record of - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=enter%2:36:00:: | definition=come on stage - Not relevant.

7. sense_key=enter%2:41:00:: | definition=take on duties or office - This could be related to entering the world of work (taking on work duties), but "accede" doesn't quite fit.

8. sense_key=enter%2:35:03:: | definition=put or introduce into something - Not relevant.

9. sense_key=enter%2:30:10:: | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) - This could fit, as entering the modern world of work is setting out on a new enterprise/career.

The key question is whether "entering the modern world of work" means:
- Physically or figuratively coming/going into it (sense 1)
- Becoming a participant in it (sense 2)
- Setting out on a new career/enterprise (sense 9)

Sense 9 with "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)" and example "she embarked upon a new career" seems very close to "entering the modern world of work" - it's about beginning a new phase.

But sense 1 "to come or go into" is the most literal meaning of "entering a place/world."

Hmm, let me think more carefully. "Entering the modern world of work" - this is about joining or going into the workforce. It's a metaphorical "entering" a domain or realm.

Sense 9's example "she embarked upon a new career" closely parallels "entering the modern world of work" - both are about starting/beginning something significant.

Actually, looking again at sense 1 vs sense 9:
- Sense 1: "to come or go into" - this is about physical or metaphorical movement into a space
- Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)" - this is specifically about beginning an enterprise/career

"Entering the modern world of work" is really about embarking upon a career/enterprise. The context talks about "the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work" - this is about preparing students to embark on their careers.

I think sense 9 is the best fit because "entering the modern world of work" is essentially synonymous with "embarking upon a new career."

Wait, but let me reconsider. Sense 1 is the most general sense of "enter" - to come or go into. The "modern world of work" is being treated as a place/realm that one enters. The synonyms "come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into" all support this interpretation.

Sense 9 is specifically about "setting out on" an enterprise, which implies a more active beginning. "Entering the modern world of work" could be seen as either.

Given the context of the sentence - it's about preparing students for the world of work through tracking and grounding - the focus is on getting them ready to go into/enter this world. It's about the transition from school to work.

I think sense 1 (to come or go into) is actually the best fit here because:
1. "The modern world of work" is treated as a place/realm
2. "Entering" is being used in its most basic spatial/figurative sense
3. The example "the boat entered an area of shallow marshes" shows the sense of entering a domain/area

Actually, I'm going to go with sense 1. The "modern world of work" is a domain that one enters, and the focus is on the act of entering/joining this domain, not specifically on setting out on a new career/enterprise.

Hmm, but sense 9 with "she embarked upon a new career" is really close...

Let me look at the glosses one more time:
- Sense 1: "to come or go into" - this is about the physical or metaphorical act of moving into something
- Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)" - this is specifically about beginning a new endeavor

"Entering the modern world of work" is more about moving into a domain than about setting out on a specific enterprise. The "modern world of work" is a broad domain, not a specific enterprise.

I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, let me think about this differently. In the context, "entering the modern world of work" is contrasted with "further study" - so it's about moving into a new phase/realm of activity. This is a "coming or going into" sense.

Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.

Final answer: sense_index: 1


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern <t>world</t> of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

finish_reason: stop

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "world" in the context "entering the modern world of work" refers to the sphere/domain of work. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm - everything that exists anywhere
2. people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest - "domain" as synonym
3. all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you - reality
4. the 3rd planet from the sun; Earth
5. people in general considered as a whole
6. a part of the earth that can be considered separately - "the outdoor world; the world of insects"
7. the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife
8. all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

The phrase "the modern world of work" is referring to a specific sphere or domain of activity. Looking at sense 2, it has "domain" as a synonym, which fits well. The definition says "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" - this fits "the world of work" as a distinctive group/domain.

Sense 6 is "a part of the earth that can be considered separately" with examples "the outdoor world; the world of insects" - this also seems like a strong match because "the world of work" is treating "work" as a separate domain/sphere, similar to "the world of insects."

However, sense 6's definition is about "a part of the earth" which doesn't quite match - it's more about a domain or sphere of activity. Sense 2 with its synonym "domain" seems to capture this better, as it's about a distinctive group of people with shared interest (work).

Actually, let me reconsider. "The world of work" - the "world" here refers to a domain or sphere. Sense 2 has the synonym "domain" which is quite apt. The definition mentions "a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" - workers share the interest of work.

But sense 6 says "a part of the earth that can be considered separately" with examples "the outdoor world; the world of insects" - this is also a domain/sphere sense, but framed as a part of the earth.

I think sense 2 is the best match because:
- "the world of work" refers to a domain/sphere
- Sense 2 explicitly lists "domain" as a synonym
- It refers to a distinctive group of people (workers) with a shared interest (work)

So the answer is sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern <t>world</t> of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 8. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of <t>work</t>. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing | synonyms=piece of work | examples=it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works; the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=study | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force | examples=work equals force times distance
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace | examples=he arrived at work early today
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it) | synonyms=oeuvre, body of work | examples=he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre; Picasso's work can be divided into periods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "work" appears in the phrase "the modern world of work." This refers to the realm of employment/jobs - the occupational world. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: - activity directed toward making or doing something
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: - a product produced or accomplished
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: - the occupation for which you are paid (employment)
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: - applying the mind to learning
5. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: - physics definition
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: - a place where work is done (workplace)
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: - total output of a writer/artist

"The modern world of work" clearly refers to the world of employment/occupation. This matches sense 3 - "the occupation for which you are paid" with synonym "employment."

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The <t>notion</t> that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about education and tracking. The sentence is: "The notion that tracking is somehow 'undemocratic' is absurd."

Here, "notion" refers to a belief or idea that someone holds - specifically the idea/belief that tracking is undemocratic. This is a general idea or belief about something.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey
4. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items

The context is about a belief/idea that the author disagrees with (calling it "absurd"). This fits sense 1 - "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" with synonyms like belief, opinion. The notion that tracking is undemocratic is a belief/idea that some people hold.

Sense 2 is "a general inclusive concept" which is more abstract and doesn't fit as well here.

Sense 3 is about odd/fanciful ideas, which could fit since the author calls it "absurd," but the notion itself isn't necessarily fanciful or capricious - it's a serious belief about democracy.

Sense 1 fits best because it's about a belief/idea that someone holds with some confidence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purpose
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The <t>purpose</t> of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "purpose" appears in the sentence: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

This is asking about what education is used for - its function, role, or intended use.

Sense 1: "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions" - synonyms: intent, intention, aim, design
Sense 2: "what something is used for" - synonyms: function, role, use
Sense 3: "the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose" - synonyms: determination

"The purpose of education is to encourage..." - This is asking what education's function/role is, what it's used for. This aligns with sense 2: "what something is used for."

However, sense 1 could also apply since it's about the intended outcome/aim of education. Let me think more carefully.

"His intent was to provide a new translation" vs "The purpose of education is to encourage..."

The construction "The purpose of X is to Y" typically means "the aim/intention of X is to Y" - this is about the intended outcome or guiding principle. But it could also mean "what X is used for."

Looking at the earlier part of the context: "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding" - this is clearly about the aim/intention of tracking, which aligns with sense 1.

But "The purpose of education is to encourage..." - this is more about the function/role of education, what it's for. This aligns with sense 2.

Actually, sense 1 includes "guides your planned actions" and "anticipated outcome that is intended" - "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" is stating the intended aim/outcome of education.

Sense 2 is "what something is used for" with example "the function of an auger is to bore holes" - this is more about utilitarian function.

The sentence is about the overarching aim/goal of education, which fits sense 1 better - the intended outcome that guides planned actions. The purpose of education is an aim, an intention.

I'll go with sense 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of <t>education</t> is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses the purpose of education in terms of encouraging students to realize their academic potential, tracking, and preparing students for further study or work. This is about the activities/process of educating - the act of teaching and instructing students.

Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This fits well because the context is about what education does (encouraging students to realize potential, ensuring grounding for further study).

Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This could also fit since the context talks about education as a process.

Sense 4: "the profession of teaching" - Less fitting, as the context isn't about teaching as a profession.

The context says "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." This is talking about education as an activity/process of instructing. Sense 1 seems most appropriate as it refers to the activities of educating or instructing.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 3 talks about "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" which is also about the process. But sense 1 is about the activities of educating (the teaching side), while sense 3 is about acquiring knowledge (the learning side).

The sentence "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" - this is about what education does as an activity. It's about the instructional process. Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourage
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to <t>encourage</t> young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage <t>young</t> men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "young" appears in the phrase "young men and women" in the context of education and academic potential. This refers to people in an early period of life or development.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

The context is about "young men and women" in an educational context, referring to students. This clearly matches sense 1, which is specifically about living things/persons in an early period of life or development. The example "young people" is very close to "young men and women."

Sense 3 is about being suggestive of youth (vigorous and fresh), which doesn't quite fit here as it's describing people who are actually young, not something that appears young.

Sense 1 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young <t>men</t> and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about education and tracking students. The phrase "young men and women" is used to refer to young people in general, specifically young males and females. The word "men" here is paired with "women" to refer to adult males (or in this case, young males approaching adulthood).

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" - This fits well since "men" is contrasted with "women"
3. "the generic use of the word to refer to any human being" - This would be more like "man" meaning "humanity" or "one"
4. "any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae" - This is the species sense

The phrase "young men and women" clearly refers to young males and young females. This is sense 1 - adult males (or in this case, young males who will become adult men).

Sense 3 would be if "men" were used generically to mean "people" or "humans" without gender distinction, but here it's explicitly contrasted with "women."

Sense 4 would be if it meant "humans" in general, but again, the contrast with "women" makes this not the right sense.

The best fit is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and <t>women</t> to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about education and tracking students. The phrase "young men and women" is used in a general sense referring to young people in general - specifically young adult female persons in the educational context. This matches sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)."

Sense 2 refers to a woman in a romantic/relationship role, which doesn't fit.
Sense 3 refers to a female domestic worker, which doesn't fit.
Sense 4 refers to women as a class, which is more abstract.

The best fit is sense 1.

provider: Minimax


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: realize
Target surface form: realize
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=realize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognize, recognise, realise, agnize, agnise
2. sense_key=realize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realise, see | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=realize%2:36:00:: | definition=make real or concrete; give reality or substance to | synonyms=realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate | examples=our ideas must be substantiated into actions
4. sense_key=realize%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, make, earn, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
5. sense_key=realize%2:40:00:: | definition=convert into cash; of goods and property | synonyms=realise
6. sense_key=realize%2:36:07:: | definition=expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass | synonyms=realise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3}

content: {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3}

reasoning_content: The context talks about education and students realizing their "full academic potential." This means to make real or concrete, to actualize their potential. This matches sense 3: "make real or concrete; give reality or substance to" with synonyms actualize, actualise, substantiate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: realize
Target surface form: realize
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=realize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognize, recognise, realise, agnize, agnise
2. sense_key=realize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realise, see | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=realize%2:36:00:: | definition=make real or concrete; give reality or substance to | synonyms=realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate | examples=our ideas must be substantiated into actions
4. sense_key=realize%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, make, earn, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
5. sense_key=realize%2:40:00:: | definition=convert into cash; of goods and property | synonyms=realise
6. sense_key=realize%2:36:07:: | definition=expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass | synonyms=realise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their <t>full</t> academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Here, "full" modifies "academic potential" and means the complete or entire extent of their potential. This is sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total" and example "gave full attention."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full <t>academic</t> potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "academic" in the context "realize their full academic potential" refers to the educational/scholarly sense, relating to learning and study.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "associated with academia or an academy" - this relates to academic as pertaining to education/schooling
2. "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result" - this is about something being purely theoretical
3. "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects" - this is about being pedantic/donnish

The context talks about "academic potential" meaning a student's educational/learning capability. This aligns with sense 1, which is about being associated with academia or an academy (i.e., related to education and learning).

Sense 2 doesn't fit because it's not about something being theoretical.
Sense 3 doesn't fit because it's not about being pedantic or showing off learning trivially.

Sense 1 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context talks about "academic potential" - meaning the inherent capacity or ability of students. This matches sense 1: "the inherent capacity for coming into being" with synonyms potentiality, potency.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "actually" appears in the sentence: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence is saying that no rational person truly believes that everyone has equal academic potential. The word "actually" here is used to emphasize that this is really/in fact the case - it's reinforcing the truth of the statement.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "in actual fact" (really) - This fits well. The sentence is saying "in actual fact, no one believes this." It's emphasizing the reality of the situation.

2. "used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly" - This doesn't fit well. There's no surprise or contrast with expectations here.

3. "at the present moment" - This doesn't fit at all.

4. "as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis" - This could potentially fit, but the emphasis here is more about factual reality than slight emphasis.

Looking more carefully at sense 1 vs sense 4:
- Sense 1: "in actual fact" - emphasizes reality/truth
- Sense 4: "as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis" - adds slight emphasis

The sentence "No one in his right mind actually believes..." - the "actually" here is emphasizing that this is truly the case, that in reality no one believes this. It's not just slight emphasis; it's asserting the factual nature of the claim.

I think sense 1 is the best fit here. The "actually" is used to mean "in actual fact" or "really" - emphasizing that no one truly believes this claim.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Here, "believes" means "thinks" or "considers to be true." The person is expressing a judgment or opinion about a proposition.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "accept as true; take to be true" - This is about accepting something as true based on testimony or evidence.
2. "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - synonyms: think, consider, conceive. Example: "I believe her to be very smart"
3. "be confident about something" - synonyms: trust. Example: "I believe that he will come back from the war"
4. "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer" - religious faith
5. "credit with veracity" - about believing a person's truthfulness

The context is "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This is expressing a judgment or opinion - the speaker is saying that no rational person would think/judge that we all have equal academic potential.

Sense 2 (judge or regard; think, consider) seems most appropriate here because it's about forming a judgment or opinion about a proposition. The phrase "believes that X" here is equivalent to "thinks that X" or "considers X to be true."

Sense 1 is about accepting something as true, often based on evidence or testimony from others. This doesn't quite fit because the sentence is about a judgment/opinion.

Sense 3 is about being confident something will happen, which doesn't fit.

Sense 2 fits best - "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with synonyms think, consider.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This is about the notion that everyone has the same academic potential. "Equal" here means "the same" — having the same quantity or measure. This matches sense 1: "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another."

Sense 2 is about being adequate/having the requisite qualities, which doesn't fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "academic" appears in the phrase "academic potential" - referring to a student's intellectual/educational capacity. This is about education and learning ability.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "associated with academia or an academy" - This relates to the educational/academic world. "Academic potential" means potential in an educational/learning context.

2. "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result" - This doesn't fit. "Academic potential" isn't about being theoretical.

3. "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects" - This is about being pedantic or donnish. Doesn't fit "academic potential."

The phrase "academic potential" refers to a student's capacity for academic (educational) achievement. This aligns with sense 1 - associated with academia or an academy. The context is about education, tracking students, and their potential for learning - all squarely in the educational/academic domain.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses academic potential - the inherent capacity or ability of students. This matches sense 1, which is about inherent capacity (potentiality, potency). Sense 2 is about electrical potential, which is irrelevant here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context: "It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Here, "generally" is used to mean "usually" or "as a rule" — that it's generally (typically, in most cases) desirable to use older textbooks. This aligns with sense 1: "usually; as a rule" with synonyms "by and large, more often than not, mostly."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "desirable" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Let me analyze this:

1. Sense 1: "worth having or seeking or achieving" - This fits the context well. Using older textbooks is described as "desirable" meaning it is preferable/worth doing.

2. Sense 2: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" - This is about marriage/spouse suitability, which doesn't fit the context at all.

The context is about education and textbook selection. The word "desirable" here means "preferable" or "advisable" - it matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The word "desirable" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" means "worth having or seeking" - it's a good thing to do, recommended. This matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Here, "use" means to employ or utilize older textbooks for educational purposes. This is the sense of putting something into service or employing it for a particular purpose.

Looking at the candidates:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually)
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense)

Sense 1 is clearly the best match - "use older textbooks" means to employ/utilize them for educational purposes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones."

Here, "rather than" is used to contrast two options: using older textbooks rather than newer ones. This expresses preference - it's preferable to use older textbooks than newer ones.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "on the contrary" / "instead" - examples: "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left"
2. "to some (great or small) extent" / "kind of, kinda, sort of" - examples: "it was rather cold"
3. "more readily or willingly" / "preferably, sooner" - examples: "I'd rather be in Philadelphia"
4. "to a degree (not used with a negative)" / "quite" - examples: "quite tasty"

The sense 1 example "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left" is very similar to the context "use older textbooks rather than newer ones." This is the "rather than" construction indicating contrast/instead.

Sense 3 is about preference ("I'd rather be in Philadelphia"), which is close but the construction here is "rather than" not "rather + infinitive."

Looking more carefully at the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones." This is saying "use older textbooks INSTEAD OF newer ones." This matches sense 1: "on the contrary" / "instead."

Wait, but let me reconsider. The phrase "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks rather than newer ones" could be interpreted as "It is preferable to use older textbooks rather than newer ones." This would match sense 3 (preferably).

Hmm, but the key difference:
- Sense 1: "rather than" used to indicate one thing INSTEAD OF another
- Sense 3: "rather" used to express preference

In this case, "rather than newer ones" is functioning as "instead of newer ones." The sentence is saying "use older textbooks instead of newer ones." This aligns with sense 1.

However, "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks rather than newer ones" is expressing that using older textbooks is preferred. The "rather than" construction here does express preference.

Looking at sense 1's example more carefully: "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left" - this is "instead of disappointing the children, he did two quick tricks."

And "he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter" - here "rather" means "instead."

In our context, "use older textbooks... rather than newer ones" means "use older textbooks instead of newer ones." This is clearly the "instead" sense.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 7}{"sense_index": 7}

content: {"sense_index": 7}{"sense_index": 7}

reasoning_content:
The context is about textbooks - "older textbooks" vs "newer ones". The newer textbooks are described as "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial." This is about recently published/current textbooks that follow fashions and trends.

Looking at the candidate senses:
- Sense 1: not of long duration; having just come into being - this fits the basic temporal meaning
- Sense 7: (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new, newfangled - this fits well because the context criticizes the newer textbooks as modish, trendy, and silly
- Sense 5: other than the former one(s); different - this is more of a comparative "different" sense

The key clue is that the newer textbooks are described as "modish, trendy" - which strongly aligns with sense 7's "newfangled" meaning of being gratuitously new, following fashions. The criticism is specifically about these newer textbooks being fashionable but insubstantial.

Sense 7 seems the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 7}{"sense_index": 7}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 11. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 7}{"sense_index": 7}

reasoning_content: The context is about textbooks. The author says it's better to use older textbooks rather than "newer" ones, which are described as "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial." This clearly indicates a negative connotation about novelty for its own sake - the newer textbooks are fashionable/trendy but lacking substance. This matches sense 7: "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" with synonyms "newfangled" - this captures the dismissive tone about trendy, modish newer textbooks.