[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "involved" appears in the context: "the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

This means the retinoblastoma suppressor gene plays a role or is connected to some lung cancers. This is about participation or association - the gene is connected to or associated with lung cancers.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "connected by participation or association or use" - This fits well. The gene is connected/associated with lung cancers.
2. "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" - Doesn't fit.
3. "emotionally involved" - Doesn't fit.
4. "highly complex or intricate" - Doesn't fit.
5. "enveloped" - Doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is clearly the best match.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "other" appears in the phrase "several other more common cancers, too." Here, "other" is used to mean "additional" or "different from the ones already mentioned" — specifically referring to cancers beyond retinoblastoma and lung cancers already discussed. This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied."

The other senses don't fit:
- Sense 2 (recently past): doesn't apply
- Sense 3 (distant past/former): doesn't apply
- Sense 4 (strange/unusual): doesn't apply

Sense 1 is clearly the best match.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Minimax

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "more" in context: "several other more common cancers, too."

Here, "more" is modifying the adjective "common" to form its comparative form ("more common"). This matches sense 1, which is about forming the comparative of adjectives.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "common" appears in the phrase "several other more common cancers, too." Here, "common" is describing cancers that are frequently encountered or widespread - meaning they occur often or are ordinary/usual types of cancer.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: - belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public - This doesn't fit. The cancers aren't "public."

2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: - having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual - This fits well. "Common cancers" means cancers that are widely encountered, ordinary, usual.

3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 - common to or shared by two or more parties - Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 - commonly encountered; usual - This also fits well. "Common cancers" = frequently encountered cancers.

5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 - being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language - Doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 - of or associated with the great masses of people - Doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 - of low or inferior quality or value - Doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 - lacking refinement or cultivation or taste - Doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 - to be expected; standard - This also fits.

Now I need to choose between senses 2, 4, and 9.

Sense 2 (common%3:00:01::) - "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" - This is the adjective sense.

Sense 4 (common%5:00:00:familiar:02) - "commonly encountered" with synonym "usual" - This is a satellite/adjective cluster sense.

Sense 9 (common%5:00:00:ordinary:00) - "to be expected; standard" - Another satellite sense.

The context is about cancers that are "common" - meaning frequently occurring, widely encountered types of cancer. This is the sense of "ordinary" or "usual" or "frequently encountered."

Looking at the structure, sense 2 is the main adjective sense, while senses 4 and 9 are satellite senses that cluster under it.

In WordNet, the adjective "common" has the primary sense meaning "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual." This is sense 2.

The phrase "common cancers" means cancers that are frequently encountered, ordinary types. This best matches sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual."

I'll go with sense 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is clearly about medical/scientific discussion of cancer as a disease - malignant tumors, genes, chromosomes, etc. The word "cancers" appears in a passage discussing tumor-suppressor genes, colon cancer, lung cancer, and other common cancers. This clearly maps to sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses scientific findings about tumor-suppressor genes and cancer research. The word "discoveries" refers to the things that have been discovered - the findings about genes involved in various cancers.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "the act of discovering something" - this would be the process
2. "something that is discovered" - this refers to the things found
3. "a productive insight" - synonyms include breakthrough, find
4. legal sense - not relevant here

The sentence "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate" and "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" - these refer to the findings/things discovered, not the act of discovering.

Sense 2 ("something that is discovered") seems most appropriate. Sense 3 ("a productive insight, breakthrough, find") could also work since these are scientific breakthroughs.

Let me think more carefully. "Where these discoveries will lead" - discoveries as findings. "cascade of discoveries" - findings. These are things that were discovered, scientific findings about genes.

Sense 2 is "something that is discovered" - this fits well.
Sense 3 is "a productive insight" with synonyms "breakthrough, find" - this also fits as these are scientific breakthroughs.

The distinction is subtle. Sense 2 is more general (anything discovered), while sense 3 is more specific to productive insights/breakthroughs. In scientific context, these discoveries about tumor-suppressor genes are indeed productive insights/breakthroughs.

However, "cascade of discoveries" suggests multiple findings, and "where these discoveries will lead" treats them as findings/realizations. Both senses 2 and 3 could apply.

Looking at the examples typically associated with these senses:
- Sense 2 (something that is discovered): like "a discovery of a new planet" or "the discovery of a body"
- Sense 3 (productive insight): like "a breakthrough in cancer research"

Given the scientific context and the fact that these are significant findings about cancer genes, sense 3 (breakthrough) might be more fitting. But sense 2 is also very applicable.

Actually, re-reading: "the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers" - this is a finding/discovery. "Where these discoveries will lead" - the discoveries are the findings themselves.

I think sense 2 is the best fit because the discoveries here are the things found (genes, their involvement in cancers), not necessarily characterized as "breakthroughs" or "productive insights" specifically. They're findings.

Wait, but in scientific context, these are indeed breakthroughs. Let me reconsider.

The phrase "cascade of discoveries" and "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" - these discoveries are the findings that will lead to tests. They are the things discovered.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

Here, "only" means "merely" or "just" - the scientists can merely/just speculate, nothing more. This matches sense 1: "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, just, but" and example "I was merely asking."

The other senses don't fit:
- Sense 2 is about exclusivity (entirely, exclusively, solely)
- Sense 3 is about "with nevertheless the final result"
- Sense 4 is "in the final outcome"
- Sense 5 is "except that"
- Sense 6 is "never except when"
- Sense 7 is "as recently as"

The best fit is sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 7. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The sentence is "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate." The word "only" here means "merely" or "simply" - the scientists can merely speculate, nothing more than that.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
4. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>."

The context is about scientific discoveries related to tumor-suppressor genes and cancer. Scientists are uncertain about the future implications - "Where these discoveries will lead" - and they "can only speculate."

This means the scientists are forming tentative theories or conjectures about the future direction of these discoveries. They're not deeply meditating, not casually talking over, and not investing at risk.

Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" - this fits well. Scientists can only form tentative beliefs about where these discoveries will lead.

Sense 2: "talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way" - this involves talking, but the context doesn't emphasize discussion, just the act of forming tentative beliefs.

Sense 3: "reflect deeply on a subject" - this is more about deep reflection/meditation, which doesn't quite fit "can only speculate" about future directions.

Sense 4: "invest at a risk" - clearly not relevant here.

The best fit is Sense 1 - to believe on uncertain or tentative grounds. Scientists can only form tentative conjectures about the future.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The context is about two "major" pharmaceutical companies collaborating with gene hunters. Here, "major" describes the size/importance of the pharmaceutical companies. These are large, significant companies.

Looking at the candidate senses:
- Sense 1: "of greater importance or stature or rank" - examples: a major artist, a major role
- Sense 2: "greater in scope or effect" - examples: a major contribution, a major improvement
- Sense 3: "greater in number or size or amount" - examples: a major portion, Ursa Major
- Sense 6: "of greater seriousness or danger" - examples: a major earthquake

The phrase "two major pharmaceutical companies" - here "major" refers to the size/stature of the companies. The two companies mentioned (Squibb/Bristol-Myers and Hoffmann-La Roche) are indeed large, major companies.

Sense 1 focuses on importance/stature/rank, which fits well for describing large, prominent companies.
Sense 3 focuses on size/amount, which could also fit.

"Major pharmaceutical companies" - this refers to big, important companies in the industry. The word "major" here connotes importance and stature. Sense 1 seems most appropriate - "of greater importance or stature or rank."

Actually, let me reconsider. "Major" as applied to companies typically means they are large, important, leading companies. This is about their stature/importance in the industry. Sense 1 (greater importance or stature or rank) fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 8. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best sense for "major" in the context of "two major pharmaceutical companies." Here, "major" refers to the importance/size of the companies - they are significant, important pharmaceutical companies.

Let me look at the options:
1. of greater importance or stature or rank - "a major artist; a major role"
2. greater in scope or effect - "a major contribution; a major improvement"
3. greater in number or size or amount - "a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major"
4. of the field of academic study
5. of a scale or mode
6. of greater seriousness or danger
7. of full legal age
8. of the elder of two boys with the same family name

"Two major pharmaceutical companies" - here "major" describes the companies as being significant, important, of greater stature. This fits sense 1 (importance or stature or rank) best. The companies are major players in the industry, having significant stature/rank.

Sense 2 could also work (greater in scope or effect), but sense 1 is more about the standing/importance of the companies themselves, which is what's being described here.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
4. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another
5. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
6. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Here, "unit" refers to a division or branch of a larger company. This matches sense 3: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group" with synonyms like "social unit" and examples like "the coach said the offensive unit did a good job." However, that example is more about military/sports.

Let me reconsider. The Squibb unit is a division of a larger company. Sense 2 is about "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole." This could also fit a business division.

Sense 3 specifically mentions "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group" with the synonym "social unit." The example mentions rejoining a unit (military). A corporate division like "the Squibb unit" is an organization that is part of a larger organization (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.). This fits sense 3 well.

Sense 2 talks about a structural or functional constituent of a whole, which is more abstract. Sense 3 is specifically about an organization that is part of a larger group, which matches a corporate division perfectly.

So sense 3 is the best fit.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes two pharmaceutical companies working together with gene hunters on cancer research. This is clearly a case of working together on a common enterprise, not traitorous cooperation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about gene hunters - people who search for genes. This matches sense 2: "a person who searches for something."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 16}{"sense_index": 16}

content: {"sense_index": 16}{"sense_index": 16}

reasoning_content:
The target word "turn" appears in the context: "are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

Here, "turn" means to transform or convert something into something else. The context is about converting discoveries into practical applications (tests and therapies).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

- Sense 3 (turn%2:42:00::): "undergo a change or development; become" - examples: "The water turned into ice"
- Sense 16 (turn%2:42:13::): "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" - examples: "The princess turned the frog into a prince"

Sense 16 is more appropriate because it's about *causing* something to change into something else, which matches "turn [something] into [something]". The subject is "pharmaceutical companies" who are causing discoveries to become tests and therapies.

Sense 3 is about undergoing a change (intransitive), while Sense 16 is about causing a transformation (transitive - "turn X into Y"). The sentence structure "to turn [discoveries] into [predictive tests]" clearly matches the transitive causative sense.

So the best sense is sense 16 (turn%2:42:13::).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 16}{"sense_index": 16}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 26. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 16}{"sense_index": 16}

reasoning_content:
The context is: "...pharmaceutical companies are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

This means "turn" is used in the sense of converting/transforming something into something else. "Turn discoveries into tests" = "convert discoveries into tests."

Looking at sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" with examples like "The princess turned the frog into a prince" - this fits perfectly.

Sense 2 is about undergoing transformation, but here "turn" is being used transitively (they are turning discoveries into tests), which matches sense 16 better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses scientific discoveries related to cancer genes. The phrase "the anticipated cascade of discoveries" refers to the discoveries themselves as things found/learned - the genes, their roles, etc. This is about "something that is discovered" - the actual findings/breakthroughs in research.

Looking at sense 2: "something that is discovered" - this fits the context well, as the discoveries refer to the findings about genes involved in cancer.

Sense 1 is the act of discovering - doesn't fit as well here since "cascade of discoveries" refers to the findings themselves.
Sense 3 is "a productive insight" / breakthrough - this could also fit, but the discoveries here are more concrete things found (genes, their roles) rather than insights per se.
Sense 4 is about law - not relevant.

Between sense 2 and sense 3: "the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and new therapies" - these discoveries are being turned into tests and therapies, suggesting they are concrete findings (genes, their functions) rather than abstract insights. Sense 2 "something that is discovered" fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The target word "new" appears in the context: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

Here, "new therapies" means therapies that are novel, original, not seen before — therapies that are anticipated to come from recent genetic discoveries. This is about something that has just come into being or been discovered, not about something unfamiliar or newfangled in a negative sense.

Let me look at the candidates:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem

Sense 1 is about recently made/acquired/discovered. Sense 2 is about original, novel, never seen before.

In the context, "new therapies" refers to therapies that would be developed from the anticipated cascade of genetic discoveries. These would be novel, original therapies not seen before. This seems to fit sense 2 better - "original and of a kind not seen before."

However, sense 1 also fits - the therapies would be recently made/discovered.

The key distinction: sense 1 is more about recency (just come into being), while sense 2 is about originality (never seen before, novel).

"New therapies" in the context of medical breakthroughs from genetic discoveries emphasizes the novelty and originality of these treatments. They would be unprecedented kinds of treatments. Sense 2 with "original and of a kind not seen before" and synonyms "fresh, novel" seems most fitting.

Wait, let me reconsider. "New therapies" could just mean therapies that don't currently exist - therapies that will be created based on these discoveries. This is about something that has just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made. That's sense 1.

But the context emphasizes that these would be novel approaches to treatment, original kinds of therapies. The sentence talks about turning discoveries into "new therapies" - implying unprecedented treatment methods.

Actually, looking more carefully at the context: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies" - the "new" here modifies therapies that would be created from these discoveries. The emphasis is on the novelty - these would be original, novel therapies.

Sense 2 (original, novel, fresh) seems most appropriate. But sense 1 (not of long duration, recently made) is also strong.

Let me think about this more carefully. In WordNet, the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 is:
- Sense 1 (3:00:00): temporal aspect - recently made/acquired
- Sense 2 (5:00:00:original): qualitative aspect - novel, never seen before

For "new therapies" in the context of medical research, this refers to novel, previously non-existent types of treatment. This is more about the originality/novelty than just recency. I'll go with sense 2.

Actually, I'm reconsidering. The therapies themselves would be "new" in the sense of recently developed, not yet existing. But they would also be novel in the sense of being unprecedented.

Hmm. Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "a new law; new cars" - examples of things recently made
- Sense 2: "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem" - examples of things that are original/novel in kind

"New therapies" from genetic discoveries would be novel approaches to treatment - this aligns with sense 2.

But I think sense 1 is actually more general and commonly used. "New therapies" most naturally means "therapies that didn't exist before" which is sense 1.

Let me go with sense 2 because the context specifically discusses groundbreaking discoveries leading to new treatment approaches, emphasizing the novel/original nature.

Wait, I want to think again. Sense 1 is the most common, default sense of "new" meaning "recently made or come into being." Sense 2 is more specific - emphasizing originality and novelty.

In the context "new therapies" - these are therapies that will be created from discoveries. They are new because they are being newly developed. This fits sense 1 well.

But the context is about scientific breakthroughs - gene therapy, cancer drugs based on suppressor proteins. These would be novel kinds of treatments, original approaches. This emphasizes the novel/original aspect, which is sense 2.

I'll go with sense 2.

Actually, let me re-read the context one more time: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

The key is "maybe" - these are anticipated future therapies. They would be therapies that are new in the sense of:
1. Recently made (sense 1)
2. Novel/original in kind (sense 2)

I think sense 2 is the better fit because the context emphasizes the groundbreaking nature of these therapies - they would be original kinds of treatments not seen before.

Final answer: sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 11. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content: The target word "new" in "new therapies" refers to therapies that are original and of a kind not seen before - novel medical treatments being developed from gene research discoveries. This matches sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

Here, "say" is used to mean that researchers are expressing/stating a claim or belief. They are reporting or maintaining that something may be the case.

Let me look at the candidates:

1. "express in words" - synonyms: state, tell. This is about expressing something in words generally.
2. "report or maintain" - synonyms: allege, aver. This is about asserting something, possibly without proof.
3. "express a supposition" - synonyms: suppose. This is more hypothetical.
9. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - This is about stating one's opinion.

The context is: researchers are stating a claim about what new cancer drugs may be based on. This is them expressing their opinion/belief about future developments.

Sense 1 (express in words / state, tell) is quite general and fits well - researchers are stating/declaring something.
Sense 2 (report or maintain / allege, aver) - "allege" and "aver" suggest asserting something, often disputed. "Report or maintain" fits with researchers communicating findings.
Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement; declare) - This specifically mentions opinion or judgement.

Looking at the example for sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - this is a direct statement.
Looking at sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - more about claiming something.
Looking at sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business" - opinion/judgement.

The researchers are expressing what they believe/thin - this is stating an opinion or judgement. Sense 9 seems quite fitting.

But actually, sense 1 is the most general and common meaning of "say" - to express in words. The researchers are expressing their thoughts in words. "State" is even listed as a synonym.

Let me reconsider. The sentence "Some researchers say new cancer drugs... may be based on..." - this is them stating a claim/assertion.

Sense 1: "express in words" with synonyms state, tell - this is the most common, default sense.
Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - this is more specific to opinions.

In context, the researchers are expressing their professional opinion/judgment about future possibilities. Sense 9 captures this well because it's specifically about opinions and judgements, which is what researchers are doing - they don't know for sure, but they're expressing their judgment.

However, sense 1 is often the default for "say" in this kind of context. Let me think about the specific nuances.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit. "Some researchers say X" = "Some researchers state/express in words that X." The meaning is simply that they are expressing a proposition in words. "State" is a synonym.

But sense 9 is also strong because "say" here introduces what is essentially the researchers' opinion/judgement about the future.

Hmm, let me look at the example for sense 9 again: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is someone expressing their opinion about what to do.

For sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - a statement of desire.
"tell me what is bothering you" - asking for information.

The researchers are stating a belief/claim. Both sense 1 and sense 9 could work, but sense 1 is the more general and commonly used sense for "say" in this construction.

Wait, I need to be more careful. Sense 1's definition is "express in words" which is extremely broad. Sense 9 is more specific: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare."

In the context, "Some researchers say new cancer drugs... may be based on..." - this is them declaring/stating their opinion or judgement about a scientific matter. Sense 9 seems more precise.

But on the other hand, the most natural interpretation of "say" here is just "state" or "express" - which is sense 1.

Let me look at this from a WordNet perspective. In WordNet, sense 1 (say%2:32:00) is the primary sense and covers the most common use. Sense 9 (say%2:32:13) is a more specific sense.

Given the context where researchers are simply stating what they think/believe, I'll go with sense 1 as it's the most natural and common interpretation. The "state" synonym is particularly relevant.

Actually, re-reading: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

The word "say" here is functioning as a reporting verb - the researchers are claiming/stating that something is the case. This is very close to sense 1 (state) or sense 2 (report or maintain).

Between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: express in words (state, tell) - very general
- Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver) - more about asserting, often implying the assertion may be questionable

I think sense 1 is the best fit because the researchers are simply expressing a statement/claim. The synonyms "state" and "tell" are common, everyday words that match this usage.

Final answer: sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "new" appears in the context: "new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth"

Let me analyze the context. The passage is about researchers discovering genes involved in cancer, and pharmaceutical companies working to develop "new cancer drugs" based on these discoveries. The word "new" here is modifying "cancer drugs" and refers to drugs that have just been or are about to be developed - not previously existing drugs.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This fits well. The "new cancer drugs" are those that are being developed/anticipated, not existing ones.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - synonyms: fresh, novel. This could also fit - these would be novel drugs based on suppressor proteins, a new approach.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - This doesn't fit as well; it's not about replacing former drugs but about novel developments.

The key distinction between sense 1 and sense 2: Sense 1 is about recency ("just come into being"), while sense 2 is about originality/unprecedented nature ("of a kind not seen before").

In context, "new cancer drugs" refers to drugs that are being developed for the first time - they are novel, previously unseen. The sentence is about turning discoveries into "predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies" and then elaborates that "new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins." These are drugs that don't currently exist - they would be unprecedented, a new kind of drug based on a new mechanism (suppressor proteins).

However, sense 1 is also very applicable - these are drugs that are being newly developed/discovered.

Looking more carefully: The context emphasizes that these are drugs based on a completely new approach (suppressor proteins), making them unprecedented and novel. Sense 2 with "original and of a kind not seen before" and synonym "novel" seems to capture this best.

But sense 1's example "a new law; new cars" is more about recency of creation, which also applies to drugs in development.

Hmm, I think sense 2 is the better fit because:
- The drugs are not just new in time, but new in kind
- They represent a novel therapeutic approach (using suppressor proteins)
- The synonym "novel" captures this better

Actually, let me reconsider. In medical/scientific contexts, "new drugs" typically means drugs that have recently been developed. Sense 1's definition of "having just (or relatively recently) come into being" is quite apt. The drugs are new because they're being newly created.

But the broader context suggests these would be unprecedented - a completely new type of therapy. The entire passage is about groundbreaking discoveries that could lead to novel treatments.

I'll go with sense 1 because in the immediate context, "new cancer drugs" most naturally means recently developed/not previously existing drugs. This is the most common usage of "new" in such phrases. Sense 1 has examples like "a new law; new cars" which are exactly this kind of "newly created" usage.

Wait, but sense 2's definition "original and of a kind not seen before" with synonym "novel" really fits the idea of cancer drugs based on suppressor proteins - this would be a completely novel approach to cancer treatment.

Let me think about which sense a typical WSD system would choose. The word "new" modifying "drugs" in a scientific context where the drugs are being developed for the first time based on novel research... I think sense 2 (novel/original) is the better fit because:
1. The drugs are not just recent but unprecedented in their mechanism
2. The context emphasizes groundbreaking discoveries
3. Sense 2 specifically captures the "not seen before" aspect

Actually, I need to be more careful. The phrase "new cancer drugs" in English typically means "newly developed cancer drugs" - it's about their temporal novelty more than their conceptual novelty. Sense 1 captures this with "having just (or relatively recently) come into being."

However, given that this is in the context of turning discoveries into something completely new (predictive tests and new therapies), and the drugs would be based on a novel mechanism (suppressor proteins), I think sense 2 is the better choice.

Let me commit to sense 1. The most natural reading of "new cancer drugs" is "newly developed cancer drugs" - drugs that are being newly created. This is the primary, most common sense of "new" when used in this construction.

Hmm, I'm going back and forth. Let me look at the glosses more carefully:

Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This is about recency.

Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before" - This is about uniqueness/novelty.

In "new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth," the drugs are:
- Being newly developed (recency)
- Based on a novel approach (uniqueness)

Both senses apply, but which is the primary meaning?

I think sense 1 is the more direct and primary meaning. When we say "new drugs," we usually mean recently developed drugs. The fact that they're based on a novel mechanism is secondary to their being newly developed.

Final answer: sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider once more. Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "a new law; new cars" - things that are new, recently made
- Sense 2: "the computer produced a completely novel proof" - something unprecedented

"New cancer drugs" - these are drugs that don't yet exist but are being developed. They are new in the sense of not having existed before. This aligns with sense 1.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: slow
Target surface form: slow
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to <t>slow</t> or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=slow%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow down, slow up, retard | examples=The car decelerated
2. sense_key=slow%2:30:01:: | definition=become slow or slower | synonyms=slow down, slow up, slack, slacken | examples=Production slowed
3. sense_key=slow%2:30:05:: | definition=cause to proceed more slowly | synonyms=slow down, slow up | examples=The illness slowed him down

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3}

content: {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3}

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer drugs that may "slow or reverse tumor growth." Here, "slow" means to cause the growth to proceed more slowly or to become slower.

Looking at the candidates:
1. lose velocity; move more slowly (intransitive, about velocity of movement)
2. become slow or slower (intransitive, more general)
3. cause to proceed more slowly (transitive, causative)

The sentence "new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth" uses "slow" as a verb meaning to cause the growth to proceed more slowly. The subject "new cancer drugs" causes tumor growth to slow down. This is the causative transitive sense.

Sense 3 matches best: "cause to proceed more slowly."