[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: assume
Target surface form: assumed
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He <t>assumed</t> the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=assume%2:31:00:: | definition=take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof | synonyms=presume, take for granted | examples=I assume his train was late
2. sense_key=assume%2:41:00:: | definition=take on titles, offices, duties, responsibilities | synonyms=adopt, take on, take over | examples=When will the new President assume office?
3. sense_key=assume%2:30:00:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=acquire, adopt, take on, take | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
4. sense_key=assume%2:40:01:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=bear, take over, accept | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
5. sense_key=assume%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=take, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
6. sense_key=assume%2:40:00:: | definition=seize and take control without authority and possibly with force; take as one's right or possession | synonyms=usurp, seize, take over, arrogate | examples=He assumed to himself the right to fill all positions in the town; he usurped my rights
7. sense_key=assume%2:36:00:: | definition=make a pretence of | synonyms=simulate, sham, feign | examples=She assumed indifference, even though she was seething with anger; he feigned sleep
8. sense_key=assume%2:35:00:: | definition=take up someone's soul into heaven | examples=This is the day when May was assumed into heaven
9. sense_key=assume%2:29:00:: | definition=put clothing on one's body | synonyms=wear, put on, get into, don | examples=What should I wear today?; He put on his best suit for the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The sentence says Dr. Knudson "assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer." This means he took it to be the case or presumed it to be true without direct proof. This matches sense 1: "take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof."


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing <t>piece</t> contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "piece" appears in the context of a missing part of chromosome 13. The sentence says "a bit of chromosome 13 was missing" and "He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role..."

Here, "piece" refers to a portion/part of a chromosome, which is a natural object. Let me look at the candidate senses:

3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite

This seems to be the best fit - "piece" here refers to a portion of a natural object (a chromosome is a natural biological object). The synonym "part" and the example "he needed a piece of granite" (a piece of a natural object) align well with the context.

Other senses:
- Sense 1 is about a separate part of a whole, but more abstract (like evidence, information)
- Sense 3 specifically mentions "a portion of a natural object" which fits chromosome well

I'll go with sense 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contain
Target surface form: contained
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece <t>contained</t> a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contain%2:42:00:: | definition=include or contain; have as a component | synonyms=incorporate, comprise | examples=A totally new idea is comprised in this paper; The record contains many old songs from the 1930's
2. sense_key=contain%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, carry | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
3. sense_key=contain%2:41:00:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, hold, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
4. sense_key=contain%2:42:06:: | definition=be divisible by | examples=24 contains 6
5. sense_key=contain%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=take, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
6. sense_key=contain%2:33:00:: | definition=hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of | synonyms=check, turn back, arrest, stop, hold back | examples=Arrest the downward trend; Check the growth of communism in South East Asia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "contained" is used in the context: "He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer."

Here, the missing piece of chromosome 13 "contained" a gene - meaning it included or had within it a gene. This is about having something as a component within it.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "include or contain; have as a component" - synonyms: incorporate, comprise. Examples: "A totally new idea is comprised in this paper; The record contains many old songs from the 1930's"
2. "contain or hold; have within" - synonyms: hold, bear, carry. Examples: "The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water"
3. "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint" - not relevant
4. "be divisible by" - not relevant
5. "be capable of holding or containing" - synonyms: take, hold. Examples: "This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon"
6. "hold back, as of a danger or an enemy" - not relevant

The context is about a piece of chromosome that "contained" a gene. This means the gene was a component/part of the missing piece.

Sense 1 focuses on "include or contain; have as a component" - which fits the idea that the gene was a component of the chromosome piece.
Sense 2 focuses on "contain or hold; have within" - which is more about physical containment (like a jar containing wine).
Sense 5 is about the capacity to hold (like a box that can take items).

The sentence is about the missing piece having a gene as a component within it. Both senses 1 and 2 could apply, but sense 1 specifically mentions "have as a component" which is the more precise meaning here - the gene is a component of the chromosome piece. Sense 2 is more about physical holding/containing (like a container holding something).

Actually, let me reconsider. "The missing piece contained a gene" - this means the gene was within the piece. Sense 2 says "have within" which seems very applicable. But sense 1 says "include or contain; have as a component" which is also very applicable.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "The record contains many old songs" - this is about records having songs as components
- Sense 2: "The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water" - this is about containers physically holding substances

The chromosome piece having a gene is more like the record having songs - the gene is a component/part of the piece. This aligns better with sense 1.

However, sense 2 "have within" could also work. The gene is within the chromosome piece.

I think sense 1 is the best fit because the meaning is that the gene was a component/part of the missing piece, similar to how songs are components of a record.

Let me go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: loss
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose <t>loss</t> had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetics and cancer. "He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer."

Here, "loss" refers to the state of something being lost — specifically, the gene(s) that were lost/missing. This is about something that is lost (the gene or genes that disappeared).

Sense 1: "something that is lost" — e.g., "the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt"
Sense 4: "the disadvantage that results from losing something" — synonyms: deprivation; e.g., "his loss of credibility led to his resignation"

In genetics, "loss" of a gene typically refers to the gene itself being lost — "something that is lost." But it could also be interpreted as the act/result of losing the gene, which aligns with sense 4 (deprivation).

Looking more carefully: "whose loss had a critical role" — this is about the event/fact that the gene was lost having a role. "Loss of a gene" in genetics is typically a deprivation — the consequence of the gene being missing. Sense 4 seems to fit well with the synonym "deprivation" and the example "his loss of credibility led to his resignation."

However, sense 1 "something that is lost" also fits because the gene itself is what was lost.

In the context "whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer" — the loss (event/act of losing) had a role. This feels more like sense 4 — the disadvantage/result of losing something (the gene). But actually, in genetics, "loss of function" mutations are about the loss itself.

Let me reconsider. Sense 1 is "something that is lost" — the thing itself. Sense 4 is "the disadvantage that results from losing something."

The sentence says "a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role" — here "loss" could be:
- The thing lost (the gene is gone) — sense 1
- The event/result of losing (the loss of the gene had consequences) — sense 4

I think sense 1 is more appropriate because "whose loss" = "the loss of which" = referring to the thing that was lost (the gene). The "loss" here is the missing gene/genes themselves.

Actually, "whose loss" modifies "gene or genes" — meaning the gene's loss. In genetics, this is typically about the deprivation/absence. Sense 4 with "deprivation" seems quite apt.

But sense 1 is more literally "something that is lost" — the gene that is lost.

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me look at the definitions again:
- Sense 1: "something that is lost" — the thing itself
- Sense 4: "the disadvantage that results from losing something" — the negative consequence

The sentence emphasizes the causal role of the loss in causing cancer. This is about the consequence/effect of losing the gene. Sense 4 captures this better with its "deprivation" synonym.

Actually, I'll go with sense 1. "Whose loss" = "the loss of which" = the thing (genes) that was lost. The gene(s) themselves are what is being referred to as "lost."

Wait, let me re-read: "a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer." The phrase "whose loss" — the loss of the gene(s) had a critical role. This is saying the loss (as an event/state) caused the cancer. The "loss" here is the deprivation of the gene.

In scientific/genetic contexts, "loss" of a gene typically means the deprivation/absence. Sense 4 with "deprivation" is the best match.

I'll go with sense 4.

provider: Minimax


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a <t>critical</t> role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Dr. Knudson's theory regarding cancer. He found that a missing piece of chromosome 13 contained a gene or genes whose loss had a "critical" role in setting off the cancer.

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. "marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws" - This is about being critical in the sense of fault-finding. Not applicable here.

2. "at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction" - This is about critical mass or critical temperature in physics. Not applicable here.

3. "characterized by careful evaluation and judgment" - This is about critical analysis. Not applicable here.

4. "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" (synonym: vital) - This could fit. The gene's loss had a critical (vital, essential) role in setting off cancer.

5. "forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis" (synonym: decisive) - This could also fit. The gene played a critical (decisive) role.

6. "being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency" - This is about being in a critical condition. Not quite applicable here.

7. "of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism" - Not applicable.

The sentence says "whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer." This means the gene was essential/indispensable for preventing cancer, and its loss was crucial in triggering cancer.

Sense 4 (urgently needed; absolutely necessary; vital) seems to fit well - the gene was indispensable/vital.
Sense 5 (forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis; decisive) also fits - the gene's loss was a decisive/turning point event.

Looking more carefully at the context: "whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer" - this is saying the gene's loss was essential/necessary for the cancer to develop. The role was critical in the sense of being indispensable.

Sense 4 with synonym "vital" and example "a critical element of the plan" seems to match well - the gene was a critical element in the cancer development process.

Sense 5 with synonym "decisive" and example "a critical point in the campaign" also matches - the gene loss was a critical/decisive point.

Hmm, this is a close call. Let me think about which is more appropriate.

"had a critical role" - this phrasing suggests the role itself was critical/essential. The gene's loss was indispensable for setting off the cancer. This aligns more with sense 4 (vital, indispensable).

But "critical role" could also mean a decisive/turning-point role, which aligns with sense 5.

In scientific contexts, "critical role" typically means "essential" or "indispensable" role. The gene was absolutely necessary for the cancer to develop. This points to sense 4.

I'll go with sense 4.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical <t>role</t> in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses a gene whose loss had a critical role in setting off cancer. This is about what something is used for or its purpose/function. The phrase "whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer" refers to the function/purpose of the gene(s) - they normally suppress cancer, and their loss contributes to causing cancer.

Looking at the candidates:
1. function/office/part - assigned or expected of a person or group
2. theatrical role
3. what something is used for - function, purpose, use
4. normal or customary activity of a person in a social setting

The gene's role here is about its purpose/function - what it's used for (or rather, what the loss of it does). This fits sense 3 best - "what something is used for" with synonyms function, purpose, use. The example "the function of an auger is to bore holes" parallels "the role of a tumor suppressor gene is to prevent cancer."

Sense 1 is about actions assigned to a person or group, which doesn't fit as well since we're talking about a gene's function.
Sense 4 is about social settings and team roles, which doesn't apply.

Sense 3 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set_off
Target surface form: setting off
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in <t>setting off</t> the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set_off%2:36:00:: | definition=put in motion or move to act | synonyms=trip, actuate, trigger, activate, spark off, spark | examples=trigger a reaction; actuate the circuits
2. sense_key=set_off%2:38:00:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
3. sense_key=set_off%2:30:02:: | definition=direct attention to, as if by means of contrast | synonyms=bring out | examples=This dress accentuates your nice figure!; I set off these words by brackets
4. sense_key=set_off%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=explode, detonate, blow up | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
5. sense_key=set_off%2:42:00:: | definition=make up for | synonyms=cancel, offset | examples=His skills offset his opponent's superior strength
6. sense_key=set_off%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion or cause to begin | examples=The guide set the tour off to a good start
7. sense_key=set_off%2:32:00:: | definition=provoke or stir up | synonyms=incite, instigate, stir up | examples=incite a riot; set off great unrest among the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about a missing piece of chromosome containing a gene or genes "whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer." Here, "setting off" means initiating or triggering the cancer. This aligns with sense 1: "put in motion or move to act" with synonyms like trigger, activate, spark off. Sense 6 is similar ("set in motion or cause to begin") but sense 1 is more specific with the trigger/activate synonyms that fit better. Sense 7 (provoke or stir up) is also possible but sense 1's "trigger" synonym is the most precise match for initiating cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the <t>cancer</t>. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about Dr. Knudson's "two-hit" theory regarding eye cancer in children, chromosomes, genes, and cell division. The target word "cancer" refers to the disease - a malignant growth caused by abnormal cell division. This clearly matches sense 1, which is about malignant neoplastic disease.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not <t>know</t> which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "But he did not <t>know</t> which gene or genes had disappeared."

This means he didn't have knowledge/information about which specific genes had disappeared. This is about possessing knowledge or information about a specific fact.

Looking at the senses:
1. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - This fits well. He doesn't possess knowledge about which genes had disappeared.
3. "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - This is more about belief/faith, not quite right.

Sense 1 is the best match. The sentence "he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared" is about not possessing information about a specific fact.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. <t>Then</t>, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "Then" appears in the context: "But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee... found the answer."

Here, "Then" is used to indicate a sequence of events - something happened, and then subsequently another thing happened. This matches sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" with synonyms like "and then."

Sense 2 is about consequence/conditional ("in that case"), and sense 3 is about a specific time ("at that time"). Neither fits as well as sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scientific
Target surface form: scientific
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a <t>scientific</t> team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scientific%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the practice of science | examples=scientific journals
2. sense_key=scientific%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming with the principles or methods used in science | examples=a scientific approach

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "scientific" appears in the context: "Then, a <t>scientific</t> team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee..."

Here, "scientific" is modifying "team" - it describes a team that does science/scientific work.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scientific%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the practice of science | examples=scientific journals
2. sense_key=scientific%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming with the principles or methods used in science | examples=a scientific approach

Sense 1 is about "of or relating to the practice of science" - this is more about the domain/practice of science itself.
Sense 2 is about "conforming with the principles or methods used in science" - this is about methodology/approach.

A "scientific team" - a team that practices science, that is involved in the practice of science. This fits sense 1 better, as it's describing a team that relates to the practice of science, not a team that conforms with scientific methods (which doesn't quite make sense for a team).

"Scientific journals" (sense 1 example) - journals that relate to the practice of science. A "scientific team" similarly relates to the practice of science.

So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific <t>team</t> led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes a "scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee" - this is a group of researchers working together cooperatively. This matches sense 1, which is about a cooperative unit. Sense 2 refers to draft animals, which doesn't fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lead
Target surface form: led
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team <t>led</t> by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=take, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, result | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: | definition=tend to or result in | examples=This remark lead to further arguments among the guests
4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: | definition=travel in front of; go in advance of others | synonyms=head | examples=The procession was headed by John
5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to undertake a certain action | examples=Her greed led her to forge the checks
6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: | definition=be in charge of | synonyms=head | examples=Who is heading this project?
8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: | definition=be ahead of others; be the first | synonyms=top | examples=she topped her class every year
9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: | definition=be conducive to | synonyms=contribute, conduce | examples=The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing
10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=conduct, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: | definition=lead, extend, or afford access | synonyms=go | examples=This door goes to the basement; The road runs South
12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=precede
13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=run | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: | definition=preside over | synonyms=moderate, chair | examples=John moderated the discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 7}{"sense_index": 7}

content: {"sense_index": 7}{"sense_index": 7}

reasoning_content:
The context is: "a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee." Here, "led" means that Webster Cavenee was in charge of / headed the team. The synonyms are "take, direct, conduct, guide" for sense 1, or "head" for sense 4, or "be in charge of" for sense 7.

"led by" a person = that person was in charge of / headed the team. This best matches sense 7: "be in charge of" with synonyms "head". Or sense 4: "travel in front of; go in advance of others" with synonyms "head" — but that's about physically going in front.

Sense 7 "be in charge of" fits best: "a team led by Cavenee" = Cavenee headed/was in charge of the team.

Sense 1 is "take somebody somewhere" — doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is "travel in front of" — more literal/physical heading.
Sense 7 is "be in charge of" — this is the managerial sense.

The answer is sense 7.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lead
Target surface form: led
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team <t>led</t> by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=take, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, result | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: | definition=tend to or result in | examples=This remark lead to further arguments among the guests
4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: | definition=travel in front of; go in advance of others | synonyms=head | examples=The procession was headed by John
5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to undertake a certain action | examples=Her greed led her to forge the checks
6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: | definition=be in charge of | synonyms=head | examples=Who is heading this project?
8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: | definition=be ahead of others; be the first | synonyms=top | examples=she topped her class every year
9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: | definition=be conducive to | synonyms=contribute, conduce | examples=The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing
10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=conduct, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: | definition=lead, extend, or afford access | synonyms=go | examples=This door goes to the basement; The road runs South
12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=precede
13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=run | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: | definition=preside over | synonyms=moderate, chair | examples=John moderated the discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 7}{"sense_index": 7}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 14. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 7}{"sense_index": 7}

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer."

Here "led" means "was led by" - meaning the team was headed/directed by Webster Cavenee. This is the sense of "be in charge of" or "head/lead a team/project."

Looking at the candidates:
- 7: "be in charge of" with synonyms "head" and example "Who is heading this project?" - this fits well.
- 1: "take somebody somewhere" - doesn't fit
- 10: "lead, as in the performance of a composition" with synonyms "conduct, direct" - close but more about musical performances
- 14: "preside over" with synonyms "moderate, chair" - could work but "led" is more about being in charge of a research team

Sense 7 ("be in charge of") with the example "Who is heading this project?" is the best match for "a scientific team led by Webster Cavenee."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, <t>then</t> at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "then" appears in the context: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, <t>then</t> at the University of Utah, found the answer."

There are actually two instances of "then" here. The first "Then," at the beginning of the sentence is a sentence connector meaning "subsequently or soon afterward" - this matches sense 1.

The second "then" (the target) is in the phrase "then at the University of Utah" - this refers to the time when Cavenee was at the University of Utah, meaning "at that time." This matches sense 3.

The target is the second "then" which means "at that time" - referring to the time when Cavenee was at the University of Utah.

So the answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, <t>found</t> the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell."

Here, "found" means the team discovered the answer through their scientific investigation using gene probes. This is about making a discovery through investigation/research.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

- Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice
- Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain
- Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover
- Sense 9: "make a discovery" - synonyms: discover

Sense 4 seems particularly relevant because the team used investigation and experimentation to find the answer. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very similar - using scientific methods to find something.

Sense 8 is also about making a discovery, which fits well too.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 4 emphasizes establishing something after calculation/investigation/experiment/study - this matches the scientific team using gene probes.
- Sense 8 is more general "make a discovery, make a new finding"

Both 4 and 8 are strong candidates. The context says the team "found the answer" through their research methods (gene probes). This is establishing the answer after investigation/experiment.

I think sense 4 is the best fit because it specifically mentions "investigation, experiment" which matches the scientific research described.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding" with the example "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is very similar to a scientific team finding a gene.

Sense 4 is "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - this is more about determining/ascertaining something through systematic research.

In this context, the scientific team discovered the answer to which gene was involved. The example in sense 8 about physicists finding a new elementary particle is quite parallel.

Hmm, but "found the answer" could also be interpreted as "discovered" which is more sense 8. However, the systematic nature of the research (using gene probes, a "battery" of them) suggests sense 4.

I'll go with sense 4 because the context emphasizes the investigation/experimental nature of the discovery.

Wait, let me look again at sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - this also fits because they determined the existence of the gene.

I think sense 4 is the best match because the team established the answer through investigation and experiment, which is the core meaning of sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the <t>answer</t>. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says Webster Cavenee's team "found the answer" to the problem of which gene or genes had disappeared that was critical in setting off the cancer. This means the answer is a solution or explanation to a scientific problem. This matches sense 2: "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" with synonyms solution, result, resolution, solvent.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The <t>team</t> used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes a "scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee" that used gene probes to analyze cells. This is clearly a group of researchers working cooperatively.

Sense 1: "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)" with synonym "squad" - this fits a scientific team.
Sense 2: "two or more draft animals that work together to pull something" - this doesn't fit the context at all.

The best match is sense 1, as the "especially in sports" is just a typical/primary use case, but the definition "cooperative unit" fits a scientific team perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: used
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team <t>used</t> a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about a scientific team that "used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell." This means the team employed or utilized the gene probes for a particular purpose. This matches sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" with synonyms utilize, utilise, apply, employ.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: battery
Target surface form: battery
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a <t>battery</t> of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=battery%1:14:02:: | definition=group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place
2. sense_key=battery%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells arranged in parallel or series | synonyms=electric battery
3. sense_key=battery%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection of related things intended for use together | examples=took a battery of achievement tests
4. sense_key=battery%1:14:03:: | definition=a unit composed of the pitcher and catcher
5. sense_key=battery%1:06:03:: | definition=a series of stamps operated in one mortar for crushing ores | synonyms=stamp battery
6. sense_key=battery%1:04:01:: | definition=the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target | synonyms=barrage, barrage fire, bombardment, shelling | examples=they laid down a barrage in front of the advancing troops; the shelling went on for hours without pausing
7. sense_key=battery%1:04:00:: | definition=an assault in which the assailant makes physical contact | synonyms=assault and battery

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes a "battery" of gene probes - a collection of related tools/methods used together for a scientific investigation. The example for sense 3 is "took a battery of achievement tests," which is similar to "a battery of gene probes" - meaning a collection of related items/tools used together. This is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly <t>developed</t> "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about "newly developed 'gene probes'". The gene probes are tools/techniques that were created/invented. The sense that fits best is "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" - sense index 1. The example "They developed a new technique" aligns perfectly with this context of developing gene probes (snippets of genetic material used as a technique/tool).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of <t>genetic</t> material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "genetic" appears in the phrase "genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell." This refers to snippets of material that are related to genes - specifically DNA or genetic material used as probes. This is about the material itself being of/relating to genes.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 - "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" - This is about inherited traits/diseases. Doesn't fit "genetic material."

2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: - "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - This fits well. "Genetic material" refers to material that is of or relating to genes.

3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: - "pertaining to or referring to origin" - This is about origins, like genetic history. Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: - "of or relating to the science of genetics" - This is about the field of genetics itself. "Genetic material" isn't about the science but about the material related to genes.

The best fit is sense 2 - "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene." The "genetic material" here refers to snippets of DNA that are gene-related, used as probes to track genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic <t>material</t> that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "snippets of genetic material" that are gene probes. These are physical substances (DNA/RNA snippets) used to track genes.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object" - This fits genetic material as a tangible substance
2. "information (data or ideas or observations)" - Genetic material does carry information, but here it's being described as a physical snippet
3. Fabric/cloth - No
4. Things needed for doing or making something - "writing materials" - this could fit but is more about supplies
5. A person suitable for employment - No

The phrase "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell" describes physical pieces of genetic substance. This is tangible substance used in scientific work.

Sense 1 (tangible substance) seems best - genetic material as a physical substance. Sense 4 (things needed for doing/making something) could also fit since these are lab materials, but sense 1 more directly captures that it's a tangible substance.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: presence
Target surface form: presence
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's <t>presence</t> in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=presence%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being present; current existence | examples=he tested for the presence of radon
2. sense_key=presence%1:15:00:: | definition=the immediate proximity of someone or something | synonyms=front | examples=she blushed in his presence; he sensed the presence of danger
3. sense_key=presence%1:18:00:: | definition=an invisible spiritual being felt to be nearby
4. sense_key=presence%1:09:00:: | definition=the impression that something is present | examples=he felt the presence of an evil force
5. sense_key=presence%1:07:00:: | definition=dignified manner or conduct | synonyms=bearing, comportment, mien
6. sense_key=presence%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "presence" in the context: "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell."

This is about whether a gene exists/is present in a cell. The gene probes detect whether a gene is there or not. This matches sense 1: "the state of being present; current existence" — which is about whether something exists or is present, like "he tested for the presence of radon."

Sense 2 is about physical proximity, sense 3 is about spiritual beings, sense 4 is about an impression, sense 5 is about dignified manner, sense 6 is about the act of being present.

The best match is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a <t>cell</t>. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about molecular genetics, chromosomes, genes, and cancer research. The sentence "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell" refers to a biological cell - the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. This clearly matches sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: analyze
Target surface form: analyzing
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By <t>analyzing</t> cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=analyze%2:31:00:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=analyze%2:31:01:: | definition=make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features | synonyms=analyse, break down, dissect, take apart | examples=analyze a specimen; analyze a sentence
3. sense_key=analyze%2:31:04:: | definition=break down into components or essential features | synonyms=analyse | examples=analyze today's financial market
4. sense_key=analyze%2:31:03:: | definition=subject to psychoanalytic treatment | synonyms=analyse, psychoanalyze, psychoanalyse | examples=I was analyzed in Vienna by a famous psychiatrist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about scientists analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors to find defects in chromosome 13. They are examining cells in detail to discover essential features (genetic defects). This is a scientific examination/analysis of biological specimens.

Sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" - this fits well as they are examining cells in detail to discover essential features (genetic defects).

Sense 2: "make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features" - this is more about mathematical/chemical/grammatical analysis.

Sense 3: "break down into components or essential features" - more general.

Sense 4: psychoanalytic treatment - not relevant.

The context involves analyzing cells (biological specimens) to discover defects. Sense 1 seems most appropriate as it captures the idea of detailed examination to discover essential features. Sense 2 mentions "analyze a specimen" which is also relevant, but the definition emphasizes mathematical/chemical/grammatical analysis.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 1 is about considering in detail to discover essential features or meaning - this fits the scientific investigation context well. The scientists are analyzing cells in detail to discover the essential features (genetic defects).

Sense 2's example "analyze a specimen" is very close to our context (analyzing cells), but the definition restricts it to mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis.

Sense 1 is the best fit because the scientists are considering the cells in detail to discover essential features (the genetic defects).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing <t>cells</t> extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about biology - chromosomes, genes, eye tumors, molecular genetics. The word "cells" refers to biological cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of organisms. This matches sense 2.