[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: official
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate <t>official</t>, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "official" is used in the context of "the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer." This refers to a person who holds an office/position in an organization, specifically Yvo de Boer who is a climate official at the U.N. This matches sense 1: "a worker who holds or is invested with an office" (functionary). Sense 2 refers to a game/sport referee, which doesn't fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: picture
Target surface form: picture
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big <t>picture</t>." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=picture%1:06:00:: | definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
2. sense_key=picture%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
3. sense_key=picture%1:09:00:: | definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
4. sense_key=picture%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
5. sense_key=picture%1:10:00:: | definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
6. sense_key=picture%1:10:02:: | definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
7. sense_key=picture%1:10:01:: | definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
8. sense_key=picture%1:10:03:: | definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland
9. sense_key=picture%1:09:01:: | definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
10. sense_key=picture%1:06:02:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "picture" in the phrase "the big picture" as described by Yvo de Boer regarding a 180-page negotiation text boiled down to six pages to focus on "the big picture."

The phrase "the big picture" here means the overall situation, the comprehensive view of things. This refers to a situation treated as an observable object - the overall situation/context of the climate negotiations.

Looking at sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object" with synonyms "scene" and example "the political picture is favorable" - this fits well.

The text is summarizing the overall state of affairs in the negotiations, focusing on the comprehensive view rather than details. This matches sense 4 perfectly - "the big picture" as in the overall situation/scenario.

Sense 3 is about a mental image, which is close but sense 4 is specifically about a situation being treated as observable, which is more fitting for "the big picture" meaning the overall situation.

The answer is sense 4.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Minimax

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outline
Target surface form: outlines
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the <t>outlines</t> for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outline%1:15:00:: | definition=the line that appears to bound an object | synonyms=lineation
2. sense_key=outline%1:10:00:: | definition=a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory | synonyms=synopsis, abstract, precis
3. sense_key=outline%1:09:00:: | definition=a schematic or preliminary plan | synonyms=schema, scheme

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "It shows the outlines for a possible deal..." This refers to a document that sketches the main structure or framework of a possible agreement. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. The line that appears to bound an object - this is about a visual boundary line
2. A sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory - this is a summary
3. A schematic or preliminary plan - this is a plan/framework

The text "It shows the outlines for a possible deal" - here "outlines" refers to a preliminary plan or framework for a possible deal. The six-page document that was boiled down from a 180-page text shows the outlines/skeleton of a possible agreement. This is about a schematic or preliminary plan.

Sense 3 (a schematic or preliminary plan) fits best because the document outlines the structure of a possible deal - it's a preliminary plan/framework.

Sense 2 (a sketchy summary) could also work, but sense 3 is more about a plan/framework for future action, which fits "outlines for a possible deal" better.

I'll go with sense 3.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible <t>deal</t>, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a negotiation text for climate change in Copenhagen. The sentence says "It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent..."

Here, "deal" refers to an agreement between parties (countries) about obligations regarding emissions cuts. This matches sense 2: "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each" with synonyms like "bargain."

Sense 1 is about a particular instance of buying or selling - not quite right here.
Sense 2 is about an agreement between parties fixing obligations - this fits perfectly with the climate negotiation context.
Sense 3 is about a large number/amount - not relevant.
Sense 4 and 5 are about wood/planks - not relevant.
Sense 6 is about cards in a card game - not relevant.
Sense 7 is about type of treatment received - not quite right.
Sense 8 is about distributing playing cards - not relevant.
Sense 9 is about apportioning/distributing - not relevant.

The best sense is sense 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their <t>emissions</t> by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The context is about carbon emissions in the context of climate change negotiations. The sentence talks about industrial nations cutting their "emissions" by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent. This refers to greenhouse gas emissions - the substances released into the atmosphere.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - this is about the act/process
2. "a substance that is emitted or released" - this is about the substance itself
3. "the release of electrons from parent atoms" - physics sense
4. "any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body" - bodily processes
5. "the occurrence of a flow of water" - water flow

In climate change context, "emissions" typically refers to the greenhouse gases (substances) that are released. When countries agree to "cut their emissions," they're reducing the amount of carbon/greenhouse gases they release.

However, there's a subtle distinction. "Carbon emissions" could be interpreted as either the act of emitting carbon or the carbon that is emitted. In common usage, "emissions" in environmental contexts typically refers to the substances emitted (like CO2, methane, etc.) or the quantity of those substances.

Looking at the sentence: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent" - this is talking about reducing the quantity of emissions, which are substances released into the atmosphere. So sense 2 (a substance that is emitted or released) seems most appropriate.

Wait, let me reconsider. "Cut their emissions" - the act of cutting could refer to either reducing the act of emitting or reducing the substances emitted. But emissions as a noun in this context most naturally refers to the substances (greenhouse gases) that are being released and measured. The "25 to 45 percent" is measuring the reduction in the amount of these substances.

Sense 2: "a substance that is emitted or released" - synonyms: discharge
Sense 1: "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - synonyms: emanation

I think sense 2 is the best fit because in environmental/policy contexts, "emissions" refers to the pollutants/gases themselves, which is what is being measured and reduced.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their <t>emissions</t> by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 5. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content: The context is about climate change negotiations, specifically about countries cutting their "emissions" (carbon emissions). This refers to the substances (greenhouse gases) that are released into the atmosphere. So this is sense 2: "a substance that is emitted or released."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: levels
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "levels" in the context: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels"

Here, "levels" refers to the amount or degree of emissions at a particular point in time (1990). This is comparing current/future emission amounts to a baseline amount.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. level%1:07:00:: - "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" with synonyms "degree, grade" - this fits well as "1990 levels" means the amount/quantity of emissions in 1990.

2. level%1:26:01:: - "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" with synonyms "grade, tier" - this is more about ranking/value position.

3. level%1:26:00:: - "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - this is about stages/points in a process.

4. level%1:07:01:: - "height above ground" - not relevant.

5. level%1:06:00:: - "spirit level" - not relevant.

6. level%1:06:03:: - "horizontal surface" - not relevant.

7. level%1:09:00:: - "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" with examples "a good actor communicates on several levels" - not quite right.

8. level%1:06:01:: - "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms" - not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" because "1990 levels" refers to the quantity/amount of emissions in 1990, which is a position on a scale of amount. This matches the sense of "degree" or "grade" as in the example "a high level of care is required."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: levels
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 8. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The target word "levels" in the context refers to "1990 levels" — meaning the amount/degree of emissions compared to the baseline year 1990. This is about a scale of intensity or amount, which matches sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: period
Target surface form: period
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same <t>period</t> by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=period%1:28:00:: | definition=an amount of time | synonyms=time period, period of time | examples=a time period of 30 years; hastened the period of time of his recovery
2. sense_key=period%1:28:02:: | definition=the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
3. sense_key=period%1:28:07:: | definition=(ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
4. sense_key=period%1:28:03:: | definition=a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed | synonyms=geological period | examples=ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods
5. sense_key=period%1:28:04:: | definition=the end or completion of something | examples=death put a period to his endeavors; a change soon put a period to my tranquility
6. sense_key=period%1:22:00:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, flow | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped
7. sense_key=period%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations | synonyms=point, full stop, stop, full point | examples=in England they call a period a stop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "period" appears in the context: "while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent."

This refers to a span of time (specifically, the same time frame as the 2020 deadline mentioned earlier). This matches sense 1: "an amount of time" with synonyms "time period, period of time."

Let me verify by checking the other senses:
- Sense 2: interval for one cycle of a repeating phenomenon - doesn't fit
- Sense 3: ice hockey division - doesn't fit
- Sense 4: geological time unit - doesn't fit
- Sense 5: end or completion - doesn't fit
- Sense 6: menstruation - doesn't fit
- Sense 7: punctuation mark - doesn't fit

Sense 1 is clearly the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the <t>countries</t> would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content: The context discusses "rich countries" giving money to "poor countries," and later mentions "the countries would cut emissions" and "poorer countries adapt." The word is used to refer to nations/states as politically organized bodies. Sense 1 is "a politically organized body of people under a single government" with synonyms state, nation. This fits the usage here where countries are entities that would collectively cut emissions and provide money.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the <t>countries</t> would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 5. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best sense for "country" in the context where it says "Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050."

Looking at the context, "countries" here refers to politically organized bodies of people under governments (i.e., nations/states) that would collectively cut emissions. This matches sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut <t>emissions</t> between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "emissions" in the context of climate change and global warming. The sentence talks about industrial nations cutting their "emissions" by 2020, and reducing carbon output. This is clearly about greenhouse gas emissions - the act of releasing/emitting substances (like carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - This is about the act of emitting
2. "a substance that is emitted or released" - This is about the substance itself
3. "the release of electrons from parent atoms" - Physics sense, not relevant
4. "any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body" - Not relevant
5. "the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)" - Not relevant

Now, in climate change context, "emissions" typically refers to the act/process of emitting greenhouse gases, or the substances themselves. When we say "cut their emissions," we mean reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they release.

Looking at the context: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels" - this is about reducing the amount of substances emitted. This could be either sense 1 (the act) or sense 2 (the substance).

However, "cut emissions" typically means reduce the quantity of substances released. Sense 2 is "a substance that is emitted or released" which would refer to the substances themselves. But the act of "cutting" emissions refers to reducing the volume/quantity of the emitted substances.

Actually, in WordNet, when we talk about "cutting emissions," we're typically referring to the act of emitting less. The standard WordNet sense for this context is typically sense 1 - the act of emitting. But it could also be sense 2 depending on how it's interpreted.

Looking more carefully: "cut their emissions by 25 to 45 percent" - you can "cut" something that is measurable in percent. The emissions themselves are what's being measured and reduced. This suggests sense 2 - the substance that is emitted.

But actually, in common usage and in WordNet, "emissions" in the climate context often maps to sense 1 (the act of emitting) because we're talking about the process/output of emitting.

Hmm, let me think again. When countries commit to "cutting emissions by X percent," they're committing to reducing the act/amount of emitting. The emissions could be conceptualized as either the act or the substance.

In WordNet, sense 1 is "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" with synonym "emanation." This fits well with the idea of greenhouse gas emissions as the process/act of releasing gases.

Sense 2 is "a substance that is emitted or released" with synonym "discharge." This would treat emissions as the substance itself.

Given the context of "cut their emissions by 25 to 45 percent" - this is typically interpreted as reducing the quantity/amount of greenhouse gases released. In WordNet, the common mapping for this usage is sense 1 (the act of emitting), because emissions in this context refers to the output/act of emitting.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit here. The context is about the act of emitting greenhouse gases, and "cutting emissions" means reducing the amount of emitting.

Wait, let me reconsider. "Cut their emissions by 25 to 45 percent" - you measure emissions in percentages, which suggests emissions are quantities of substances. But you can also measure the act of emitting in percentages.

I think the most natural interpretation in WordNet for "emissions" in the climate change context is sense 1 - the act of emitting. This is the standard sense used in environmental/climate discussions.

So I'll go with sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a <t>year</t> over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "year" appears in the context: "pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years." This refers to an annual period of 365 days — a standard calendar year. This matches sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three <t>years</t> to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "years" in the context: "pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change."

This refers to a period of time (365 days each), specifically three years as a duration. The sense that best matches is sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" with synonyms "twelvemonth, yr."

Sense 2 is about a regular part of a calendar year used for some particular activity (like a school year) - not applicable here.
Sense 3 is about a planet's revolution around the sun - not applicable.
Sense 4 is about a body of students - not applicable.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer <t>countries</t> adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "countries" in the context: "to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change."

This is referring to poorer nations/states - politically organized bodies of people under a single government. The context is about climate change adaptation for poorer nations, which aligns with sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic).

The example "African nations" is very similar to this usage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the <t>impact</t> of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "impact" appears in the context: "help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation."

This refers to the effects/consequences of climate change on poorer countries. This is clearly the sense meaning "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - sense 2.

Let me verify:
- Sense 1: physical striking of bodies - not applicable
- Sense 2: a forceful consequence; a strong effect - YES, this fits "the impact of climate change"
- Sense 3: influencing strongly - not quite right
- Sense 4: violent interaction in combat - not applicable

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flood
Target surface form: flood
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flood%1:19:00:: | definition=the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land | synonyms=inundation, deluge, alluvion | examples=plains fertilized by annual inundations
2. sense_key=flood%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=inundation, deluge, torrent | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
3. sense_key=flood%1:06:00:: | definition=light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam; used in photography | synonyms=floodlight, flood lamp, photoflood
4. sense_key=flood%1:04:01:: | definition=a large flow | synonyms=overflow, outpouring
5. sense_key=flood%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flooding; filling to overflowing | synonyms=flowage
6. sense_key=flood%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide);  -Shakespeare | synonyms=flood tide, rising tide | examples=a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "flood" appears in the context: "from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation."

This is discussing the impact of climate change - specifically how poorer countries need to adapt to impacts like flooding and drought. In this context, "flood" refers to the natural disaster/phenomenon of water rising and overflowing onto land.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land" - This matches the context of climate change impacts (flooding disasters).
2. "an overwhelming number or amount" - This doesn't fit; there's no metaphorical use here.
3. Photography lighting - clearly not relevant.
4. "a large flow" - possible but less specific.
5. "the act of flooding; filling to overflowing" - this is the act, not the phenomenon being coped with.
6. Tidal flood - not relevant here.

The best match is sense 1, which describes the natural phenomenon of water overflowing onto land, which is what countries would need to "cope with" as a climate change impact.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drought
Target surface form: drought
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and <t>drought</t> to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drought%1:26:00:: | definition=a shortage of rainfall | synonyms=drouth | examples=farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season
2. sense_key=drought%1:28:00:: | definition=a prolonged shortage | synonyms=drouth | examples=when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "drought" appears in the context of climate change, specifically in the phrase "coping with flood and drought." This refers to a shortage of rainfall, which is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sort
Target surface form: sort
Context:
It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same <t>sort</t> of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sort%1:09:00:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, form, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
2. sense_key=sort%1:07:00:: | definition=an approximate definition or example | examples=she wore a sort of magenta dress; she served a creamy sort of dessert thing
3. sense_key=sort%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a particular character or nature | examples=what sort of person is he?; he's a good sort
4. sense_key=sort%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion | synonyms=sorting | examples=the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sort" in the phrase "the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week."

This is used to mean "kind" or "type" - referring to a category or type of verbal fireworks. The phrase "the same sort of" is used to indicate a category/type.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense 1: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" - synonyms: kind, form, variety
2. sense 2: "an approximate definition or example"
3. sense 3: "a person of a particular character or nature"
4. sense 4: an operation that segregates items into groups

Sense 1 fits best here. "The same sort of verbal fireworks" means "the same kind/type of verbal fireworks." The example "sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?" aligns with this usage.

The answer is sense 1, which is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past <t>week</t>. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week." This refers to a period of seven consecutive days (the past seven days). It's not about work hours or a calendar week starting on Sunday. It's a general period of seven consecutive days.

Sense 1: "any period of seven consecutive days" - this fits best.
Sense 2: "hours or days of work in a calendar week" - doesn't fit, no work context.
Sense 3: "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday" - this is specifically about a calendar week, but "the past week" is more naturally read as "the past seven days" rather than "the past calendar week starting on Sunday."

The best fit is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special <t>climate</t> envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "climate" appears in the phrase "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern." This refers to an envoy dealing with climate change, which relates to the weather/environmental conditions over time. Sense 1 is about weather averaged over time, which fits the context of climate change negotiations. Sense 2 is about psychological state/mood, which doesn't fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: envoy
Target surface form: envoy
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate <t>envoy</t> Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=envoy%1:18:00:: | definition=a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador | synonyms=envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
2. sense_key=envoy%1:18:01:: | definition=someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else | synonyms=emissary
3. sense_key=envoy%1:10:00:: | definition=a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry | synonyms=envoi

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "envoy" in the context: "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern"

Todd Stern is a person who was the U.S. Special Envoy for Climate Change. He is a diplomat/representative sent on a mission.

Sense 1: "a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador" - envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
Sense 2: "someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else" - emissary

Todd Stern is a special envoy, which is someone sent on a specific mission to represent the interests of the U.S. government. While "envoy" can mean a diplomat of lower rank, in this context "special climate envoy" refers to someone sent on a specific mission to represent U.S. interests in climate negotiations.

However, "special envoy" is typically a diplomatic title. Let me think about this more carefully.

Sense 1 specifically mentions "envoy" as a diplomatic rank (envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary).
Sense 2 is more general - someone sent on a mission.

Todd Stern's actual title was "Special Envoy for Climate Change." A special envoy is typically someone appointed for a specific mission or purpose, which aligns more with sense 2 ("someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else").

However, special envoys are still diplomats, so sense 1 could also apply. The key distinction is:
- Sense 1: a specific diplomatic rank/title
- Sense 2: a person sent on a mission (more general)

In modern diplomatic usage, "special envoy" typically refers to someone appointed to handle a specific issue or mission, which fits sense 2 better. The term "emissary" in sense 2 also fits well.

But actually, looking at this more carefully, "envoy" in the sense of a diplomatic rank (envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary) is a specific rank below ambassador. "Special envoy" is different - it's not a permanent rank but a role assigned for a specific mission.

I think sense 2 is the better fit here because Todd Stern is described as a "special climate envoy" - someone sent on a specific mission (climate negotiations) to represent U.S. interests. The "special" modifier emphasizes the mission aspect.

Wait, but looking at the context again - "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern" - this is a diplomatic role where he represents the U.S. in climate talks.

I'll go with sense 2 because:
1. The "special" modifier suggests a mission-based appointment
2. He's representing U.S. interests in specific climate negotiations
3. "Emissary" (sense 2's synonym) fits well with someone sent to negotiate on behalf of the U.S.

Actually, I want to reconsider. In diplomatic terminology, "envoy" (sense 1) and "special envoy" are closely related. Sense 1 explicitly mentions "envoy extraordinary" which is the technical diplomatic term.

However, the definition in sense 1 says "a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador" - this suggests a permanent rank. Todd Stern as a "special envoy" is more of a mission-based role.

I think sense 2 is the best fit: "someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else" - this captures the essence of a special envoy who is sent specifically to handle climate negotiations on behalf of the U.S.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cut
Target surface form: cuts
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding <t>cuts</t> of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cut%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of the profits | examples=everyone got a cut of the earnings
2. sense_key=cut%1:10:00:: | definition=(film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next | examples=the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt
3. sense_key=cut%1:06:00:: | definition=a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation | synonyms=gash
4. sense_key=cut%1:26:01:: | definition=a step on some scale | examples=he is a cut above the rest
5. sense_key=cut%1:26:00:: | definition=a wound made by cutting | synonyms=gash, slash, slice | examples=he put a bandage over the cut
6. sense_key=cut%1:13:00:: | definition=a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass | synonyms=cut of meat
7. sense_key=cut%1:10:02:: | definition=a remark capable of wounding mentally | synonyms=stinger | examples=the unkindest cut of all
8. sense_key=cut%1:10:04:: | definition=a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc | synonyms=track | examples=he played the first cut on the cd; the title track of the album
9. sense_key=cut%1:10:01:: | definition=the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage | synonyms=deletion, excision | examples=an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors; both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause
10. sense_key=cut%1:09:00:: | definition=the style in which a garment is cut | examples=a dress of traditional cut
11. sense_key=cut%1:06:01:: | definition=a canal made by erosion or excavation
12. sense_key=cut%1:04:03:: | definition=a refusal to recognize someone you know | synonyms=snub, cold shoulder | examples=the snub was clearly intentional
13. sense_key=cut%1:04:07:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, swing | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
14. sense_key=cut%1:04:08:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball | synonyms=undercut | examples=cuts do not bother a good tennis player
15. sense_key=cut%1:04:09:: | definition=the division of a deck of cards before dealing | synonyms=cutting | examples=he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal; the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual
16. sense_key=cut%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels
17. sense_key=cut%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of cutting something into parts | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cuts were skillful; his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess
18. sense_key=cut%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends | synonyms=cutting, cutting off | examples=the barber gave him a good cut
19. sense_key=cut%1:04:05:: | definition=the act of reducing the amount or number | examples=the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget
20. sense_key=cut%1:04:06:: | definition=an unexcused absence from class | examples=he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word is "cuts" in the context of "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions". This refers to reducing emissions. Looking at the candidate senses, sense 19 (cut%1:04:05::) is defined as "the act of reducing the amount or number" with the example "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget". This fits perfectly with the context of cutting/reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas <t>emissions</t> for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses greenhouse-gas emissions from industrial nations. "Emissions" here refers to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This is the act of emitting/releasing substances, not a substance itself, not electrons, not bodily processes, not water flow.

Sense 1: "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - this matches the context of nations cutting their emissions (reducing the act of releasing greenhouse gases).

Sense 2: "a substance that is emitted or released" - this could also apply, as emissions could refer to the gases themselves. But in the context "cut their emissions," the meaning is more about the act/release rather than the substance. However, when we say "cut emissions," we typically mean reducing the quantity of gases released, which could be seen as the substance.

Let me think more carefully. "cut their emissions by 25 to 45 percent" - this is talking about reducing the amount. Emissions here refers to the greenhouse gases released. But "cut" suggests reducing the amount of release.

In WordNet, sense 1 is about the act, sense 2 is about the substance. In environmental/climate context, "emissions" typically refers to the greenhouse gases themselves (the substances emitted), not just the act. But "cut emissions" is really about reducing the act of emitting.

Actually, this is tricky. In common usage and environmental science, "emissions" refers to the substances released. "Cut emissions" means reduce the amount of substances released. But sense 2 says "a substance that is emitted or released" which would fit "emissions" as the gases.

However, looking at sense 1 "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - this could also work since "cut emissions" means to reduce the emitting.

In WordNet, for the word "emission," sense 1 (act) and sense 2 (substance) are both valid. In the context of climate change, "emissions" typically refers to the greenhouse gases - the substances. But the act of emitting them is also what needs to be cut.

Looking at how WordNet is typically used for WSD tasks, and considering that "emissions" in environmental contexts usually refers to the gases/substances released, I think sense 2 might be more appropriate. But "cut their emissions" - to cut emissions means to reduce the release, which is the act.

Hmm, let me reconsider. "Industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions" - this means the nations would reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they release. The "emissions" here is being quantified (25-45 percent), suggesting it's the substance/quantity rather than the act.

Actually, I think in the climate context, "emissions" typically maps to the substance sense (sense 2) because we're talking about measurable quantities of gases.

Wait, but sense 1 says "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" with synonym "emanation." This sense is about the act/process.

Sense 2 is "a substance that is emitted or released" with synonym "discharge."

For "greenhouse-gas emissions," the word refers to the gases that are released. So sense 2 seems right.

But "cut emissions" - to cut can apply to both quantity and frequency.

Let me think about this from a corpus perspective. In climate change discussions, "emissions" = greenhouse gases released. So it's the substance.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary <t>ones</t> by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context: "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies."

Here, "ones" is a plural pronoun referring back to "binding cuts" — meaning voluntary cuts. It's referring to a single thing (cuts), but used in plural to match the plural context.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: - the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: - a single person or thing

Sense 2 fits best — "a single person or thing." In the context, "voluntary ones" refers to "voluntary cuts" — a single type of thing. This is the pronoun use of "one" meaning "a single thing" or in this case, a plural "ones" referring to a previously mentioned noun.

The answer is sense_index 2.