[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survive
Target surface form: survive
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not <t>survive</t> adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survive%2:42:01:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
2. sense_key=survive%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.) | synonyms=pull through, pull round, come through, make it | examples=He survived the cancer against all odds
3. sense_key=survive%2:42:00:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
4. sense_key=survive%2:42:03:: | definition=live longer than | synonyms=outlive, outlast | examples=She outlived her husband by many years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a commitment to "creativity" in education that "cannot survive" adolescent illiteracy. This means the commitment cannot continue to exist/endure in the face of adolescent illiteracy - it's about something persisting or continuing despite an adverse condition.

Sense 1: "continue to live through hardship or adversity" - synonyms: last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up
Sense 2: "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)" - synonyms: pull through, pull round, come through, make it
Sense 3: "support oneself" - doesn't fit
Sense 4: "live longer than" - doesn't fit

Both senses 1 and 2 are close. Sense 2 specifically mentions "after (an adversity, etc.)" which fits "survive adolescent illiteracy" - the commitment surviving after/despite illiteracy. But sense 1 is about "continue to live through hardship or adversity" with synonyms like "endure" and "last," which also fits well.

"Their commitment to 'creativity' can not survive adolescent illiteracy" - this is saying the commitment cannot endure/persist in the face of (through) adolescent illiteracy. The adversity is "adolescent illiteracy."

Sense 2 emphasizes continuing after an adversity, with the adversity being something the subject goes through. Sense 1 emphasizes continuing through hardship.

"Their commitment cannot survive adolescent illiteracy" - the commitment cannot continue to exist when faced with adolescent illiteracy. This is more about not being able to endure/withstand the adversity, which aligns with sense 1 (endure, last, hold up).

Actually, sense 2 is more specifically about overcoming and making it through adversity (like surviving cancer), while sense 1 is more general about continuing to exist through difficult conditions.

I think sense 1 fits best here - the commitment cannot continue/last/endure in the face of the hardship of adolescent illiteracy.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: adolescent
Target surface form: adolescent
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive <t>adolescent</t> illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=adolescent%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent | examples=adolescent problems
2. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=being of the age 13 through 19 | synonyms=teen, teenage, teenaged | examples=teenage mothers; the teen years
3. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:immature:02 | definition=displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity | synonyms=jejune, juvenile, puerile | examples=adolescent insecurity; jejune responses to our problems
4. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:immature:01 | definition=in the state of development between puberty and maturity | examples=adolescent boys and girls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "adolescent" in the phrase "adolescent illiteracy." Let me analyze the context carefully.

The passage is about American education, criticizing a romantic approach to creativity in education. It talks about young people, their ignorance, and how parents' commitment to "creativity" cannot survive adolescent illiteracy.

The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" - here "adolescent" is being used as an adjective modifying "illiteracy." The context is about young people/children's education and the potential for illiteracy.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=adolescent%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent | examples=adolescent problems
2. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=being of the age 13 through 19 | synonyms=teen, teenage, teenaged | examples=teenage mothers; the teen years
3. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:immature:02 | definition=displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity | synonyms=jejune, juvenile, puerile | examples=adolescent insecurity; jejune responses to our problems
4. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:immature:01 | definition=in the state of development between puberty and maturity | examples=adolescent boys and girls

Sense 2 is about being specifically 13-19 years old (teen).
Sense 4 is about the developmental period between puberty and maturity.
Sense 1 is a general relational adjective "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent."
Sense 3 is about lack of maturity.

In "adolescent illiteracy," the word modifies "illiteracy" and describes a type of illiteracy associated with adolescents. This could be:
- Illiteracy occurring in adolescents (the age group sense - sense 2 or 4)
- Illiteracy that is characteristic/suggestive of adolescents (sense 1)

The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" in the context of education suggests illiteracy that emerges or is found in young people who should be literate by that age. The surrounding text talks about young people, children, and their education.

Looking at the context more carefully: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..." and "Their commitment to 'creativity' can not survive adolescent illiteracy."

The context is saying that parents' commitment to creativity will not survive if their children remain illiterate as adolescents. This suggests "adolescent" here refers to the age period - illiteracy in adolescents (i.e., teenagers who can't read/write).

Sense 4 (being in the state of development between puberty and maturity) seems to fit well, as it captures the developmental/age aspect without being restricted to specifically 13-19.

However, sense 2 is specifically about being 13-19. Sense 4 is about the developmental period between puberty and maturity, which is broader.

Actually, looking at this more carefully:
- Sense 2: "being of the age 13 through 19" - this is a specific age range
- Sense 4: "in the state of development between puberty and maturity" - this is the developmental period

The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" in context refers to young people who have gone through education but still can't read/write at an age where they should be able to. This is about the age/developmental period.

Between sense 2 and sense 4, sense 4 seems more general and appropriate for the modifier use. Sense 2 is very specific about ages 13-19, while sense 4 is about the broader developmental period.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 1 is "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent" - this is a relational adjective that could be used as a modifier. The example given is "adolescent problems" - similar structure to "adolescent illiteracy."

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me think about the meaning:
- "adolescent illiteracy" = illiteracy of/in adolescents

The word is functioning as an adjective modifying "illiteracy." The question is which sense is being invoked.

Sense 1 is a general relational adjective - "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent." This is a very general adjectival sense.

Sense 2 specifies a particular age range (13-19).
Sense 4 specifies the developmental period between puberty and maturity.
Sense 3 is about lack of maturity - this doesn't fit well here because "adolescent illiteracy" isn't about immature illiteracy; it's about illiteracy in adolescents.

Given the context of education and the reference to young people who should be literate, sense 4 (developmental period between puberty and maturity) seems most appropriate. But sense 1 could also work as the general relational sense.

Let me look at the examples:
- Sense 1 example: "adolescent problems" - problems related to adolescents
- Sense 2 example: "teenage mothers; the teen years" - explicit age
- Sense 3 example: "adolescent insecurity; jejune responses" - about lack of maturity
- Sense 4 example: "adolescent boys and girls" - the developmental period

"Adolescent illiteracy" is most parallel to "adolescent problems" (sense 1) - both are noun phrases where "adolescent" modifies a concept. Both are about characteristics/states pertaining to that age group.

Actually, sense 4's example "adolescent boys and girls" is also a noun phrase where adolescent modifies people.

The key question: is "adolescent illiteracy" describing:
(a) Illiteracy that is characteristic of/suggestive of adolescents (sense 1)
(b) Illiteracy occurring in the 13-19 age group (sense 2)
(c) Illiteracy in the developmental period (sense 4)

In the context, the author is saying that if the children remain illiterate as adolescents, the parents' commitment to creativity will not survive. This is about illiteracy that manifests in the adolescent period.

I think sense 4 fits best - it's about the developmental period, and the example "adolescent boys and girls" suggests it's used to describe people/things in that period.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 4. Sense 1 is "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent" - this is the relational adjective sense. Sense 4 is "in the state of development between puberty and maturity."

When we say "adolescent illiteracy," we're saying illiteracy that occurs in/relates to adolescents. The most natural interpretation in this educational context is that it's about illiteracy in young people who have reached the adolescent stage of development.

I'll go with sense 4 - the developmental period sense. This is the most substantive sense that describes the period itself, and "adolescent illiteracy" is referring to illiteracy in people who are in this developmental period.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" - the author is warning that if the educational approach doesn't work, children will be illiterate when they reach adolescence. This is about illiteracy at that age/developmental stage.

Sense 4 (developmental period) seems best because:
1. It captures the idea of being in that stage of life
2. It's used as a modifier describing the time period
3. The example "adolescent boys and girls" shows it can modify concepts related to people in that stage

So my answer is sense_index: 4.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Minimax

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illiteracy
Target surface form: illiteracy
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent <t>illiteracy</t>. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illiteracy%1:09:01:: | definition=ignorance resulting from not reading
2. sense_key=illiteracy%1:09:00:: | definition=an inability to read | synonyms=analphabetism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word is "illiteracy" in the context of "adolescent illiteracy." The context discusses education, intellectual incompetence, and reading/writing skills. The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" refers to the inability to read/write, which aligns with sense 2 (an inability to read, with synonym "analphabetism"). Sense 1 refers to "ignorance resulting from not reading," which is a consequence rather than the condition itself. The best fit is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. <t>American</t> education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "American education's future" and refers to "we -- all of us" and "the education establishment." This is clearly about the United States education system, not the Americas in general. Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American <t>education</t>'s future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "education" appears in the context: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

Let me analyze the context. The passage discusses the state of American education, talking about creativity in education, parents wanting their children to get a decent education, and "American education's future." The phrase "education establishment" refers to the institutional/professional apparatus of education in America.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. The activities of educating or instructing - this is about the process/activity of teaching
2. Knowledge acquired by learning and instruction - this is about the result (knowledge)
3. The gradual process of acquiring knowledge - this is about the process of learning
4. The profession of teaching - this is about teaching as a profession
5. The result of good upbringing - this is about social refinement
6. The US Department of Education - this is the federal department

The phrase "American education's future" and "education establishment" suggest this is referring to the system/institution of education in America. This could be sense 1 (activities of educating) or sense 4 (the profession of teaching).

Looking more carefully: "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way." - "education establishment" refers to the institutional apparatus, which aligns with sense 1 (the activities of educating or instructing) or sense 4 (the profession of teaching).

"American education's future" - this is about the system of education in America, which is the activities/process of educating.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate because it refers to "the activities of educating or instructing" which encompasses the educational system as a whole. The "education establishment" is the organized system of educational activities.

Sense 4 is about "the profession of teaching" which is more narrow - just the profession itself.

Given the context discussing the system, the establishment, and the future of American education broadly, sense 1 (the activities of educating or instructing) seems to be the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's <t>future</t> will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "future" appears in the context: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail..."

This is clearly referring to "the time yet to come" - the future of American education, meaning what will happen to American education in the time ahead. This matches sense index 1 (future%1:28:00::).

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: determine
Target surface form: determined
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be <t>determined</t> by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
2. sense_key=determine%2:31:02:: | definition=shape or influence; give direction to | synonyms=shape, mold, influence, regulate | examples=experience often determines ability; mold public opinion
3. sense_key=determine%2:31:01:: | definition=fix conclusively or authoritatively | synonyms=set | examples=set the rules
4. sense_key=determine%2:32:03:: | definition=decide upon or fix definitely | synonyms=specify, set, define, fix, limit | examples=fix the variables; specify the parameters
5. sense_key=determine%2:31:00:: | definition=reach, make, or come to a decision about something | synonyms=decide, make up one's mind | examples=We finally decided after lengthy deliberations
6. sense_key=determine%2:31:03:: | definition=fix in scope; fix the boundaries of | examples=the tree determines the border of the property
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:05:: | definition=settle conclusively; come to terms | synonyms=settle, square off, square up | examples=We finally settled the argument
8. sense_key=determine%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=check, find out, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "determined" in the sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence is talking about the future of American education being "determined by" the degree to which people allow common sense to prevail. This means the future will be shaped or influenced by that degree - it's about shaping/influencing, not about calculating or finding out.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This is about discovering through research. Doesn't fit.

2. "shape or influence; give direction to" - synonyms: shape, mold, influence, regulate. Examples: "experience often determines ability; mold public opinion". This fits well - the future will be shaped/influenced by the degree of common sense prevailing.

3. "fix conclusively or authoritatively" - This is about fixing things like rules. Not the best fit.

4. "decide upon or fix definitely" - About specifying parameters. Not the best fit.

5. "reach, make, or come to a decision about something" - About making a decision. Not quite right - this is more about external forces shaping the future, not a conscious decision.

6. "fix in scope; fix the boundaries of" - About boundaries. No.

7. "settle conclusively; come to terms" - About settling arguments. No.

8. "find out, learn, or determine with certainty" - About finding out. No.

Sense 2 is clearly the best fit. The future of American education will be shaped or influenced by the degree to which common sense prevails. This matches "shape or influence; give direction to" with synonyms like influence, mold, shape, regulate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degree
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Here, "degree" is used in the sense of "extent" or "amount" — how much we allow common sense to prevail. This is the "extent" or "amount" sense.

Looking at the candidates:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples:a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required

This matches well — "degree to which" refers to the extent/amount on a scale.

2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples:a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?

Hmm, "a remarkable degree of frankness" is similar usage, but the definition focuses on "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" which is more about stages/points in a process.

1 seems better because the context is about intensity/amount ("the degree to which we allow..."), which is about extent on a scale.

Wait, let me reconsider. The phrase "the degree to which" is idiomatic and means "the extent to which." This could be either sense 1 (intensity/amount/quality) or sense 2 (position in a continuum).

Sense 1's definition: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" — this fits "the degree to which we allow common sense to prevail" — it's about the extent/amount.

Sense 2's definition: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" — this is more about a stage in a process.

The example for sense 2: "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?" — the second example doesn't match well with sense 1.

But "a remarkable degree of frankness" is very similar to "the degree to which we allow common sense to prevail" — both are about extent/amount.

I think sense 1 is the best match here. "The degree to which" = "the extent/amount to which" — a position on a scale of intensity or amount.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allow
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- <t>allow</t> this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Here, "allow" means to let, permit, or make possible for common sense to prevail. It's about permitting something to happen. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide

The sense here is about whether "we" permit or make possible for common sense to prevail. It's not really about granting something to someone (sense 3), nor about assigning resources (sense 4), nor about conceding truth (sense 6), nor about affording possibility in a narrow sense (sense 7).

Between sense 1 and sense 2: Sense 1 is about making it possible through action or lack of action, while sense 2 is about consenting or giving permission.

The context "the degree to which we allow this common sense to prevail" suggests that we permit or make it possible for common sense to prevail through our actions or inaction. This fits sense 1 (make it possible through a specific action or lack of action) well. Sense 2 is more about direct permission/consent.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Allow" here means "permit" in the sense of not preventing. The subject is "we -- all of us" and the object is "this common sense to prevail". The meaning is that our future depends on how much we let common sense prevail over illusions. This is about permitting or making possible.

Sense 1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen" - this fits well because it's about the degree to which we (through our actions or inactions) allow/make possible for common sense to prevail.

Sense 2: "consent to, give permission" - this is more about explicit permission, which doesn't quite fit as well here.

Sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain" - this also fits reasonably well.

Between these, I think sense 1 is the best fit because it specifically mentions "action or lack of action" which matches the contextual meaning of allowing something to happen by not opposing it. The sentence is about the degree to which we let common sense prevail, which is essentially making it possible through our choices (action or lack of action).

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 2 (consent to, give permission) with synonyms permit, let, countenance is also very close. But sense 1 emphasizes "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action" which seems to capture the nuance of the context better - it's about what we do (or don't do) that determines the future.

I'll go with sense 1 (index 1).

Wait, let me reconsider the indices. The candidate senses are listed as 1-10, so the sense_index should be the number in the list.

Sense 1 corresponds to the first candidate. The definition is "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen."

Yes, I think sense 1 (allow%2:41:00::) is the best match. The context is about how the future will be determined by the degree to which we allow common sense to prevail - this is about making it possible (through our actions or inactions) for common sense to prevail.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevail
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to <t>prevail</t> over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context talks about allowing "common sense to prevail over the illusions." Here, "prevail" means that common sense will triumph over illusions. This matches sense 4: "prove superior" with synonym "triumph."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illusion
Target surface form: illusions
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illusion%1:09:01:: | definition=an erroneous mental representation | synonyms=semblance
2. sense_key=illusion%1:09:00:: | definition=something many people believe that is false | synonyms=fantasy, phantasy, fancy | examples=they have the illusion that I am very wealthy
3. sense_key=illusion%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas | synonyms=delusion, head game
4. sense_key=illusion%1:04:02:: | definition=an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers | synonyms=magic trick, conjuring trick, trick, magic, legerdemain, conjuration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "illusions" is used in the context: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share."

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=illusion%1:09:01:: | definition=an erroneous mental representation | synonyms=semblance
2. sense_key=illusion%1:09:00:: | definition=something many people believe that is false | synonyms=fantasy, phantasy, fancy | examples=they have the illusion that I am very wealthy
3. sense_key=illusion%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas | synonyms=delusion, head game
4. sense_key=illusion%1:04:02:: | definition=an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers | synonyms=magic trick, conjuring trick, trick, magic, legerdemain, conjuration

The context talks about "illusions" that people share regarding creativity in education - these are false beliefs that many people hold. The example in sense 2 ("they have the illusion that I am very wealthy") is very similar - it's about something people collectively believe that is false.

Sense 1 is about an erroneous mental representation - more of an individual perception.
Sense 2 is about something many people believe that is false - this matches "illusions that we also share" well.
Sense 3 is about the act of deluding - doesn't fit as well since it's not about an act.
Sense 4 is about magic tricks - clearly doesn't fit.

The phrase "illusions that we also share" strongly suggests collective false beliefs, which aligns with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: share
Target surface form: share
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=share%2:42:00:: | definition=have in common | examples=Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border
2. sense_key=share%2:40:02:: | definition=use jointly or in common
3. sense_key=share%2:40:01:: | definition=have, give, or receive a share of | synonyms=partake, partake in | examples=We shared the cake
4. sense_key=share%2:40:00:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=divvy up, portion out, apportion, deal
5. sense_key=share%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate | examples=I'd like to share this idea with you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Here, "share" means that we all have these illusions in common. The illusions are shared by all of us. This matches sense 1: "have in common."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The <t>education</t> establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "education" appears in the phrase "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

Here, "education" refers to the institutional/professional apparatus of education — the system, the establishment, the profession of teaching. This aligns with sense 4: "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)."

Let me reconsider. "The education establishment" — this refers to the organized system/profession of education. Sense 4 is about "the profession of teaching" which fits well with "the education establishment" as an institutional entity.

Sense 1 is about "activities of educating or instructing" — this is more about the process/activity itself.
Sense 4 is about "the profession of teaching" — this is about the profession/institutional side.

"The education establishment" clearly refers to the institutional/professional side of education, so sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education <t>establishment</t> will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about American education. "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way." Here, "establishment" refers to the people/organizations in the education system that are in power - the governing body or institutional structure of education.

Let me consider the candidates:
- Sense 1: the act of forming - not a fit, this is about the thing formed, not the act
- Sense 2: an organization founded for a specific purpose - possible
- Sense 3: the persons/committees/departments who make up a body for administering something - this fits well, "administration, governance, governing body"
- Sense 4: a public/private structure including buildings and equipment - not quite
- Sense 5: any large organization - possible
- Sense 6: ecology - not relevant
- Sense 7: cognitive process of establishing a proof - not relevant

The phrase "the education establishment" typically refers to the people/institutions in charge of education. Sense 3 specifically refers to the persons who make up a body for administering something, which aligns with "the education establishment will fight against common sense" - meaning the people running education will resist.

However, "establishment" in this context could also be sense 5 (any large organization) or sense 2. The term "the education establishment" is a common phrase referring to the institutional power structure - those who control education.

Sense 3 is specifically about "the persons who make up a body for administering something" - this matches well since "the education establishment" refers to the collective body of people running education who would fight against common sense.

Sense 2 is about an organization founded for a specific purpose - could also work.

Looking at the context more carefully: "The education establishment will fight against common sense" - this personifies the establishment as an entity that actively fights. This suggests sense 3 (the governing body/administration) rather than sense 2 (a static organization).

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fight
Target surface form: fight
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fight%2:33:00:: | definition=be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight | synonyms=contend, struggle | examples=the tribesmen fought each other; Siblings are always fighting
2. sense_key=fight%2:33:01:: | definition=fight against or resist strongly | synonyms=oppose, fight back, fight down, defend | examples=The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it!
3. sense_key=fight%2:41:00:: | definition=make a strenuous or labored effort | synonyms=struggle | examples=She struggled for years to survive without welfare; He fought for breath
4. sense_key=fight%2:41:10:: | definition=exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade for a certain cause or person; be an advocate for | synonyms=crusade, press, campaign, push, agitate | examples=The liberal party pushed for reforms; She is crusading for women's rights

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "fight" in context: "The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way."

This is clearly about resisting or opposing something. The education establishment will resist/oppose common sense.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight" - synonyms: contend, struggle - examples: tribesmen fought each other; siblings fighting
2. "fight against or resist strongly" - synonyms: oppose, fight back, fight down, defend - examples: senator said he would oppose the bill; don't fight it!
3. "make a strenuous or labored effort" - synonyms: struggle - examples: struggled to survive
4. "exert oneself continuously... to gain an end or engage in a crusade" - synonyms: crusade, press, campaign, push, agitate

Sense 2 fits best because the context explicitly says "fight against common sense" - the word "against" directly maps to the "fight against or resist strongly" sense. The education establishment is opposing/resisting common sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reasons" in the context: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Here, "reasons" refers to explanations or justifications for why "the education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way." It's a rational motive or explanation for a phenomenon/action.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. reason%1:16:00:: - "a rational motive for a belief or action" - synonyms: ground
2. reason%1:10:01:: - "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"
3. reason%1:09:00:: - "the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination" - this is about the faculty of reason, not relevant
4. reason%1:26:00:: - "the state of having good sense and sound judgment" - rationality, not relevant
5. reason%1:10:00:: - "a justification for something existing or happening" - synonyms: cause, grounds
6. reason%1:09:01:: - "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion"

The context is explaining WHY the education establishment fights against common sense. "The reasons are complex" = the explanations/justifications for this behavior are complex.

Both sense 1 and sense 2 are relevant. Sense 1 is "a rational motive for a belief or action" and sense 2 is "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon."

The sentence "The reasons are complex" is explaining why the education establishment fights against common sense. This is explaining the cause of a phenomenon (the fighting). Sense 2 seems to fit well: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon."

But sense 5 ("a justification for something existing or happening") also fits - reasons as justifications for why the establishment fights.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - the reason is a motive that drives action
- Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - the reason explains why something happens
- Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" - similar to sense 1 but broader

In this context, "The reasons are complex" refers to the explanations for why the education establishment fights. This is about explaining the cause of a phenomenon. Sense 2 fits well.

However, sense 1 is about a "rational motive for a belief or action" - the reasons why the establishment acts (fights) could be seen as motives.

Let me think about this more carefully. The sentence is "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." The second clause refers back to one of the reasons (an explanation for the fighting). The phrase "reasons are complex" means the explanations/justifications are complex.

Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - this fits well because we're explaining why the education establishment fights (a phenomenon).
Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - this also could fit because the reasons are motives for the establishment's action.

I think sense 2 is the best fit because the context is explaining the cause/reason for a phenomenon (the establishment's behavior). The word "phenomenon" in sense 2 matches the situation here - explaining why something happens.

Actually, looking again at sense 1 vs sense 2:
- Sense 1 focuses on "motive" - a reason that motivates an action
- Sense 2 focuses on "explanation" of a cause

The context is "The reasons are complex" - referring to explanations for why the education establishment fights. This is more about explaining the cause (sense 2) than about motives driving action (sense 1).

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The context talks about "one simple reason" that "ought not to be underestimated." This refers to a straightforward, uncomplicated reason. The phrase "simple reason" means a reason that is easy to understand, not complex. Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" - This fits well. A "simple reason" is one that is not complex, straightforward, easy to grasp.
2. "easy and not involved or complicated" - This is similar but more about tasks/problems being easy.
3. "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" - "mere, bare" - This doesn't fit as well. While "one simple reason" could be read as "one mere reason," the context emphasizes that the reason is straightforward/easy to understand, not that it's "mere" or "bare."
4. "exhibiting childlike simplicity" - No.
5. "lacking mental capacity" - No.
6. botanical - No.
7. "unornamented" - No.

Between senses 1 and 2, sense 1 is about simplicity in terms of having few parts, not being complex. Sense 2 is about being easy. The context says "one simple reason" - this means a reason that is straightforward, uncomplicated.

Sense 1 is an adjective (3:00:02) and sense 2 is also an adjective (5:00:00:easy:01). The distinction is that sense 1 focuses on complexity (not complex) while sense 2 focuses on ease.

In the context, "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." - This is contrasting "complex" reasons with a "simple" reason. The simple reason is one that is straightforward and easy to understand - not complex. This aligns with sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved."

Actually, "simple reason" here is being used in contrast to "complex" reasons. The point is that while the overall reasons are complex, there is one reason that is not complex - it's straightforward. This fits sense 1 best.

Wait, but sense 2 is about something being "easy" - "easy and not involved or complicated." The synonyms are "elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic." This also could work. The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 is subtle.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "a simple problem; simple mechanisms" - these are about things not being complex in structure
- Sense 2: "an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson" - these are about things being easy

A "simple reason" is one that is straightforward, not hard to understand. I think this could go either way, but sense 2 with "easy" and "uncomplicated" seems to fit the context of a reason being easy to grasp better.

Actually, let me reconsider. The contrast is with "complex" reasons. So "simple" is being used in the sense of "not complex." Sense 1 explicitly says "not complex or complicated or involved." This direct antonym relationship to "complex" in the text makes sense 1 the better choice.

I'll go with sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 7. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best sense for "simple" in the context. Let me analyze:

The sentence: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Here, "simple" contrasts with "complex" - meaning straightforward, uncomplicated, not difficult to understand. This is sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved."

Sense 2 is about being "easy and not involved or complicated" which is also close, but sense 1 directly contrasts with "complex" which is the antonym.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reason" in the sentence: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence is talking about why the education establishment fights against common sense. "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Here, "reason" refers to a justification or explanation for why the education establishment fights against common sense. The "simple reason" is that progressive education is more interesting and agreeable to teachers.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "a rational motive for a belief or action" - synonyms: ground - examples: "the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration"
2. "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - examples: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly"
3. "the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination" - synonyms: understanding, intellect
4. "the state of having good sense and sound judgment" - synonyms: rationality, reasonableness
5. "a justification for something existing or happening" - synonyms: cause, grounds - examples: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice"
6. "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" - examples: "there is reason to believe he is lying"

The context is about explaining WHY the education establishment fights against common sense. "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." This is talking about causes/justifications for the education establishment's behavior.

Sense 5 ("a justification for something existing or happening") with synonyms "cause, grounds" seems to fit well. The "reasons" here are justifications for why the education establishment behaves as it does.

Sense 2 is about explaining the cause of some phenomenon - this could also fit.

Sense 1 is about a rational motive for a belief or action - this could also fit since it's about why people act a certain way.

Let me think more carefully. The sentence says "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." Then it gives the reason: "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

This is explaining WHY the education establishment fights against common sense. The "reason" here is a cause/justification for their behavior.

Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - The reason given is indeed a motive (it's more interesting/agreeable to teachers). The example "the reason that war was declared" fits this pattern.

Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" - The example "they had good reason to rejoice" is about justification. But here we're talking about explaining why something happens (the establishment fighting against common sense).

I think Sense 1 is the best fit because the context is specifically about a motive for action (why the education establishment fights). The word "reason" here represents a rationale or motive for the education establishment's behavior.

Actually, let me reconsider. Looking at WordNet more carefully:
- Sense 1: reason%1:16:00:: - "a rational motive for a belief or action"
- Sense 5: reason%1:10:00:: - "a justification for something existing or happening"

The "reasons" in the text are explanations for why the education establishment behaves as it does. The specific "simple reason" is that progressive education is more interesting to teachers - this is a motive for their action (fighting against common sense).

I think Sense 1 is the best match because it specifically mentions "motive for a belief or action" and the example "the reason that war was declared" parallels our context where we have "the reason [for the education establishment's behavior]."

Let me also consider sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." The example "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly" is more about physical phenomena.

I'll go with Sense 1 because the context is about a motive for action (the education establishment fighting against common sense).

Wait, let me think again. The structure is "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." This is listing reasons/justifications. Then the specific reason given is "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

This is a cause/justification for the education establishment's behavior.

Sense 1 focuses on "a rational motive for a belief or action" - this fits well because:
1. It's about an action (the establishment fighting)
2. The reason given is a motive (it's more interesting/agreeable)

Sense 5 "a justification for something existing or happening" could also fit, but sense 1 is more specific to motive for action.

I'll choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: Progressive
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "<t>Progressive</t> education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "Progressive education" as a pedagogical philosophy, contrasting it with "disciplined instruction." This refers to the educational movement that favors child-centered, creative learning over traditional structured teaching. The example "progressive schools" in sense 1 directly matches this usage. Sense 1 is about favoring or promoting progress, which aligns with the educational philosophy context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive <t>education</t> "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "education" appears in the context discussing "Progressive education" and contrasting it with "disciplined instruction." The passage talks about the education establishment, teaching, and what teachers do in the classroom.

Let me look at the context more carefully:
- "Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood"
- "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail"
- "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way"
- "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction"
- "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"

The target word "education" is part of "Progressive education" - this refers to the activities/method of educating, the practice of teaching, the pedagogical approach. This is about the activities of educating or instructing.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity
2. sense 2: "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction"
3. sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"
4. sense 4: "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)"
5. sense 5: "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)"
6. sense 6: "the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education"

"Progressive education" is referring to a pedagogical approach/method - the activities of educating. This aligns with sense 1 (activities of educating or instructing; pedagogy).

However, let me also consider the broader context. "The education establishment" - this could refer to the profession/institution of education. But the target word is specifically "education" in "Progressive education."

"Progressive education" as a phrase refers to an approach/method of teaching - the activities involved in educating. This is most aligned with sense 1 (teaching, pedagogy, didactics).

Actually, let me reconsider. "Progressive education" is a well-known pedagogical movement/approach. The sense 1 definition mentions "instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity" - this fits "Progressive education" as a pedagogical approach.

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3}

content: {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3}

reasoning_content: The target word "once" in the context "as it was once called" means "at a previous time" or "formerly." This matches sense 3, which has synonyms "formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst."