[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, <t>training</t> and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about improving "the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers." This refers to training as an activity/process of developing skills - preparing workers. This matches sense 1: "activity leading to skilled behavior" with synonyms "preparation, grooming." Sense 2 refers to upbringing/breeding, which doesn't fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and <t>development</t> of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "development" in the context: "policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers."

Here, "development" refers to the growth, training, and advancement of ageing workers - i.e., improving their skills, capabilities, or professional growth. This is about the professional/personal development of workers.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" - This fits well. Development of workers means improving them through training and growth. The example "they funded research and development" is similar in the sense of developing/improving capabilities.

2. "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" with synonym "evolution" - This could also fit, as worker development involves passing to a more advanced stage.

3. "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically" - Too specific to biology.

4. "a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation" - Doesn't fit.

5. "the act of making some area of land or water more profitable" - Doesn't fit.

6. "a district that has been developed" - Doesn't fit.

7. "a state in which things are improving" - Doesn't quite fit; this is about a state, not an act.

8. "processing a photosensitive material" - Doesn't fit.

9. "(music) the section of a composition" - Doesn't fit.

Between 1 and 2:

Sense 1 emphasizes "improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" - this aligns with the training and development of workers, where you're improving their skills.

Sense 2 emphasizes "passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" with synonym "evolution" - this also fits the gradual advancement of workers.

In the context of "recruitment, training and development of ageing workers," development refers to the professional development/improvement of workers. In business/HR contexts, "development" typically refers to improving employees' skills and capabilities.

Sense 1's gloss "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" seems to best match this. The example "they funded research and development" is a common collocation where development means the improvement/advancement work.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 2 with "evolution" and "passes by degrees to a different stage" could also work for worker development - workers gradually advancing in their careers.

But I think sense 1 is more apt because the context talks about "improve" right before "development" - "policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development." The word "improve" aligns with sense 1's "act of improving."

Also, in HR terminology, "training and development" is a standard phrase where development refers to the improvement/growth of employees. This aligns with sense 1.

I'll go with sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Minimax

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing <t>workers</t> in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "ageing workers" in the workplace and community, referring to policies and practices to improve recruitment, training and development of these workers. This clearly refers to people who work - employees/laborers.

Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation" - this fits well with "ageing workers" who are in the workplace.
Sense 2: "a member of the working class (not necessarily employed)" - this has a more political/class-based connotation, like "workers of the world unite."
Sense 3: about insects - not relevant.
Sense 4: "a person who acts and gets things done" - more of a general doer/actor sense.

The context is about recruitment, training, and development of workers in the workplace and community, specifically ageing workers. This is clearly sense 1 - people who work at specific occupations.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: community
Target surface form: community
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the <t>community</t>. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=community%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people living in a particular local area | examples=the team is drawn from all parts of the community
2. sense_key=community%1:21:00:: | definition=common ownership | examples=they shared a community of possessions
3. sense_key=community%1:14:04:: | definition=a group of nations having common interests | examples=they hoped to join the NATO community
4. sense_key=community%1:26:00:: | definition=agreement as to goals | synonyms=community of interests | examples=the preachers and the bootleggers found they had a community of interests
5. sense_key=community%1:15:00:: | definition=a district where people live; occupied primarily by private residences | synonyms=residential district, residential area
6. sense_key=community%1:14:02:: | definition=(ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other | synonyms=biotic community

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses improving recruitment, training, and development of ageing workers in "both the work place and the community." Here, "community" refers to the local area/society where people live and work, as opposed to "the work place." This is sense 1: "a group of people living in a particular local area."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each <t>country</t>, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "fifteen European countries" and "For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected." This refers to the territory/region occupied by nations. The sense that fits best is sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" with synonyms "state, land" and examples like "he visited several European countries."

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case_study
Target surface form: case study
Context:
The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth <t>case study</t>. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case_study%1:10:00:: | definition=a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure
2. sense_key=case_study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes "case study" in the context of analyzing initiatives related to policies and practices for ageing workers. The text says "two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study" and "These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative."

This is about analyzing specific initiatives (which could be considered social units or organizational units) to determine factors related to their success. Sense 1 describes "a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure." This fits well - the case studies are examining specific initiatives to assess their benefits and problems.

Sense 2 is about a detailed analysis from a social/psychological/medical point of view, which doesn't fit as well here since this is about policy initiatives and employment patterns.

Sense 1 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case_study
Target surface form: case studies
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These <t>case studies</t> analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case_study%1:10:00:: | definition=a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure
2. sense_key=case_study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes "case studies" as detailed analyses of specific initiatives (policies and practices) regarding ageing workers. Each case study analyzed the background, impact, and benefits/problems of an initiative. This is a detailed analysis of specific organizational/social units (initiatives, programs) to determine their effectiveness.

Sense 1: "a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure" - This fits well because the case studies are examining specific initiatives (social units) to assess their benefits and problems.

Sense 2: "a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view" - This doesn't fit as well because the case studies are about initiatives/policies, not persons or groups from a psychological/medical perspective.

Sense 1 is the better match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: analyse
Target surface form: analysed
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies <t>analysed</t> the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=analyse%2:31:00:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, study, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=analyse%2:31:04:: | definition=break down into components or essential features | synonyms=analyze | examples=analyze today's financial market
3. sense_key=analyse%2:31:01:: | definition=make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features | synonyms=analyze, break down, dissect, take apart | examples=analyze a specimen; analyze a sentence
4. sense_key=analyse%2:31:02:: | definition=subject to psychoanalytic treatment | synonyms=analyze, psychoanalyze, psychoanalyse | examples=I was analyzed in Vienna by a famous psychiatrist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes case studies that "analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative." This is about examining in detail to discover essential features - considering the background, impact, and benefits/problems of initiatives. This is a detailed examination/study sense.

Sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" - this fits well with examining the background, impact, and benefits of initiatives.

Sense 2: "break down into components or essential features" - more about breaking down.

Sense 3: "make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of" - too specific.

Sense 4: "subject to psychoanalytic treatment" - not relevant.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: background
Target surface form: background
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the <t>background</t> of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=background%1:07:00:: | definition=a person's social heritage: previous experience or training | examples=he is a lawyer with a sports background
2. sense_key=background%1:09:00:: | definition=the part of a scene (or picture) that lies behind objects in the foreground | synonyms=ground | examples=he posed her against a background of rolling hills
3. sense_key=background%1:09:01:: | definition=information that is essential to understanding a situation or problem | synonyms=background knowledge | examples=the embassy filled him in on the background of the incident
4. sense_key=background%1:11:00:: | definition=extraneous signals that can be confused with the phenomenon to be observed or measured | synonyms=background signal | examples=they got a bad connection and could hardly hear one another over the background signals
5. sense_key=background%1:11:01:: | definition=relatively unimportant or inconspicuous accompanying situation | examples=when the rain came he could hear the sound of thunder in the background
6. sense_key=background%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of the environment in which a situation exists | synonyms=setting, scope | examples=you can't do that in a university setting
7. sense_key=background%1:06:01:: | definition=(computer science) the area of the screen in graphical user interfaces against which icons and windows appear | synonyms=desktop, screen background
8. sense_key=background%1:06:00:: | definition=scenery hung at back of stage | synonyms=backdrop, backcloth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "background" appears in the context: "These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative."

Here, "background" refers to the contextual information or circumstances surrounding the initiatives - essentially the essential information needed to understand the initiatives. This matches sense 3: "information that is essential to understanding a situation or problem" with synonyms "background knowledge" and example "the embassy filled him in on the background of the incident."

This is not about a person's social heritage (sense 1), not about a visual scene background (sense 2), not about signals (sense 4), not about inconspicuous accompanying situation (sense 5), not about environment/setting (sense 6), not about computer screen (sense 7), and not about stage scenery (sense 8).

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their <t>impact</t> on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about case studies analyzing the background of initiatives, their "impact" on employment patterns and work organizations, and assessing benefits and problems.

Here, "impact" means the effect or consequence of the initiatives on employment patterns. This is a metaphorical "forceful consequence" or "strong effect."

Sense 1 is the literal physical striking of one body against another.
Sense 2 is "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - this fits perfectly.
Sense 3 is "influencing strongly" - this could also fit, but the example focuses on cultural influence/impingement.
Sense 4 is about violent combat interaction.

The phrase "impact on employment patterns" clearly refers to the effect/consequence of the initiatives. Sense 2 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on <t>employment</t> patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "employment" appears in the context: "These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on <t>employment</t> patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative."

Looking at the context, "employment patterns and work organisations" - here "employment" refers to the state or condition of people being employed, i.e., employment patterns. This is about the state of being employed/having jobs in the context of the work place.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" - synonyms: employ
2. sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" - synonyms: work
3. sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" - synonyms: engagement
4. sense 4: "the act of using" - synonyms: use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise

"Employment patterns" refers to the patterns of the state of being employed - how people are employed, the distribution and characteristics of employment in various contexts. This aligns with sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job."

Sense 2 refers to the occupation/job itself, which doesn't quite fit "employment patterns."
Sense 3 is about the act of giving someone a job.
Sense 4 is about usage, which doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and <t>work</t> organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing | synonyms=piece of work | examples=it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works; the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=study | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force | examples=work equals force times distance
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace | examples=he arrived at work early today
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it) | synonyms=oeuvre, body of work | examples=he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre; Picasso's work can be divided into periods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "work" appears in the phrase "work organisations" in the context of analyzing initiatives related to employment patterns and work organisations.

Let me consider the context more carefully:
- The text is about policies and practices for ageing workers
- It mentions "recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community"
- Then it says "These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations"

Here "work organisations" likely refers to how work is organized - the structure and organization of work within companies/industries. This is about the activity/process of work and how it's organized.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. work%1:04:00:: - activity directed toward making or doing something
2. work%1:06:00:: - a product produced or accomplished through effort
3. work%1:04:01:: - the occupation for which you are paid (employment)
4. work%1:09:00:: - applying the mind to learning
5. work%1:19:00:: - physics sense
6. work%1:06:01:: - a place where work is done (workplace)
7. work%1:06:02:: - the total output of a writer or artist

The phrase "work organisations" in this context refers to how work activities are organized within organizations - it's about the activity/structure of work itself. This aligns most closely with sense 1: "activity directed toward making or doing something."

Sense 3 (employment) is also relevant since the broader context is about employment and ageing workers. But "work organisations" specifically refers to the organization of work activities, not employment per se.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Work organisations" could mean:
- Organizations of work (i.e., how work is organized)
- Work-related organizations

In industrial relations and employment studies, "work organisation" is a common term referring to how work is structured, divided, and coordinated within an organization. This is more about the activity of work (sense 1) than about employment as a job (sense 3).

The phrase parallels "employment patterns" - so "work organisations" would parallel the structure/pattern of work activities. This fits sense 1 (activity directed toward making or doing something).

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: assess
Target surface form: assessed
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and <t>assessed</t> the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=assess%2:31:00:: | definition=evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of | synonyms=measure, evaluate, valuate, appraise, value | examples=I will have the family jewels appraised by a professional; access all the factors when taking a risk
2. sense_key=assess%2:40:01:: | definition=charge (a person or a property) with a payment, such as a tax or a fine
3. sense_key=assess%2:40:00:: | definition=set or determine the amount of (a payment such as a fine) | synonyms=tax
4. sense_key=assess%2:31:01:: | definition=estimate the value of (property) for taxation | examples=Our house hasn't been assessed in years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative."

Here, "assessed" means evaluated or estimated the nature, quality, extent, or significance of the benefits and problems. This matches sense 1: "evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the <t>benefits</t> and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content: The context discusses assessing the "benefits and problems" of initiatives related to policies and practices for ageing workers. Here, "benefits" refers to the positive aspects or advantages of the initiatives - things that aid or promote well-being. This matches sense 2, which is about "something that aids or promotes well-being."

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the <t>benefits</t> and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

content: {"sense_index": 2}{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content: The context discusses "assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative." This refers to the positive aspects/advantages of the initiative, which aligns with sense 2: "something that aids or promotes well-being."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problems
Context:
The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and <t>problems</t> of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about case studies analyzing initiatives and assessing the "benefits and problems" of the initiative. Here, "problems" refers to difficulties or negative aspects encountered. This aligns with sense 1 (a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved) or sense 3 (a source of difficulty).

Looking at the context: "assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative" - this is about evaluating difficulties/challenges associated with the initiative. Sense 1 is "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" with synonyms like "job" and examples about having problems. Sense 3 is "a source of difficulty" with synonyms like "trouble."

The phrase "benefits and problems" suggests problems as difficulties or challenges - things that are problematic about the initiative. Sense 1 seems most fitting as it refers to a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved, which matches the context of assessing difficulties in an initiative. Sense 3 is more about a source of trouble.

Actually, "benefits and problems" is a common collocation where problems means difficulties or drawbacks. Sense 1 with "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" fits well here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: visit
Target surface form: Visits
Context:
As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. <t>Visits</t> and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=visit%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time | examples=he dropped by for a visit
2. sense_key=visit%1:14:00:: | definition=a meeting arranged by the visitor to see someone (such as a doctor or lawyer) for treatment or advice | examples=he scheduled a visit to the dentist
3. sense_key=visit%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of visiting in an official capacity (as for an inspection)
4. sense_key=visit%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of going to see some person in a professional capacity | examples=a visit to the dentist
5. sense_key=visit%1:04:03:: | definition=a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest) | synonyms=sojourn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Visits" in the context: "Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken."

This refers to researchers/officials going to see key personnel at various locations (the initiatives, work places) as part of their case study research. The visits are official in nature - they're part of an official investigation/case study process.

Let me consider the senses:
1. sense_key=visit%1:04:02:: - the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time - general visit
2. sense_key=visit%1:14:00:: - a meeting arranged by the visitor to see someone for treatment or advice - this is about doctor/lawyer visits
3. sense_key=visit%1:04:01:: - the act of visiting in an official capacity (as for an inspection) - official visits/inspections
4. sense_key=visit%1:04:00:: - the act of going to see some person in a professional capacity - professional visit
5. sense_key=visit%1:04:03:: - a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest) - sojourn

The context describes case studies where researchers visited key personnel at various initiatives. This is in an official/professional research capacity. The visits were combined with interviews as part of an investigation.

Sense 3 (official capacity, as for inspection) fits well because these are official research visits to assess policies and practices. Sense 4 (professional capacity) also could fit.

Looking more carefully - these are visits undertaken as part of official case studies for a European report. The researchers are visiting in an official capacity to assess/inspect the initiatives. Sense 3 seems most appropriate - "the act of visiting in an official capacity (as for an inspection)."

However, sense 4 about "going to see some person in a professional capacity" could also apply since they're visiting key personnel professionally.

I think sense 3 is the best fit because the context emphasizes the official nature of the research - national reports, case studies, European report synthesis. These are official visits for assessment/inspection purposes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interview
Target surface form: interviews
Context:
As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and <t>interviews</t> with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interview%1:10:01:: | definition=the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information is elicited); often conducted by journalists | examples=my interviews with teenagers revealed a weakening of religious bonds
2. sense_key=interview%1:10:00:: | definition=a conference (usually with someone important) | synonyms=consultation, audience | examples=he had a consultation with the judge; he requested an audience with the king

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes "Visits and interviews with key personnel" in the context of case studies analyzing initiatives. This refers to conducting interviews - questioning people to gather information for the case studies. This matches sense 1, which is about the questioning of a person to elicit information.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These <t>national</t> studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "national" appears in the phrase "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices."

In this context, "national studies" refers to studies that are conducted for/about each nation/country. The context earlier mentions "Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives" and "For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study."

So "national" here means pertaining to each individual nation/country within Europe. The studies are done at the national level for each country, and then synthesized into a European report.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" - examples: national hero; national anthem
2. "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation" - examples: national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - examples: the national government; national elections
4. "owned or maintained for the public by the national government" - examples: national parks
5. "inside the country" - synonyms: home, interior, internal
6. "characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation" - examples: a national trait
7. "of or relating to nationality" - examples: national origin

The "national" here is describing studies that belong to or relate to each nation. The studies are about each country individually.

Sense 3 "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" with examples "the national government; national elections" seems to fit well because it describes something that belongs to or is applicable to an entire nation.

Sense 1 "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" is also possible but more general.

Sense 5 "inside the country" (domestic) is also relevant since the context contrasts national with European - national being the individual country level within Europe.

The key context is "These national studies will form the basis of a European report" - the contrast between national (individual country) and European (the collective). This suggests "national" here means "pertaining to each individual country" - which is the "domestic" sense (sense 5) or sense 1/3.

Looking at sense 5: "inside the country" with synonyms home, interior, internal. The example "the nation's internal politics" - this fits the contrast between national (domestic/within each country) and European (supranational).

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 5 is marked with domain "domestic" which specifically captures the idea of being within a country (as opposed to international). The contrast in the context is between national (each country's own) and European (cross-national/pan-European).

Hmm, but sense 3 also captures this - "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" with examples like "national government" and "national elections" - which are things that belong to an entire country.

The phrase "national studies" here means studies that belong to each country, done at the country level. This could be sense 1 or sense 3.

Sense 1 is more general: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country"
Sense 3 is more specific: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - emphasizes the whole nation

I think sense 3 is the best fit because the studies are about each entire nation's situation regarding aging workers. The "national" here means at the level of each entire country.

Actually, let me reconsider. The distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 is subtle. Sense 1 has examples "national hero; national anthem" - these are symbolic things associated with a nation. Sense 3 has examples "the national government; national elections" - these are things that operate at the level of the entire nation.

"National studies" - studies conducted for/about each nation as a whole - this fits sense 3 better.

But wait, sense 5 with the "domestic" domain is also compelling because of the explicit contrast with European. The studies are "domestic" (within each country) as opposed to the European (cross-country) report.

Hmm, but sense 5's definition is "inside the country" and its examples are about internal affairs like the Home Office and internal politics. "National studies" could fit this if we interpret it as studies conducted within each country.

Let me think about this more carefully. The sense that's most commonly used for "national" in the context of "national report" or "national study" is typically the sense meaning "of or pertaining to a particular nation" - which is more sense 1 or 3.

Looking at how "national" is used in the phrase "Each national report" - the report belongs to each nation. The study is of each nation. This is sense 1 or 3.

I think sense 3 is the best fit because:
- The studies are concerned with each entire nation/country
- The contrast with European emphasizes the within-country scope
- The examples "national government; national elections" are about things that operate at the level of a whole nation

Actually, I'll go with sense 3.

Wait, let me look once more at the distinction. Sense 1: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" with examples "national hero; national anthem" - these are symbols. Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" with examples "the national government; national elections" - these are systems/processes.

"National studies" - a study that belongs to each nation, concerning that nation - this fits sense 3 because it's about something that is applicable to/belongs to an entire nation.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national <t>studies</t> will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "studies" in the context: "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices."

Looking at the context, "studies" refers to the case studies mentioned earlier - detailed analyses of initiatives. These are written documents/reports describing findings.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
- Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "report, written report" - this fits well because the national studies are written reports analyzing initiatives.
- Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "survey" - this could also fit as the studies involve detailed analysis.

The context says "These national studies will form the basis of a European report" - this suggests the studies are themselves documents/reports that will be synthesized into a larger report. The earlier context mentions "case studies" that "analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems."

This sounds like written documents describing findings - sense 3 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will <t>form</t> the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%2:41:00:: | definition=create (as an entity) | synonyms=organize, organise | examples=social groups form everywhere; They formed a company
2. sense_key=form%2:42:00:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=constitute, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
3. sense_key=form%2:42:02:: | definition=develop into a distinctive entity | synonyms=take form, take shape, spring | examples=our plans began to take shape
4. sense_key=form%2:30:01:: | definition=give shape or form to | synonyms=shape | examples=shape the dough; form the young child's character
5. sense_key=form%2:36:00:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, work, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
6. sense_key=form%2:41:02:: | definition=establish or impress firmly in the mind | synonyms=imprint | examples=We imprint our ideas onto our children
7. sense_key=form%2:30:05:: | definition=assume a form or shape | examples=the water formed little beads

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices."

Here, "form" means to constitute or compose - the national studies will constitute/make up the basis of a European report.

Looking at the candidates:
- Sense 2: "to compose or represent" with synonyms "constitute, make" and examples like "This wall forms the background of the stage setting" - this fits well. The studies will constitute/make the basis.
- Sense 1: "create (as an entity)" with synonyms "organize, organise" - this is more about creating something new from scratch, like forming a company.

The best fit is sense 2, where the studies compose/constitute the basis of a report.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basis
Target surface form: basis
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the <t>basis</t> of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples=they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis
2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples=the basis of this drink is orange juice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices." Here, "basis" means the foundation or fundamental underpinning from which the European report will be developed. This aligns with sense 2: "the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained." The synonyms include "foundation, groundwork, cornerstone" which fit well with the idea of national studies forming the foundation for a report.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European <t>report</t> which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses national reports, case studies, and a European report that "synthesises overall practices" and will be "published in 1996." This is clearly referring to a written document describing findings, which matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: overall
Target surface form: overall
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises <t>overall</t> practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=overall%5:00:00:general:00 | definition=involving only main features | examples=the overall pattern of his life
2. sense_key=overall%5:00:00:gross:00 | definition=including everything | examples=the overall cost

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "overall" appears in the phrase "synthesises overall practices" in the context of a report that synthesizes practices from multiple national studies.

Let me consider the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "involving only main features" - example: "the overall pattern of his life"
2. Sense 2: "including everything" - example: "the overall cost"

In the context, "overall practices" refers to the totality of practices from the national reports that will be synthesized into a European report. The word here means "comprehensive" or "covering everything" - it synthesizes all practices from all the case studies.

The report "synthesises overall practices" - this means it brings together all practices, creating a comprehensive overview. This aligns more with "including everything" (sense 2) rather than "involving only main features" (sense 1).

However, "synthesise" already implies bringing things together, and "overall" could be modifying to suggest the general/comprehensive view. Let me think again.

"Overall practices" - practices as a whole, all-encompassing. The European report synthesizes the overall (i.e., total/complete) practices. This fits with "including everything" - the report includes all practices from all countries.

Sense 2 seems more appropriate here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: practice
Target surface form: practices
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall <t>practices</t>. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=practice%1:04:00:: | definition=a customary way of operation or behavior | synonyms=pattern | examples=it is their practice to give annual raises; they changed their dietary pattern
2. sense_key=practice%1:04:02:: | definition=systematic training by multiple repetitions | synonyms=exercise, drill, practice session, recitation | examples=practice makes perfect
3. sense_key=practice%1:04:04:: | definition=translating an idea into action | synonyms=praxis | examples=a hard theory to put into practice; differences between theory and praxis of communism
4. sense_key=practice%1:04:03:: | definition=the exercise of a profession | examples=the practice of the law; I took over his practice when he retired
5. sense_key=practice%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge of how something is usually done | examples=it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "practices" in the context of a European report about policies and practices to improve recruitment, training, and development of ageing workers. The sentence says "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a customary way of operation or behavior" - This refers to established ways of doing things, patterns of behavior. The synonyms include "pattern." The examples mention "their practice to give annual raises" and "changed their dietary pattern."

2. "systematic training by multiple repetitions" - This is about exercise/drill. Doesn't fit.

3. "translating an idea into action" - This is about putting theory into practice (praxis). Doesn't quite fit here.

4. "the exercise of a profession" - This is about practicing a profession like law. Doesn't fit.

5. "knowledge of how something is usually done" - This is about knowing customs. Doesn't quite fit.

The context is about "policies and practices" in the context of initiatives to improve recruitment, training, and development. This refers to customary ways of doing things - established methods and procedures. Sense 1, "a customary way of operation or behavior," fits best. The word "practices" here refers to the methods, procedures, and ways of operating that are used in various initiatives. The report synthesizes "overall practices" meaning the overall customary ways/methods of operation across countries.

Sense 1 is the best match.