[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, <t>Democrats</t> should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON object with sense_index. We need choose single best sense. Target lemma democrat, surface Democrats. Context: political science text comparing Republican and Democratic legislators, Democratic Party members. Candidate senses: sense1 member of Democratic Party, sense2 advocate of democratic principles/populist. Clearly Democrats as party members. So index is 1. Need output exactly JSON. Also obey no answer with WordNet sense key. The user wants only JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: have
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should <t>have</t> lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with single best indexed sense for target "have" in sentence: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making..."

We need choose among 19 candidate senses. The usage "should have lower attendance rates" means possess/ exhibit/ experience? Let's analyze WordNet senses.

Candidates:
1 have%2:40:00 have or possess, either concrete or abstract. Examples: She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters. This is generic possession including abstract? "lower attendance rates" could be possession of a property. Could fit.
2 have as a feature (feature). Example: This restaurant features the most famous chefs... "Democrats should have lower attendance rates" - could be exhibit/feature. But feature sense usually object is feature, not measurement. "have a feature".
3 go through mental or physical states/experiences. No.
4 have ownership or possession of (own/possess). More concrete property. lower attendance rates not ownership.
5 cause to move. No.
6 consume. No.
7 have a personal/business relationship. No.
8 organize/be responsible for. No.
9 have left. No.
10 be confronted with. No.
11 undergo (The stocks had a fast run-up). This is experience an event or condition. "lower attendance rates" not an event.
12 suffer from be ill with. No.
13 cause to do. No.
14 receive willingly. No.
15 get something; come into possession. No.
16 undergo injuries/illnesses. No.
17 achieve a point or goal. No.
18 give birth. No.
19 sex. No.

Likely between 1 and 2 or 11. "should have lower attendance rates" means "would possess/exhibit lower attendance rates." In WSD, the generic possess sense have%2:40:00 covers "She has $1,000... daughters". It can also covers attributes? WordNet distinguishes have as a feature (feature) sense 2 for things like "This restaurant features the most famous chefs" (i.e., has as a feature). But example "This restaurant features ..." not "The restaurant has the most famous chefs". Actually sense 2 synonyms=feature; examples: "This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France". For "have" in "The car has four wheels" maybe sense 2? Let's check WordNet categorization. have%2:40:00 is "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense". have%2:42:00 is "have as a feature" synonyms=feature. It may apply to "This coat has 4 pockets" maybe? Actually WordNet index for "have" likely:
- have.v.01: have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense (have got, hold) - e.g., She has..., He has got...
- have.v.02: have as a feature; feature - This jacket has no collar? maybe.
- have.v.03: of mental/physical states/experiences
- have.v.04: have ownership or possession of
- ...
We need choose single best.

Sentence: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates". This is an expectation about a measurable attribute. Similar to "have low rates". WSD typically uses have.v.01 for generic possession of abstract entities (e.g., have a problem, have a duty, have an effect?). Let's check typical mapping: "have lower attendance rates" could be "have" = possess, own (abstract). Candidate 1 definition "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense". "lower attendance rates" is abstract measurement/attribute; they would possess/exhibit it. Candidate 2 "have as a feature" might be used for "The house has four bedrooms"; features of an entity. But "lower attendance rates" not an inherent feature; it's a measured outcome. Candidate 11 "undergo" e.g., stocks had a fast run-up, not appropriate.

Let's look at exact WordNet examples. Sense 1 examples: "She has $1,000 in the bank"; "He has got two beautiful daughters"; "She holds a Master's degree from Harvard"; "I have two years left"; wait that ones? Actually have%2:40:01 have left examples. But sense 1 includes hold, have got. It's broad possession/relationship.

"Democrats have lower attendance rates" => Democrats are the subject; lower attendance rates is abstract possession. Best fits sense 1. Not sense 4 because ownership. Not sense 2 because not a feature? Actually "The Senate has low attendance rates" might be feature, but "Democrats" are a group of people. People have rates. Generic possess.

Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

But let's be careful with numbered candidate list. The indexes (1-19) align with sense_key lines. So answer index 1. Provide only JSON object.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Venice

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower <t>attendance</t> rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer user. Need choose sense_index for target attendance in context. Need think carefully. The context: Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans... refers to frequency with which a person (legislator) is present for votes. Candidate 2: the frequency with which a person is present; examples a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade. Candidate 1 act of being present; candidate 3 number of people present. The phrase "attendance rates" clearly a rate/frequency of being present at votes. Sense index 2. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 2} only.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rates
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance <t>rates</t> on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON. We must choose best sense for "rates" in phrase "attendance rates". Context: Democrats have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes. "attendance rate" is a proportion of attended votes relative to total. Candidate sense 1: magnitude/frequency relative to time unit (e.g., per hour). Not exactly. Sense 4: a quantity considered as a proportion of another quantity; examples literacy rate, retention rate. That fits. sense 3 = pace. Not appropriate. sense 2 = charge per unit. No. So answer index 4. Need output only JSON object.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call <t>votes</t> than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "votes" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target surface form is "votes" (plural), target lemma is "vote".

Context passage is about legislators, local benefit-seeking, and national policy making. The key sentence is:
"Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call <t>votes</t> than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

"roll-call votes" here refers to instances of voting - the act of making a choice by counting. Legislators participate in roll-call votes, which are formal procedures where each legislator's vote is recorded.

Let me examine the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right... (suffrage)
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated

The phrase "roll-call votes" clearly refers to instances of voting events - choices made by counting. It doesn't refer to the opinion of a group (that would be "the vote decided X"), nor a right, nor a body of voters, nor total turnout.

"Roll-call vote" is a specific type of voting procedure. The definition in sense 1 - "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" - matches best. The synonyms ballot, voting, balloting are all related to the act or event of voting.

Sense 2 "the opinion of a group as determined by voting" could be a stretch but the examples "they put the question to a vote" suggest it's about deciding something by voting as a group opinion. But "attendance rates on roll-call votes" talks about legislators showing up for multiple voting instances, not the collective opinion.

So the best sense is sense 1.

I need to return only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than <t>Republicans</t> do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Republicans" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about Congress, specifically the lower chamber of Congress
- It compares "Republicans" with "Democratic counterparts"
- It mentions "GOP senators"
- It mentions "congressional Republicans"
- It discusses roll-call votes, Democrats vs Republicans
- This is clearly about the Republican Party in the United States political system

Candidate senses:
1. republican%1:18:01:: - a member of the Republican Party
2. republican%1:18:00:: - an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. republican%1:17:00:: - Republican River (a tributary)

The context is clearly political, talking about members of the Republican Party in Congress, comparing them to Democrats. Sense 1 is the correct answer.

I need to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. Since sense 1 is correct, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extent
Target surface form: extent
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the <t>extent</t> that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "extent" in this context.

The sentence is: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

Here "to the extent that" is a set phrase meaning "insofar as" or "to the degree that." It refers to the point or degree to which something is true.

Candidate sense 1: "the point or degree to which something extends" - examples: "the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law"
Candidate sense 2: "the distance or area or volume over which something extends" - examples: "the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent"

Sense 2 is clearly spatial/physical - distance, area, volume. The context here is abstract/degree - Democrats should have lower attendance to the degree that votes reflect national policy making. This is about degree, not physical area.

The phrase "to the extent that" refers to the degree or point at which something applies. This matches sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such <t>votes</t> reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need identify sense index for target surface votes in context. Let's parse context. It discusses lower chamber of Congress, local benefit seeking, national policy making. Sentence: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such <t>votes</t> reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

Candidate senses:
1. vote%1:04:00 - a choice made by counting number of people in favor of each alternative. Synonyms ballot, voting, balloting. Examples roll-call? Roll-call votes are procedures where legislators cast votes (choices) on alternatives. This is likely correct.
2. vote%1:04:01 - the opinion of a group as determined by voting. Example "they put the question to a vote". Not individual roll-call votes; rather a singular event of group opinion. But "attendance rates on roll-call votes" plural suggests individual voting acts, not group opinion.
3. vote%1:07:00 - right to vote/suffrage. Not relevant.
4. vote%1:14:00 - body of voters (Black vote). Not relevant.
5. vote%1:09:00 - total number of voters who participated (voter turnout). Not exactly though "turnout" could maybe? Roll-call votes no. They measure attendance in votes; the votes reflect national policy making. So sense 1.

We need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reflect
Target surface form: reflect
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes <t>reflect</t> national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reflect%2:39:01:: | definition=manifest or bring back | examples=This action reflects his true beliefs
2. sense_key=reflect%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
3. sense_key=reflect%2:39:00:: | definition=to throw or bend back (from a surface) | synonyms=reverberate | examples=Sound is reflected well in this auditorium
4. sense_key=reflect%2:43:00:: | definition=be bright by reflecting or casting light | synonyms=shine | examples=Drive carefully--the wet road reflects
5. sense_key=reflect%2:39:02:: | definition=show an image of | examples=her sunglasses reflected his image
6. sense_key=reflect%2:32:01:: | definition=give evidence of a certain behavior | examples=His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him
7. sense_key=reflect%2:32:00:: | definition=give evidence of the quality of | examples=The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense. Let's analyze context. Target lemma reflect, surface reflect. Sentence: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking." Here reflect means represent, indicate, be evidence of, correspond to. Candidate senses: 1 manifest or bring back (This action reflects his true beliefs). 2 think. 3 physical throw/bend back. 4 shine. 5 show image. 6 give evidence of a certain behavior (His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him). 7 give evidence of the quality of (The mess reflects on the student). The usage: votes reflect national policy making = votes are indicative/manifestation of national policy making. Sense 1 definition manifest or bring back, example This action reflects his true beliefs. That fits: votes manifest national policy making. Sense 6/7 are "give evidence of a certain behavior" / "quality of" with connotation reflects on someone (judgment). Not exactly. Sense 1 is best. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect <t>national</t> policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for national in context. The target word is "national policy making" in phrase "national policy making" earlier, and in sentence: "such votes reflect <t>national</t> policy making". Context: compare local benefit-seeking vs national policy making in Congress. They say in lower chamber local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less. National policy making = policy making that pertains to the entire nation/country, as opposed to local constituent concerns. Candidate senses:
1. national%3:01:00:: of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country (examples national hero; national anthem)
2. national%3:00:00:: limited to or in interests of a particular nation (national interests; isolationism is strictly national policy)
3. national%3:00:01:: concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country (the national government; national elections)
4. national%5:00:00:public:00 owned/maintained for public by national government (parks)
5. domestic (inside country)
6. characteristic of people of a nation
7. of or relating to nationality.

We need choose among these. The phrase "national policy making" means policy making for the entire nation, belonging to the entire country, not limited to a particular nation's interests. Sense 3 definition concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country, examples national government; national elections. This matches best: national policy making = policy making that concerns the entire nation (as opposed to local). Sense 1 also relates to belonging to a nation or country, but examples national hero/anthem are about symbols of a nation. Sense 3 specifically emphasizes applicable to entire nation/country and has government/elections. The local vs national contrast means nation-wide. So answer index 3.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national <t>policy</t> making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON with sense_index. Need choose best sense for target "policy" in context. Let's analyze. Context: "national policy making", "reflect national <t>policy</t> making". Target lemma policy. Candidate senses:
1. policy%1:09:00:: noun.cognition? definition: a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group. Examples: policy of retribution; politician keeps changing policies. This sense is general plan of action.
2. policy%1:10:00:: noun.communication? definition: a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government. Example: debated policy or impolicy of proposed legislation. This is more about government/public policy as a course of action/rationale.
3. insurance policy.
Context: "national policy making" in Congress, roll-call votes reflect national policy making. This is about government policy. Need decide sense 1 vs 2. In WordNet, policy%1:09:00:: and policy%1:10:00::. Let's inspect definitions. Sense 1 "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group". Sense 2 "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government". Example they debated the policy or impolicy of proposed legislation. Hmm. The phrase "national policy making" often corresponds to sense 1 "plan of action adopted by government" but sense 1 is individual or social group; government is a social group. Sense 2 specifically government. Which is best? Need evaluate definitions and examples. "national policy making" refers to making national policies (plans of action) via legislation. The example in sense 2 "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" sounds like debating wisdom of legislation (policy as noun meaning wise/course of action). But "policy making" collocation usually sense 1. WordNet "policy" in politics often noun.cognition sense 1. Example "a politician keeps changing his policies". This fits "national policy making". The government-specific sense 2 definition is weird "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government". That is like a principle/rationale, e.g., foreign policy? Example uses "policy or impolicy" archaic meaning prudence. That sense may be less common. In modern usage, public policy is sense 1. WSD tasks: "national policy" in political science usually maps to sense 1:04? Let's check actual WordNet. I know policy has synset 08361039? Let's recall. In WordNet 3.0:
policy (n): 1. a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group; "it was a policy of retribution"; "a politician keeps changing his policies" (noun cognition). 2. a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government; "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" (noun communication). 3. written contract or certificate of insurance; "you should have read the small print on your policy" (noun possession? communication?).
The second sense perhaps specifically "policy or impolicy" (archaic). In our context, "national policy making" is not a line of argument but the process of creating policies. So likely sense 1.
Need return JSON only {"sense_index":1}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy <t>making</t> and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only with sense_index. Need disambiguate "making" in "national policy making". Candidate senses: 1 noun: act that results in something coming to be; synonyms devising, fashioning. 2 qualification. 3 components needed (usually plural makings). Context: "national policy making" and "local benefit - seeking". "Policy making" means act or process of making policies => sense 1. Sense 3 plural components doesn't fit. Sense 2 attribute qualification doesn't fit. So index 1. Output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "votes" in context. Context: "roll-call votes" and "participating in such votes". This refers to acts of voting, choices made by counting people in favor, or the opinion of a group as determined by voting. Let's analyze.

Candidate 1: vote%1:04:00:: definition a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative; synonyms ballot, voting, balloting; examples there were only 17 votes in favor of motion; one vote per person. Candidate 2: vote%1:04:01:: the opinion of a group as determined by voting; example put question to a vote. Candidate 3: right to vote. Candidate 4: body of voters. Candidate 5: total number of voters.

In context, "roll-call votes" are events where legislators cast votes. "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from time..." Here "votes" refers to instances of voting, i.e., ballots. Sense 1 seems best: a choice made by counting people in favor; synonyms ballot/voting/balloting. "roll-call votes" are voting events. Sense 2 is "the opinion of a group as determined by voting" (e.g., "the vote was unanimous") maybe less appropriate. The phrase "participating in such votes" implies events/actions, not opinion. So index 1.

Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need determine best WordNet sense for "time" in phrase "takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking." Candidate senses listed indices 1-10 mapping to sense_keys (though not in normal WordNet ordering). Need choose single best.

Interpretation: time here = the period that a legislator has available (a resource under your control sufficient to accomplish something). Example WordNet includes "take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish". Sense 2: "a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something". That fits: participating in votes takes away from the time/resource the legislator could otherwise devote to X. Though phrase "the time" does refer to time generally (continuum?); but "time" in "devote time to" is the resource sense. Need not hedge.

Return JSON {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: devote
Target surface form: devote
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise <t>devote</t> to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=devote%2:32:00:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=give, dedicate, consecrate, commit | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
2. sense_key=devote%2:31:00:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=give, pay | examples=give thought to; give priority to
3. sense_key=devote%2:40:00:: | definition=set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use | examples=this land was devoted to mining

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer JSON. We need choose best sense for "devote" in sentence: "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking". Meaning allocate time/pay attention to an activity. Candidate senses:
1. give entirely to specific person, activity, cause (syn commit/dedicate/consecrate) examples "committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause"
2. dedicate; synonyms give, pay; examples "give thought to; give priority to"
3. set aside or apart for specific purpose or use; examples "this land was devoted to mining"

Need pick one. Context: time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking. This is about directing/allocating time to an activity. Sense 2 "dedicate" with syn give/pay seems. "devote time to" often in dictionaries: dedicate; apply; set apart. WordNet sense 1 includes "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause". Sense 2 has "dedicate" and examples "give thought to; give priority to" (cognitive attention maybe). Which is designated for "devote time to"? Let's examine WordNet. Verb senses of "devote":
- give, dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote -- (give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause) "She committed herself to the work of God"; "give one's talents to a good cause"; "consecrate your life to the church"
- pay, give, devote -- (dedicate) "give thought to"; "give priority to"; "pay attention to"
- devote -- (set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use) "this land was devoted to mining"

The mapping of sense keys: 2:32:00 maybe first, 2:31:00 second, 2:40:00 third? WN verb frames? Actually lexicographer files: verb.contact? Let's recall.
wn: devote%2:32:00:: and %2:31:00:: and %2:40:00::.
Sense 2 with verb.cognition? 2:31 is verb.cognition? Examples give thought to / pay attention to are cognitive. But "devote time to local benefit-seeking" is about time allocation, not cognition. Yet "devote time to" often falls under second? Hmm.

Let's reason: In sentence, "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking" means allocate/direct time (resource) to an activity. This matches sense 3 "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use" (devote land to mining). But common "devote time to X" can match sense 1 "give entirely to a specific activity"? However the phrase "could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking" has no implication of giving entirely; just allocate a portion of time. Which WN sense best?

Check examples/real usage. "Devote" with time: "devote time to". In WordNet, sense 1 examples: "She committed herself to the work of God" (whole self/entirely). Sense 3 examples: "This land was devoted to mining" (set aside for purpose). Sense 2 examples: "give thought to" (devote attention/thought). Since "time" is a resource, sense 3 might be most aligned: set aside time for a specific purpose.

But sense 3 synonyms only "devote" perhaps meaning "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use". The object can be time/land/resources. That fits. Candidate 1 synonyms give/dedicate/consecrate/commit; include activities but emphasis entire. Candidate 2 synonyms give/pay; used with attention/thought. Candidate 3 set aside/apart.

In context, the author says participating in national policy making votes takes away time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking. This is a classic resource allocation "devote time to". That is sense 3. However, some might say general "devote" to activity is sense 1. Let's examine WordNet's classification: "devote" (set aside) is separate from "give entirely". For "devote" with "time", I recall typical dictionary: 1. to dedicate (sense 1) 2. to set apart for a specific purpose (sense 3). The phrase "devote time to studying" is sense 1 or sense 3? Let's look at WN in mind: Sense 1 syn "dedicate" and includes "devote" as well. Sense 2 is "pay" maybe for phrases "devote attention". Sense 3 is set aside separately. Actually "devote" has 3 senses. The second sense "dedicate" with synonyms give/pay might be a more generic/general; examples from "give" can be "give thought to; pay attention to". This is likely WordNet's "devote%2:31:00" (cognition? Maybe verb.communication?). It captures "devote one's attention" (pay/give). The third is "set aside or apart for a specific purpose" (verb.possession? or verb.consumption? 2:40 maybe verb.social? wait 2:40 could be verb.social? Not sure).

In WSD datasets like SemCor? Let's see examples maybe: "She devoted her life to the cause." WordNet labels as sense 1. "He devoted his time to reading." Might be sense 1 or 3. Example in WordNet sense 1 includes "give one's talents to a good cause" (talents). Example in sense 3 "this land was devoted to mining" (land). "Time" could be either.

Context of "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking". Local benefit-seeking is an activity; "devote" here means apply time to it. "Devote time to an activity" is standard with sense 1? Let's check definitions: Sense 1 definition "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause" — "She devoted her life to music." That's an activity. If time, you give that time entirely? Not entirely, just a portion. But the sense doesn't require entire subject's whole being, just object is given entirely to cause? "give entirely (the object) to a specific ... activity" means entire object (time) is dedicated. But definition "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause" could be interpreted as fully commit to; "devote all her time". Sense 3 "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use" is the exclusive/alternative classification. I'd lean sense 1 if the direct object is something like one's time/efforts/energy and complement is an activity/person/cause; sense 3 if object is land/resource set aside for purpose.

Let's see if NN-based likely uses first sense for "devote" most frequent. Maybe sense 1 is most frequent, commonsensical. The instructions want fine-grained, not just broad. Use context and examples. The phrase "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking" – a legislator could allocate time to local benefit-seeking. Candidate sense 2 has examples "give thought to; give priority to; pay attention to" which are about attention/consideration; but here time not attention. Candidate 1 examples about committing life/talents to cause/activity, closer. Candidate 3 about land devoted to mining, similar resource allocation but no time example.

Need choose single best. Which one is WordNet's intended? Let's inspect lexicographer files: sense_key offset not given, but file numbers: %2:32:00 maybe "verb.communication" (32?). %2:31:00 maybe "verb.cognition" (31?). %2:40:00 maybe "verb.contact"? Actually WordNet file numbers: noun, verb. Let's recall file ids: verb.frames? The 2:31 could be "verb.cognition"? Historically WordNet lexicographer file names (for verbs) include: verb.body (29?), verb.change (30?), verb.cognition (31), verb.communication (32), verb.competition (33), verb.consumption (34), verb.contact (35), verb.creation (36), verb.emotion (37), verb.motion (38), verb.perception (39), verb.possession (40), verb.social (41), verb.stative (42), verb.weather (43). So 2:31 = verb.cognition. 2:32 = verb.communication. 2:40 = verb.possession. The first sense (2:32) of "give" is in verb.communication? That seems odd but could be "give" file. Actually "give" senses across many. "devote%2:32:00" maybe in verb.communication? Not necessarily because file number indicates headword? The sense key file number is from the source synset, not necessarily semantics. But 2:40 verb.possession matches "set aside ... specific purpose" (resources). 2:31 verb.cognition matches "pay attention/give thought". 2:32 verb.communication maybe "commit".

Given file semantics, "devote time" to something is likely verb.possession? No, "time" isn't possession. But WSD is based on sense definitions. The property rights? Hmm.

Let's not rely on file numbers; use examples. The phrase "devote time to" results in the time being set apart for a purpose. Wiktionary definitions: 1. To set apart for a deity or special use. 2. To commit or direct one's time/attention to. WordNet second sense maybe sense 1; third "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use". The "set apart" is arguably exactly "devote time to" ( earmark). But definition includes "specific purpose or use" rather than activity. "local benefit-seeking" is an activity/purpose. Sense 3 example: land was devoted to mining -- mining is an activity. So sense 3 might be best: set aside time for local benefit-seeking. However "devote" in sense 3 could require "set aside permanently/almost consecrate" but any resource.

Let's search memory for WordNet usage: "He devoted the profits from the sale to charity" might be sense 3? Actually profits could be set aside for specific purpose. I think sense 3 = "to set apart or dedicate by a vow, or to devote" often used for land/one's life? But "devote one's life" may be sense 1. The glosses are coarse. The target in context has the structure " devote (time) to (activity)". Which of the three WN senses best covers generic "devote time/effort/attention to X"? The answer for typical WordNet mapping "devote" in "devote time to" is sense 1? Let's check Wiktionary perhaps: WN sense 1 "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause" includes "She devoted her life to the cause" and maybe "devote time to painting". Sense 3 specifically "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use" perhaps used when direct object is a physical resource/land/money. The object "time" abstract but still a resource. The phrase "could otherwise devote" suggests redirecting time; it has a causal link less about commitment and more allocation.

I should also consider the alternative analyzed by the model: if national policy making votes take away from time that could otherwise be devoted to local benefit-seeking = focus/attention. One could say "devote attention to" matches sense 2 (pay, give). But object is "time", not "attention". So sense 2 not best.

Between 1 and 3, the phrase "devote time to (doing) something" in dictionary at wordnik: "to dedicate, commit, or set apart". In WN, sense 1 is likely primary. Most frequent sense for "devote" is sense 1. Instructions say not hedge. Choose best. Many humans might choose sense 1 because classic "devote to an activity". But the example of sense 3 includes land devoted to mining = allocate resource for use. The object is time, which is a resource allocated for use. This is more specifically sense 3: set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use. In that sense, the activity "local benefit-seeking" is the purpose/use. Sense 1 would apply if "local benefit-seeking" is the cause/person/activity to which one gives entirely. But the object is only "time" (a portion) and the cause/activity is local benefit-seeking. Both could map.

Need decide. Let's see if WordNet sense 1 includes "activity" specifically. Definition "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause". Complement is a person, activity, or cause. In the sentence, complement is "local benefit-seeking" (activity). Direct object is time. So fits sense 1 very naturally: give time entirely to the activity of local benefit-seeking. Sense 3 definition "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use". Complement "to mining" in example is a purpose/use. The difference is subtle: sense 1 implies dedication/commitment, sense 3 implies reservation/appropriation. In context, legislators are not necessarily dedicated; they just spend time doing local benefit-seeking due to incentives. So sense 3 (allocate time for use) is more neutral. But WordNet may not distinguish that nuance.

Maybe the key word "otherwise" and "takes away from the time" suggests the time is a resource that can be set apart for a purpose. This matches sense 3 better. If answer likely expected from a fine-grained WSD human annotator: sense 3. Hmm.

Let's look at actual WordNet entries from memory. For "devote" three senses:
1. S: (v) give, dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote (give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause) "She committed herself to the work of God"; "give one's talents to a good cause"; "consecrate your life to the church"
2. S: (v) pay, give, devote (dedicate) "give thought to"; "give priority to"; "pay attention to"
3. S: (v) devote (set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use) "this land was devoted to mining"

Noun/verb frames? The first and second senses have verb frames "Somebody ----s somebody something"? But okay.

Given sentence, the direct object is "time". In collocation, "devote time to" could be categorized under sense 1 because WSD gloss includes "activity". Actually sense 2 (pay/give) examples are "give thought to" (object thought) and "pay attention to". "Time" is not like thought/attention (mental). So sense 2 out.

Sense 1 examples include "give one's talents to a good cause" – object "talents", complement "cause/activity". Exactly analogous: give one's time/attention to an activity. "Commit oneself to the work of God" (object oneself). "Devote time to local benefit-seeking" fits. Sense 3 examples include "land" physical resource. But "time" can also be a resource. However "set aside" is okay.

But I think WordNet sense 1 is the most frequent and general "devote to" sense for activities. The presence of "could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking" with local benefit-seeking being activity strongly points to sense 1.

Need produce final JSON only. I must be confident. Let's consider sample SemCor maybe sentence "He could devote himself to a religious life" label sense 1. "There is so much to do and so little time to devote to it" label sense 1? I looked at WordNet data: "He had little time to devote to reading" maybe sense 1. Actually WordNet sense 3's example of land is the only one and is maybe rare/archaic. "Devote" in the phrasal "devote time to" is likely sense 1.

Let's look up from memory of "devote" in senseval? Not needed. The phrase "decent amount of time to devote to making strategic decisions" would be sense 1.

Given the instructions use examples to choose. Sense 1 example "She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause" matches committing oneself/talents to a cause/activity. Our context: "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking" committing time to an activity. Thus sense 1 is best.

But wait sense 3's definition "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use" has example "land devoted to mining". "Local benefit-seeking" is not a purpose/use? It is a purpose. The object "time" could be set aside. If someone says "devote land to mining" they allocate land for that use. A legislator could allocate time to local benefit-seeking. That 3rd sense is specifically about setting aside resources. In economics context, the author might talk of resources (time) allocation. Which WordNet sense is more apt? The first sense "give entirely" may be too strong because only some time is at issue (time taken by roll-call votes). But first doesn't imply all life. For object "time", giving entirely means all that time, not entire legislator. Still okay.

Potential ambiguity: sense 1 vs sense 3 may correspond to whether the direct object is a person/activity/cause or a resource set aside. But "local benefit-seeking" is the complement, not direct object. The direct object is "time". In sense 1, the complement is a person/activity/cause. In sense 3, complement is a specific purpose or use. The structure "devote [direct object] to [purpose]" applies to all. The deciding factor is semantics: "set aside [time] for local benefit-seeking" vs "give [time] entirely to local benefit-seeking". Both. Which is the dictionary sense for "devote time to"? Let's check a mental collocation: "Devote time to your family." WordNet definitions: It would probably be sense 1. "She devoted her life to helping the poor" sense 1. "He devoted time to the project" sense 1. "This land is devoted to agriculture" sense 3. So time/life/effort = sense 1; land/property/resource = sense 3. The context is abstract resource time, so sense 1.

I must answer. I'll choose sense 1.

But maybe to be safe, we can think of synonyms: sense 1 synonyms commit, dedicate; sense 3 set aside. In the sentence, "could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking" means dedicate/allocate. Synonyms for first match. The second is pay/give as in attention. So answer: sense_index: 1.

Let's ensure final output exact JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to <t>local</t> benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "local" appears in the phrase "local benefit-seeking" in a political science context about Congress, legislators, constituents, and national policy making versus local/district concerns.

I need to determine which sense of "local" is being used.

Sense 1: relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area; examples: local taxes; local authorities

Sense 2: of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood; examples: local customs; local schools

Sense 3: affecting only a restricted part or area of the body; examples: local anesthesia

The context is clearly political, not medical, so sense 3 is out.

The contrast in the passage is between "national policy making" and "local benefit-seeking." The "local" here refers to a legislator's district or constituency (city/town/district) rather than the nation as a whole. The phrase "local benefit-seeking" is about legislators seeking benefits for their particular district.

Sense 1 focuses on "administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area." This fits well because the passage is contrasting local (district-level) benefits with national policy.

Sense 2 focuses on "a particular locality or neighborhood" with examples like customs and schools. While "local schools" could be district-related, the gloss emphasizes characteristic of a particular locality/neighborhood, which is slightly different.

The passage contrasts "national policy making" with "local benefit-seeking." The key idea is that "local" means concerning a smaller administrative area (a congressional district) rather than the whole nation. This aligns very well with sense 1.

Therefore, the best answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicate
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense. Context: "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959." The data indicate something = show or suggest evidence of something. Candidate senses: 4 "give evidence of" synonyms argue examples "The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work". This fits data indicating the theory/key assumption. Sense 1 be a signal for/symptom of also could fit. But with data, results indicate need for more work, evidence argues for claim. This matches "data indicate". Also sense 3 state/express briefly not. Sense 2 point/designate not. Sense 5 medicine no. Between 1 and 4: WordNet 1 often symptom/signal of illness (These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis). Sense 4 give evidence of, evidence argues for your claim. The results indicate the need for more work. The subject "data" and the evidence context corroborate key assumption, empirical support. So best is 4. Need output JSON only {"sense_index": 4}.