[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wish
Target surface form: wish
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we <t>wish</t> to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wish%2:37:00:: | definition=hope for; have a wish | examples=I wish I could go home now
2. sense_key=wish%2:37:02:: | definition=prefer or wish to do something | synonyms=care, like | examples=Do you care to try this dish?; Would you like to come along to the movies?
3. sense_key=wish%2:32:02:: | definition=make or express a wish | examples=I wish that Christmas were over
4. sense_key=wish%2:37:01:: | definition=feel or express a desire or hope concerning the future or fortune of | synonyms=wish well
5. sense_key=wish%2:32:01:: | definition=order politely; express a wish for
6. sense_key=wish%2:32:00:: | definition=invoke upon | synonyms=bid | examples=wish you a nice evening; bid farewell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform fine-grained WSD for target word "wish" in context. Need choose best indexed sense among 6. Return JSON {"sense_index": ?}. We need not answer with sense key. Need decide which sense matches: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do..."

Candidates:
1. wish%2:37:00:: hope for; have a wish; examples I wish I could go home now. That's typically counterfactual desire (wish + clause/past subjunctive), also hope for. But here "wish to be serious" is volition/desire to do something.
2. wish%2:37:02:: prefer or wish to do something; synonyms care, like; examples "Do you care to try this dish?; Would you like to come along to the movies?" This sense is "wish to do something" = want/desire. That seems match "we wish to be serious".
3. wish%2:32:02:: make or express a wish; examples I wish that Christmas were over. Similar to 1 but speech act? Expressing a wish.
4. wish%2:37:01:: feel or express a desire or hope concerning future or fortune of; synonyms wish well. Not here.
5. wish%2:32:01:: order politely; express a wish for. No.
6. wish%2:32:00:: invoke upon; bid. No.

We need be precise with WordNet senses. Sense 2 (wish%2:37:02) definition prefer or wish to do something. The example for care is do you care to try, like would you like to come. The gloss says synonyms care, like. "If we wish to be serious" means "if we want to be serious" / "if we like to be serious" / "if we prefer to be serious". It is not "hope for; have a wish" (which would be counterfactual). It is volitional desire. So best is sense 2.

Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: serious
Target surface form: serious
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be <t>serious</t> about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=serious%3:00:00:: | definition=concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities | examples=a serious student of history; a serious attempt to learn to ski
2. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of great consequence | examples=marriage is a serious matter
3. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, severe, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
4. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good | examples=good music; a serious book
5. sense_key=serious%3:00:02:: | definition=completely lacking in playfulness | synonyms=unplayful, sober
6. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:difficult:00 | definition=requiring effort or concentration; complex and not easy to answer or solve | examples=raised serious objections to the proposal; the plan has a serious flaw

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense. Context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." It contrasts with trivialities? The author says it's silly libel; if we wish to be serious (treat as important matter rather than triviality) about education. Candidate 1: concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities; examples a serious student. Candidate 2: of great consequence (marriage is a serious matter). Candidate 6: requiring effort or concentration. Candidate 5: completely lacking in playfulness. Likely sense 1 or 2. The phrase "be serious about" means treating with earnestness, concerned with important matters rather than play. WN sense 3 for serious defined "concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities". Sense 2 attributive important. In "be serious about American education" maybe sense 1. Need answer only JSON.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Ambient

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about <t>American</t> education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for target lemma american, surface form American capitalized. Context: "If we wish to be serious about <t>American</t> education, we know exactly what to do ..." Two candidate senses: 3:01:01 of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture; 3:01:00 of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas. The context is referring to American education, presumably education in the United States. Also phrase "throughout this nation" indicates nation = United States. So sense 1 is best. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American <t>education</t>, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need solve WSD. Target: education in context: "If we wish to be serious about American <t>education</t>, we know exactly what to do -- and, ...". Need choose sense from candidates. Let's parse context. The passage discusses whether salary differentials result in educational differentials (adjective), and many successful schools sending same message. "American education" likely denotes the system/activities of educating in America, i.e., the process of educating/instructing. Which sense is best? Candidate 1: activities of educating or instructing; impart knowledge or skill (syn instruction, teaching, pedagogy). Candidate 2: knowledge acquired (his broad education). Candidate 3: gradual process of acquiring knowledge (education is a preparation for life). Candidate 4: profession of teaching. Candidate 5: refinement/training. Candidate 6: US Dept. In phrase "American education" in context serious about American education = the activities, system of education in America? Could map to sense 1 (the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill). It might be the national educational system, knowledge/skill imparting activities Maybe sense 1. Similar examples: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed". Here "American education" near what to do refers to activity of instructing in schools, broadly. Could sense 4 profession? "the profession of teaching (especially at a school...)" but phrase usually "education is a profession"? But "American education" refers not profession of teachers, but the enterprise. Could be 1. Let's reason more.

Context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do ... There are many successful schools scattered ... they are all sending us the same message." The message concerns how to improve schools/teaching. "American education" = the entire field or activity of educating in America. WordNet sense 1 (the activities of educating or instructing). While sense 3 is the gradual process of acquiring knowledge by individuals, not the collective activity. "American education" as a national system could refer to 'the activities of educating in America' = sense 1. Synonyms instruction, teaching, pedagogy. It fits with "educational differentials" earlier, and "teachers", "salary".

Therefore answer index 1. But notice the surface form is "education" in phrase "American education". There is a possible synset for "the United States federal department" but not plausible.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure nothedge.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we <t>know</t> exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "know" in the given context.

 Context analysis: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."

 The sentence is saying that if we want to take American education seriously, we possess knowledge/information about exactly what actions to take and what not to do. This is about being cognizant or aware of what should be done.

 Candidate sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" with examples like "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"

 Candidate sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" with examples like "I know that I left the key on the table"

 The context here: "we know exactly what to do" - this is about having knowledge/information about what should be done, not about being aware of a truth beyond doubt. The subtlety is that "know what to do" is a common collocation that aligns with sense 1 - possessing knowledge about what action to take.

 Sense 1 seems best because:
 - "know exactly what to do" means we possess knowledge/information about the appropriate actions
 - It's not about knowing a truth beyond doubt
 - It's not about knowing how to do a specific skill (sense 2)
 - It's not about familiarity with a person/object (sense 4)
 - It's not about firsthand experience (sense 5)
 - It's not about acceptance/authority (sense 6)
 - It's not about memorization (sense 7)
 - It's not about sex (sense 8)
 - It's not about knowing someone's character (sense 9)
 - It's not about distinguishing (sense 10)
 - It's not about perceiving as familiar (sense 11)

 Sense 1 fits best as it captures having knowledge or information about what to do.

 Wait, sense 7 means "have fixed in the mind" with examples "I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs". This is about having learned/memorized. But "know what to do" isn't really about memorization.

 Sense 1 is the most appropriate.

 The answer should be a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know <t>exactly</t> what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "exactly" in context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." Adverb exactly modifies know what to do. It means we know precisely/without ambiguity what to do. Candidate senses: 1 indicating exactness or preciseness (precisely, just). 2 just as it should be (agreement). 3 in a precise manner (precisely, incisively). Which applies? Sentence: know exactly what to do = know precisely what to do. That aligns with sense 1 indicating exactness or preciseness. Sense 3 is about manner of expression/doing something carefully: "she always expressed herself precisely" (in a precise manner). For know exactly what to do, it's exactness of knowledge/content not manner. So sense 1 likely. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, <t>just</t> as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need do WSD for word "just" in context. Need choose best indexed sense among six candidate senses. No need show reasoning but produce final JSON sense_index. We need analyze.

Context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." Phrase "just as important" means "equally important" / "as much". WordNet adverb senses given. Let's assess.

Candidate 1: just = merely, simply, only, but; definition "and nothing more". Examples "I was merely asking". Not exactly "just as important".

Candidate 2: indicating exactness or preciseness; synonyms precisely, exactly. Example "it was just as he said". "just as important" is comparative? Actually "just as important" means "equally important" or "precisely/exactly as important". The "just" here emphasizes exactness/preciseness in degree. Could be 2.

Candidate 3: only a moment ago; synonyms just now. "he has just arrived". No.

Candidate 4: absolutely; synonyms simply; examples "I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand". No.

Candidate 5: only a very short time before; barely; "they could barely hear". No.

Candidate 6: exactly at this moment or the moment described; "we've just finished painting". No.

So best sense is 2: indicating exactness or preciseness, "just as important" = equally/precisely as important.

But let's consider whether sense 1 "and nothing more" might fit. "and, merely as important," no. The construction "just as + adj" uses "just" as an intensifier of equality, akin to "exactly". WordNet sense 2 definition "indicating exactness or preciseness" and example "it was just as he said--the jewel was gone" matches "just as". So index 2.

Need return JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose sense for "important" in context: "just as important, what not to do". Sentence: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." Here meaning "equally significant/relevant/significant".

Candidate senses:
1 important%3:00:00:: of great significance or value; synonyms of import; examples important people; the important questions of the day.
2 important%3:00:04:: important in effect or meaning; synonyms significant; examples significant change in tax laws; significant change in the Constitution.
3 important%3:00:02:: of extreme importance; vital to resolution of crisis; crucial.
4 influential authoritative.
5 immodest air.

Context about "what not to do" being important: It is significant, of consequence, not merely great value. The phrase "just as important" often means equally significant. It might align with sense 2 (important in effect or meaning; significant) or sense 1. Need fine-grained distinction. Sense 2 examples: significant change (in effect or meaning). Sense 1: important people, important questions of the day (of great significance or value). Which applies to "what not to do"? It's about significance/value in the discussion. "just as important" is formulaic, measuring relative significance. Both could fit. Need choose best.

Let's examine WordNet adjective clusters for important. In WordNet, there are several adjective senses:
- important, of import (of great significance or value) usually core, e.g. important people, the important questions of the day
- significant, important (important in effect or meaning) e.g. a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution; had a significant row? Actually significant row is important too.
- crucial, important (of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis)
- authoritative, important, influential （having authority or influence）
- immodest （recited the decree with an important air）
The target phrase: "just as important". This is a common usage: "X is important, and, just as important, Y is important too". Means Y is also significant/relevant/valuable. In frequent WordNet annotation for "just as important", which sense is assigned? Could be sense 2 because "important" used adverb-ishly. But sense 1 covers "of great significance or value". The expression "just as important" is sense 1? Let's inspect. WordNet examples: important people; important questions of the day. "Important" modifies a noun. In "just as important, what not to do" it's a predicate adjective meaning the fact/action is significant. Which sense? The predicate usage "it is important" often sense 1. Example "an important decision" likely sense 1. There is ambiguity with sense 2 "important in effect or meaning". Many predicate uses are sense 1: "it is important to note", "an important distinction" perhaps sense 2? Need look at WordNet semantic distinctions.

WordNet adjective sense 1 (important, of import) gloss: of great significance or value. This is the general sense meaning salient, valuable. Sense 2 (important, significant) gloss: important in effect or meaning, synonyms significant. It implies conveying deep meaning or consequence. Sense 3 crucial: of extreme importance.

The phrase "what not to do" being "just as important" — importance is that it's significant in practice/effect; knowing what not to do is consequential. However, sense 2's examples focus on "change" (effect) and constitution (meaning). "What not to do" is "important advice" maybe sense 1.

Let's reason with WSD principles: The target occurs after "just as". "just as important" is used as a comparative degree of importance, equating knowing what to do and knowing what not to do as being of equal significance/value. The standard core sense (3:00:00::) "of great significance or value" is likely the right sense for generic "important" when not specific meaning of "significant" as meaning-bearing or "crucial".

But the sentence object "what not to do" is an activity. "what not to do" is an action; saying it is "important" = significant (merits attention), not necessarily "of extreme importance".

Could the best sense be 2? Need evaluate. The instructions: use context, examples, synonyms. Synonyms of sense 1: of import; sense 2: significant; sense3: crucial. The phrase "just as important" could be replaced with "just as significant" (sense 2) or "just as much importance" (sense 1).

Let's search memory of WordNet senses for "important" line in SemCor:
- "It is important that ..." maybe annotated as important%5:00:00? not.
In WordNet discourse, sense 2 was originally "important, significant" subsuming examples like "a significant change", "a significant contribution". It is often used predicatively to mean meaningful/consequential. In "just as important, what not to do", "important" functions as an adjective complement meaning "equally significant". I'd consider sense 2 because "important" here is not describing a class of people/questions, nor is it subjective value? Actually sentence is prescriptive: "we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." Importance is due to effect on education. Could be sense 2.

But we need choose single best. Let's examine definitions:

1. of great significance or value: broad/generic. 2. important in effect or meaning: important because of effect or meaning.

In the context, the author argues that "what not to do" matters just as much as "what to do" because both affect outcomes. That's "important in effect" (consequential). Yet all importance relates to effect. Hmm.

Maybe the mentioned first usage earlier: "an important constituency" = a constituency of significance (politically valuable). That's sense 1 likely. The target is "just as important". They are different. First usage: an important constituency => influential (politically) or important people? "important constituency" is a group with political weight; could be sense 4 (influential/authoritative) maybe? Since constituency has political influence. But target surface is the second "important". The target sentence: "just as <t>important</t>" not "an important constituency". So ignore first.

Target phrase no noun attached, but ellipsis: "what not to do [is just as important]". So adjective predicate on clause.

Sense index? Generic dictionary first sense usually covers elliptical predicate "important". Example "His approval is important to me" is sense 1. "It's important to exercise" sense 1. I think for "just as important" standard annotation would be sense 1. Let's try to recall WSD tools output: WordNet sense 3:00:00 for "important" in "just as important"? I can simulate. In many contexts, "important" first sense has frequency highest; sense 2 may be used for "significant" like "statistically significant" or "important difference". "What not to do" isn't a "change" or "meaning".

The phrase "important" is basically used as "of import". No nuance of "meaningful". So likely sense 1.

However, the instruction says WordNet glosses schematic; use synonyms. Synonym for sense 1 is "of import". Example: important people; important questions. For sense 2: significant, examples significant change. The target clause "what not to do" parallels "what to do". It's a question of action, policy. The author calls it "important" in the sense of significant (deserving serious consideration). Could be sense 2. But "of great significance or value" essentially same. Need choose the best. Since the first constituent usage and the second ellipsis both relate to education's improvement, I'd default to sense 1 as primary.

Let's consider if "just as important" is an idiom with a sense: "important" meaning "significant". In Princeton WordNet, adjective sense 1 is the head sense; sense 2 is a satellite? Actually sense_key important%3:00:04:: is satellite of "significant"? Let's check. In WordNet, important has [3:00:00] as the root? WordNet adjective satellites have keys like a%:00:XX. For important, there might be Cluster: important(a), significant(a), crucial(a), authoritative(a), immodest(s). The first letter? The sense keys: important%3:00:00:: (base adjective), important%3:00:04:: (satellite? actually the head is at offset 00, synonyms of import), important%3:00:02:: (crucial), important%5:00:00:influential:00 (auth), important%5:00:00:immodest:02 (immodest). So sense 2 is a satellite of "important in effect or meaning (significant)"? Actually WN has adjective satellites adjective.cluster pointers. The numbers after 3:00 are lex_ids.

In WN, the sense 1 head could be "important, of import". Satellite under it includes "all-important, all important, ..." etc. But sense 2 key %3:00:04 maybe a different adjective synset? Let's check mental: important%3:00:04:: = important, significant (important in effect or meaning). That's a different synset? Actually adjective synset for "important, significant" has head "important" and maybe synset offset of "significant". It is listed as separate sense.

Given the phrase "just as important" is generic, sense 1.

But to be a linguist performing fine-grained WSD, often need not choose the most frequent if a subsense fits better. Let's parse context more.

Full passage: It is silly libel to think teachers would educate better if paid more. Politicians find useful posture on behalf of an important constituency. But no evidence. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools ... sending us same message.

The phrase "just as important" is a rhetorical device: To be serious, we need to know what to do and, equally importantly, what not to do. Here "important" attaches not to a noun but to "the fact/proposition of knowing what not to do". This is about significance/weight. "just as important" essentially means "just as much of great significance/value". I'd mark sense 1.

But could it be sense 2 because the emphasis is on effect/consequences of actions: avoiding wrong actions has significant effect on education.? Yet sense 2 examples include "a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution". The context isn't about change but about knowledge. Hence not matching examples.

Crucial (3) is too strong: not resolving crisis. authoritative(4) no. immodest no.

Thus best sense index = 1.

Return JSON exactly.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful <t>schools</t> scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for "schools" in the given context. Let me analyze.

The target surface form is "schools" and target lemma is "school".

Context: "There are many successful <t>schools</t> scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The context discusses:
- American education
- successful schools scattered throughout the nation
- some in poorest ghettos
- sending the same message
- unsuccessful schools
- educational reform

The sense here is "an educational institution" - sense_key=school%1:14:00::.

It could potentially mean "a building" (sense 2), but in context of education reform, successful institutions, getting a message from them - this is about institutions not buildings. They can be "scattered throughout the nation" which fits institutions. "Some in poorest ghettos" - meaning institutions in poor areas.

Sense 1 "an educational institution" is the most appropriate. Examples: "the school was founded in 1900" - referring to institution.

Compared to sense 6 "faculty and students" - that's not right because you wouldn't say successful faculty and students are scattered throughout the nation in this context.

Sense 2 building - possible but less likely when talking about education quality and reform. The focus is on the institution as an entity.

So the answer should be sense_index 1.

Wait, the instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I need to return {"sense_index": 1}. Use the index from candidate senses list which is 1-7. The "sense_key" for #1 is school%1:14:00::.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scattered
Target surface form: scattered
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools <t>scattered</t> throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:distributed:00 | definition=occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space | examples=scattered showers; scattered villages
2. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:incoherent:00 | definition=lacking orderly continuity | synonyms=confused, disconnected, disjointed, disordered, garbled, illogical | examples=a confused set of instructions; a confused dream about the end of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD for lemma scattered. Context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos". It means distributed over widely spaced intervals/locations across the nation. Sense 1: occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time/space, examples scattered showers; scattered villages. That's exactly. Sense 2 incoherent: no. Answer JSON. Only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: poor
Target surface form: poorest
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the <t>poorest</t> of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=deserving or inciting pity; ; ; - Galsworthy | synonyms=hapless, miserable, misfortunate, pathetic, piteous, pitiable | examples=a hapless victim; miserable victims of war
2. sense_key=poor%3:00:00:: | definition=having little money or few possessions | examples=deplored the gap between rich and poor countries; the proverbial poor artist living in a garret
3. sense_key=poor%3:00:03:: | definition=characterized by or indicating poverty | examples=the country had a poor economy; they lived in the poor section of town
4. sense_key=poor%3:00:02:: | definition=lacking in specific resources, qualities or substances | examples=a poor land; the area was poor in timber and coal
5. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=not sufficient to meet a need | synonyms=inadequate, short | examples=an inadequate income; a poor salary
6. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:bad:00 | definition=unsatisfactory | examples=a poor light for reading; poor morale

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON. Need disambiguate "poorest" in phrase "the poorest of ghettos". Context: many successful schools throughout nation, some in the poorest of ghettos. Ghetto is an area, section of town typically inhabited by poor. "poorest" superlative. Candidate senses: poor meaning having little money/few possessions (adj sense 3:00:00), characterized by or indicating poverty (3:00:03), lacking resources (3:00:02), not sufficient (5:00:00:insufficient), unsatisfactory (bad), unfortunate/pitiable.

"the poorest of ghettos" likely refers to ghettos with the most poverty / lowest economic status. Could be sense 3 characterized by or indicating poverty (the poor section of town). But "poorest" as superlative modifying ghettos: ghettos that are poorest in terms of money/possessions. Let's inspect WordNet senses distinction. poor%3:00:00:: = having little money or few possessions; examples deplored gap between rich and poor countries; poor artist. poor%3:00:03:: = characterized by or indicating poverty; examples country had a poor economy; lived in poor section of town.

The phrase "the poorest of ghettos" matches "poor section of town" (indicating poverty). Ghetto is a place/area. So sense 3 seems most appropriate. However "poorest of ghettos" could mean "ghettos inhabited by the poorest people" (sense 2). Which sense is best? Let's parse: "some of them in the poorest of ghettos" = in ghettos that are most impoverished. "poorest" adjective applied to ghetto (area). This is "characterized by or indicating poverty" exactly. WordNet example "the poor section of town". So index 3.

Need output JSON only exactly {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the <t>same</t> message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for target word "same" in sentence: "they are all sending us the same message." Context: many successful schools scattered throughout nation, some poorest ghettos, all sending us the same message. Meaning: identical message, not different. Candidate senses:
1 same in identity: the same man I saw yesterday; same dress twice. This implies one identical thing. But "the same message" could be same in identity? They all send one message (identical). Could be sense 1.
2 closely similar or comparable in kind or quality etc: curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age. This is about similar/comparable quality or attribute, not the identical token. "same message" likely identical message, but could be same in content (similar/comparable).
3 equal in amount or value: like amounts, equivalent amounts. Not relevant.
4 unchanged in character or nature: village stayed the same. Not relevant.
Need choose single best. For "the same message" from multiple schools: they are sending an identical message, a message that is the same in identity (the same content). In WordNet, sense 1 "same in identity" would apply e.g. "the same answer". Sense 2 "same in color, same age, same kind". This phrase "the same message" could be either. But examples for sense 1: "the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice". They refer to exact identical individual (same token), not same type. But message is an abstract noun; multiple messages can be the same in content. WordNet sense division: same%3:00:02:: same in identity (used before nouns? "the same book"?), same%3:00:00:: closely similar or comparable. For adjective "same" modifying "message", which sense is typical? Let's think WordNet mapping.
WordNet adj same senses:
- same (similar): same kind or quality (most general sense, adj.all: same%3:00:00::).
- identical, selfsame, very (same in identity) (same%3:00:02::? maybe). Actually WordNet lexical files: same%3:00:02:: = "same in identity". synonyms? Not given. same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 = "unchanged in character or nature". same%3:00:04:: = equal in amount or value.
For "same message": DEFINITION semantics: "identical in content" likely falls under "same in identity"? But "same in identity" examples are individual token, distinct from type. "the same man I saw yesterday" is coreference.
However, WordNet sense 1's definition "same in identity" often means not different, "the same hotel room". For message, all schools give one common message (identical). There is a subtle distinction: They share the same message in type (not tokens). Could sense 2 apply because "same" means "alike/similar in kind/quality"? Example "curtains the same color as the wall" compares attribute color. "all sending us the same message" means each school sends a message, and all messages are identical in content; sense of attribute identical could be sense 1 too.
Need decide. Let's inspect WordNet examples. For same%3:00:02:: examples maybe: "the same man I saw yesterday"; "never wore the same dress twice"; "this road is the same one we were on yesterday"; "called at the same number every evening". It's about numeric identity, being one and not another. For same%3:00:00:: examples: "curtains the same color as the walls"; "two girls of the same age"; "mother and son have the same blue eyes"; "men of the same age"; "the same rules as before". Actually these concern qualitative equality, not numerical identity. "same rules as before" can be type equality. Our phrase "the same message" maybe like "same rules as before". Which sense includes "same rules"? Not sure.
Let's recall actual WordNet adjective senses:
same%3:00:00:: a1: closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree; "curtains the same color"; "two girls of the same age"; "animals of the same species"; "the same rules as before"; "two boxes with the same dimensions"; "the same day next year".
same%3:00:02:: a2: same in identity; "the same man I saw yesterday"; "never wore the same dress twice"; "this road is the same one we were on yesterday"; "chose the same Book of Common Prayer".
same%3:00:04:: a3: equal in amount or value; "like amounts"; "equivalent amounts"; "the same amount"; "gave one six blows and the other a like number";
same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 a4: unchanged in character or nature; "the village stayed the same"; "his attitude is the same as ever".
Note actual examples include "the same rules as before" under sense 0 or 2? I think sense 0 includes same rules/dimensions. If so, "same message" likely sense 0? Let's verify by semantic: "all sending us the same message" = those schools' messages are identical in content. This is a measure of similarity/equivalence in type, not identity of a single object. They are not sending one single token message; each sends a message. So best sense is likely sense 2 (closely similar or comparable in kind or quality). But is it "closely similar or comparable" or "same in identity"? Because the message is abstract, the distinction blurs.
Let's parse context: "There are many successful schools ... and they are all sending us the same message." The intended meaning: each successful school sends an identical message; message is the same across schools. This is like "all telling us the same thing". It's not "same in identity" because multiple messages are not numerically one. WordNet examples "two girls of the same age" compare age quality across individuals. "same message" compares content quality across schools. So sense 2 candidate.
Also "same" sense 1 examples "the same man I saw yesterday" implies one individual. While "same message" could be coreference to a message? Not really.
Need choose one. I lean sense 2 (index 2). However, let's think of sense 1 vs sense 2 mapping for "all sending the same message". Many WSD systems might annotate "same" in "the same message" as sense 2? Let's search memory. The SemCor corpus: "being in the same business"? The general sense is often same%3:00:00::. The specific identity sense is for the same N (referring to a specific previously mentioned token). If determiner "the same" is used as identical object (the same man I saw yesterday), that's identity. If used with plural entities sharing property (all sending the same message), that's general equality.
Could there be an idiomatic phrase "the same message" as identity: "the message is the same (one) as before"? In this context not referring to a previously mentioned particular message, just identical content. So sense 2.
The instructions: do not answer with sense key, return JSON sense_index. Candidate list indexes 1,2,3,4. Return {"sense_index": 2}.
Need no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: majority
Target surface form: majority
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the <t>majority</t> of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=majority%1:07:00:: | definition=the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part | synonyms=bulk | examples=the majority of his customers prefer it; the bulk of the work is finished
2. sense_key=majority%1:23:00:: | definition=(elections) more than half of the votes | synonyms=absolute majority
3. sense_key=majority%1:28:00:: | definition=the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs | synonyms=legal age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "majority" in context. Context: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." It refers to the greater part/number of schools, not election votes or legal age. Candidate 1 definition property resulting from being greater in number, main part, bulk; examples "the majority of his customers prefer it". That fits. So sense_index:1. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful <t>schools</t>, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for "schools" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context is about American education, salary differentials, educational differentials, and educational reform. The sentence is: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful <t>schools</t>, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The target word is "schools" and it appears to refer to educational institutions - places/buildings or organizations where education happens. The context talks about successful vs unsuccessful schools, and educational reform.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. school%1:14:00:: = an educational institution (the school was founded in 1900)
2. school%1:06:00:: = a building where young people receive education (schoolhouse)
3. school%1:09:00:: = the process of being formally educated at a school (schooling)
4. school%1:14:02:: = a body of creative artists/writers/thinkers
5. school%1:28:00:: = the period of instruction in a school
6. school%1:14:03:: = an educational institution's faculty and students
7. school%1:14:01:: = a large group of fish

The context says "successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos." This suggests physical schools in neighborhoods. "They are all sending us the same message" - this could be a bit metaphorical but still refers to educational institutions.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
Sense 1: "an educational institution" - broader, refers to the institution as an organization.
Sense 2: "a building where young people receive education" - refers to the physical building.

The context says "scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos" - this strongly suggests physical locations/buildings. However, "successful schools" could mean successful institutions. The phrase "schools scattered throughout this nation" could refer to institutions.

The example for sense 2 is "the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning" - physical building.
The example for sense 1 is "the school was founded in 1900" - institution/organization.

In the context "there are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos" - this is talking about physical locations spread across the country. The phrase "some of them in the poorest of ghettos" definitely points to physical buildings in neighborhoods.

Also, "unsuccessful schools" - a building itself can be described as unsuccessful in this metonymic sense. But sense 2 specifically says "a building where young people receive education" and synonym "schoolhouse".

Wait, let me reconsider. The context is about educational reform and what makes schools successful or unsuccessful educationally. This could be sense 1 (educational institution) or sense 6 (faculty and students).

Sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students" - example: "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game"

If the schools are "sending us the same message," it could be the people in the school (faculty, students) collectively.

But the most straightforward reading: "successful schools scattered throughout this nation" refers to schools as institutions/buildings.

Between sense 1 and sense 2: "scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos" strongly suggests physical buildings in locations. If we're talking about institutions as abstract organizations, "in the poorest of ghettos" would still work but "scattered throughout this nation" is more naturally physical.

However, "educational differentials" and "educational reform" talk about the educational outcomes, which relate to the institution as a whole (sense 1) rather than just the building.

Let me think about this more carefully. WordNet distinguishes:
- 1:14:00: educational institution (organization)
- 1:06:00: building (physical structure)
- 1:14:03: faculty and students (the people)

In common usage, "school" often blends these. The phrase "successful schools in the poorest of ghettos" most likely refers to actual school institutions operating in poor neighborhoods. The phrase "scattered throughout this nation" is spatial, suggesting physical presence.

But "the school was founded in 1900" (sense 1 example) is an institution. "The school was built in 1932" (sense 2 example) is a building.

Hmm. The question is whether "schools" here is more like something "founded" or something "built/scattered in neighborhoods."

"scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos" - being in a ghetto location is about physical buildings. So sense 2?

But "successful schools" referring to educational outcomes is more like the institution as a whole. You don't typically say a building is "successful educationally" - it's the institution that is successful.

Actually, both could work. The context is clearly about educational institutions. The default sense of "school" in an education context is usually sense 1 (educational institution).

Let me look at how these are distinguished in WordNet:
- school%1:14:00: "an educational institution" - the abstract organization
- school%1:06:00: "a building where young people receive education" - the physical structure
- school%1:14:03: "an educational institution's faculty and students" - the people

Now, "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation" - if I were to paraphrase, it's "many successful educational institutions located throughout the nation." The focus is on the institution, not just the building or just the people. The phrase "they are all sending us the same message" anthropomorphizes the institutions.

But "in the poorest of ghettos" emphasizes location, which is physical.

I think the best answer is sense 1: "an educational institution." The overall context is about educational policy and reform, comparing successful and unsuccessful educational institutions. The "scattered throughout the nation" and "poorest of ghettos" are descriptions of where these institutions are located, but the entity itself is the educational institution.

However, I should be careful. The physical building sense is a close contender. Let me think about the specific phrase "schools scattered throughout this nation" - this is similar to saying "hospitals scattered throughout the nation" or "churches scattered throughout the nation." In WordNet, these would be institutions, not buildings.

Actually, "scattered" implies physical distribution. But you can say "Starbucks stores are scattered throughout the nation" - Starbucks is an institution/company, but the stores are physical. Similarly, "schools are scattered" could mean the buildings.

But the phrase "successful schools" - success is measured educationally, not architecturally. So it must refer to the educational institution as a whole.

Wait, sense 2's definition is "a building where young people receive education." The synonym is "schoolhouse." If the sentence said "schoolhouses" that would be physical. But it says "schools." In modern usage, "school" primarily means the institution. The building sense is somewhat archaic ("schoolhouse").

Given the context about education reform, I believe sense 1 is best.

Actually, let me reconsider once more. The user instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

The synonym "schoolhouse" for sense 2 is a strong indicator that sense 2 is the physical building. The context doesn't feel like it's talking about schoolhouses specifically. It's talking about educational entities.

Also, the example for sense 1: "the school was founded in 1900" matches an institution. In our context, these are schools as institutions that are successful or unsuccessful.

I think sense 1 is the answer. But let me also consider sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students." Could "successful schools" mean the faculty and students are successful? "They are all sending us the same message" - who sends a message? People (faculty) send messages. But the primary subject is "schools" as entities in the education system.

I think sense 1 is still better.

So my answer: {"sense_index": 1}

Wait, I need to be very careful. The instruction says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

Let me think if there's any reason to prefer sense 2. "some of them in the poorest of ghettos" - this is a strong spatial/locative modifier. If the schools are "in" ghettos, they are physical buildings. Organizations can be "in" places too (e.g., "the UN is in New York"), so it's not decisive.

"scattered throughout this nation" - again, organizations can be scattered (branches/offices). Schools as institutions with physical campuses.

I think sense 1 is the best. The context is about educational institutions and their success/failure, not about buildings.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for target "know" in context: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." We need analyze. The sentence: we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. This is being cognizant/aware of a fact or specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. It could be sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. Examples: I know that the President lied; I want to know who is winning. Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. Examples: I know that I left the key; Galileo knew earth moves. The object here is "which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand" - an embedded question/fact. It is knowledge about which efforts are doomed. Sense 1 covers possess knowledge or information about a fact or specific piece of info. Sense 3 covers be aware of truth of something, often propositional that-clauses with certainty. The difference: sense 1 is "know that..." or "know who/which..." as information; sense 3 is "know that..." with emphasis on truth/belief beyond doubt. In WordNet, know%2:31:01 is "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" synonyms cognize/cognise. know%2:31:02 is "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt". The target has object "which efforts ... are doomed beforehand". This is a wh-clause, not a that-clause. It is knowing a specific piece of information (which efforts). Sense 1 examples include "I want to know who is winning the game!" which is wh-question. So sense 1 likely best. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effort
Target surface form: efforts
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which <t>efforts</t> at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effort%1:04:00:: | definition=earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something | synonyms=attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try | examples=made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor
2. sense_key=effort%1:04:01:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion
3. sense_key=effort%1:04:02:: | definition=a notable achievement | synonyms=feat, exploit | examples=he performed a great feat; the book was her finest effort
4. sense_key=effort%1:04:03:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for lemma effort, surface efforts. Context: "...we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." Need choose among four senses.

We need analyze each sense.

Sense1: earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something; synonyms attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try. Example "made an effort to cover all reading material", "wished him luck in his endeavor". This is a particular attempt to do something. "efforts at educational reform" = attempts at educational reform. This fits strongly. It's about reform attempts/actions.

Sense2: use of physical or mental energy; hard work. "he got an A for effort". Context "efforts at educational reform" not referring to hard work/strenuous exertion but to reform initiatives/campaigns? Could be possible as "hard work at educational reform" but phrase "which efforts ... are doomed" suggests an undertaking/attempt rather than exertion.

Sense3: notable achievement. Not.

Sense4: a series of actions advancing a principle/tending toward a particular end; synonyms campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement. Example. Educational reform could be a campaign/movement. "which efforts at educational reform" might refer to reform campaigns (e.g., specific initiatives). Need decide between sense1 and sense4. Sense4 emphasizes series of actions advancing a principle or toward a particular end, typically broader collective campaigns. "educational reform" is a cause/movement. "which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand" could mean which reform efforts/campaigns are doomed. However "efforts at educational reform" tends to mean "attempts at reforming education". The plural "efforts" often aligns with attempts/endeavors. In WSD, effort%1:04:00:: is "attempt, endeavor" and often used when context includes "effort to/effort at doing". Sense4 is campaign etc. Might be used for e.g., "war effort" or "peace effort"? In WordNet, sense4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) maybe used for "the effort to save the whales". But "educational reform" could be a movement.

Need use context: sentence says "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand". It contrasts with successful schools and unsuccessful schools. "Efforts at educational reform" are things people attempt to improve education. "We know which attempts/endeavors at reform are doomed" — yes. The phrase "efforts at educational reform" is countable attempts. Sense1 definition: earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something. That precisely matches.

Sense4 definition: a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end; synonyms campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement. Would require interpreting educational reform as a principle/cause. But "efforts at educational reform" is not necessarily series of actions advancing a principle; it's an attempt at reforming education. In typical WordNet annotation, "efforts at..." probably annotated as sense 1. Also plural "efforts" common in sense1 examples? Example "made an effort to cover" singular. sense1 allows plural.

Need not hedge. Return JSON.

Let's also consider the possibility sense4. The gloss includes "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end". The phrase "educational reform" is a particular end (improving education). Which efforts (i.e., campaigns) at educational reform are doomed. The word "effort" can mean "campaign" as in "an effort to reduce waste". But the synonym "campaign" suggests organized series of actions. The context: politicians, constituency, salary differentials, schools, reform. Could refer to specific reform campaigns/initiatives. However the question asks choose best indexed sense.

The most common sense of "effort" when followed by "at" or infinitive is "attempt/endeavor" (sense1). Grammar: "efforts at educational reform" = attempts at educational reform. The other sense is "hard work". Sense4 is less likely because "educational reform" isn't a principle/cause exactly (maybe a goal). Also the phrase "which efforts ... are doomed" suggests specific attempts. So choose sense1.

Need output only JSON: {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure index is integer. No additional text.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at <t>educational</t> reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON. Need choose sense_index for target "educational" in context. Target phrase: "educational reform". That means reform relating to the process of education, sense 1. Sense 2 providing knowledge e.g., educational film. Educational reform is about education system/process. So answer sense_index 1. Need output exactly JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reform
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational <t>reform</t> are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best WordNet sense for "reform" in the given context. Let me analyze the context.

The context is about American education, unsuccessful schools, and "educational reform." The phrase is "which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." This is talking about efforts/campaigns to change or improve the education system.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. reform%1:04:00:: - "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses" - example: "justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts"
   This refers to the actual change or improvement itself.

2. reform%1:04:01:: - "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices" - example: "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians"
   This refers to a campaign or movement, proposals/efforts to make changes.

3. reform%1:04:02:: - "self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice" - example: "the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform"
   This is personal reform, giving up vice. Doesn't fit.

In the context, the phrase is "efforts at educational reform" - this refers to campaigns, proposals, or movements aimed at correcting problems in education. The word "efforts" suggests ongoing attempts/campaigns rather than completed changes. This aligns with sense 2, "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices."

Also, the example for sense 2 mentions "the reforms he proposed" which is similar to proposals/efforts at reform.

The context is discussing what actions to take regarding education, what reform efforts are doomed. This fits sense 2 best.

I should return the JSON object with sense_index: 2 (since the senses are indexed 1, 2, 3).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doomed
Target surface form: doomed
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are <t>doomed</t> beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:dead:01 | definition=marked for certain death | examples=the black spot told the old sailor he was doomed
2. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:lost:02 | definition=in danger of the eternal punishment of Hell | synonyms=cursed, damned, unredeemed, unsaved | examples=poor damned souls
3. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=marked by or promising bad fortune; ; ; ; - W.H.Prescott | synonyms=ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred, unlucky | examples=their business venture was doomed from the start; an ill-fated business venture
4. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:certain:03 | definition=(usually followed by `to') determined by tragic fate | synonyms=fated | examples=doomed to unhappiness; fated to be the scene of Kennedy's assassination

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "doomed" in context: "which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." Need analyze. Candidate senses:
1. marked for certain death (literal death). Not about death.
2. in danger of eternal punishment of Hell; synonyms cursed, damned. Not religious.
3. marked by or promising bad fortune; synonyms ill-fated, ill-omened, unlucky; examples "their business venture was doomed from the start". This fits efforts at reform are doomed beforehand = destined to fail/unlucky/ill-fated.
4. (usually followed by `to') determined by tragic fate; synonyms fated; examples "doomed to unhappiness". Here not followed by to; it's predicative adjective "doomed beforehand". Sense 3 seems best. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 3}. Ensure only JSON.