[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone <t>says</t>. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We have a user asking for WSD for target lemma say, surface says. Context: quote from Vicar Hummerstone: "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises," the Vicar Hummerstone says. That's journalistic present tense reporting direct speech. Need choose among senses. Options:

1 express in words, state, tell. 2 report or maintain (allege, aver). 3 express a supposition. 4 have or contain certain wording. 5 give instructions. 6 speak, pronounce. 7 communicate nonverbally. 8 utter aloud. 9 state as one's opinion/judgement; declare. 10 recite/repeat fixed text. 11 indicate.

Here says introduces/reports a statement in an interview/article. We need decide between sense 1 (express in words), sense 2 (report or maintain), sense 9 (state as opinion/judgement; declare). In WSD for say in reporting clauses (he says), generally sense 1 express in words? Let's consider WordNet senses.

WordNet say.v.01: express in words; "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you". say.v.02: report or maintain; "allege", "aver". Examples: He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; The registrar says that I owe ... I think say%2:32:01:: corresponds to report or maintain, perhaps he said it was too late. In journalistic "says" after quote, this might be the verb of reporting. What does WordNet map for "The vicar says..."? Need to recall the actual WordNet senses.

We need not use WordNet index directly? Candidate senses are listed with definitions and examples. We must choose single best indexed sense. We return JSON index. They warn not answer with WordNet sense key. Return {"sense_index": X}. Need determine X among 1-11.

Let's deeply examine definitions. For reporting a statement in a news article "Vicar Hummerstone says. [quote]" The verb reports that someone expressed something in words. Sense 1 definition express in words; examples: He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you. This covers quotative/reporting uses. Sense 2 report or maintain; synonyms allege, aver; examples: He alleged ... He said it was too late to intervene in the war. The example "He said it was too late" is also reporting but emphasizes reporting/maintaining a proposition (often perhaps factual claim). Which better says after a direct quote? "Vicar Hummerstone says" is more like 'express in words' or 'state'. The quote is an opinion/explanation, not an allegation or maintaining something. Sense 9 state as one's opinion or judgement; declare, example: I say let's forget this whole business. This is used for declarations/commands/proposals (I say we leave). The vicar is not declaring a judgement; he's describing.

Sense 8 utter aloud: She said 'Hello' to everyone. Here "says" is a discourse verb introducing quoted speech. The content is words expressed. Could be sense 1. Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her" (indirect). Sense 8 examples: "She said `Hello' to everyone in the office" (direct greeting). Our target is followed by direct quote before (preposed quote). It is a reporting clause after direct quote. Content is a statement/explanation, not a greeting but similar to report verb with direct speech.

In WordNet, the sense for generic "John said '...'" is likely "say%2:32:00:: express in words". However "say" can be used quotatively with direct quotes and is still sense 1. WordNet example "He said that he wanted..." Sense 8 "utter aloud" perhaps for speaking a specific word or expression; e.g. say "hello". "Say" can mean "utter aloud" any words. The vicar's says is specifically a reported verb in writing, not necessarily aloud? The quote is from him in an interview, so yes he uttered aloud. But which is best? Fine-grained: sense 1 is broad. The target is in a journalistic present tense reporting verb "the Vicar Hummerstone says." Could be classified as "report or maintain" sense 2, because it is the author reporting what someone else said. The example in sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is indirect reporting. But the sense 2 definition "report or maintain" and synonyms allege/aver suggest making a claim, often without proof. In news, "the vicar says" is not allegation but a statement. The gloss "report or maintain" might map to "say" in a reporting context where the subject reports something.

Let's inspect these specific WordNet senses from memory. WordNet 3.0 say:

- (1) say, state, tell -> express in words; "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you"
- (2) allege, aver, say -> report or maintain; "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"; "The registrar says that I owe the school money"
- (3) suppose, say -> express a supposition; "Let us say that he didn't tell the truth"; "Let's say you had a lot of money"
- (4) read, say -> have or contain a certain wording or form; "The passage reads as follows"; "What does the law say?"
- (5) order, tell, enjoin, say -> give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority; "I said to him to go home"; "She ordered him to do the shopping; The mother told the child to get dressed"
- (6) pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate, say -> speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way; "She pronounces French words in a funny way"; "I cannot say `zip wire'"; "Why don't you say anything?"
- (7) say -> communicate or express nonverbally; "What does this painting say?"; "Did his face say anything about how he felt?"
- (8) say -> utter aloud; "She said `Hello' to everyone in the office"
- (9) say -> state as one's opinion or judgement; declare; "I say let's forget this whole business"
- (10) say -> recite or repeat a fixed text; "Say grace"; "She said her `Hail Mary'"
- (11) say -> indicate; "The clock says noon"

These examples show sense 2 includes "The registrar says that I owe the school money" which is exactly a third-person reporting verb. So our target might be sense 2. But wait "The registrar says" reports a state of affairs (a debt) maintained by someone. The vicar says quote is a statement. Is it more sense 1 (express in words) or sense 2? In WSD, "He said he was tired" may be sense 1? Hmm.

Let's look up typical SemCor annotations. In SemCor, sentences like "he said" are often tagged as "say%2:32:00::"? Maybe. Need infer.

The instruction: fine-grained WSD; choose best indexed sense. They provide candidate senses indexes 1-11. We want to mirror standard mapping. For "Vicar Hummerstone says" after quote, is there a WordNet sense for "he says" introducing a quotation? Let's check WSD corpora. In OntoNotes, many instances of "say" in reported speech have sense "say.01" (statement). But WordNet has separate "report or maintain" (sense 2). Actually in the WordNet gloss of sense 2, examples: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is clearly reporting somebody's statement, not necessarily an allegation. The synonym "aver" means declare or state firmly. "Allege" means claim without proof. The sense may capture "say" when reporting as a fact what someone asserts. In frame semantics, this is a Statement.

Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her." That also reports. So both seem overlapping. How distinguish? The definitions differ: sense 1 = express in words, synonyms state, tell. Sense 2 = report or maintain, synonyms allege, aver. Sense 1 focuses on the verbal expression of thoughts/feelings/information. Sense 2 focuses on asserting/maintaining a claim. For a quote where a vicar characterizes ringers as a club, it's a statement reporting situation. It could be aver. Yet in journalistic text "says" simply attributes a direct quote to speaker, which is a reporting verb. The content is what he expressed verbally. Sense 1 also covers "He said that he wanted to marry her." That is exactly reporting. So why does WordNet have two senses? Maybe sense 2 covers cases where "say" means to report or maintain something (allege), often with a clause that is a claim/factual; sense 1 covers communicative act of expressing in words. Many everyday uses are sense 1; legal/formal "allege" uses sense 2. But the example "The registrar says that I owe the school money" is a statement of reporting what the registrar maintains. Could be sense 2.

Let's search memory of WordNet usage of sense 2. I recall that WordNet's sense 2 of say often used in phrases like "The evidence says..."? No, that's sense 4 or 11. "Let it be said"?

Maybe I should consider that the candidates are numbered but the WordNet sense keys include specific lexical IDs:
1. say%2:32:00::
2. say%2:32:01::
3. say%2:32:03::
4. say%2:42:00::
5. say%2:32:04::
6. say%2:32:02::
7. say%2:32:07::
8. say%2:32:15::
9. say%2:32:13::
10. say%2:32:09::
11. say%2:32:08::
These are actual WordNet sense keys (with offsets likely). The target index in the list 1 corresponds to 00, etc.

I can reason with lexical semantics and candidate selection. Let's parse context: The previous paragraph describes vicar sacking ringers. Then direct quote: "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises," the Vicar Hummerstone says. This is a canonical journalistic "X says" construct reporting what X said in an interview. The verb serves to attribute a quoted statement to the subject. Which candidate captures attribution/reporting? Sense 1 "express in words" and sense 2 "report or maintain" both plausible. But I need choose single best.

The instruction says "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." Let's compare with examples:

Sense 1: He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you. This is generic statement/expression.
Sense 2: He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war. This is reporting someone else? Actually second example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" could be a direct report of a statement. It could match our context: Vicar Hummerstone says [that they were a self-perpetuating club...]. So example 2 aligns.
Sense 9: I say let's forget this whole business. This is a hortative or proposal, not match.
Sense 8: She said `Hello'. Direct address, not match.

Potential nuance: Some WSD guidelines treat a verb introducing direct speech as say%2:32:00:: (express in words) because the direct quote is what is expressed in words. The mention of "report" in sense 2 might be specifically for "The report says that..."? No, subject is person. In WordNet sense 2, the subject is a person reporting/maintaining a proposition. So third-person "he says" fits. However WordNet example in sense 1 also includes "He said that he wanted to marry her" which is also a person reporting. So there is clear overlap. Which one is the "best"? We may decide by whether what is being said is a personal belief/opinion vs reporting what someone expressed. The content includes evaluative "self-perpetuating club," "separate premises", i.e., his opinion/judgment. That is an opinion, not a general expression. Still not an allegation.

Maybe "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" (sense 9) is tempting because the vicar is giving his opinion/ judgement about ringers. Example "I say let's forget this whole business" is a suggestion. Definition: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. His statement is an opinion/judgment: "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises." That is exactly an opinion. But the word "says" in this context attributes direct quote from him; it's not a "I say" performative declaration. However, if he is quoted saying this, he is stating his opinion. Sense 9 examples include "I say let's forget..." which is a performative use with first person to propose. But the gloss says "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" more generally. Could apply. But in common WSD, "he says" in a news article is not tagged with sense 9; sense 9 is reserved for "I say we go" or "I say, old chap"? Let's check WordNet examples: I think sense 09 is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" with example "I say let's forget this whole business". It also may include "He says..."? Hmm.

Alternative: Since it is a written article "the Vicar Hummerstone says." Could be a general reporting verb, not necessarily opinion.

Let's perhaps research internal knowledge of WSD for this exact sentence. The context may be from a reading comprehension dataset, perhaps from SemCor or similar. The target word "says" is likely annotated in WordNet with a specific sense key. Maybe I can recall from SemCor: Sentence? "Doctors say that..." generally sense 1? Let's think of SemCor sense for "say". For "says" in reported speech with direct quote after/inverted, one of the most frequent senses in SemCor is sense 1 (express in words). However, I recall that WordNet's sense 2 "report or maintain" is used when "say" introduces indirect statements in news (e.g., "Police say the man was armed"). But maybe not.

Let's examine the dictionary definitions more carefully to find distinguishing features.

Sense 1: "express in words", synonyms: state, tell. This is the most common sense. If someone says something, they express it in words. This covers almost all verbal reports.

Sense 2: "report or maintain", synonyms: allege, aver. This sense is narrower: report (communicate information) or maintain (assert to be true). It corresponds to saying something as a factual claim. It might be used in formal/legal contexts or journalism where the subject is confirming/claiming something. But does the vicar's statement "They were a self-perpetuating club..." count as report/maintain? He is maintaining/reporting his view. In news, "Vicar Hummerstone says" reports his words. The subject says the quote. It doesn't fit "allege" strongly (no implication of without proof), but "aver" (assert) is a formal statement of opinion/fact.

Sense 6: speaking/pronunciation: not applicable.

Sense 7: nonverbal: no.

Sense 8: utter aloud: yes he uttered aloud. But the specific example is greeting. The direct quote is an utterance. However sense 8 might be used for repeating specific words or expressions. But the content is a clause. Sense 1 covers expression in words.

Sense 4: wording of text: no, subject is law text.

Sense 11: clock says: no.

So final competition: 1 vs 2 vs 9. Need pick one.

Let's inspect examples of sense 2 from WordNet: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"; "The registrar says that I owe the school money"; "He said it was too late to intervene in the war". These are all indirect statements. The verb "says" in "The registrar says that I owe..." is exactly third-person reporting of a claim/fact. This could match our journalistic attribution. Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her", "tell me what is bothering you". The second example with tell is an imperative, not relevant. Also generic.

What WSD system would output? In WordNet, "say" has separate sense 00 and 01. The difference between "express in words" and "report or maintain" is subtle. Maybe sense 01 is used when the subject is a text/document? No that's sense 4. Hmm.

Let's search memory: I have seen in WordNet examples for sense 2 includes "The registrar says that I owe the school money"; this is in fact the only third-person "says" there. So indeed, sense 2 includes third-person present-tense reports. But sense 1 also includes third-person past "He said that he wanted to marry her". So why split? Potentially sense 2 is "report" as in pass information along, perhaps not original expression, whereas sense 1 is "express". In "He said that he wanted to marry her", he is expressing his desire. In "The registrar says I owe money", the registrar is reporting/maintaining a record. But our case: the vicar is expressing his own view, not relaying someone else's. Could be sense 1. However, since the article is reporting what he said, the verb functions as report, but the subject (vicar) is expressing his own opinion. From the subject's perspective, he is expressing. From the journalist's perspective, he is reporting. The target's subject is Vicar Hummerstone, who is the one speaking. So if the sense is based on subject semantics, "express in words" works. If based on the discourse function (journalistic report), sense 2 "report" may work. The examples for sense 2 have subject as registrar (who reports a record) and "He" in war example. The war example: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war"—the subject is a person (He) reporting/declaring an assessment. That is similar to vicar. Could be sense 2.

But the instruction says: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." So we should use examples. Our sentence: "...the Vicar Hummerstone says." Preceded by a direct quote; the quote is something he said. Compare to examples:
1. He said that he wanted to marry her. (reported speech with content clause.)
2. He said it was too late to intervene in the war. (same).
9. I say let's forget this whole business. (first person performative declaring opinion/proposal).
8. She said `Hello' to everyone. (direct quote, but content is greeting).

The choice between 1 and 2 is tricky. If forced, maybe sense 1 is more appropriate because the vicar is expressing thoughts/opinions in words, not specifically reporting/maintaining a claim. But the example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (sense 2) is extremely close: third person, past tense, reporting someone's statement in a narrative. It could map. But note sense 1 example is also "He said that he wanted to marry her"—reporting a statement. So why would one choose 2 over 1? Only subtle nuance: sense 2 synonyms allege/aver imply assertion/claim, perhaps unproven. The war example is a statement that the situation is too late; the registrar example asserts a financial fact. The vicar is also asserting a characterization. Sense 1 synonyms state/tell are neutral.

Maybe there is a known mapping: In WordNet, "say%2:32:01::" is used when the content is something reported/asserted, often in news. I can recall some WordNet senses obtained from SEMCOR. For "say" introduces indirect speech after quote "the Vicar Hummerstone says." I think standard WordNet sense for "says" in such context is sense 1 (express in words) because it is the generic sense. We need be confident.

Let's see if any other clues: The target surface form is "says", third person singular present. The sentence is from a newspaper article. The quote is embedded direct speech. The reporting clause "the Vicar Hummerstone says" could be considered "utter aloud" since it's a quote in an article. However, the WordNet sense 8 "utter aloud" probably has examples of saying a word or greeting; direct speeches are usually sense 1 or 2. So 8 less likely.

What about sense 9? Often used for "I say, ..." interjection; not here.

Let's mentally map to WordNet's sense keys numbers: say%2:32:00:: is sense 1. This is likely the default sense for "says" and has highest frequency. The task says fine-grained WSD; don't always choose default. But given generic examples, maybe this is it.

Maybe we can rely on the fact that the direct quote is an expression of opinion in words, so sense 1 "express in words" best captures the meaning. "Report or maintain" (sense 2) would connote that he is reporting/mainaining something as a claim, perhaps not exactly. However, "state" synonym in sense 1 is perfect.

Let's think about frame semantics: The subject says a statement. "say" as a communication means to produce words. That is sense 1. If the subject's speech is a claim, sense 2 may overlap but sense 1 remains a hyponym? Actually WordNet senses are not hierarchical always; sense 2 is a more specific "report or maintain." Since the vicar is not merely reporting, but expressing/stating, sense 1 states. But the definition "express in words" literally means to put into words. The vicar's quotation is words; says = expresses in words. That is comprehensive.

The examples for sense 1 include "He said that he wanted to marry her"—a direct reported statement of feeling. This is analogous. Therefore, I lean sense 1.

But the instruction: "WordNet glosses are schematic." They want us to use context and examples. Maybe the direct quote is not indirect "that" clause. The direct quote appears before the reporting clause. Does WordNet sense 2 example includes "He said it was too late to intervene in the war"? That is indirect, not direct quote. But it's still reporting. Our direct quote with quote marks is "They were ...". In WordNet sense 1 generic "express in words" could include direct quotes, as could sense 8. The exact structure is "X says" after a quote. Newspaper style. This is a "say" of attribution. There might be a special mapping used in WSD datasets. Let's search memory: The target sentence looks like a passage perhaps from "The New York Times"? Ringers in church, Great Torrington. It could be from Brown Corpus/SEM_COR. If it's from SemCor, there is a gold sense annotation. What is SemCor sense for "says" there? We can try to recall if this sentence appears. I don't recall exact. But SemCor uses WordNet 1.7 or 2.0? The sense keys match WordNet 3.0 maybe.

In SemCor, reporting verbs "says" might be frequently tagged with the most common sense (express in words) unless context requires otherwise. Actually SemCor tags are based on WordNet sense keys. "say" has many senses. In SemCor, I think instances like "He said" are tagged with "say%2:32:00::". For example, in SemCor, "And said he, `..." maybe. Let's search my memory of senseval data. In senseval-3 lexical sample, "say" had senses: "state, say, tell", "allege, aver, say", "suppose, say", "read, say", "order, tell, enjoin, say", "pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate, say", "say" (nonverbal), "say" (utter aloud), "say" state opinion, "say" recite, "say" indicate. For instances of "says" in newswire reporting, I recall gold labels sometimes are "state, say, tell" (sense 1). I have a vague recollection of Senseval tasks. There were examples like "Mr. Smith says that ..." annotated as "state, say, tell" (express in words). The "report or maintain" sense was for "allege" contexts. So sense 1 likely.

Let's also consider "The registrar says that I owe the school money" is included in sense 2 to show that even non-legal reporting can use "says." But maybe this sense is for "to report or maintain" specifically as a written/administrative assertion. Still, a vicar's quote is not an administrative record. He expresses words.

Could the "report" part of sense 2 be most relevant to news reporting? The gloss is "report or maintain," not "report someone's words" but "to report or maintain a proposition." The vicar is not a reporter; he is a source being quoted. The journalist reports. So sense 1.

Let's analyze the surrounding text for intensity. "This does not sit well with some clerics." The vicar got fed up, sacked band. Then quote: "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises," the Vicar Hummerstone says. He is explaining his position. It's an expression of opinion. Not an allegation. So sense 1.

What about sense 10 recite/repeat fixed text? No. Sense 5 order? No. Sense 6 pronunciation? No.

Thus answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

But let's not rush; ensure there is no nuance that makes sense 2 better. Let's examine the full definition of sense 1: "express in words" synonyms state, tell. Examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you." It includes speaking and telling. Sense 2: "report or maintain" synonyms allege, aver. Examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war." If I compare "Vicar says [quote]" to "He said it was too late to intervene in the war," they both report a statement. But the synonym "aver" (allege) doesn't fit. However, "report" fits arguably because a news reporter says the vicar says. But the subject of target is Vicar, not reporter. In "He said it was too late to intervene in the war," the subject is the one who said that assessment. So both subject person. The distinction absent.

Maybe the WordNet definitions are ordered by frequency. Sense 1 more frequent and general. Many tasks use first sense baseline for "say" and get high accuracy. The authors likely expect sense 1 for this quotative usage. "Do not hedge." single best. I will choose 1.

However, the user is an English linguist performing fine-grained WSD. They may expect ability to differentiate between "express in words" and "report or maintain." If the content is a news quote, maybe they expect sense 2? Let's examine examples in candidate 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" and "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." The first is a legal claim of victimhood. The second is also an assessment. These are not just expressing personal desire (marry her). So sense 2 might be for making an assertion about a state of affairs. The vicar asserts ringers treat tower as separate premises. That's an assertion about a state of affairs. Hmm.

But sense 1's example "He said that he wanted to marry her" is also an assertion about internal state. It is expression in words. So theWordNet senses may not be cleanly separated. The examples illustrate typical usage, and we must choose based on closeness. Both close. Which single best? We can think about hypernym: Sense 1 hypernym likely "express" (express in words). Sense 2 hypernym likely "assert" (assert or affirm). The vicar is asserting his view about ringers. The word "says" as a reporting verb in article can imply he asserts. The content is presented as a quote; it is an assertive speech act. In Searle terms, it is an assertive. "Report or maintain" is assertive. "Express in words" is generic; includes assertives, expressives, directives, commissives. If more specific sense fits, choose it. Since he is asserting a judgement, maybe sense 2 is more specific. But then sense 9 "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" is even more specific to opinion/judgement. His statement is an opinion/judgement. Could be 9! Example "I say let's forget this whole business" is a proposal (not an opinion), but gloss explicitly says state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. That matches "They were a self-perpetuating club..." which is his opinion/judgement. Yet the construction "X says" not "I say." Is sense 9 only first person? WordNet example only first person, but definition doesn't restrict. Could be "I say let's forget..." used as performative. But for third-person, would we use sense 9? Hmm.

Let's verify WordNet sense 9 by memory. It might be labeled "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Example: "I say let's forget this whole business." It could also be used in phrases like "I say, there has been a misunderstanding." It is an interjection/declaration. Does it apply to reported statements of opinion? Possibly not. The synonym "declare" might apply, but the example is first-person. The gloss "state as one's opinion or judgement" in third person: "He says he thinks it's wrong" could be sense 1 (express). WordNet probably doesn't include third person for sense 9. So not best.

What about sense 2 vs sense 9? Sense 2 has "report or maintain". The vicar maintains that ringers treated the tower separately. That is factual/opinion. Maybe sense 2 is a subcase of assert. But the quote is about his reasoning for sacking them; he is not claiming a neutral fact but expressing an opinion. "Report" fits less than "express" because he is not reporting to the journalist? Actually he is being interviewed and tells the journalist. Hmm.

Let's think of likely intended answer in an evaluation. If I were annotating by standard guidelines, "say" in "the Vicar Hummerstone says" after a quote in a newspaper would be annotated as the generic "say" sense (express in words). The WordNet example "He said that he wanted to marry her" is the prototypical example for indirect reported speech. The direct quote version is equally generic. The second example in sense 2 is "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." That sentence uses "said" with a content clause expressing an assessment. Is it more formal? The first sense example expresses a personal desire/want. Both are ordinary. It might be that WordNet split based on object: if the object is a "that"-clause stating a proposition (especially factual/assessment), sense 2; if object includes want/desire, sense 1? That seems arbitrary.

Let's search external memory of Princeton WordNet glosses for say verb senses and perhaps key examples. There is a known distinction: "say" sense 2 "report or maintain" might be equivalent to "allege" (e.g., "Police say the suspect was armed") but not "Police said 'Stop'". "report" as in "The paper says..."? The paper is a text but still subject could be text. Actually WordNet sense 2 examples include "The registrar says that I owe the school money"; perhaps this is about an official entity asserting a claim. "Vicar Hummerstone" is a person, not official record. He is expressing opinion. So sense 1.

Also note: "say" in direct speech often maps to the generic "say" sense in WSD gold data, I think. So 1.

We should return JSON only as requested, no explanation. Ensure exactly {"sense_index": 1}. But before final, consider possibility of index off-by-one? Candidate list numbers 1-11. Return index matching candidate number. Yes.

Let's decide final answer: {"sense_index": 1}. However, we can briefly explain? User says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So final must be JSON only, no extra text. OK.

But let me double-check if there is any chance the best sense is 2. Suppose the question designed to test distinction. The context: a reporter writes "the Vicar Hummerstone says." This is a reporting verb. The closest gloss is "report or maintain." The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" matches a quoted statement of explanation. Also synonyms "allege, aver" are synonyms because "allege" means "say that something is true without proof," which fits a vicar's opinion. But "express in words" also fits. Which "best"? In terms of definition alone for journalistic attribution, "report" is exactly what the verb is doing: the clause reports what the vicar said. But the subject is the vicar, not the reporter. In a passive/reporting clause, the verb's meaning is "express in words" because the vicar is the expresser; the reporter uses "says" to report.

Hmm, if you parse the syntactic structure: Direct quote: "They were a self-perpetuating club..." is the complement of says; the Vicar Hummerstone says (that). So says means he expressed that thought. That's sense 1. If the sentence were "The report says they were a club." maybe sense 2? No, that's sense 4. "The article says" could be sense 1/2? Actually "The article says..." is reporting text, often sense 1 or 4.

Let's consider word sense disambiguation guidelines: Choose the sense that paraphrases the target. Could we paraphrase "Vicar Hummerstone says" as "Vicar Hummerstone states"? Yes, state is synonym for sense 1. Could also "Vicar Hummerstone avers"? Possible but stilted. "Vicar Hummerstone alleges"? Not appropriate (it's his view, not unproven crime). "Vicar Hummerstone reports"? No, he is not relaying from elsewhere. "Vicar Hummerstone expresses in words"? A bit awkward but fits. "Vicar Hummerstone tells"? Not without indirect object. Thus sense 1 synonyms better.

Also example of sense 1 "He said that he wanted to marry her" also reports a quotation (paraphrased indirect). The structure is directly analogous. So sense 1.

Now check if direct quote inverted with commas might be "utter aloud" sense 8 due to "aloud". Example "She said `Hello' to everyone". The content is a simple speech act directed to everyone. Our direct quote is a longer explanatory statement. Sense 8 may be too narrow. It focuses on vocalization of words, but the function is expression. So not 8.

We should be careful to not include punctuation like trailing period outside JSON? Return exactly JSON object. The example includes no trailing punctuation but either OK? "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." The final should be just the JSON. Use 1-based index.

Decision: {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely <t>new</t> band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for target lemma new, surface form new, in context. Need choose single best indexed sense among 11 candidates. Must output JSON {"sense_index": ...}. Must not answer with WordNet key. Need analyze carefully.

Context: paragraph about church bell ringing dispute, old band fired, entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are congregation. New band = a different group, not the former one(s); different band. Also could be not of long duration, recently come into being? The band was formed two years ago, so it's a new band in sense "other than the former one(s); different" or "not of long duration". Which is best? Let's examine senses.

Senses list:
1. new%3:00:00:: adj all? (3:00:00) not of long duration; examples a new law, new cars. This often refers to recently made/adopted/acquired. This sense gloss "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" (as in a new car). For band of ringers, "entirely new band" could be a recently formed band, i.e., recently come into being.

5. new%5:00:00:other:00 = other than the former one(s); different; examples they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it. This sense specifically changed compared to previous. In context, old band was sacked and a new band rings today: new as opposed to the fired band. This is likely sense 5.

Other senses: 2 original/novel/fresh (new kind unseen), 3 inexperienced, 4 unprecedented, 6 unaffected by use/exposure (looks like new), 7 newfangled, 8 late, 9 Modern (current stage language), 10 young crops, 11 unfamiliar experiences. Not relevant.

The context: "An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells." It says self-perpetuating club fired, set up picket, entirely new band now. "entirely new band" most likely means a completely different band. The previous band was old; this one not same.

Sense 1 examples "new law; new cars" and definition "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made". A new band could mean recently created. But there is potential overlap between sense 1 and sense 5. Which is best according to WordNet indexing? Need consider standard sense ordering: In WordNet (Princeton) new (adj) has senses:
1 (3:00:00) not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered; "the new men were eager to fight"; "new cars"; "a new comet"...
2 (5:00:00:original:00) original and of a kind not seen before; "beginning"; "a fresh start"; "a novel idea"...
3 (5:00:00:other:00) other than the former one(s); different; "they now have a new leader"; "my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it"
4 etc. So sense 5 here maps to WordNet's 3rd adjective sense (new%5:00:00:other:00). They don't use that index, they list candidate 5.

We need choose single best indexed sense. The presence of "entirely new band" with contrast to the sacked band strongly suggests sense 5: other than the former one(s); different. Also "new leaders" example matches. "My new car is four years old but only 15,000 miles" shows new can mean different car, not recently made. That is exactly the usage: a band newly employed to ring, not necessarily recently formed. The old band was fired, replaced by a different one. Thus sense 5.

Need output JSON only. Ensure valid JSON. Do not include explanation. The instructions: Return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So final only {"sense_index": 5}. Done.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings <t>today</t> at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with single best indexed sense among candidates. Need analyze context for 'today'.

Target sentence: "An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation." It refers to the current day (the day that includes the present moment) versus previously two years ago. It means now, nowadays? Let's consider senses.
1. today%1:28:00:: definition=the present time or age (world of today). That's more era/current period.
2. today%1:28:01:: definition=the day that includes the present moment (opposed to yesterday or tomorrow).

In context, "An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington" likely means now, at the present time, or on this day? The article is probably journalism; 'today' used as adverb meaning in these times / nowadays? Hmm. Let's parse: "An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation." It parallels past (two years ago he sacked band; new band rings today). This is 'today' as 'nowadays/currently' or 'at the present time'. Is the sense "the day that includes the present moment" or "the present time or age"? If it's during the present period (now) within the narrative, maybe 1. "the present time or age". Examples: "the world of today; today we have computers". The use "An entirely new band rings today" is like "today we have computers" (nowadays). Actually "today" as adverb can mean "on this day" or "in these times; nowadays". Both senses definitions: 1 present time or age. 2 the day that includes the present moment as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow.

In sentence: "An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington," It indicates the current situation: at present time/nuance of "nowadays". Since no specific calendar day and article states general current fact, sense 1 (present time or age) typically. But WordNet has noun senses for 'today'. Actually 'today' as noun 1=the present time or age, noun 2=the day that includes the present moment. The usage "new band rings today" may be an adverbial use? WordNet entries noun? Hmm 'today' is noun/adv.

Let's think carefully. The context describes ringers, and says "An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington". This is a general statement, not time-specific as "on this day". In journalistic contexts, "today" often means "now", "at present" (the present era). The prior sentence references two years ago; "today" contrasts with past. That is "nowadays/present time" -> sense 1. The example "today we have computers" also contrasts with past. So likely sense 1.

Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Since candidates numbered 1 and 2. We should not include explanation.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are <t>members</t> of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The user wants me to do WSD for "members" in the given context. The context is about ringers at a church, and it says "several of whom are members of the congregation." The congregation is a social group/religious group. The members are people who compose a social group, especially those who have joined and participate. This is sense 1. Other senses don't fit: not a body part, not male organ, not an organization member of another organization, not belonging to a set/class in the biological sense. So sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: congregation
Target surface form: congregation
Context:
When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the <t>congregation</t>. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=congregation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church | synonyms=fold, faithful
2. sense_key=congregation%1:14:01:: | definition=an assemblage of people or animals or things collected together | examples=a congregation of children pleaded for his autograph; a great congregation of birds flew over
3. sense_key=congregation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of congregating | synonyms=congregating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform WSD. Target congregation. Context: church ringing band, vicar, services, members of the congregation. Candidate senses: group of people adhering to common faith/habitually attend a given church; assemblage; act. Here "members of the congregation" refers to the church attendees. So sense 1. Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no other text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: still
Target surface form: still
Context:
This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there <t>still</t> are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells. At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent following a dust-up over church attendance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=still%4:02:01:: | definition=with reference to action or condition; without change, interruption, or cessation | examples=it's still warm outside; will you still love me when we're old and grey?
2. sense_key=still%4:02:04:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
3. sense_key=still%4:02:00:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, yet | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=still%4:02:02:: | definition=without moving or making a sound | synonyms=stock-still | examples=he sat still as a statue; time stood still

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense index for "still" in context. Let's analyze. Sentence: "But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells." This is adverb still meaning continuing state despite previous changes/new band. "Still" modifies "are not enough ringers" = there continues to be not enough ringers. Candidate senses: 1 with reference to action or condition; without change, interruption, or cessation (it's still warm outside; will you still love me...). 2 despite anything to the contrary (however, nevertheless, yet). 3 to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons (even, yet). 4 without moving or making a sound. The usage is sense 1: condition persists without change. Not concessive? The sentence begins "But" which is concessive, but still here means continuing situation. "There still are not enough ringers" = the shortage persists. So index 1. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough <t>ringers</t> to ring more than six of the eight bells. At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent following a dust-up over church attendance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only: {"sense_index": ?}. Need choose best sense of ringers in context. Context about church bells. The target surface ringers in sentence "But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells." It clearly refers to people who ring church bells. Candidate 1 is bell ringer/toller/a person who rings church bells. Thus sense_index 1. Need output only JSON object exactly. No extra explanation. Ensure index is 1.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: ring
Context:
This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to <t>ring</t> more than six of the eight bells. At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent following a dust-up over church attendance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The question asks me to choose the best indexed sense for the target word "ring" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context is about church bells and ringers. Key phrases:
- "membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling"
- "strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services"
- "the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone... got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band"
- "the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest"
- "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises"
- "An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington"
- "But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells"
- "At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent"

The target word is "ring" in the sentence: "But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
   - This is intransitive - the bells themselves ring/sound. But here the ringers are ringing the bells (transitive).

3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
   - This is transitive - someone makes the bells ring. This matches "ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells" perfectly. The ringers are the people who make the bells ring.

The other senses don't fit:
2. ring or echo with sound - not about an action by ringers on bells
4. telephone - irrelevant
5. encircle/surround - irrelevant
6. attach a ring to the foot of - irrelevant

So the best sense is sense 3.

The instruction says to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
This does not sit well with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight <t>bells</t>. At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent following a dust-up over church attendance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "bells" in context. Context about church ringers, ringing bells in church tower, six of eight bells, church bells. Candidate sense 1: hollow device made of metal that makes ringing sound when struck. Sense 9: percussion instrument consisting of set of tuned bells struck with hammer; orchestral. Sense 3: sound of bell being struck. Here "ring more than six of the eight bells" refers to physical bells in tower. So sense 1. Also "the bells have fallen silent" physical. So index 1. Need return {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells. At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the <t>bells</t> have fallen silent following a dust-up over church attendance. The vicar, W.D. Jones, refuses to talk about it, saying it would "reopen the wound. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON. Need perform WSD. Target lemma bell, surface bells. Context: church bells, ringers, eight bells, tower, church. Candidate senses: sense 1 hollow device made of metal that makes ringing sound when struck. sense 9 percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells struck with hammer; used as orchestral instrument (synonyms chime, gong). In context: "ring more than six of the eight bells" in a church tower. That refers to individual church bells (hollow devices). "bells have fallen silent" also sounds devices. Sense 1 best. Sense 9 is set of tuned bells like orchestral bells/chimes maybe not. Sense 3 is sound of bell. But "bells have fallen silent" could refer to sound ceasing? The subject "the bells" are devices that ring, not the sound itself. "eight bells" at Great Torrington also devices in tower. So index 1. Need return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: silent
Target surface form: silent
Context:
With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells. At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen <t>silent</t> following a dust-up over church attendance. The vicar, W.D. Jones, refuses to talk about it, saying it would "reopen the wound. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=silent%5:00:00:quiet:01 | definition=marked by absence of sound | synonyms=soundless, still | examples=a silent house; soundless footsteps on the grass
2. sense_key=silent%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 | definition=failing to speak or communicate etc when expected to | synonyms=mum | examples=the witness remained silent
3. sense_key=silent%5:00:00:implicit:00 | definition=implied by or inferred from actions or statements | synonyms=tacit, understood | examples=gave silent consent; a tacit agreement
4. sense_key=silent%5:00:02:inaudible:00 | definition=not made to sound | synonyms=unsounded | examples=the silent `h' at the beginning of `honor'; in French certain letters are often unsounded
5. sense_key=silent%5:00:00:inaudible:00 | definition=having a frequency below or above the range of human audibility | examples=a silent dog whistle
6. sense_key=silent%5:00:00:inarticulate:00 | definition=unable to speak because of hereditary deafness | synonyms=dumb, mute

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "silent" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent following a dust-up over church attendance.
- The bells are not ringing anymore; they have become quiet/still.

Candidate senses:
1. marked by absence of sound; synonyms=soundless, still; examples=a silent house; soundless footsteps on the grass
2. failing to speak or communicate etc when expected to; synonyms=mum; examples=the witness remained silent
3. implied by or inferred from actions or statements; synonyms=tacit, understood; examples=gave silent consent; a tacit agreement
4. not made to sound; synonyms=unsounded; examples=the silent `h' at the beginning of `honor'
5. having a frequency below or above the range of human audibility; examples=a silent dog whistle
6. unable to speak because of hereditary deafness; synonyms=dumb, mute

The bells have fallen silent means they are not making sound anymore. This is sense 1 - marked by absence of sound (synonyms: soundless, still; examples: a silent house).

This fits perfectly: "the bells have fallen silent" = the bells have become soundless/still, marked by absence of sound.

Sense 2 would be about a person failing to speak, which doesn't apply to bells.
Sense 3 is about implied consent, not applicable.
Sense 4 is about letters not pronounced, not applicable.
Sense 5 is about frequencies outside human hearing, not applicable.
Sense 6 is about deafness/muteness, not applicable.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: follow
Target surface form: following
Context:
With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells. At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent <t>following</t> a dust-up over church attendance. The vicar, W.D. Jones, refuses to talk about it, saying it would "reopen the wound. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=follow%2:38:00:: | definition=to travel behind, go after, come after | examples=The ducklings followed their mother around the pond; Please follow the guide through the museum
2. sense_key=follow%2:42:00:: | definition=be later in time | synonyms=postdate | examples=Tuesday always follows Monday
3. sense_key=follow%2:42:05:: | definition=come as a logical consequence; follow logically | synonyms=fall out | examples=It follows that your assertion is false; the theorem falls out nicely
4. sense_key=follow%2:38:01:: | definition=travel along a certain course | synonyms=travel along | examples=follow the road; follow the trail
5. sense_key=follow%2:41:00:: | definition=act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes | synonyms=comply, abide by | examples=He complied with my instructions; You must comply or else!
6. sense_key=follow%2:42:01:: | definition=come after in time, as a result | synonyms=come after | examples=A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake
7. sense_key=follow%2:30:00:: | definition=behave in accordance or in agreement with | synonyms=conform to | examples=Follow a pattern; Follow my example
8. sense_key=follow%2:42:02:: | definition=be next | examples=Mary plays best, with John and Sue following
9. sense_key=follow%2:40:00:: | definition=choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans | synonyms=adopt, espouse | examples=She followed the feminist movement; The candidate espouses Republican ideals
10. sense_key=follow%2:42:03:: | definition=to bring something about at a later time than | examples=She followed dinner with a brandy; He followed his lecture with a question and answer period
11. sense_key=follow%2:36:00:: | definition=imitate in behavior; take as a model | synonyms=take after | examples=Teenagers follow their friends in everything
12. sense_key=follow%2:31:00:: | definition=follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something | synonyms=trace | examples=We must follow closely the economic development is Cuba; trace the student's progress
13. sense_key=follow%2:41:02:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, observe, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
14. sense_key=follow%2:41:01:: | definition=be the successor (of) | synonyms=succeed, come after | examples=Carter followed Ford; Will Charles succeed to the throne?
15. sense_key=follow%2:36:01:: | definition=perform an accompaniment to | synonyms=play along, accompany | examples=The orchestra could barely follow the frequent pitch changes of the soprano
16. sense_key=follow%2:30:01:: | definition=keep informed | synonyms=keep up, keep abreast | examples=He kept up on his country's foreign policies
17. sense_key=follow%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=come | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
18. sense_key=follow%2:41:10:: | definition=accept and follow the leadership or command or guidance of | examples=Let's follow our great helmsman!; She followed a guru for years
19. sense_key=follow%2:41:11:: | definition=adhere to or practice | examples=These people still follow the laws of their ancient religion
20. sense_key=follow%2:41:09:: | definition=work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function | synonyms=be | examples=He is a herpetologist; She is our resident philosopher
21. sense_key=follow%2:39:13:: | definition=keep under surveillance | synonyms=surveil, survey | examples=The police had been following him for weeks but they could not prove his involvement in the bombing
22. sense_key=follow%2:38:13:: | definition=follow in or as if in pursuit | synonyms=pursue | examples=The police car pursued the suspected attacker; Her bad deed followed her and haunted her dreams all her life
23. sense_key=follow%2:31:14:: | definition=grasp the meaning | examples=Can you follow her argument?; When he lectures, I cannot follow
24. sense_key=follow%2:30:12:: | definition=keep to | synonyms=stick to, stick with | examples=Stick to your principles; stick to the diet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "following" in the given context. The target lemma is "follow" and the surface form is "following". Need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses and return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

First, understand the context. The sentence is: "At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent <t>following</t> a dust-up over church attendance."

So "following" here is a preposition/gerund meaning "after" or "as a result of" or "subsequent to". It indicates that the bells fell silent after a dust-up.

Now consider candidate senses for lemma "follow". We need to map "following" to one of these senses.

Candidate senses:
1. follow%2:38:00:: = to travel behind, go after, come after (ducklings followed mother) => physical motion, trailing.
2. follow%2:42:00:: = be later in time (Tuesday follows Monday) => temporal succession, intransitive.
3. follow%2:42:05:: = come as a logical consequence; follow logically (It follows that...)
4. follow%2:38:01:: = travel along a certain course (follow the road)
5. follow%2:41:00:: = act in accordance with rules/commands
6. follow%2:42:01:: = come after in time, as a result (A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake). This is transitive: one event follows another, resulting. Synonyms = come after; examples: tsunami followed earthquake. This maps to "following" meaning "after" or "as a result of" maybe.
7. follow%2:30:00:: = behave in accordance or in agreement with (Follow a pattern)
8. follow%2:42:02:: = be next (Mary plays best, with John and Sue following). This is a ranking sense.
9. follow%2:40:00:: = choose and follow (adopt, espouse)
10. follow%2:42:03:: = to bring something about at a later time than (She followed dinner with a brandy)
11. follow%2:36:00:: = imitate in behavior (take after)
12. follow%2:31:00:: = follow/discove course of development (trace)
13. follow%2:41:02:: = follow with eyes/mind (watch)
14. follow%2:41:01:: = be the successor (of) (succeed, come after) e.g. Carter followed Ford. This is transitive? Actually "Carter followed Ford" means Carter came after Ford in presidency. Similar to come after but be successor.
15. follow%2:36:01:: = perform accompaniment to (accompany)
16. follow%2:30:01:: = keep informed (keep up)
17. follow%2:42:04:: = to be the product or result (Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience)
18. follow%2:41:10:: = accept and follow leadership
19. follow%2:41:11:: = adhere to or practice
20. follow%2:41:09:: = work in a specific place/subject/function
21. follow%2:39:13:: = keep under surveillance
22. follow%2:38:13:: = follow in or as if in pursuit
23. follow%2:31:14:: = grasp the meaning
24. follow%2:30:12:: = keep to (stick to)

We need to choose for "following" as preposition in "the bells have fallen silent following a dust-up over church attendance."

The phrase "following a dust-up" means "after a dust-up" or "as a result of a dust-up". WordNet-derived senses: The present participle "following" could derive primarily from sense 6 (come after in time, as a result): definition "come after in time, as a result" with synonyms come after; examples "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake". This is when an event follows another event in time. "Following a dust-up" = after a quarrel. This appears most appropriate.

Also sense 2 "be later in time" (postdate) is intransitive: "Tuesday always follows Monday". But here "following" has object "a dust-up", so transitive; thus sense 6 is more appropriate. However, note "following" may also be a preposition derived from sense 2? In grammar, the preposition "following" originally from present participle, maps to sense 2 maybe. But in WSD tasks, often mapping the grammaticalized form to the parent verb sense. There is no separate entry for the preposition. Which index best? It could be sense 6 or sense 2? Let's inspect definitions:

Sense 2: be later in time - To be subsequent in time to something. The example: "Tuesday always follows Monday". Possibly the preposition "following" as "after" corresponds to the intransitive verb? But our token is followed by object "a dust-up", so it's transitive. But in the sentence, "following" is not finite verb; it's a present participle/preposition. "Following a dust-up" has object. The underlying transitive sense "come after in time, as a result" with synonym "come after" (sense 6) fits events. The example: A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake. A dust-up is an event; bells fell silent as a result after that event. So sense 6.

Sense 10: "to bring something about at a later time than" e.g. She followed dinner with a brandy. That's transitive but about doing something after, with intention? Not likely for a natural result.

Sense 14: be the successor (of) e.g. Carter followed Ford. That is transitive with human/office. Not an event.

Sense 17: to be the product or result (come) e.g. Melons come from a vine. Not relevant.

Sense 5: act in accordance with rules/commands, not relevant. Sense 7: behave in accordance, not relevant.

We should select sense 6. End with only JSON.

But we should be careful: Does WordNet have an adjective or noun "following"? Candidate senses only for verb follow. The token is the present participle "following" functioning as preposition. Which verb sense corresponds semantically? The meaning "come after in time" or "be subsequent to". There are two relevant senses: 2 and 6. Sense 2 intransitive: "be later in time"; examples Tuesday follows Monday, "postdate". Sense 6 transitive: "come after in time, as a result"; example A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake. But in the phrase "following a dust-up", the object "a dust-up" is the preceding event; the ringing stopping comes after it. That matches sense 6. But what about "following" used as preposition, often derived from the verb sense "follow" meaning "be subsequent in time to"? That would be sense 2? The example "Tuesday follows Monday" has object, so actually it may be transitive too? Let's parse: "Tuesday follows Monday" - follow is intransitive? Actually syntactically transitive because it takes an object "Monday". But WordNet tags sense 2 as %2:38:00? Wait follow%2:42:00:: ( sense 2) definition=be later in time; synonyms=postdate; examples=Tuesday always follows Monday. If it takes object Monday, why frame 2:38? Hmm frames: 2:38 are verbs of motion? Let's not overcomplicate. The gloss says "be later in time" and the subject is the later event (Tuesday) and object is earlier event? Actually "Tuesday follows Monday" means Monday is immediately before Tuesday; Tuesday is subsequent to Monday. So subject is the later event. In our case, "following a dust-up" means the bells fell silent after the dust-up. Here the bells falling silent is subsequent to the dust-up. The participle/adposition "following" might correspond to sense 2 if we see "the bells have fallen silent, following a dust-up" = "The bells falling silent follows the dust-up in time." Then the subject of "follow" is the matrix clause "the bells have fallen silent". But the use is as a preposition, not finite.

Let's look at actual WordNet entries. follow has senses:
- S: (n) ... no.
- Verb:
  1. to travel behind, go after, come after; "The ducklings followed their mother around the pond"
  2. to be later in time; "Tuesday always follows Monday"; synonym: postdate (maybe antecede? hmm)
  3. come as a logical consequence; "It follows that your assertion is false"
  4. travel along a certain course; "follow the road"
  5. act in accordance with someone's rules...; comply
  6. come after in time, as a result; "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake"
  7. behave in accordance or in agreement with; conform to
  8. be next; "Mary plays best, with John and Sue following"
  9. choose and follow; adopt, espouse
  10. to bring something about at a later time than; "She followed dinner with a brandy"
  11. imitate; take after
  12. follow, discover/trace
  13. follow with eyes/mind; watch
  14. be the successor (of); succeed, come after; "Carter followed Ford; Will Charles succeed to the throne?"
  15. perform an accompaniment to; play along, accompany
  16. keep up, keep abreast
  17. to be the product or result; "Melons come from a vine"; "Understanding comes from experience"
  18. accept and follow leadership
  19. adhere to practice
  20. work in
  21. keep under surveillance
  22. follow in or as if in pursuit; pursue
  23. grasp meaning
  24. stick to

Note sense 6 and sense 14 both have synonyms come after. Sense 14 "be the successor (of)" connotes a role/office. Sense 6 specifically says "come after in time, as a result". That is used when one event follows another in time. Good.

However, there is also sense 2 "be later in time" from WN. The example "Tuesday always follows Monday" is exactly one day following another day in time. The sense key follow%2:42:00:: in candidates. But the definition "be later in time" is more about being subsequent to some reference/time, not causal result. "A dust-up" is cause? The bells fell silent because of the dust-up, not just later. Sense 6 says "as a result". This fits better.

Potential issue: In the list, sense 6 and sense 14 both have synonyms come after. Sense 6 example is event-event. That is best. Sense 17 product/result (come) also result, but examples are about origin/source, not time. Our token is followed by a dust-up (event). So not 17.

One more: The expression "following" as a preposition is often equated with "after" and might map to lexical sense 2? In many WSD datasets like WN20, the predicate "following(p)" might be mapped to follow.v.02? Actually there is WordNet adjective "following(a)" maybe: "immediately following in time or order"; but not in candidate senses because candidates are verb senses. Hmm the task says target lemma follow, target surface form following. So senses are for follow verb. We map to verb sense.

Let's reason precisely:
Context: bells have fallen silent following a dust-up over church attendance. The phrase indicates the bells fell silent after and as a result of a disagreement. We need a verb sense of follow meaning "to come after in time".

Definitions and examples:
- sense 2: "Tuesday always follows Monday" where follow has subject Tuesday, object Monday. "be later in time". The underlying meaning of "following" preposition is "subsequent to [something]" - e.g. "following the meeting, we left" = "after the meeting." That corresponds to the time-succession verb sense 2? But preposition "following" in a non-finite construction doesn't necessarily imply event A is the grammatical subject of "follow"; it introduces the prior event. It could correspond to sense 2 (be later in time) or sense 6 (come after in time, as a result). The difference between 2 and 6 in WordNet: 2: be later in time; 6: come after in time, as a result (come after). The example for 6 uses catastrophic event after earthquake; "as a result". That fits the scenario where the dust-up caused the bells to fall silent (argument over attendance led to silence). So sense 6 is strongly supported.

The instructions: "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

We output only JSON: {"sense_index": 6}. Need to ensure exact format. So final answer is {"sense_index": 6}.

Double check there is no separate adposition sense in candidates. No. Since candidates are all verb senses indexed 1-24. We pick 6.

Let's consider if sense 10 might fit: "to bring something about at a later time than". Definition: to do something after something else. Examples: "She followed dinner with a brandy". The bells falling silent is not a deliberate action performed after the dust-up; there's no agent bringing it about. So no.

Sense 8 be next: "Mary plays best, with John and Sue following" is about order in a sequence/list. Not about after an event in time. Not exactly.

Sense 17 "to be the product or result" (come), examples: Melons come from a vine. Could "bells fell silent following a dust-up"as understanding comes from experience? But "following" means after, not product. Hmm maybe "result" matches: silence is the product/result of dust-up? But "following" denotes temporal succession; definition of sense 17 is about source/origin not time. Examples with "come from", not "follow". WordNet sense 17's example includes "Understanding comes from experience". If replaced with "follow"? Maybe "A good understanding follows from experience"? It seems more about causation/derivation not time. But gloss says "to be the product or result. Synonyms come; examples: Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience". "Bells have fallen silent following a dust-up" could be product of dust-up. However "following" specifically needs follow verb sense, and if meaning product or result, in the syntax "following a dust-up" that would require an object indicating cause, like "Understanding comes from experience" where "from experience" is cause. Does the verb follow have "come" sense? It might correspond to "follow" in the phrase "it follows that". But sense 3 has logical consequence with no object event. Sense 17 has product or result; the verb follows? Could be intransitive "A result follows from ...", not transitive "following a dust-up". The object usage in our context is like preposition; meaning "after" is temporal. Sense 6 is best.

Also think about sense 2 vs 6 with examples: Tuesday follows Monday vs. A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake. Which is our context more like? The dust-up and bells falling silent are events in a temporal sequence with causal link. That's exactly like tsunami followed earthquake. So sense 6. Use synonyms = come after. Indeed the object "dust-up" is the antecedent event, and the modified event "bells have fallen silent" is subsequent. So 6.

Therefore final.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services. Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest. "They were a self-perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises, "the Vicar Hummerstone says. An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation. But there still are not enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells. At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent following a dust-up over <t>church</t> attendance. The vicar, W.D. Jones, refuses to talk about it, saying it would "reopen the wound. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best WordNet sense for "church" in the sentence: "... dust-up over <t>church</t> attendance." Context about ringers attending services. "church attendance" means attendance at church services. The target word "church" in phrase "church attendance" is likely sense 3: a service conducted in a house of worship (church service), example "don't be late for church". However "attendance at church" could refer to attending services. Let's analyze.

Candidate senses:
1. Christian church group/denomination.
2. building.
3. service.
4. body of people who attend/belong to local church.

Phrase "church attendance" is commonly a noun-noun compound meaning attendance at church services, or attendance at church (building/organization). In the context, vicar wanted ringers to attend services. The protest picket over "church attendance" means disagreement over requirement to attend services. So sense 3 fits best.

Need output JSON {"sense_index": 3}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Novita