[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and <t>national</t> policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need select best sense. Context: phrase "national policy making activities" contrast with "local benefit-seeking duties". National = applicable to/ belonging to entire nation or country (as opposed to local/district). Candidate 3 definition: concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country. Examples: national government; national elections. This fits: national policy making vs local. Candidate 2 limited to or in interests of a particular nation (isolationism strictly national policy) - not that nuance. Candidate 1 belonging to a nation or country is broader. Candidate 3 specifically entire nation/country, contrast with district/local. So sense_index 3. Ensure only JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national <t>policy</t> making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "policy" in context. Context: national policy making activities vs local benefit seeking. "national policy making" refers to making plans of action/government course of action. Candidate senses: 1 plan of action adopted by individual or social group. 2 line of argument rationalizing course of action of a government. 3 insurance. Here "national policy making" in legislative context: creating national policies (plans of action) by government. Sense 1 is broader: a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group. Sense 2 specifically "line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government". The phrase "national policy making" means the process of making national policies (plans/actions). In WordNet, policy%1:09:00 is "cognition" domain? sense key 1:09:00 is noun.cognition? Actually 1:09 noun.cognition. policy as plan of action. 1:10:00 is noun.communication? "line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government". The context: roll-call votes reflect national policy making. That is about making national policy decisions, not a line of argument. So sense 1 likely. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Cloudflare

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy <t>making</t> activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform WSD. Target lemma making, surface making. Context: national policy making. It means the act of creating/formulating national policy. Candidate senses: 1 act that results in something coming to be (devising, fashioning). 2 attribute qualification. 3 components needed for making something (recipe makings). In "national policy making" or "policy-making", making means the act or process of forming/creating policy, fitting sense 1. Need output JSON exact {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object. final answer.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: activity
Target surface form: activities
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making <t>activities</t> matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=activity%1:04:00:: | definition=any specific behavior | examples=they avoided all recreational activity
2. sense_key=activity%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=action, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=activity%1:22:00:: | definition=an organic process that takes place in the body | synonyms=bodily process, body process, bodily function | examples=respiratory activity
4. sense_key=activity%1:26:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction | examples=catalytic activity
5. sense_key=activity%1:22:01:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, action | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
6. sense_key=activity%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active; moving or acting rapidly and energetically | synonyms=activeness | examples=the level of activity declines with age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer single JSON. Need decide best sense for "activities" in phrase "national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices." Context: district offices where local benefit-seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less. "Activity" here means specific behaviors or tasks (any specific behavior) associated with national policy making. Candidate sense 1: any specific behavior; examples "they avoided all recreational activity". Sense 6: trait of being active; sense 2: state of being active. The phrase "policy making activities" refers to tasks/behaviors, not state or trait. So sense 1 best. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: relative
Target surface form: relative
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less <t>relative</t> to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=relative%3:00:00:: | definition=estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete | synonyms=comparative | examples=a relative stranger
2. sense_key=relative%5:00:00:proportionate:00 | definition=properly related in size or degree or other measurable characteristics; usually followed by `to' | synonyms=proportional | examples=the punishment ought to be proportional to the crime; earnings relative to production

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose sense index for target 'relative' in context. Context phrase: "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit-seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less <t>relative</t> to Washington offices." The word relative is used as adjective? Actually phrase "relative to Washington offices". That means in comparison to Washington offices, or proportionally in relation to Washington offices. Candidate senses:
1. relative%3:00:00:: estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete; syn comparative; examples a relative stranger.
2. relative%5:00:00:proportionate:00 definition=properly related in size or degree or other measurable characteristics; usually followed by `to'; syn proportional; examples proportional to the crime; earnings relative to production.
Need decide single best.
Phrase "matter less relative to Washington offices" suggests a comparison: local benefit-seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less in relation to/comparison with Washington offices. This is the adjective sense "relative to" meaning "in proportion or relation to" or "compared to". In WordNet, sense 2 explicitly says properly related in size or degree; usually followed by `to'; examples "earnings relative to production". That fits exactly. Sense 1 is "a relative stranger" (not absolute or complete), "relative" as not absolute. But here it's followed by "to" and involves comparison/proportion. The target surface in clause after "matter less relative to Washington offices": meaning relative to. Best sense index 2. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 2}. No hedge. Use format exactly.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: offices
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington <t>offices</t>. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD. Target lemma office Surface form offices. Context paragraph about congressional personal staff budgets, district offices vs Washington offices. Need choose among candidate senses. Sentence: "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit-seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices." So offices here refer to physical places (district offices, Washington offices) where staff work; business premises. Candidate 1: place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed, synonyms business office. Examples he rented an office in new building. That's most appropriate. 5 is office staff but context talks about staff allocated to offices, not the staff themselves. 2 is government agency, no. 7 job post no. 3 role no. 4 holding office no. 6 religious no. Answer JSON {"sense_index":1}. Ensure only JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: examination
Target surface form: examination
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An <t>examination</t> of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=examination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes) | synonyms=scrutiny
2. sense_key=examination%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=exam, test | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
3. sense_key=examination%1:10:01:: | definition=formal systematic questioning | synonyms=interrogation, interrogatory
4. sense_key=examination%1:09:03:: | definition=a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by Jesuits) | synonyms=examen
5. sense_key=examination%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned | synonyms=testing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose sense index for lemma examination in given context. Need think carefully.

Context sentence: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 ... reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise..."

The meaning is analyzing/inspecting something closely; "an examination of changes" = scrutiny/analysis. Candidate senses: 1 act of examining something closely (as for mistakes), synonyms scrutiny. 2 set of questions/exercises (exam/test). 3 formal systematic questioning (interrogation/interrogatory). 4 detailed inspection of conscience (examen). 5 act of giving students or candidates a test.

Given "an examination of changes" is a careful inspection/analysis. Sense 1. Index 1. Need return JSON exactly.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: change
Target surface form: changes
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of <t>changes</t> in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=change%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another | synonyms=alteration, modification | examples=the change was intended to increase sales; this storm is certainly a change for the worse
2. sense_key=change%1:24:00:: | definition=a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event | examples=he attributed the change to their marriage
3. sense_key=change%1:04:00:: | definition=the action of changing something | examples=the change of government had no impact on the economy; his change on abortion cost him the election
4. sense_key=change%1:19:00:: | definition=the result of alteration or modification | examples=there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs; there had been no change in the mountains
5. sense_key=change%1:21:02:: | definition=the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due | examples=I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change
6. sense_key=change%1:06:01:: | definition=a thing that is different | examples=he inspected several changes before selecting one
7. sense_key=change%1:06:00:: | definition=a different or fresh set of clothes | examples=she brought a change in her overnight bag
8. sense_key=change%1:21:01:: | definition=coins of small denomination regarded collectively | examples=he had a pocketful of change
9. sense_key=change%1:21:03:: | definition=money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency | examples=he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver
10. sense_key=change%1:07:00:: | definition=a difference that is usually pleasant | synonyms=variety | examples=he goes to France for variety; it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to do word sense disambiguation for the target word "changes" in the given text. The target lemma is "change" but surface form is "changes" (plural noun). I need choose from 10 candidate senses. I must choose single best indexed sense and return JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Let's analyze context:

"An examination of <t>changes</t> in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff."

Here "changes in personal staffing decisions" means events/changes in staffing decisions between 1986 and 1987, due to control of body changed party hands (switch from Republican to Democratic control or vice versa). They examine changes in personal staffing decisions. This is like modifications/alterations in staffing decisions. Candidate senses definitions:

1. change%1:11:00:: an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another; synonyms alteration, modification; examples "the change was intended to increase sales; this storm is certainly a change for the worse". Noun.state? Actually lexicographic file 1:11? In WordNet nouns, 11 is "state"? Actually WordNet noun sections: 03 animal, 04 act, 05 artifact, 06 attribute, 07 body, 08 cognition, 09 communication, 10 event, 11 feeling? Wait lexnames: noun.event is 10? Let's recall WordNet sense keys format: change%1:04:00::. The middle two digits: part of speech (1 for noun), lexicographer file number (04 = noun.act), last is lex_id. So:
1. change%1:11:00:: lex_filenumber 11 = noun.event? Wait noun.event is lexicographer file 10? I need recall listings:
Noun files:
00 = noun.Tops (entity, abstraction...)
01 = noun.group
02 = noun.location
03 = noun.person
04 = noun.act
05 = noun.animal
06 = noun.artifact
07 = noun.attribute
08 = noun.body
09 = noun.cognition
10 = noun.communication? Need exact.
Actually WordNet database lexicographer file numbers:
00  noun.Tops
01  noun.group
02  noun.location
03  noun.person
04  noun.act
05  noun.animal
06  noun.artifact
07  noun.attribute
08  noun.body
09  noun.cognition
10  noun.communication
11  noun.event
12  noun.feeling
13  noun.food
14  noun.group? Hmm group maybe 01? Let’s verify common list.
According to WordNet, lexicographer file names and numbers:
00 adj.all? Wait part-of-speech first.
Maybe sense keys for nouns: change%1:11:00:: likely noun.event (event). Let's not rely.
Definition 1: "an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another". Synonyms alteration, modification. Example "the change was intended to increase sales; this storm is certainly a change for the worse". This sounds like "change" as an event of transition.

Definition 2: change%1:24:00:: "a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event" example "he attributed the change to their marriage". Lex file 24? That's noun.relation.

Definition 3: change%1:04:00:: "the action of changing something" examples "the change of government had no impact on the economy; his change on abortion cost him the election". Noun.act.

Definition 4: change%1:19:00:: "the result of alteration or modification" examples "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs; there had been no change in the mountains". This is noun.phenomenon maybe or noun.state? Noun.state? Actually 19 = noun.state? WordNet noun file numbers: 15 = noun.group? Let's ignore.

Definition 5financial, 6 thing that is different, 7 clothes, 8 coins, 9 money exchange, 10 pleasant difference.

Our use "changes in personal staffing decisions" likely refers to alterations/modifications. It can be plural and means "alterations". The phrase "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions ... reveals..." They examine differences between 1986 and 1987. It could be either sense 1 (events of passing from one state to another) or sense 4 (result of alteration/modification i.e. marked changes in the lining). But definition 4 examples: "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs; there had been no change in the mountains" - these refer to physical differences resulting from modifications. "Changes in personal staffing decisions" could mean the differing decisions, or modifications.

Sense 1 is "an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another" synonyms alteration, modification. This is a countable event. Example "the change was intended to increase sales". This can apply to "changes in staffing decisions". The event of going from old staffing to new staffing.

Sense 2 is relational difference between states; attributed to an event. Example "he attributed the change to their marriage" - the difference after marriage. It is often uncountable? Actually countable? "A change" in measurement.

Sense 3 action of changing something: "the change of government" uncountable? Could be "changes in decisions"? Not exactly.

Sense 4 result of alteration: "marked changes" in the lining. Here "changes in personal staffing decisions" as resulting modifications? The table shows allocations. They examine changes (differences) over time.

We need best match. Let's inspect WordNet senses for "change" noun. In standard WordNet 3.0, senses of "change" maybe:
1. change, alteration, modification (event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another)
2. change (a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event)
3. change (the action of changing something)
4. change (the result of alteration or modification)
5. change (the balance of money...)
6. change (a thing that is different)
7. change (a different or fresh set of clothes)
8. change (coins of small denomination...)
9. change (money received in return...)
10. variety, change (a difference that is usually pleasant)

Yes.

Now WSD for plural "changes". Many uses map to sense 1? Examples from WordNet: "the change was intended to increase sales" sense 1. "There were marked changes in the lining" sense 4. "He inspected several changes before selecting one" sense 6.

Context: They examine changes across years due party control switching. "changes in personal staffing decisions". That likely means modifications/alterations in the decisions (i.e., the decisions changed due to party control change). The staff allocations changed. They are not referring to relational differences as in measurement states? It is plural and concrete in decisions.

Which sense is canonical for "changes in X"? Let's consider standard WSD for "changes" in similar phrases. "Changes in personal staffing decisions" is an examination of how personal staffing decisions changed. It is an "alteration/modification". So sense 1 likely.

But phrase "An examination of changes" as a noun meaning "alterations" could be sense 1 (event) or sense 4 (result). Let's compare definitions: 1: "an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another". 4: "the result of alteration or modification". Example: "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs". Here changes are resulting modifications/differences observed. In our context, changes in staffing decisions could be results of altering decisions. However, "examination of changes" between years sounds like examining modifications; not the transition events themselves? Wait definition 1 also includes "alteration, modification" as synonyms. It is often used for "state change". The midpoint: "when something passes from one state or phase to another". In staffing decisions, the decisions pass from old levels to new levels. So that fits.

Definition 4 "the result of alteration or modification" would be e.g. "the changes in the genome" meaning changed versions. Plural "changes" after "in". Example: "marked changes in the lining" - the lining changed; changes are observed modified states. Similarly personal staffing decisions changed; the new values are changes from old. But is "changes in decisions" more like sense 1 or 4? Both plausible.

Need use sentence context. The phrase "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 ... reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to..." So they are examining "changes" precisely to rule out that staffing differences between parties are due to majority control? Wait they look at changes between 1986 and 1987 when control of Senate changed party hands. They want to see if staffing differences change when party control changes. So "changes" are alterations in staffing decisions accompanying the switch in majority. That is an event or action? Actually they examine changes in personal staffing decisions over the period when control changed hands. They want to see whether Democrats became more district-office oriented when they took control? The "changes" are shifts in allocation. Which sense best? It seems sense 1 (event of passing from one state to another) because they are looking at the transition over time: 1986->1987. The parenthetical "when control of that body changed party hands" uses "changed" as verb (different).

Also notice "the personal staffing differences noted in the table". The table shows current differences between Democrats and Republicans. They use changes around 1986-87 (a natural experiment) to argue that differences are not an artifact of majority-party resource control. So "changes" are the within-Senate variation over time due to majority change. That is modifications/alterations.

I think answer sense index 1. But let's thoroughly verify against sense 4. Sense 4 examples: "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs; there had been no change in the mountains". If we say "examination of changes in personal staffing decisions" - "changes" are observable differences between before and after. Could be sense 4. However, WordNet gloss for sense 1 synonyms include alteration and modification - likely the intended sense for "changes" in general. The "result of alteration" sense is used when change is the outcome, not the transition. In text, "changes in staffing decisions" is not "results" but "alterations".

The most common WSD mapping for plural "changes" in "changes in ___" maybe sense 1. Let's search memory: In SemCor and supervised WSD, "changes" often maps to change.n.01 (event). For example "There were significant changes" -> sense 1. If "marked changes" in tissue -> sense 4. The presence of "between 1986 and 1987" and "control changed" underscores transition events, supporting sense 1.

Let's check each candidate:
1: event transition. synonyms alteration, modification. Example "the change was intended to increase sales". Could be their changes were due to party control.
2: relational difference; examples "he attributed the change to their marriage". Fits attributing cause of difference. But in text they examine changes; could use that? "examination of the relational difference between states before and after" is essentially the definition. However "change" as relational difference is less concrete.
3: action of changing something. A change of government. "Changes in personal staffing decisions" not as an action? Could be.
10: pleasant difference. no.
Financial/clothes no.
So between 1,2,3,4. The single best is likely 1.

Instruction: Do not answer with WordNet sense key. Return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Use 1-indexed? They listed 1-10, so "sense_index": 1. Good.

But must be careful: They said "Choose the single best indexed sense. ... Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". So just return JSON. No explanation. Ensure no extra whitespace? Fine.

However, before final, consider the subtle differences in WordNet noun senses. Let's recall from actual WordNet 3.0 order maybe different? The list includes sense_key and definitions. Index numbers 1-10 correspond to senses. We just choose index. Need not output sense key. Good.

Now, is there any possibility that "changes" here is "the result of alteration or modification" (sense 4) because they are examining "changes in personal staffing decisions" not "the action of changing something". Let's deeply analyze.

Definition 1: "an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another". Here "changes" is plural. In "examination of changes in personal staffing decisions", personal staffing decisions are not a single thing passing phases but multiple decisions altered. Each change is an event of passing from old decision to new decision. Plural "changes" is acceptable: multiple events. Synonyms alteration, modification. This fits.

Definition 4: "the result of alteration or modification". If we say "the changes in the lining of the lungs", "changes" are observable differences resulting from disease or alteration. But "personal staffing decisions" are human choices; the result of altering them is the new decisions. Could be.

Which is more probable by WordNet conventions? Let's see WordNet examples for change noun sense 1 include "the change was intended to increase sales". That is a deliberate alteration. "change of government" sense 3 action. "change%1:24:00::" relational difference. The "relational difference" sense examples maybe "he attributed the change to their marriage". This is used in scientific contexts: "attribute the change to X". Here they "examine changes" not "attribute the change to". But one clause "can not be attributed to..." refers to staffing differences, not change.

The phrase "the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to ..." is about differences, not changes. But they examine changes to make that claim.

Could "changes" in plural + "between 1986 and 1987" map to sense 2: "a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event"? Because it explicitly is a relational difference between states before/after an event (control changing party hands). The definition for sense 2 exactly: "a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event". That directly describes comparing staffing decisions in 1986 and 1987 (before and after control change). Example: he attributed the change to their marriage. In our text, they examine relational difference between states of personal staffing decisions across years. That seems very relevant. Could be sense 2.

But wait, "changes" in sense 2 maybe usually "change" as in "the change in votes was 5%". It is a mathematical/statistical difference, not specific alterations. Is "personal staffing decisions" something that can have a relational difference? Yes: the changes in allocation over time.

However, in typical WSD, "changes" as in "changes in X" without numerical/relational connotation is sense 1. Sense 2 specifically: "a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event". It might be less common. The table examines "changes" as "alterations in personal staffing decisions" across years, not necessarily a single quantified relational difference.

Let's examine the broader context for clues:
- The primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit-seeking -> Republicans attend less? Actually Democrats lower attendance on national policy votes, allocate more staff to district offices. The table shows differences between parties.
- They examine changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 when control changed party hands. This natural experiment tests whether party control drives staffing differences.
- If when Democrats took control, their staffing went to district offices, then maybe it's due to majority status. But table shows (probably) even in House majority? They want to argue differences not due to majority-party resource control.

Thus "changes" are the modifications in staffing that occurred between the two years because of the switch of control. That's definitely sense 1 "event when something passes from one state or phase to another". The parenthetical "when control of that body changed party hands" reinforces the transition from one party's control to another. They examine "changes" in decisions during that transition.

Also the phrase "the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise ... over other resources such as committee staff" implies that the observed differences are not simply because Democrats use majority resources; the changes in personal staff after switch argue personal staffing differences are due to philosophy.

If the differences were relational and attributable, sense 2 maybe would say "the change was attributed". But no.

Let's consider WordNet synset relations. Sense 1 is hypernym of "happening, occurrence, natural event". Sense 4 is hypernym of "consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot". When one says "changes in the lining" it is an outcome. Here "changes in staffing decisions" may be both an event and an outcome. But the text says "examination of changes in personal staffing decisions" not "examination of the effects of party control change on personal staff".

Need decide robustly. Let's search mental corpus: "changes in ... decisions" can map to sense 1? Probably yes. Example from WordNet: "the change of government had no impact on the economy" (sense 3 action). "He inspected several changes before selecting one" (sense 6 a thing that is different). "There were marked changes in the lining of the lungs" (sense 4 result). "She brought a change in her overnight bag" sense 7. "He attributed the change to their marriage" sense 2.

The phrase "between 1986 and 1987" suggests a temporal change event, not a static result. "Changes" plural is generic. I'd lean sense 1. But I want to be absolutely certain that sense 2 (relational difference between states) isn't better because it explicitly refers to before/after event. Let's examine definition 2: "a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event". In usage, "change" as relational difference often appears in phrases like "the change in unemployment rates" or "measure the change in temperature" or "the change was dramatic". Actually those could also be sense 1. Let's see Wordnet distinguishes sense 2 by being an abstraction relation; example singular "he attributed the change to their marriage". It is the relation/difference, not the event of transition. If a sentence said "The change in staffing levels between 1986 and 1987 is due to party control," that might be sense 2. But "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions" is not focusing on a single measured relational difference; it is an empirical look at how decisions changed - alterations.

Given the gloss synonyms for sense 1 are alteration, modification, and the phrase "changes in personal staffing decisions" means modifications to those decisions, sense 1 is most direct.

Thus final answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

Return only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in <t>personal</t> staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "personal" in phrase "personal staff" / "personal staffing decisions" in context about congressional staff. Candidate senses: 1 concerning or affecting a particular person or his/her private life and personality; 2 particular to a given individual; 3 of or arising from personality; 4 physical body; 5 grammatical person.

Context: "primary duty of personal staff", "personal staffs", "personal staffing decisions". In political science, "personal staff" refers to staff assigned to an individual legislator (as opposed to committee staff). So sense 2 "particular to a given individual" fits best: staff belonging to the individual legislator. Sense 1 would imply private life/personality, not right. Sense 3 personality. So index 2. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decision
Target surface form: decisions
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing <t>decisions</t> in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decision%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making up your mind about something | synonyms=determination, conclusion | examples=the burden of decision was his; he drew his conclusions quickly
2. sense_key=decision%1:09:00:: | definition=a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration | synonyms=determination, conclusion | examples=a decision unfavorable to the opposition; his conclusion took the evidence into account
3. sense_key=decision%1:11:02:: | definition=(boxing) a victory won on points when no knockout has occurred | examples=had little trouble in taking a unanimous decision over his opponent
4. sense_key=decision%1:11:01:: | definition=the outcome of a game or contest | examples=the team dropped three decisions in a row
5. sense_key=decision%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of resoluteness as evidenced by firmness of character or purpose | synonyms=decisiveness | examples=a man of unusual decisiveness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer only JSON with sense_index. Need disambiguate target "decisions" in context: "An examination of changes in personal staffing <t>decisions</t> in the Senate between 1986 and 1987... reveals that the personal staffing differences noted...". We need choose among 5 senses. Definitions:
1. act of making up mind about something (process). 2. position/opinion/judgment reached after consideration (result/content). 3. boxing victory. 4. outcome of game/contest. 5. trait resoluteness.
Context: staffing decisions = choices/judgments about staffing allocations, likely acts of deciding or resultant choices? "changes in personal staffing decisions" refers to the decisions made about staffing, i.e., choices. Need choose sense 1 or 2. "Decision" here as countable noun: "staffing decisions" = instances of making decisions? It is the act of making up one's mind about something. But could be the judgment/choice reached. Need decide single best. Let's parse. "personal staffing decisions" are decisions concerning staffing; in political science context, allocation choices. Examples: sense 1: "the burden of decision was his"; determination/conclusion. sense 2: "a decision unfavorable to the opposition"; position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration. Synonyms for both are determination, conclusion. Example 2 suggests a decision as a judgment or outcome of consideration (a ruling/opinion). In "staffing decisions" meaning choices about staffing, likely the act/result of making up one's mind (deciding) rather than a formal judgment/opinion. Which WN sense more accurately? Consider "the decision to hire John" = act of deciding; "a staffing decision" = act or result of deciding. In WordNet, sense 1: the act of making up your mind about something. This covers choice/decision as an act. Sense 2: a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration, e.g., "the decision was to go ahead." For "staffing decisions," they are the choices made (the act). The phrase "changes in personal staffing decisions" could be changes in the choices themselves (the result), but these choices are acts of making up mind. Need choose index 1 likely.
We need answer JSON only.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when <t>control</t> of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%1:07:00:: | definition=power to direct or determine | examples=under control
2. sense_key=control%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another | examples=measures for the control of disease; they instituted controls over drinking on campus
3. sense_key=control%1:04:02:: | definition=(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc | examples=the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired; he had lost control of his sphincters
4. sense_key=control%1:09:02:: | definition=a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment | synonyms=control condition | examples=the control condition was inappropriate for the conclusions he wished to draw
5. sense_key=control%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of managing or exerting control over something | examples=the control of the mob by the police was admirable
6. sense_key=control%1:26:00:: | definition=the state that exists when one person or group has power over another | synonyms=dominance, ascendance, ascendence, ascendancy, ascendency | examples=her apparent dominance of her husband was really her attempt to make him pay attention to her
7. sense_key=control%1:07:01:: | definition=discipline in personal and social activities | synonyms=restraint | examples=he was a model of polite restraint; she never lost control of herself
8. sense_key=control%1:09:01:: | definition=great skillfulness and knowledge of some subject or activity | synonyms=command, mastery | examples=a good command of French
9. sense_key=control%1:06:00:: | definition=a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine | synonyms=controller | examples=the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly; I turned the controls over to her
10. sense_key=control%1:18:00:: | definition=a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
11. sense_key=control%1:10:00:: | definition=the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc. | examples=they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 Let me analyze this carefully.

The target word is "control" in the context: "when control of that body changed party hands"

The context is about the Senate, where one party has majority status. "Control of that body changed party hands" means that which party has control/power over the Senate switched from one party to another.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. control%1:07:00:: | power to direct or determine | examples=under control
2. control%1:24:00:: | a relation of constraint of one entity by another
3. control%1:04:02:: | (physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function
4. control%1:09:02:: | a standard against which other conditions can be compared
5. control%1:04:00:: | the activity of managing or exerting control over something
6. control%1:26:00:: | the state that exists when one person or group has power over another | synonyms=dominance, ascendance, ascendence, ascendancy, ascendency
7. control%1:07:01:: | discipline in personal and social activities
8. control%1:09:01:: | great skillfulness and knowledge of some subject
9. control%1:06:00:: | a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine
10. control%1:18:00:: | a spiritual agency
11. control%1:10:00:: | the economic policy of controlling or limiting prices or wages

The phrase "control of that body changed party hands" refers to which political party has power/dominance over the Senate (the body). This is about the state of one group having power over another (the majority party having power over the Senate/legislative body and its proceedings).

Sense 6 "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another" with synonyms dominance, ascendance, ascendency, etc. fits very well here. This is about party control - the dominance/ascendancy of one party over the other in the Senate.

Sense 5 "the activity of managing or exerting control over something" could also be considered, but "control changed party hands" refers more to the state of having power rather than the activity. The phrase "party control" in political science typically refers to which party holds the majority - it's a state of dominance.

Sense 1 "power to direct or determine" is also possible, but sense 6 specifically captures the relational aspect of one group having power over another, which fits the political body context better.

I think sense 6 is the best fit.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: body
Target surface form: body
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that <t>body</t> changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=body%1:08:00:: | definition=the entire structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being) | synonyms=organic structure, physical structure | examples=he felt as if his whole body were on fire
2. sense_key=body%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity | examples=the whole body filed out of the auditorium; the student body
3. sense_key=body%1:08:02:: | definition=a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person | synonyms=dead body | examples=they found the body in the lake
4. sense_key=body%1:17:00:: | definition=an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects | examples=heavenly body
5. sense_key=body%1:08:01:: | definition=the body excluding the head and neck and limbs | synonyms=torso, trunk | examples=they moved their arms and legs and bodies
6. sense_key=body%1:14:02:: | definition=a collection of particulars considered as a system | examples=a body of law; a body of doctrine
7. sense_key=body%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of holding together and retaining its shape | synonyms=consistency, consistence, eubstance | examples=wool has more body than rayon; when the dough has enough consistency it is ready to bake
8. sense_key=body%1:10:00:: | definition=the central message of a communication | examples=the body of the message was short
9. sense_key=body%1:07:01:: | definition=the main mass of a thing
10. sense_key=body%1:06:01:: | definition=a resonating chamber in a musical instrument (as the body of a violin) | synonyms=soundbox
11. sense_key=body%1:06:00:: | definition=the external structure of a vehicle | examples=the body of the car was badly rusted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform word sense disambiguation for "body" in context. We need choose single best indexed sense among 11 candidates. Target surface form body in sentence: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- When control of that <t>body</t> changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals..." The phrase "that body" refers to the Senate? Actually "control of that body changed party hands" -- body here is a group/entity/legislative body. Senate is a deliberative body, a group of persons associated by common tie/occupation and regarded as an entity. Candidate sense 2: a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity; examples whole body filed out, student body; also legislative body fits. Candidate sense 6: a collection of particulars considered as a system; examples a body of law, a body of doctrine. Which is best? "body" referring to Senate: the Senate is a body of persons (legislators). Sense 2 likely. Sense 6 is abstract collection/system, not persons. Sense 1 physical organism. Sense 5 torso. Sense 11 car. Sense 9 main mass. "control of that body" clearly institution. So sense_index: 2. Need ensure output only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. For answer, {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: party
Target surface form: party
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed <t>party</t> hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=party%1:14:01:: | definition=an organization to gain political power | synonyms=political party | examples=in 1992 Perot tried to organize a third party at the national level
2. sense_key=party%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people gathered together for pleasure | examples=she joined the party after dinner
3. sense_key=party%1:14:02:: | definition=a band of people associated temporarily in some activity | synonyms=company | examples=they organized a party to search for food; the company of cooks walked into the kitchen
4. sense_key=party%1:11:00:: | definition=an occasion on which people can assemble for social interaction and entertainment | examples=he planned a party to celebrate Bastille Day
5. sense_key=party%1:18:00:: | definition=a person involved in legal proceedings | examples=the party of the first part

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer WSD for "party" in context. Need choose single best indexed sense among candidate senses. The target surface "party" in phrase "control of that body changed <t>party</t> hands". Actually phrase is "changed party hands". This is idiom "change party hands" maybe means control shifted from one political party to another. The target lemma party used adjectivally? Here "party hands" means hands of a party, i.e., political party. So sense is organization to gain political power (political party). Candidate 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index":1} only. Let's verify context: congressional Republicans/Democrats, majority-party status, control of Senate changed party hands. Yes political party. No hedging. Return only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reveal
Target surface form: reveals
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, <t>reveals</t> that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reveal%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible | synonyms=uncover, bring out, unveil | examples=Summer brings out bright clothes; He brings out the best in her
2. sense_key=reveal%2:32:00:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, discover, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
3. sense_key=reveal%2:39:04:: | definition=disclose directly or through prophets | examples=God rarely reveal his plans for Mankind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON. Need choose sense for "reveals". Context academic: "An examination ... reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to..." This is making known (finding/information) publicly; previously unknown? It reveals a result of analysis. Synonyms: disclose, uncover. Sense 2 definition make known to public info previously known only to few or secret. Sense 1 make visible. Sense 3 disclose through prophets/God. So best is 2. Need output only JSON object {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure not hedge, no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the <t>personal</t> staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "personal" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the 5 candidate senses provided.

Let me analyze the context carefully. The relevant sentence is:
"Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987..."

The target word "personal" appears in the phrase "personal staffing decisions" and earlier references to "personal staff" and "personal staffs".

Let me think about what "personal" means in this context. It's being used to describe staff or staffing decisions that belong to an individual legislator (as opposed to committee staff, which belongs to the committee or party).

"Personal staff" in a congressional context refers to staff members who work directly for an individual member of Congress (as opposed to committee staff or party leadership staff).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. personal%3:00:00:: - "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality" - examples: "a personal favor; for your personal use"
   This sense relates to private life, private concerns, affecting a particular person. In the context of "personal staff," does it mean staff concerning a particular person's private life? Not exactly. It refers to staff assigned to/attached to a particular legislator.

2. personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 - "particular to a given individual"
   This suggests something specific/idiosyncratic to an individual.

3. personal%3:01:01:: - "of or arising from personality" - examples: "personal magnetism"
   Doesn't fit.

4. personal%5:00:00:physical:00 - "intimately concerning a person's body or physical being" - examples: "personal hygiene"
   Doesn't fit.

5. personal%3:01:00:: - "indicating grammatical person" - examples: "personal verb endings"
   Doesn't fit.

Now, in WordNet, "personal staff" typically maps to sense 1 or sense 2. Let me think about this more carefully.

The phrase "personal staff" in political contexts refers to staff assigned to an individual member as opposed to institutional staff. This is closest to sense 1 "concerning or affecting a particular person" or sense 2 "particular to a given individual".

Actually, let me reconsider. In the sentence "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices," "personal staff" means staff that works for the individual legislator personally (as opposed to committee staff or party staff).

The phrase "personal staffing decisions" refers to decisions about staffing one's own (personal) staff.

I need to think about which WordNet sense best captures this. Sense 1 "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality" - "personal staff" as staff that serves a particular person. This seems like the right fit. The staff is assigned/concerning the particular legislator.

Sense 2 "particular to a given individual" - This is more subjective/idiosyncratic. "Personal taste" would fit here.

I think sense 1 is the best fit for "personal staff" - staff concerning/serving a particular person (the legislator), as opposed to institutional staff.

Let me also consider common collocations:
- "personal staff" = staff assigned to a particular person (sense 1)
- "personal friend" = friend of a particular person (sense 1)
- "personal use" = use by a particular person (sense 1)
- "personal opinion" = opinion of a particular individual (sense 2)

In context, "personal staff" is being contrasted with "committee staff" and other resources controlled by the party. The personal staff belongs to/concerns the individual legislator. So sense 1 seems best.

Actually, I should double-check. In WordNet, "personal" has these adjective senses. Let me think about what WordNet index numbers mean. The sense_key format is:
- personal%3:00:00:: (adjective, 00, 00) - this is typically sense 1
- personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 - pertainym? (adjective satellite, 00, 00, linked to subjective)
- personal%3:01:01:: - (adjective, 01)
- personal%5:00:00:physical:00 - satellite
- personal%3:01:00:: - (adjective, 01, 00)

Wait, %3 means adjective, %5 means adjective satellite. So senses 3 and 5 are regular adjectives, and 2 and 4 are adjective satellites.

For "personal staff" - is it sense 1 "concerning or affecting a particular person"? Or sense 2 "particular to a given individual"?

The phrase "personal staff" is about staff that is assigned to a particular person (the legislator). This is sense 1.

I think the answer is sense_index: 1.

But wait, let me reconsider "personal staffing decisions". Here "personal" modifies "staffing decisions", not "staff" directly. These are decisions regarding one's personal staff. So it still ultimately refers to staff of a particular person.

Let me also look at the broader context. The text distinguishes "personal staff" from "committee staff." Personal staff = staff that works for the individual member. Committee staff = staff that works for the committee. This contrast strongly supports sense 1 - "concerning or affecting a particular person" or simply "of/belonging to a particular person".

I'll go with sense_index: 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: differences
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing <t>differences</t> noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best WordNet sense for "differences" in sentence: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 ..., moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise..." Differences refers to the differences in personal staffing decisions/allocations between parties, observed in table. Candidate senses:
1 quality of being unlike or dissimilar (there are many differences between jazz and rock)
2 variation that deviates from standard/norm (deviation, divergence)
3 disagreement/argument
4 significant change
5 number that remains after subtraction
This is about differences between Democrats and Republicans in staffing, patterns of variation/deviation? Sense 1 is general dissimilarity between groups. The phrase "personal staffing differences noted in the table" means the observed differences (disparities) in staffing allocations. The table likely compares Democrats and Republicans; differences are the ways they differ. Sense 1 fits: the quality or state of being unlike/dissimilar. Sense 2 (deviation from standard/norm) could be possible if focusing on deviations, but context is comparative between parties, not deviation from a norm. Sense 4 significant change? No, not change in same entity. Sense 1 is best. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.