[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for target 'alter' surface 'altering' in context. Need output JSON only {"sense_index": ...}. Let's analyze.

Context: bell ringing / change-ringing: "varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." So without causing the steady rhythm to change; without changing rhythm.

Candidate 1: cause to change; make different; cause a transformation (change, modify). Examples: altered the growth pattern, changed my thinking. Here it's transitive: altering the steady rhythm = causing the rhythm to change. Good.

Candidate 2: become different in some particular way, without permanently losing characteristics; intr./? "her mood changes". Not transitive. The syntax: without altering X -> object. So not 2.

Candidate 3: make an alteration to (clothing). Not fitting rhythm.

Candidate 4: insert words into texts, falsify. No.

Candidate 5: neuter animals. No.

Thus best sense index 1. Need return JSON only. Ensure correct: {"sense_index": 1}. No extra.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "steady" in sentence: "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." Target describes rhythm. Candidate senses:
1. steady%3:00:00:: adj "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior"; examples a steady beat; a steady job. This maps exactly: steady rhythm = not subject to variation, a steady beat.
2. steady%5:00:00:stable:00 not liable to fluctuate or fall; examples stocks are still firm. Could apply to rhythm, but sense 1 is more specific for beat/rhythm and is the base sense.
3. secure in position; not relevant.
4. resolute; not relevant.
5. frequent/regular person; not relevant.
6. unexcitable; not relevant.
Thus answer index 1. Ensure JSON only.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Moonshot AI

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense. Context: change-ringing; ringers varying order of bells without altering steady rhythm of striking. Rhythm here is regular, recurring interval/pattern of striking. Candidate senses:
1. musical rhythm in piece of music. Bells? not music piece per se? It could be considered basic rhythmic unit. But examples music/beat. Context: striking bells, not necessarily music piece. Also WN sense includes music. Candidate 2: recurring at regular intervals. Syn regular recurrence. That fits 'steady rhythm of the striking' as regular recurrence. Candidate 3: interval during which recurring sequence of events occurs; cycle/round; examples seasons. Could fit a rhythm as sequence of bell strikes? Candidate 4 speech rhythm; no. Candidate 5 birth control; no.
Need choose single best. The phrase 'steady rhythm of the striking' means regularity of timing. WN sense 2 definition recurring at regular intervals; synonyms regular recurrence. In this domain, it's about recurring sounds at steady intervals. Sense 1 specifically musical rhythm unit. Bells produce music? The passage says 'playing tunes on bells' in carillons; English change-ringing isn't tunes, just varying order. But rhythm of striking is the temporal regularity. WN 2 is better. However, could WN 1 cover any periodic sound? Definition: basic rhythmic unit in piece of music. They are not playing tunes, but bell ringing is musical? It refers to striking rhythm. Hmm.
WordNet sense 1 is the musical sense for rhythm; examples. In 'rhythm of bell striking', it often refers to musical rhythm. But the text emphasizes 'steady rhythm' not altering timing, i.e. regular recurrence. Let’s inspect definitions from WordNet: rhythm%1:07:01:: = recurring at regular intervals. That's abstract property. rhythm%1:10:01:: = the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music. Context says 'without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.' They are ringing bells; striking = sounds. The steady rhythm is a beat. Carillons play tunes; change ringing changes order not rhythm. 'rhythm' in bell ringing could be musical rhythm: regular pulse in which bells sound. But is 'striking' a piece of music?
Consider sense 3: an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; cycle, round; examples seasons. The phrase 'rhythm of the striking' is not interval; it is the pace/regularity. No.
Sense 2 vs 1: In WSD datasets, 'rhythm' sense 2 likely has contexts like 'biological rhythm', 'circadian rhythm', 'rhythm of the seasons', 'rhythm of waves'—recurring at regular intervals. Our context: 'steady rhythm of the striking'—it can be seen as recurring at regular intervals (steady). Also synonyms 'regular recurrence' matches steady. However musical rhythm also implies recurrence/beat. Which is more appropriate? WordNet sense 1 is specifically music. Bells being struck at steady intervals—sound/music. But WordNet 'piece of music' requires a piece? The bells don't necessarily make music, but they are musical instruments. Could label as sense 1.
Need decide. Let's see examples for sense 1: 'the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat.' The context: 'varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.' This phrase could be rephrased 'without altering the steady beat.' That's exactly sense 1 syns beat. Also 'rhythm of striking' is the beat pattern as in music. Sense 1 also basic rhythmic unit in piece of music. The bell sounds as performance maybe not a tune, but still rhythmic music. I think the best sense is sense 1, due to 'steady rhythm/beat' in performing sounds.
But maybe sense 2 because it's recurring at regular intervals, abstract, not musical. Let's examine WordNet role: rhythm%1:10:01:: (noun.artifact? noun.communication?) defined 'the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music'. rhythm%1:07:01:: defined 'recurring at regular intervals'. The phrase 'rhythm' of bell-striking is the regular timing of strikes—'recurring at regular intervals' fits more literally. Sense 1 requires a piece of music; there is no piece of music, no conductor/tune. They are not varying musical rhythm but keeping steady interval. Many non-musical rhythms (heart rhythm, circadian rhythm) are sense 2. This is like 'rhythm of the striking' = regularity.
Potential issue: The context is about an ancient art (change-ringing). It involves bells (musical instruments). But 'rhythm' as an abstract temporal regularity is sense 2. Need select.
Let's check mapping of 'steady rhythm'. In WordNet, 'steady rhythm' maybe collocation for sense 1? Examples? If asked choose among given senses, use context, synonyms, examples. The synonym for sense 1 is beat. The synonym for sense 2 is regular recurrence. Synonym 'beat' works with 'steady rhythm of striking'. But 'regular recurrence' also works. Which is more specific? The context is about sound production (bells), which is music. I'd lean sense 1. But not entirely.
Let's inspect WordNet senses for 'rhythm' fully:
- 1. (music) the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music; "the piece has a fast rhythm"; "the conductor set the beat"
- 2. recurring at regular intervals (synonym: regular recurrence)
- 3. an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; "the never-ending cycle of the seasons" (synonym cycle, round)
- 4. the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements; "the rhythm of Frost's poetry" (speech rhythm)
- 5. natural family planning...
In English, 'rhythm of church bells' is commonly sense 1? Could be 'the rhythm of the bells' as music. But the phrase 'without altering the steady rhythm of the striking' could be 'without changing the beat'. In a group of bell ringers, the 'rhythm' is the beat in time with which they pull the ropes. They keep the same tempo/pace. That is essentially a metrical pulse in music (sense 1). Change ringing is a mathematical/musical exercise; the order permutation occurs but the timing (beat/tempo) remains constant. So sense 1.
Need answer only JSON.
But I should be sure; I can consider likelihood from SemCor mapping. 'rhythm' in sense 1 in contexts like 'jazz rhythm', 'musical rhythm'. In SemCor 'rhythm' noun appears? Perhaps 'the rhythm of the waves' sense 2; 'biologic rhythms' sense 2. 'Change-ringing' in SemCor likely no. The context is from The Atlantic? Not sure. For WordNet WSD, 'steady rhythm' common in sense 2? Example maybe 'the rhythm of the heartbeat'. Actually 'steady rhythm' can be medical, sense 2. But in the phonics of bell ringing, it's musical.
Let's evaluate definitions again: sense 1 says 'the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music'. It doesn't say 'regular recurrence of sounds in general'. But 'piece of music' could be broad; the bell-ringing sequence is music? The article juxtaposes carillons 'playing tunes' as childish; change-ringing is not tunes but permutations. However each bell strike could be considered notes; the entire performance could be a piece of music, but maybe with no recognizable melody. In change-ringing, the music is in the permutations, not melody; it is a form of music. The 'rhythm' is the temporal frame. So sense 1 fine.
Sense 2 is 'recurring at regular intervals'—also fine but more generic. WSD usually selects most specific sense applicable. Since the target refers to bell performance, a musical context, sense 1 is more specific. The synonym 'beat' matches. Therefore answer {"sense_index":1}.
Need ensure no hedge in final. User asks return only JSON. So final only JSON.
Potential conflict: 'rhythm%1:07:01::' sense 2 synonyms 'regular recurrence'. The context includes 'steady', 'striking' at intervals. If the phrase were 'the steady rhythm of his breathing', sense 2. Bell-striking is a periodic sound but could be non-musical. Hmm.
Let's parse sentence: 'the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.' This refers to the physical action of striking (bells clappers hitting) happening at a steady rate. It is not about a piece of music. The 'rhythm' here is a property: recurring at regular intervals. 'Steady' qualifies exactly that. 'Beat' is also a synonym. But WordNet sense 2's definition says 'recurring at regular intervals' and the phrase 'steady rhythm of the striking' = the striking recurs at regular intervals without variation. This is exactly sense 2. The examples for sense 2 none given maybe; but synonyms 'regular recurrence'.
However, does sense 1's definition 'the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music' include striking of church bells? If you say 'the conductor set the beat', that's music. Here there is no conductor, no piece. 'Steady rhythm' in this context could be translated to 'steady beat', but the sense inventory separates 'beat' sense 1 from 'regular recurrence' sense 2.
Given WordNet's hierarchical hypernym: sense 1's hypernym maybe 'rhythmicity'? sense 2's hypernym maybe 'periodicity' (recurrence at regular intervals). The appropriate domain is periodicity. Bells sounding at a steady interval is periodicity, not music-specific. Therefore sense 2.
But there is no mention of 'interval' or 'cycle'. However 'steady rhythm' = regular recurrence. To decide, let's think about what a human would answer if given these candidates. They might say sense 2: recurring at regular intervals. Because the sentence emphasizes that the order changes but the interval/regular recurrence stays constant. The bells are not playing music in the tune sense; change-ringing is about permutations, not melody. The rhythm is the regular cadence.
But is change-ringing considered music? Traditionally, yes changes are rung as music, and they have unique non-melodic beauty. However the article specifically says carillon 'playing tunes' is childish, change-ringing is 'mind-boggling exercise'. The word 'rhythm' here perhaps belongs to physical/ temporal pattern, not musical rhythm.
Search memory: In WordNet, 'rhythm' sense 2 definition is a noun.attribute 'recurring at regular intervals' (attribute of things). This supports adj 'steady'. The phrase 'steady rhythm of the striking' uses rhythm as attribute/property of striking. Sense 1 is noun.artifact? No, noun.artifact maybe? Actually 1 is noun.communication? Let's not worry.
Let's consider collocation with 'without altering the steady rhythm of the striking'. If you replace 'rhythm' with 'beat': 'without altering the steady beat of the striking.' Natural. Replace with 'regular recurrence': 'without altering the steady regular recurrence of the striking.' Also natural. So both possible.
Need select best indexed sense per instructions. In ambiguous cases, use context. The word 'striking' in bell context can be considered part of music: bell-striking: each strike is a musical note. But the rules of change-ringing require the beat/tempo stays constant. This is indeed 'basic rhythmic unit' for the music they produce. However, if one were to annotate corpus with WordNet, I suspect they might label this as sense 1 due to 'church bells', 'ringing' = music. But I'm not entirely convinced.
Let's look at the candidate list ordering: The standard WordNet senses maybe: 1 music, 2 regular intervals, 3 cycle round, 4 speech, 5 birth control. In the given order (as listed). The context doesn't speak of speech or birth control. Cycle/round? 'rounds' is mentioned earlier: bells started in 'rounds', from highest to lowest. But target later 'rhythm'. Could there be an allusion to 'rounds' meaning a cycle, and then 'rhythm' could connect to 'round' (cycle) sense 3? No, because 'rhythm' here is not interval during which sequence of events occurs; it's the speed/steadiness.
The mention of 'rounds' is irrelevant maybe.
Now maybe the sense is 1 because synonyms include 'beat' and examples mention conductor. The ringers are like conducting music; they 'begin varying the order' while keeping the rhythm. It's performance. The 'basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music' fits.
Let's search mental mapping: WordNet 'rhythm' sense 2 doesn't have examples listed; maybe 'the rhythm of the seasons', 'biological rhythms'? WordNet example for sense 2 might be 'the rhythm of the tides', etc. Given the context with 'steady' and 'striking', the sense 2 definition is straightforward. If the author meant 'musical beat', they might also use 'rhythm' but the existence of the music-specific sense may require more explicit musical frame (like 'the melody and rhythm'). Here the passage is from an article about church bells not rung; it's about church bell-ringing as an art. So I think sense 2.
However, let's consider evaluation metrics of WSD: Many algorithms that use glosses find sense 2 definition includes 'recurring at regular intervals'. The prominence of 'steady' aligns with 'regular intervals'. The sense 1 definition includes 'piece of music', which is not explicit. So likely answer = 2.
But I have to choose one. To decide, maybe litmus: If you remove 'of the striking', 'without altering the steady rhythm' after discussing bells—what is rhythm? It's the steady timing. That is sense 2. 'Steady' modifies 'rhythm' but both senses can be steady. Yet sense 2 captures the abstract temporal pattern not tied to music. The mention of 'the order in which the bells sound' indicates sequence/permutation, but 'rhythm' is not order, it's temporal regularity. In WN, sense 3 is about sequence/cycle, but not the correct temporal meaning. Sense 2 regular recurrence.
The instruction: 'Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense.' For sense 1 examples: 'the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat.' The context has no conductor or piece. Synonyms: beat—maybe. But 'the striking' not a piece. For sense 2 examples not provided; synonyms regular recurrence—directly matches 'steady rhythm'. Thus sense 2 stronger.
I will answer 2. Final only JSON.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer single best indexed sense for target lemma striking, surface striking, context about church bells change-ringing. Candidate senses only two: 1 striking%1:11:00:: physical coming together of two or more things (contact, impinging), like contact with pier. 2 striking%1:04:00:: act of contacting one thing with another (hit, hitting), like repeated hitting. In context "steady rhythm of the striking" refers to bells being struck/clappers hitting bells? Actually in bell ringing, striking can mean the sound or the act of the bell being struck; "altering the steady rhythm of the striking" = the striking of bells. Which sense best? sense 2 act of contacting one thing with another (hit/hitting) is more active act of bell being struck. Sense 1 is physical coming together of two or more things (contact/impinging). Both involve contact. The examples: sense1 "contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull" = collision/contact between objects; sense2 "repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit" = act of hitting. In bell ringing, the clapper strikes the bell; "striking" noun could be the act of hitting. The phrase "rhythm of the striking" parallels "the striking of the bells". In WN, striking%1:04:00:: is "the act of contacting one thing with another" with synonyms hit/hitting. That fits. Sense 1 maybe "impinging" is more about collision/contact. Since bells produce sound by clapper hitting bell, sense 2 is best. Need output JSON only {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best indexed sense for target lemma variation in context. Need output JSON {"sense_index": ...}. Let's analyze carefully.

Context: It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. ... Change-ringing ... bells are started off in "rounds" from highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- simple descending scale ... Then ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods"...

Target surface form: variation. The immediate apposition: "Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once". So variation means a change in order of bells. In change-ringing, a "change" is a permutation. But WordNet definition options:
1. an instance of change; rate or magnitude of change (fluctuation)
2. an activity that varies from a norm or standard (variance)
3. musical theme repetition modified/embellished
4. something a little different from others of same type (version, variant)
5. artifact that deviates from norm
6. magnetic declination
7. the process of varying or being varied
8. astronomy perturbation
9. biology mutant
10. ballet solo dance
11. the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard (example: variations in taxation)

We need decide. In change-ringing, each variation refers to a specific ordered permutation of bells; "Each variation, or change, can occur only once". This is an instance of change: order changes. Which sense best? Let's inspect WordNet senses.

Sense 1 (variation%1:11:01::): noun.Tops? Lexicographer file 1:11 maybe "phenomenon"? Actually WordNet lexnames: noun.phenomenon maybe 1:11. Definition "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" synonyms fluctuation. Example likely "variation in temperature", etc. This is quantitative variable.

Sense 2 (variation%1:04:00::): noun.act? Lexfile 1:04 noun.act. Definition "an activity that varies from a norm or standard". Examples "any variation in his routine was immediately reported". Hmm "in his routine" is an activity?

Sense 7 (variation%1:22:00::): noun.process? Definition "the process of varying or being varied". Lexfile 1:22 noun.process maybe. That is process of variation overall, not each individual change. But "Each variation" maybe a specific arrangement / instance.

Sense 11: variation%1:04:01::, noun.act with form #2. Definition "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard" example taxation variations. Could fit.

Sense 4: something a little different from others of same type, version/variant. Each variation is a particular permutation. Could be "something a little different from others of the same type". But here it's specifically a "change" with rules, not an artifact or version.

We need choose single best. The apposition "or change" strongly aligns with sense 1 "an instance of change". However sense 1's gloss is "the rate or magnitude of change". Does an individual permutation count as "an instance of change"? Let's check actual WordNet examples. Sense 1 (index 1) maybe "noun.phenomenon". The gloss "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" indicates something that varies, like "a variation in temperature". In change-ringing, each variation is one ordering (change). That's an instance of change. Sense 11 "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard" maybe act, but "each variation" can occur only once means one state/act? Also "variations in taxation" are differences in rates, similar to instances.

Need distinguish WordNet indexing. Let's try to inspect actual WordNet mapping. WordNet 3.1 for variation (noun):
SynsetID maybe? Let's recall. Variation:
- "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" (noun.phenomenon) - synonyms fluctuation. offset maybe 114... index 1.
- "an activity that varies from a norm or standard" (noun.act) variance - "any variation in his routine was immediately reported" index 2.
- "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished" (noun.communication) index 3.
- "something a little different from others of the same type" (noun.cognition?) version, variant, edition - index 4.
- "an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard" (noun.artifact) index 5.
- "the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north" (noun.phenomenon) magnetic declination - index 6.
- "the process of varying or being varied" (noun.process) index 7.
- "(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite" (noun.process) index 8.
- "(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration" (noun.animal?) mutation - index 9.
- "(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure" (noun.act) pas seul - index 10.
- "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard" (noun.act) index 11.

Candidate order numbers maybe match those indexes from WordNet lemmas ordering. Usually WordNet synsets for "variation" are listed in above order. Yes.

Now context "Each variation, or change, can occur only once". This is change-ringing, a method of continuously changing the order bells strike. Each unique arrangement is called a change. In some dictionaries, "variation" can mean "one of a set of different forms". WordNet sense 4 "something a little different from others of the same type" might be the closest? Example: "a variation on a theme". But here variation equated with change which is not a thing variant but an alteration. Let's parse phrase: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound ... Each variation, or change, can occur only once". "Varying the order" -> process. "Each variation" -> each change in order. It is a specific instance of order/permutation. It is not slight from a norm; it can be any possible order as long as each occurs once. It's not a version of a type. It's an "instance of change". So sense 1 seems best.

But is sense 1's definition "the rate or magnitude of change" too abstract? The synonym fluctuation might not fit. Nevertheless the first part "an instance of change" does. The phrase "Each variation, or change" directly maps.

Sense 11 "the act of changing ... slightly but noticeably" example taxation variations is about acts or results. However "each variation can occur only once" imposes De Bruijn sequence style; a variation as event can occur once. Could be sense 11 (act). But does change-ringing's "change" refer to the act of varying? A "change" is "a different ordering". The target is "Each variation". The apposition "or change" likely meaning a different ordering. In WordNet, sense 1 includes "change", sense 11 also "changing". Which is more appropriate?

Let's consider corpus disambiguation for similar contexts. If a sentence about change-ringing "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" would likely be annotated as variation#1 or #7? We need decide.

Maybe use WordNet's examples: Sense 1 examples? not provided, but synonym fluctuation suggests measurement changes. Sense 11 examples: "who is responsible for these variations in taxation?" That is close to variations in bell order. Taxation variations are different rates, instances of difference from standard. But "each variation" in change-ringing is a specific permutation, not difference from norm. However "at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order" then each resulting variation is a new order (a different arrangement) from the standard scale. It is "something a little different from others of the same type"? Actually each variation is an ordering. It is not a variant of a product (artifact).

Could sense 4 be possible? Definition: "something a little different from others of the same type; an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word". Synonyms version, variant, edition. In change-ringing, each arrangement is a version of the rounds? Possibly. But apposition with "change" strongly indicates sense 1/11 (act/instance of change), not version.

Let's examine sense 2: "an activity that varies from a norm or standard". In the phrase "any variation in his routine was immediately reported" a variation is deviation in activity. Bell ringing variation is an activity. But the "variation" here is the order in which bells sound, maybe an activity sequence. However "each variation, or change, can occur only once" = each activity? Could fit but less precisely.

Sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied" - "Each variation" is not process; it's individual state.

Sense 1 vs 11: Which is the "each"? WordNet's top sense for variation is "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" and includes "variation" in scientific contexts. In change-ringing, each change (permutation) is an instance of changing. I'd lean sense 1.

But let's be thorough. The user targets fine-grained WSD, wants no hedge. Must choose single best. Need output JSON only {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object no extra. Do we provide index 1? Need verify if sense numbering matches candidate list. Candidate senses listed with indices 1-11. Yes.

However I want to maybe double-check if change-ringing "change" matches WN sense 1 vs 11. Suppose we search mental corpus: Sentence "each variation, or change, can occur only once". If this were in a dictionary, "variation" here likely sense "a change, especially one from an established pattern" => WordNet sense 11 maybe. Let's examine actual definitions:

Sense 11: "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard"
Examples: "who is responsible for these variations in taxation?"
This sense is about deviations from a standard. In change-ringing, the standard is rounds (descending scale). Each variation is an alteration of the order. They are changes from the steady established order. "slightly but noticeably" - in change-ringing each variation often differs by one pair swap (adjacent transposition) from the previous; so slight but noticeable. Yes, change-ringing rules only allow one pair of bells to swap places at a time (method ringing). Thus each variation is only a slight change. The phrase "without altering the steady rhythm" but varying order. So each variation is a slight alteration of order from the previous. That aligns with sense 11.

Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change". Too broad and includes rate/magnitude. The synonym fluctuation suggests continuous variable. Not specific to a permutation.

Sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied". That would refer to the overall process, not each. Since "each variation" singular countable, not likely process.

Sense 4: maybe each variation = a different arrangement. But apposition "or change" matches sense 11 better.

Let's check if "change" in WordNet has a sense synonymous with variation sense 11? "Change" may mean "the action of changing something" (noun.act). "variation" sense 11 is act of changing. In the sentence "Each variation, or change", "change" as noun means a different arrangement (noun? change has sense "an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another" or "the action of changing something"). Let's examine "change" in change-ringing terminology: A "change" is a permutation; one row. The word "change" here is more likely noun "thing that differs" or "different arrangement". WordNet sense of change: noun.event "an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another" maybe. But "each change" could be instance of change. Variation apposition suggests same.

What about sense 4: version, variant. In change-ringing, "change" is a variant order. Each variation is a variant of rounds. Could be sense 4. However "variation" in phrase "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" has technical meaning "a sequence of permutations?" Actually method change ringing: "each change is a permutation of bells" and "a variation"? Let's recall terminology: The "Plain Bob" method produces a sequence of rows. Each row is called a "change". A "variation" maybe not the technical term but used by author as equivalent. So variation = change = permutation. Permutation is a different arrangement/version. Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type" maybe fits as a noun for permutation.

But WordNet examples for sense 4: "an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word". These are instances (things). The permutation is an instance of ordering. Could be. But is it best? The context says "varying the order". So variation = change in order, not a version of a tune. In WordNet hierarchy, the abstract concept of a change/difference is sense 11 or 1. A permutation is an "act of changing" (if you view the row as resulting from act) or an instance of change.

Maybe we need to exploit fine-grained distinctions. Let's try to map the target to WordNet by actual usage. In sense enumeration for "variation" in WordNet, there are three noun.act senses: #2 (activity that varies from norm), #10 (ballet solo), #11 (act of changing slightly). The context is an activity (bell-ringing), and each variation is part of the activity. But #2 definition "an activity that varies from a norm or standard" with example "any variation in his routine" suggests something within an activity, but target here is not the ringing activity itself, but the order change. #11 is the act of changing. This is close: "Each variation, or change" is an act of changing the order. The rules state each can occur only once. Yes, you cannot repeat a change.

Sense #1 is noun.phenomenon with fluctuation, like variation in temperature/magnetic field (also sense 6). Bell order permutation isn't a phenomenon/rate/magnitude. So not #1.

Sense #7 is noun.process: the process of varying. Not each countable.

Thus #11 likely best.

But we should weigh #4. The phrase "Each variation, or change" maybe dictionaries define variation as "a different form of something". In change ringing, each "change" is a specific permutation. That is a different form of the sequence of bells. WordNet's sense 4 "something a little different from others of the same type" (synonyms version, variant, edition) - a permutation is indeed something a little different from others of the same type (different orders of the same set). Example "a variant of the same word". A permutation is variant. But in WSD, "a little different from others of the same type" often used for objects, not arrangements. The apposition "or change" suggests a sense where change = variation. WordNet sense 11 includes "changing" as hypernym.

Let's examine actual WordNet relationships. Sense 11 perhaps hypernym: "change"? Actually sense 11 "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard" hypernym maybe change? Let's recall. Actually WordNet: variation.n.11: "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard"; n.11 likely has hypernym "change" noun.act? It is a noun.act. Yes.

Sense 7 "the process of varying or being varied" has hypernym "process".

In sentence "the ringers begin varying the order". Then "Each variation, or change". The direct parallel: varying -> variation = process/act? But "each" suggests countable event. Could be the output arrangement. Hmm.

Let's think of WSD methods. The collocate "Each" suggests individual countable entity, making process sense unlikely. It also suggests not a rate/magnitude (#1). "occur only once" suggests event, act. #11 "act of changing". #2 "activity that varies". #11 best. #4 also countable but less about act/event.

Let's inspect candidate list ordering and WordNet domains. The text is about bell ringing (activity). The target is equated with "change". WSD might annotate as variation#11 (act of changing).

What about phrase "variations in taxation" (#11) vs "variation in his routine" (#2). "Each variation, or change" is a specific act, not a general activity. Example taxation variations are different acts/regulations. Bell variation is a different order of strikes. Slight but noticeable alteration: yes, generally in change-ringing each change is a small transposition.

Therefore answer: {"sense_index": 11}.

But we must ensure output exactly JSON object. Let's decide final as 11. However I should check if #1 could be more plausible due to apposition with "change" as "instance of change." Let's analyze WordNet's example not provided. If #1's full example might be "variation in the price" etc. The bell's order variations are also variation in order. Is "order" analogous to price/temperature? The definition "rate or magnitude of change" suggests scalar variable. Bell order is discrete permutation. The apposition "or change" in dictionary could be definition "a change or difference in condition, amount, or level" = sense 1. But the given definition for #1 includes "rate or magnitude of change". Not quite.

Let's look at actual WordNet for variation.n.01 and variations examples. I can try to recall from nltk. In WordNet 3.0, synsets for "variation":
Synset('variation.n.01'): definition 'an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change', examples=[]? lemmas: variation, fluctuation.
Could be used for "daily variations in temperature".
The text: "without altering the steady rhythm" but varying order. "Each variation, or change" could be a change in order: instance of change. But "rate or magnitude" not used.

Synset('variation.n.02'): 'an activity that varies from a norm or standard', examples=['any variation in his routine was immediately reported'].
This is about routine/activity, not exactly.

Synset('variation.n.11'): definition 'the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard', examples=['who is responsible for these variations in taxation?'].
This is about small changes.

In change ringing, each change is a permutation. The standard is rounds. The rules state each variation, or change, can occur only once. That's exactly "altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard"? The changes are not necessarily slight: ringers can perform any permitted transposition. But in typical method, each row differs from previous by swapping two adjacent bells. So slight. And they are changes from norm (rounds). Thus 11.

One concern: The author writes "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once". The word "change" here may refer to "a different arrangement" not "act". But WordNet's sense 11 is "act of changing". "Each act of changing can occur only once" nonsensical? You can repeat an act of changing slightly (e.g., swap same pair again later). The rule is each unique arrangement (change) can occur only once. So target likely denotes the resulting arrangement/state. That points to sense 4 or sense 1, not 11. Hmm important. Let's parse: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." In change-ringing, a "change" is a permutation. The rule "each change can occur only once" means no permutation may be repeated. So a variation here is a particular permutation/ordering. This is more a "something a little different from others of the same type" (#4) or "an instance of change" (#1). It is not an act (a swap) because a swap can occur multiple times. The rule concerns the row.

But is a permutation "something a little different from others of the same type"? Yes, each row is an ordering of the same bells. WordNet sense 4 synonyms version/variant/edition: a permutation is a variant of the basic rounds. Hmm. Could be #4.

However WSD systems might map "variation" to #1 even if technical. Let's look at actual dictionary definition for change-ringing: The term "change" is the sequence of sounds (permutation). Variation is used as lay synonym. WordNet sense 4 specifically means an instance that is slightly different from others (e.g., variations of the same word). Bell sequence is an ordering, not a version. Could still fit.

Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change". A permutation is an instance of change in order. That's strongly apposition. But the phrase "the rate or magnitude of change" maybe not perfect. Yet the first part "instance of change" exactly matches.

Sense 11: "the act of changing ... from norm". If each variation occurs only once, a particular altered order may occur only once; yes "act" resulting in arrangement? But "act of changing" occurs many times. So not best.

Sense 7: "process of varying" not individual. Unless each is a process step. Not best.

Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type." The specific ordering is something different; exactly as they vary order. Very plausible.

We need final choose. Need consider WordNet's gloss schematic; use context, examples, synonyms. The appositive "or change" indicates relation to "change". Which candidate has "change" in definition? Sense 1: instance of change. Sense 11: act of changing. Sense 7: varying (change). Sense 4's synonyms are version/variant. The Merriam-Webster definition of variation includes "one of a series of different forms of the same thing" and "a change in form, condition, or position". If "Each variation, or change" the author is likely using the "change/difference" meaning, not "version".

Let's examine exact phrase context: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods,' which have odd-sounding names..." Since they call patterns of changes "methods". Each change (variation) in such a pattern is a row. The author's use of "variation" is not the word used by ringers; they call changes "changes". Variation is a synonym for change in this context, not variant. So choose a sense meaning change. Between #1 and #11.

Now think about WSD conventions. If target has a sense "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" and "the act of changing or altering something slightly..." Usually when referring to discrete changes in bell order, "variation" = "change or deviation" -> sense 11. But let's test with the example "who is responsible for these variations in taxation?". In change-ringing, variations are changes in order. Taxation variations are variations in rates/rules. The analogy is close. The phrase "Each variation, or change" is also close to "variations in taxation". So #11 likely intended.

But in WordNet, #11's hypernym likely "change" as act. However "variations in taxation" can refer to actual different rates (results), because "act of changing taxation" may be understood as the rate difference. Similarly, each bell change is a different arrangement. The gloss says "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard". The word "change" in apposition could mean either. Yet "act" is more event-like and can be singular: "the change of the guard" = event, not result. "Each change" can refer to each event of changing positions; in change-ringing each event produces a new arrangement. The rule "each change can occur only once" might mean each row (state) only once, but could be event? Maybe in method ringing each "change" is called the "row" (state), not the swap. Wikipedia: In change ringing, "change" = the order in which the bells are struck. It is the result/state. So apposition to variation = a state/order. WordNet sense #4 (variant) maybe. However in common non-technical English, someone might call each row a variation = "a different way the bells can be rung".

Let's see if #4's example "an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word" aligns with word "change"? Not exactly. The apposition "or change" is not typical for version. You wouldn't say "Each version, or change". But maybe author does.

Let's look at the sentence again carefully:
"Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <variation>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods,' which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."

The narrative: start in rounds. Then vary the order. Each variation, or change, occurs once. Ringers memorize patterns of changes (methods). Here "variation" and "change" refer to the detailed bell order at each stroke. In change ringing, such orders are called "changes" or "rows". They are permutations. They are variations of the initial rounds; i.e., different arrangements. The phrase "patterns of changes" supports "change" as a noun meaning arrangement.

Which WordNet sense covers a specific permutation/order? None directly. Options:
#1 instance of change. This is broad.
#4 something a little different from others of the same type. Permutation is a different arrangement/version.
#11 act of changing/altering something from norm. Slightly but noticeably. Could be "an altered arrangement".

Maybe WordNet examples of #11 "variations in taxation" parallels "variations in bell order". These are differences or changes from a standard. The phrase "each variation" could be a particular tax rate (state), not act. So #11 includes results.

Maybe WordNet's #1 "an instance of change" would be for "small variation in speed". The phrase "rate or magnitude of change" is weird. The noun "variation" in math/science = displacement? Not this.

Let's also check #2 example "any variation in his routine". The variation is deviation in an activity. Bell ringing variation is deviation from rounds. But #2 specifically "activity that varies from a norm". The variation itself is an activity? For bell ringing, "each variation" could be a different sequence of strikes — an activity. But #11 is more about change from norm.

The question says "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." We should compare examples and synonyms:
- #1 synonyms fluctuation — not relevant.
- #2 synonyms variance; example routine variation — deviation in activity but not exactly a permutation.
- #4 synonyms version, variant, edition; examples version/variant — permutation is a variant of the order.
- #11 example variations in taxation — changes/differences from standard, countable. Could match.

The apposition "or change" is key. Which sense has "change" as a relationship? #1 and #11 definitions contain "change". The author explicitly defines variation as change. WordNet's #1: "an instance of change". #11: "act of changing".

If an average speaker sees "Each variation, or change," they'd likely select #1 because "variation" = "change". But WSD expert might know #1's nuance is "rate/magnitude", so maybe #11.

Let's see if actual WordNet3.1 sense ordering and frequency reflect. The first sense is the most frequent general sense. Many WSD annotations for "variation" in general contexts default to #1. In ChangeBank? For a sentence like "each variation, or change" perhaps annotators choose #1 due to apposition. The problem asks for "fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation" and says WordNet glosses are schematic. We must choose best indexed sense. In fine-grained, they likely want exact synset matching, not first sense. The examples are chosen to disambiguate. Let's enumerate relevant scoring.

Maybe can infer meaning from phrase "varying the order". Variation as a noun derived from verb vary. WordNet sense #7 "the process of varying or being varied" is derived from verb. But "each" not process. Sense #11 is a distinct act.

Let's conceptualize change-ringing: A "change" is the order of bells. A "variation" in plain English is "a different arrangement or form". WordNet sense #4: something a little different from others of the same type. That is arguably the definition. Let’s compare to "a variant of the same word" vs "a change in bell order". If you have 12 bells, every possible ordering is a variation of the same set. But "same type" maybe same bell set/scales.

But the apposition "or change" is explicitly linking. If we choose #4, the apposition "or change" doesn't correspond to synonyms version/variant. Actually variants are changes. Still okay.

Could #5 (artifact deviating from norm) be? No, not an artifact.

Sense #3 musical theme? The context is bells/tunes, but target refers to order changes, not musical theme embellishment. Not #3.

Sense #10 ballet solo? no.

Sense #9 biology? no.

Sense #6 magnetic declination? no.

So final candidate pool: 1,2,4,7,11. Need pick one.

Let's try a substitution test:
- "Each instance of change, or change..." weird but okay (#1).
- "Each activity that varies from the norm, or change..." not great (#2).
- "Each version/variant, or change..." okay if version means arrangement (#4).
- "Each process of varying, or change..." bad (#7).
- "Each act of changing/altering something slightly from the norm, or change..." okay (#11).

For rule "can occur only once":
- An instance of change can occur only once? Maybe.
- An act of changing can occur only once? Could be (event unique), but same event repeated.
- A version/variant can occur only once? Yes, each arrangement appears once. This fits best semantically: each unique arrangement may occur only once in a performance.

But phrase "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" means each unique change can be used only once. That suggests variation = a change = a form/order. WordNet sense #4 captures "a thing that is different". Example "a variant of the same word" where each variant is a form. The synonyms version, variant are close to "a change". But are changes in bell order called versions? Not exactly; but variation often used as "a different form".

Let's examine sense #11 example "who is responsible for these variations in taxation?" Substituting: "different tax rates" = versions/editions? Could also be #4. Maybe the line between #4 and #11 is blurry. WordNet distinguishes:
- #4: a noun for an object/instance that differs (version/variant/edition). Domain: cognition? Actually "something a little different from others of the same type" hypernym maybe "type, kind" or "thing".
- #11: an act or action of altering slightly. Domain: act.

In "variations in taxation," it's ambiguous: it could be the resultant tax rates (#4) or the changes in rates (#11). WordNet assigns it to #11, which can help. The bell order context is analogous to "variations in order": different states of order. Since WordNet uses plural "variations in taxation" for #11, maybe WSD chooses #11 for countable differences in a system from a standard. Bell order variations are differences from rounds. So #11.

But "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" uses "variation" as a countable noun for one arrangement; "taxation variations" are countable too. So #11.

What about #1? Example plural "variations in temperature". WordNet could have assigned "variations in taxation" to #1 as well, but didn't. It assigned to #11 because it's "the act of changing ... from norm" (small but noticeable). We don't have #1 examples. Wait #1 gloss "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" - temperature variations could be #1? Actually WordNet maybe uses #1 for "diurnal variations" (astronomy/magnetic?). But #1 is phenomenon. Taxation not phenomenon.

So for a human-chosen set of examples, "variations in taxation" (#11) closely matches "variations in bell order". That's a strong clue. The author explicitly says "or change". #11's definition includes "changing ... slightly but noticeably". In change ringing, adjacent swaps are slight changes. The standard is rounds. So answer likely #11.

However #4's synonyms "version, variant, edition" are also descriptive of different orderings, and "a little different from others of the same type". But its examples (experimental version, variant of word) show artifacts/linguistic forms. Bell order is not a product or word. So #11 fits better.

Let's look at possibility of #1. It is a top-level, highly frequent sense. In WSD tasks, they may prefer specific lower senses when supporting examples present. The presence of #11 example "variations in taxation" strongly signals that this is the intended sense for differences/changes in systems. Also "variation" + "or change" = sense #11.

Let's also consider synonyms "variance" #2. In statistics, variance is dispersion. Not this.

Thus final answer: {"sense_index": 11}.

But still, I want to deeply verify against WordNet semantic type. Sense 11: noun.act, definition "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard". The word "act" suggests action, not result. The rule "each variation can occur only once" is about an arrangement (state), not the action of changing. Is that okay? In English nouns can be act nouns referring to the event of transition, which results in a new state. "Each change occurs once" as an event. In change-ringing, a "change" occurs each time the ringers swap order; each particular change (i.e., each row) occurs once. This is perhaps a "coming about" sense. WordNet's #11 is maybe like "a variation = (small) change," both action and result. It has plural taxation variations. So okay.

If I think of the phrase "each variation, or change" from a writer not knowing technical term: they mean "each different order." This is a version/variant (#4). But they add "or change" because variation can mean "change." The WordNet sense that means "change" and includes "variations in taxation" is #11. I'd go #11.

Let me ensure JSON format includes no extra whitespace? {"sense_index": 11}. Fine. Final only JSON.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "occur". I need to choose the single best indexed sense among three candidates.

Let's analyze the context:
- The text is about change-ringing, an English bell-ringing art
- Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.
- Ringers memorize patterns of changes

The target word is "occur" in the sentence: "Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state."

Candidate senses:
1. occur%2:30:00:: = come to pass; happen (e.g., What is happening? The meeting took place)
2. occur%2:31:00:: = come to one's mind; suggest itself (e.g., It occurred to me)
3. occur%2:42:03:: = to be found to exist (e.g., sexism occurs in many workplaces)

In the context, "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" means each variation can happen/take place only once. This is closest to sense 1 (come to pass, happen).

Sense 3 is about existing or being found somewhere (e.g., sexism occurs in many places = exists in many places). Here it's about an event happening once, not about existing somewhere.

Sense 2 is about an idea coming to mind, which is clearly not the case here.

So the answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for 'only' in sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state." Need choose best sense among candidates 1-7. We must not hedge and return JSON only with sense_index. We need evaluate each sense meaning.

Definitions:
1. merely/simply/just: and nothing more. Example 'I was merely asking'. In context 'can occur only once' means occurs one time and not more; 'merely' doesn't fit exactly? Actually 'occur only once' means 'occur once and nothing more', which matches only%4:02:02::? Let's examine WordNet adverb senses of 'only'.

Adverb senses from WordNet:
only%4:02:00:: "with nevertheless the final result; 'He arrived only to find his wife dead'"
only%4:02:01:: "without any others being included or involved; 'was entirely to blame'; 'a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children'; 'he works for Mr. Smith exclusively'; 'did it solely for money'; 'the burden of proof rests on the prosecution alone'; 'a privilege granted only to him'" — This is probably sense 2.
only%4:02:02:: "and nothing more; 'I was merely asking'; 'it is simply a matter of time'; 'just a scratch'; 'he was only a child'; 'hopes that last but a moment'" — examples include 'only a child'.
only%4:02:03:: "never except when; 'call me only if your cold gets worse'"
only%4:02:04:: "in the final outcome; 'These news will only make you more upset'"
only%4:02:05:: "as recently as; 'I spoke to him only an hour ago'"
only%4:02:06:: "except that; 'It was the same story; only this time she came out better'"

Context 'Each variation, or change, can occur only once' means that each change is allowed to happen one time, not more than once. It could be 'and nothing more' (once and nothing more) or 'without any others being included/involved' (exclusively once)? Both could apply, but what is single best WordNet sense? 'only once' typically can be categorized as 'and nothing more' (sense 2 in candidates) or 'without any others being included or involved' (sense 1 in candidates). WordNet's synset 4:02:02 includes 'and nothing more', synonyms merely, simply, just, but, example 'hopes that last but a moment'; 'only a moment'. This adverb sense modifies numbers/amounts perhaps? 'only two apples left' = and nothing more than two? However I think correct WSD for "only once" often chooses sense 4:02:03? No, that is conditional. Let's reason.

We need choose the best indexed sense according to definitions and examples. Let's carefully parse sentence semantics: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." It restricts occurrences to once, meaning no change can be repeated. 'only' modifies 'once' (adverb phrase) indicating exclusivity, not simply a small amount. Sense 1: 'without any others being included or involved' synonyms entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. Examples include "a privilege granted only to him" - implying that included set only him. "occurs only once" = exclusively one time, no other times included. Sense 2: 'and nothing more' synonyms merely, simply, just, but. Example "hopes that last but a moment" / "only a child". "occur only once" could be 'happen once and nothing more'; but the 'and nothing more' sense often used with noun phrases or amounts to minimize, e.g., "only two". For frequency 'once only' perhaps sense 2? We need figure WordNet mapping.

Let's recall WordNet adverb sense assignments:
- 4:02:00 'with nevertheless the final result' (adversative result, "only to find").
- 4:02:01 'without any others being involved' has synonyms 'entirely, exclusively, solely, alone', examples: "was entirely to blame", "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children", "a privilege granted only to him", "the burden of proof rests on the prosecution alone", "did it solely for money". This is the exclusive sense.
- 4:02:02 'and nothing more' includes synonyms 'merely, simply, just, but'. Examples: "I was merely asking"; "it is simply a matter of time"; "just a scratch"; "he was only a child"; "hopes that last but a moment". This is the restrictive/merely sense used with quantities? "only a child" qualifies narrowly.

What about "only once"? Many WSD datasets e.g., SemCor, senseval. Let's search my memory: The word 'only' in sentence "only once" might be annotated as 4:02:02 in WordNet? Let's recall examples. WordNet 3.0 adverb examples maybe for 4:02:00: "he arrived only to find his wife dead." 4:02:01: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children; the burden of proof rests on the prosecution alone; a privilege granted only to him." 4:02:02: "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time; just a scratch; he is only a child; hopes that last but a moment." 4:02:03: "call me only if your cold fails to get better". 4:02:04: "the news will only make you more upset." 4:02:05 "I spoke to him only an hour ago." 4:02:06 "it was the same story, only this time she comes out better."

The clause "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" - if we substitute synonyms of candidate 1: "Each change can occur merely once" vs "Each change can occur exclusively once". 'Exclusively once' fits better semantically (rules of change-ringing: no repeats). 'Merely' would trivialize, meaning 'no more than once', also fine, but the emphasis is on uniqueness/exclusivity. The WordNet exclusive sense 1 includes 'a privilege granted only to him' but not numeric once. However "only" modifying "once" to mean "not more than once" might align with sense 1 (only one occurrence, no others involved). Let's search memory of WSD lexical definitions. "Only" as 'without any others being included' could include "only once" since other times excluded. But 'and nothing more' includes 'only a child/hopes but a moment' where quantity限制 'but a moment' = no more than a moment. Maybe 'only once' is similar to 'but a moment'.

We need do fine-grained disambiguation. We cannot hedge. Let's narrow.

Let's parse candidate index order:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone

So candidate sense 1 = 4:02:02; candidate 2 = 4:02:01.

We need choose.

Let's evaluate using sentence. "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." The intended meaning: there is a constraint that every specific change can happen at most one time. In other words, each change's occurrence is limited to a single time; no repetitions. If rephrase: "Each variation can occur once and not more than once" -> "and nothing more" = sense 1. But also "Each variation can occur once, and no other times/occurrences are allowed" -> sense 2.

Which adverb sense best matches 'with the exclusion of everyone or everything else'? Sense 2 examples: "entirely to blame", "devoted entirely to", "exclusively", "solely", "alone". These focus on limitation to one thing/purpose/cause. "was entirely to blame" = only he to blame. "a privilege granted only to him". This is often domain of 'exclusively' with noun/dative, not with frequencies. "only once" says the number of occurrences is one and not more; this often uses 'merely/just/simply' i.e., 'just once'. But "merely once" sounds possible but less common; "just once" common.

Let's consider WordNet definitions and how they'd map for "only once" if used in a dictionary. If I look up 'only' in Merriam Webster: 1a: unquestionably best; 2a: alone in a class or category; 3: few; 4: as a result; 5: in the final outcome; 6: with the exception; 7: solely, exclusively. In standard dictionaries, 'only once' = on a single occasion. WordNet adverb sense 4:02:01 'without any others being included or involved' = exclusively. Example: "he works for Mr. Smith exclusively". "I saw him only once" = exclusively/purely on one occasion? Maybe sense 2.

WordNet candidates for "only" in WSD tasks: For sentence "I only looked at it" often maps to sense 2? Actually ambiguous. "Only" is a common modifier; it can mean 'and nothing more' when focusing on a quantity/proposition 'only once', 'only a child'. But 4:02:02 examples include "I was merely asking" and "hopes that last but a moment" = once? No. "It is simply a matter of time". These are not conditionals or result, but suggests minimalness. "He was only a child" is minimizer; similarly "only once" minimizes frequency.

However there are two different uses: exclusive vs restrictive. WordNet's 4:02:02 (and nothing more) often called 'maximally' or 'exclusive'? Let's inspect gloss: "and nothing more". That's restrictive (only up to that). 4:02:01 "without any others being included or involved" is exclusive focusing on all instances. The difference subtle.

A good approach: Use substitution tests.

Option A: replace with synonyms of sense 2 (entirely/exclusively/solely/alone): "Each variation can occur exclusively once" / "each variation can occur solely once". This conveys correct rule? "solely once" unnatural but okay. "Each variation can occur alone once" doesn't fit. However 'alone' doesn't substitute in this position. 'Entirely once' nonsense. So sense 2 gloss not exactly pos-compatible.

Option B: replace with synonyms of sense 1 (merely/simply/just/but): "Each variation can occur merely once" / "simply once" / "just once". "Each variation can occur but once" is idiomatic and means "only once". Example: "I have but one life". This strongly supports sense 1 (and nothing more), because 'but' as adverb = only, "but once" = only once. WordNet's 4:02:02 synonyms include 'but'. So this is likely the right sense.

Let's examine candidate 1 examples: "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time". The word 'but' can be used as adverb meaning only: "hopes that last but a moment". Indeed "but a moment" = only a moment. "Each variation can occur but once" = only once. In the clause, 'only' modifies 'once' to restrict to a single occurrence. So sense 1 is indeed the best.

Candidate 2 is more about exclusivity to a person/group/thing, not numerical frequency. So answer should be index 1.

But let's not be too hasty; verify all candidates 3-7 are clearly not applicable:
3. resultative "only to find" no.
4. final outcome "only make you more upset" no.
5. except that (conjunction?) no.
6. never except when (conditional) no.
7. as recently as (time) no.

So between 1 and 2. The distinction often matters. In WSD of "only" as an adverb focusing on verb phrase "occur only once", many annotated corpora actually tag it as 4:02:02? Let's verify from memory of SemCor: Sentence "The wall was only a few feet from the bed" annotated as only%4:02:02? maybe. "It could be fitted only at the factory" maybe 4:02:01? Not sure.

Let's reason via WordNet definitions:
4:02:01: "without any others being included or involved" Example "a privilege granted only to him" -> exclusive to him. It modifies the NP 'him'.
4:02:02: "and nothing more" Example "hopes that last but a moment" -> restrict to moment. It modifies a temporal 'a moment', very similar to 'only once'.

Thus sense_index 1 is best.

Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine best sense of word "once" in context. Context: change ringing bells, each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Means on one occasion (per performance), one time. So sense 1: on one occasion. Answer JSON {"sense_index":1}.

Need ensure no extra text, only JSON.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer WSD for target lemma rule, surface form rules, in context. Need choose single best indexed sense among candidate senses. We need output JSON {"sense_index": index}. Not answer with sense key. Use context.

Let's parse context: about change-ringing, English bell ringing. "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods,'..." So rules here are prescribed guide for conduct or action within the activity. It could be "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted" (sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: index 8). But is change-ringing a game/sport? It is an exercise/activity; the rules state each variation can occur only once. Candidate 3: prescribed guide for conduct or action (rule%1:10:00::). Candidate 8: directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted. Candidate 1: principle or condition that customarily governs behavior. Candidate 2: normative example. Which best?

The phrase "the rules state" sounds like formal rules of the activity/method. WordNet rule sense 1:10:00 "prescribed guide for conduct or action" is generic prescript. Sense 1:10:02 specifically game/sport directions. Is change-ringing a sport? Possibly a game/competition? But not exactly. However WordNet sense 8 examples "rules of chess" and likely other games. Change ringing has rules as a structured activity maybe like a game? Hmm.

Need decide index mapping. Candidate senses enumerated 1-12. Sense 3 is rule%1:10:00:: prescribed guide for conduct or action synonyms=prescript. Sense 8 is rule%1:10:02:: directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted examples rules of chess.

Which is more appropriate? The context mentions "ancient art", "exercise", "method". It states "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." This is a regulation of the activity. WordNet sense 1:09:00 (index 1) "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" synonyms regulation, examples pre-breakfast walk, haircuts regulation. That's about customarily governs behavior. Could fit because "rules state" = regulation. However index 3 is "prescribed guide for conduct or action" no example. Index 8 is game/sport. In WSD tasks, "rules" in a game context often maps to sense 1:10:02 if game, or 1:10:00 if general prescribed guide. Here not explicitly game but activity/method. "Change-ringing" is an art/exercise, not a game. So sense 3 likely more general.

But the phrase "rules state", not "rules require"? Let's examine WordNet senses more precisely. The noun "rule" has senses grouped:

rule%1:10:00:: (communication) - prescribed guide for conduct or action
   -> hyponyms: bylaw, rule of evidence, rubric, parliamentary law, ground rule, etc. It includes "rule of order", "regulation"? Actually regulation is listed under sense 1:09:00? It says synonyms regulation for sense 1:09:00. But in WordNet, "prescribed guide for conduct or action" includes specific rules like "rule of order", "rule of evidence".

rule%1:10:01:: (linguistics rule)
rule%1:10:02:: (directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted)
rule%1:10:03:: (monastic rule)

sense 1:09:00 principle or condition that customarily governs behavior; "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast"; "short haircuts were the regulation"
 -> synonyms regulation; includes "rule" as habit/regulation? This seems closer to "regulation" general.

Which candidate enumerates as 1? given.

To choose best: The context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." This is a prescriptive rule of the activity of change ringing. It is a "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (sense 3). But "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted" (sense 8) also a prescribed guide for a game. However "change-ringing" not called game/sport; it's an art/exercise. WSD best: generic prescribed guide.

Let's consider if WordNet sense 3 has hypernym "direction, instruction"? Actually noun group "communication". The ex: A rule is a principle or regulation. Lexical use "the rules state" is common with games, laws, systems. The phrase "rules of chess" uses game sense. For other activities, "rules of change ringing" maybe sense 3. Since candidate 8 explicitly game/sport and no mention of game, I'd choose 3.

Potential nuance: The rules could be "a basic generalization accepted as true" (sense 5 principle) or "a principle concerning natural phenomenon" (sense 10). But here it's a man-made prescription, not generalization; "rules state" prescriptive.

Candidate 1 (regulation) also possible: "Each variation ... can occur only once, the rules state." Synonym regulation. But "regulation" often official restriction. The rules of change ringing are perhaps traditional rather than official; but "prescribed guide" captures.

Let's recall SemCor or WSD examples for "rules". Many "rules" in non-game contexts map to sense 1:10:00. For instance "rules and regulations" maybe 1:09:00 or 1:10:00. In WordNet, "rules" plural in context of game are sense 1:10:02. For "rules of the house"? sense 1:10:00. Here maybe the rules of an art. Hmm.

The context mentions change-ringing as "a mind-boggling exercise the English invented ... requires physical dexterity... mental concentration." Then describes starting rounds, varying order, each variation occurs once, rules state. Could be like puzzle/combinatorial mathematics. Not a sport. So 3.

We need output only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Should we include any explanation? Instructions say Return only a JSON object exactly. So just JSON.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for target lemma 'state', surface 'state', in sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>." Candidate senses:
1 state%2:32:00:: express in words synonyms say, tell examples He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2 state%2:32:01:: put before synonyms submit, put forward, posit examples I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3 state%2:32:02:: indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. synonyms express examples Can you express this distance in kilometers?
We need choose best sense. The context: rules state that each variation can occur only once. 'State' meaning rules declare/express in words. Synonym say/tell fits: the rules say each variation can occur only once. Sense 1. Sense 2 'put before' is like submit/posit, often formal argument. Sense 3 express through symbol/formula etc. Not that. So answer index 1. Return JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense. Context about change-ringing on bells, ringers varying order of bells. Definition 1: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning congregation), synonyms toller, bell ringer. That fits. Others irrelevant. So sense_index 1.

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