[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the <t>local</t> benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for word "local" in given context. Target surface form local. Candidate senses:
1 local%3:00:01:: relating to or applicable to or concerned with administration of a city or town or district rather than larger area; examples local taxes; local authorities.
2 local%3:01:01:: of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood; examples local customs; local schools.
3 local%3:00:02:: affecting only restricted part or area of body; local anesthesia.
Context: political economy, local benefits vs national. "other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits." This is about local benefits—benefits for a particular district/state/locality. We need choose best indexed sense between 1 and 2.
Sense 1 focuses on administration of city/town/district rather than larger area, examples local taxes, local authorities. Sense 2 more general belonging to a particular locality or neighborhood; examples local customs/schools. Both plausible for "local benefits". But which WordNet sense? Need fine-grained disambiguation based on glosses/schematic; use context, synonyms, examples. In WordNet, adjective "local" has senses:
- relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area; "local taxes"; "local authorities"
- of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood; "local customs"; "local schools"; "the local citizenry"; "a local point of view"; "local outbreaks of flu"; "a local bus line"
- affecting only a restricted part or area of the body; "local anesthesia"
Sense 1 specifically administrative/political subdivisions (city/town/district). The phrase "local benefits" in context of congressional districts/states could fall under sense 2 "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood". However sense 1 examples include "local taxes" and "local authorities" which are political/administrative. Could "local benefits" as pork-barrel benefits to localities be sense 1? Let's examine definitions carefully.
Sense 1: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area." It stresses administration. If "local benefits" are benefits administered by a city/town/district? In context, members of Congress bring home benefits to their constituencies, usually federal spending targeted to states/districts. These are local benefits relative to national policy. It might align with sense 2, which is broad: belonging to a particular locality or neighborhood; local bus line, local outbreaks. For "local benefits," the sense could be "of or belonging to... a particular locality or neighborhood". The phrase "local benefits" is commonly used to mean benefits for a specific geographic area. In WordNet maybe sense 2 is more common for "local" + noun like benefits? Need decide.
The target surface in sentence: "prevent other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits." Referring to districts/states as local areas. "Local" modifies "benefits"; meaning benefits particular to a locality/district/state. This is closest to sense 2: of or belonging to a particular locality or neighborhood. Sense 1 is more about administration of a city/town/district rather than larger area; benefits are not administrative; they are local to neighborhoods/districts.
We should not hedge; choose 2. Need output JSON {"sense_index":2}. Ensure no extra text.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local <t>benefits</t>. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense. Target word benefits. Context about local benefits, bringing home the bacon, local benefit-seeking, financial assistance to districts. Sense 1: financial assistance in time of need. Sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being; welfare. Sense 3: performance. Here "local benefits" refers to federal funds/pork barrel projects for district, akin to financial assistance, government benefits. It is not general welfare but specific financial assistance. So sense 1 likely. Need output JSON only.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The <t>individual</t> voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "individual" in the given context. I need to choose among 4 senses and return a JSON object with the sense_index.

Let me analyze the context:
"The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes."

This is talking about the individual voter as opposed to voters as a collective group. Each voter individually.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
   - This is the base adjectival sense. "individual drops of rain" - single, separate things.

2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
   - Emphasizes separateness/distinctness from others. "case-by-case" - treating each one separately.

3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
   - For one person (not shared).

4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath
   - Private/personal, concerning one person exclusively.

The phrase is "the individual voter's standing" - this means each voter taken separately, as opposed to the collective. The voter as one person among all voters.

The context is about rational choice theory - how each individual voter behaves. The contrast is between collective action and individual voter behavior. "The individual voter's standing" means the standing of each separate voter.

Sense 2 "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" with synonyms "case-by-case, item-by-item" seems to fit best here. It emphasizes the voter as a distinct unit, separate from the group of voters.

Sense 4 "concerning one person exclusively" with synonym "private" could also be considered, but the context isn't about privacy or personal benefit in the sense of exclusive use. It's about the individual as distinct from the collective.

Sense 1 "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" is more general.

Sense 3 "characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing" relates to portion/serving (not shared).

I think sense 2 is the best fit because:
- "individual voter" in political science/rational choice terminology refers to the voter as a distinct decision-making unit
- It contrasts with the collective/group of voters
- "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" captures this

Actually, let me reconsider. In common usage, "individual voter" simply means each voter as a single person. WordNet sense 1 (3:00:00::) is the core adjectival sense "being or characteristic of a single thing or person."

But sense 2 is satellite (5:00:00:independent:00) meaning "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" with examples like "on a case-by-case basis."

The context says "the individual voter's standing" - this is about the voter as an individual unit. Actually, in many contexts, "individual X" simply means one X, which would be sense 1.

Let me think about WordNet's organization. Sense 1 (3:00:00::) is the central adjective sense. The satellite senses (5:...) are specialized:
- independent: separate and distinct from others of the same kind
- unshared: characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing
- personal: concerning one person exclusively

In the phrase "the individual voter":
- It doesn't mean "private voter" (sense 4)
- It doesn't mean "unshared voter" or "serving for one" (sense 3)
- It could mean sense 1 (single voter) or sense 2 (separate and distinct from other voters)

I think the contrast in the text is important. The whole passage discusses how voters as individuals make strategic choices. "The individual voter's standing" refers to the standing of voters considered separately. This aligns with sense 2 "separate and distinct from others of the same kind."

But wait - "the individual voter" is often just a set phrase meaning each single voter, not necessarily emphasizing distinction. Let me think about the examples:
- Sense 1: "individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages"
- Sense 2: "mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis"

"Mark the individual pages" appears in both. This suggests some overlap. But sense 2 has "case-by-case" which emphasizes treating each one separately.

In the political science context, "individual voter" strongly suggests analyzing voters one by one, case-by-case, separately. This fits sense 2.

Actually, I think sense 1 is probably the most common/correct answer for "individual voter" if we're being literal. But in this specific context, the text is making a contrast between positions (Congress vs. White House) and talking about how each voter's standing individually is enhanced. The word "individual" here emphasizes the voter as separate from the collective.

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me look at the phrase again: "The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes."

This means: if a GOP president prevents other districts from getting pork, then the individual voter (each voter) benefits through lower taxes. The emphasis is on each voter separately.

I'm going to go with sense 2 because "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" along with "case-by-case, item-by-item" matches the rational choice/political economy framing of analyzing individual decision-makers separately.

But let me reconsider once more. WordNet sense 1 is the primary sense "being or characteristic of a single thing or person." When someone says "the individual voter," do they mean:
(a) the voter as one person (sense 1)?
(b) the voter as distinct from other voters (sense 2)?

In most contexts, it's (a). However, the schematic gloss might be better captured by (2) when there's a contrast with collective behavior.

Actually, looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 1 examples: "individual drops of rain" (each single drop); "please mark the individual pages" (each single page)
- Sense 2 examples: "mark the individual pages" (each page separately); "on a case-by-case basis"

I think "individual voter" is more like "individual drops of rain" - each voter as a single unit. This would be sense 1.

But the phrase "the individual voter's standing" is somewhat abstract. It's not "individual drops" (plural) but "the individual voter" (singular noun + adjective). It refers to the voter considered as an individual.

I'm going to reconsider. In WSD tasks, "individual" as an adjective before a noun often maps to either sense 1 or sense 2 depending on whether the emphasis is on singularity or separateness.

Let me look at similar usage. If I say "the individual consumer," "the individual user," "the individual taxpayer," "the individual investor" - these typically mean each single person in that category, considered separately. I think WordNet would map these to sense 1 or sense 2.

Given that this is political science/rational choice text and the whole passage is about analyzing incentives at the individual level (as opposed to collectively), I'd lean toward sense 2 "separate and distinct from others of the same kind."

But actually, I need to make a decision. Let me think about what makes most linguistic sense.

"The individual voter's standing" - the standing of the individual voter.

If I replace with synonyms:
- Sense 1 (single): "The single voter's standing" - possible
- Sense 2 (case-by-case): "The case-by-case voter's standing" - awkward
- Sense 3 (unshared): "The unshared voter's standing" - doesn't fit
- Sense 4 (private): "The private voter's standing" - doesn't fit

Hmm, "single voter" works but sounds a bit odd in this context. Actually, "individual voter" is a very common collocation meaning each voter.

I think the best answer is sense 1, the primary adjectival sense "being or characteristic of a single thing or person." The phrase simply means each single voter.

But wait - the word "individual" in "individual voter" can also be understood as contrasting with "collective" or "group." In that case, sense 2 might be better.

Let me try to find more clues in WordNet. The word "individual" as adjective sense 1 (3:00:00::) is the core sense meaning "single." The satellite senses are more specialized.

In the context, "individual voter's standing" = the standing of each voter, of the single voter (as opposed to voters collectively). The word "individual" is functioning as an adjective modifying "voter" to indicate singularity. This points to sense 1.

However, the phrase "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" (sense 2) also captures this. The key difference is that sense 1 is about being one, sense 2 is about being separate/distinct.

I think both 1 and 2 are plausible, but I'll go with sense 2 because the context explicitly contrasts individual vs. collective behavior (races for Congress where voters face prisoner's dilemma, vs. races for White House where the individual voter has different incentives). The author is emphasizing the voter as distinct and separate from the collective body of voters.

Actually, you know what, I think I was overcomplicating this. In WSD, "individual" in phrases like "individual voter," "individual patient," "individual consumer" when used in these formal/analytic contexts typically maps to the sense of "single, separate unit." Both 1 and 2 are close.

Given the instruction not to hedge and choose the single best indexed sense, I'll make a decision.

I think the best choice is sense 2: "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" because the passage is making a rational-choice, game-theoretic argument where individual (separate) voters have different incentives from the collective.

Wait, I want to reconsider one more time. The phrase is "The individual voter's standing." In rational choice theory, "individual" often modifies "voter" simply to indicate that we're analyzing at the level of the single voter, not the group. This is the basic adjectival sense of "single/one" (sense 1).

But sense 2's "separate and distinct from others" also applies.

I think I'll go with sense 2 because the examples for sense 2 include "case-by-case" and "item-by-item" which match the idea of analyzing each voter's incentives separately. The context is about marginal incentives for each individual voter, which is a case-by-case analysis.

No, actually, I think sense 1 is better. "Individual drops of rain" = each single drop. "Individual voter" = each single voter. The semantic core is singularity.

Argh, this is genuinely close. Let me think about which sense WordNet annotators would choose.

In SemCor or similar corpora, "individual" before a countable noun often gets tagged with sense 1 (3:00:00::) when it means "single" and sense 2 (5:00:00:independent:00) when there's emphasis on separateness/distinction.

The context here "individual voter's standing" is abstract and about benefits to each voter. I think sense 1 is the most natural reading.

But sense 2 is not wrong. It emphasizes the separation.

OK, I'm going to commit. I'll choose sense 2 because the whole passage is about the divergence between collective and individual incentives. The word "individual" here is doing work to separate the voter from the collective - "separate and distinct from others of the same kind."

Actually no. "The individual voter" is a standard phrase. It doesn't mean "the voter distinct from others." It means the voter as one person. The singularity is the key. Sense 1.

Let me re-read the relevant sentence: "In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes."

The author switches from "a voter's incentive" to "the individual voter's standing." The shift from indefinite "a voter" to definite "the individual voter" is interesting. It's generalizing about what happens to each voter's standing.

I think "individual" here means "of or relating to a single person" - sense 1.

Final decision: I'm going with sense 1. The phrase "individual voter" most directly means "single voter" - one voter as opposed to voters collectively. The core meaning is singularity, which is sense 1.

Hmm, but I keep wavering. Let me think about it differently. If I had to paraphrase "the individual voter's standing":
- "each voter's standing" (individual as each, separate) → sense 2
- "the single voter's standing" (individual as single) → sense 1

Both paraphrases work. But "each" (distributive) might lean toward sense 2.

In the context, the author is generalizing: any voter, each voter. This distributive reading favors sense 2.

But "individual" in this generalizing sense is very common and is typically sense 1.

OK I need to stop second-guessing. I'll go with sense 1 as the primary sense of "individual" as "single." This is the standard dictionary sense in this usage.

Wait, I just realized something. The target surface form is "individual" as an adjective modifying "voter." WordNet's primary adjective sense for individual is 3:00:00:: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person." The satellite sense 5:00:00:independent:00 is "separate and distinct from others of the same kind."

In most everyday and formal uses, "individual X" means "single X." I think sense 1 is the best answer.

But I also want to consider: is the author using "individual" to distinguish from "collective"? If so, sense 2. The passage is about collective action problems (prisoner's dilemma). In this context, "individual voter" might specifically mean the voter as a separate, non-collective actor.

I think I'll go with sense 2 after all, because the context is explicitly about the contrast between individual and collective rationality. The word "individual" is being used in its distinct-from-others sense.

No wait - even in game theory, "individual rationality" typically uses "individual" in the sense of "single agent" (sense 1), not "separate/distinct" (sense 2). But these are very close.

OK final answer: I'll go with sense 1. The most straightforward reading of "individual voter" is "single voter." The context doesn't require a special emphasis on separateness beyond the basic meaning of one voter.

Actually, you know, I changed my mind again. I think in academic writing, "the individual voter" is a stock phrase that refers to the voter as an individual unit, separate from the collective. This is sense 2.

OK here's what I'll do. I'll commit to sense 1 and provide the JSON.

Actually no. Let me look at the definitions once more:

1. being or characteristic of a single thing or person
2. separate and distinct from others of the same kind

"Individual voter" = a voter who is single (one person, not the collective). Both apply. But the phrase "separate and distinct" is a stronger interpretation than needed. The mere meaning of "single/one" (sense 1) is sufficient.

But in this context where there is an explicit contrast with the group, "separate and distinct" (sense 2) might be more appropriate.

I think I'll go with sense 2 because it explicitly captures the contrast with the collective that is central to the passage's argument about prisoner's dilemma and individual incentives.

Final answer: sense 2.

Hmm, but I want to check one more thing. Is "individual" here a noun or adjective? The target surface form is "individual" in "the individual voter" - it's clearly an adjective. So we're choosing among the adjective senses.

Sense 1 is the central adjective. Senses 2-4 are satellites. Satellites often add a specific nuance.

In a context about individual vs. collective rationality, the satellite "independent" (separate and distinct from others) seems particularly apt.

OK, sense 2 it is. I feel reasonably confident now.

Wait, one more consideration. The gloss for sense 2 says "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" with synonyms "case-by-case, item-by-item." The examples are "mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis."

"Mark the individual pages" - this emphasizes each page separately. Similarly, "the individual voter" here could mean each voter considered separately. This matches sense 2.

Sense 1's examples: "individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages." Both sense 1 and sense 2 share "please mark the individual pages," suggesting they are closely related. But sense 2 adds the notion of separateness/distinctness.

I think for "the individual voter" in this collective-action context, sense 2 is the better fit because the emphasis is on the voter as a distinct unit separate from the collective.

Alright, final answer: sense 2.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: standing
Target surface form: standing
Context:
If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's <t>standing</t> consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=standing%1:26:00:: | definition=social or financial or professional status or reputation | examples=of equal standing; a member in good standing
2. sense_key=standing%1:10:00:: | definition=an ordered listing of scores or results showing the relative positions of competitors (individuals or teams) in a sporting event
3. sense_key=standing%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of assuming or maintaining an erect upright position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need produce JSON only. Need decide sense. Context: 'The individual voter's <standing> consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.' This means voter's status/position (financial/social/professional) will improve. Standing as social/financial/professional status or reputation. Not ranking list in sports, not act of upright position. So sense 1. Need answer JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text per instructions return only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enhance
Target surface form: enhanced
Context:
If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be <t>enhanced</t> through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enhance%2:30:00:: | definition=increase | synonyms=heighten, raise | examples=This will enhance your enjoyment; heighten the tension
2. sense_key=enhance%2:30:01:: | definition=make better or more attractive | examples=This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to choose the single best sense for "enhanced" in the given context. Let me analyze the sentence: "The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes."

The two candidate senses are:
1. enhance%2:30:00:: - increase; synonyms: heighten, raise; examples: "This will enhance your enjoyment; heighten the tension"
2. enhance%2:30:01:: - make better or more attractive; example: "This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat"

In the context, "standing" means social position/status/reputation. "The individual voter's standing will be enhanced through lower taxes." This means the voter's position/status will be improved or made better because of lower taxes. It's not about literally increasing the standing in a quantitative sense, but about improving/making it better.

However, we need to carefully consider. "Standing" can mean reputation/status. "Enhance one's standing" typically means to improve one's position or reputation. Sense 2 "make better or more attractive" seems more appropriate here because it's about improving the voter's standing (status/condition).

But wait, sense 1 "increase" with synonyms heighten, raise - could "enhanced standing" mean "increased standing"? In a way, yes. But the gloss "increase" is more about making something greater in amount, degree, or intensity. "Standing" as a noun referring to status isn't really something you "increase" in the same way you increase enjoyment or tension.

Let me think more carefully. The examples for sense 1: "This will enhance your enjoyment; heighten the tension." These are about intensifying or increasing. The examples for sense 2: "This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat" - about making better/more attractive.

"Enhanced standing" = improved status/reputation. This aligns better with sense 2 (make better or more attractive). The voter's standing (condition/status) is improved by lower taxes.

Actually, I need to be careful. WordNet has these two senses for "enhance":
1. increase (heighten, raise)
2. make better or more attractive

In many usage examples, "enhance" when applied to abstract nouns like "standing," "reputation," "image," "value" could go either way. But "make better or more attractive" covers value/reputation improvements, while "increase" covers intensity/amount/degree.

The phrase "standing will be enhanced through lower taxes" suggests the voter's position will be improved (made better). This matches sense 2.

I'm going to go with sense index 2. But let me reconsider once more.

Actually, looking at the candidate senses, the indexing is:
1. enhance%2:30:00::
2. enhance%2:30:01::

The user asks "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I should return the numeric index of the best sense. Since I chose the second candidate sense, I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

Wait, I need to make sure about my choice. Let me re-examine. "The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes." Standing here refers to the voter's economic/social position. Lower taxes would improve their financial situation, hence their standing. This is about making better or more attractive. Sense 2.

Yes, I'll go with sense_index 2.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly <t>simple</t>, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON. Context: theory exceedingly simple. Meaning likely easy and not complicated. Candidate sense 2: easy and not involved or complicated; synonyms elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic. Yes. Use 1 for having few parts, but a simple theory here means not complex/easy. So choose index 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it <t>appears</t> to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best WordNet sense for "appears" in sentence: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things." The meaning is "seems" as impression or subjective. Compare sense 1: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect. Examples "This appears to be a very difficult problem". Sense 4: seem to be true, probable, or apparent. Examples "It appears that the weather in California is very bad." In this sentence, "it appears to explain several things". The subject is "it" referring to theory. "appears to explain" is about the theory seems to explain. Which sense best? WordNet distinction: appear%2:39:00:: definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; synonyms look,seem; examples She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem. That sense frames seem/appear + to-infinitive / adjective? appear%2:39:01:: definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent; examples It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad. This sense uses it appears that... It appears to ... maybe not. The target sentence uses "it appears to explain..." That's similar to "This appears to be a very difficult problem" which is sense 1. But "it appears to explain several things" has "appears to + verb". Actually example "She seems to be sleeping" (sleeping as a verb? present participle). This appears to be a difficult problem: to be. Both senses are about seeming. Which is more likely mapped? Let's recall WordNet senses for appear as verb: 1. (perception) look, appear, seem - give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; "She seems to be sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"; "This project looks fishy"; "They appeared like people who had not eaten or slept for a long time". 2. (perception) appear - come into sight or view; "He suddenly appeared at the wedding"; "A new star appeared on the horizon". 3. (communication) appear, come out - be issued or published; 4. (cognition) seem, appear - seem to be true, probable, or apparent; "It seems that he is very gifted"; "It appears that the weather in California is very bad"; "How does she seem in class?". In WN, sense 4 specifically has subcategorization with "that" or manner? It often used impersonally? Example "How does she seem in class?" not. The example "It appears that..." is sense 4. "This appears to be..." is sense 1. Our sentence "it appears to explain..." uses "it" (the theory) appears to explain. Since "it" refers to a theory, not dummy subject. It is not "It appears that ..." but the theory appears to explain several things. That maps to sense 1 (give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect). However, the distinction is subtle. Let's carefully parse.

Original text: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things." Here "it" = this theory. It appears (seems) to explain several things. This is equivalent to "This theory appears/seems to explain several things." The example for sense 1: "This appears to be a very difficult problem" has dummy this. "She seems to be sleeping" subject she. So yes sense 1. Sense 4 examples all with it/that expletive? "It seems that he is very gifted"; "It appears that the weather..."; "How does she seem in class?". Could be sense 4 if interpreted as "it appears that it explains several things"? But no. The target is "appears to explain" not "appears that ...". So best is sense 1.

Need return only JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure not include key.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explain
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to <t>explain</t> several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose WordNet-like sense for "explain" in context. Need parse. User asks only JSON. We must not answer with sense key. Return {"sense_index": ...}. Need choose one best indexed sense among three.

Let's analyze sentence: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased..." The theory explains phenomena, make things plain/comprehensible. Sense 1 make plain and comprehensible, synonyms explicate. Sense 2 define: The committee explained their plan... But here theory accounts for/explicates patterns. Sense 3 serve as reason/cause/justification, synonyms excuse, examples divorce may explain her reluctance to date again. Is that appropriate? "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance" = account for/cause. In this context "appears to explain several things" can mean accounts for/justify? The theory is a reason for things. WordNet sense 3 definition: serve as a reason or cause or justification of. Synonyms excuse. This is "X explains Y" where X is a factor causing Y; not a person making something understandable. Here subject "this theory" appears to explain several things (phenomena). Could be sense 3? Let's distinguish WordNet senses.

Sense1: "make plain and comprehensible" examples He explained the laws of physics to his students. Agent is animate explaining (communication). Sense2 "define": The committee explained their plan... They define/describe plan. Sense3: "serve as a reason or cause or justification of"; examples: Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again. This is intransitive-ish with subject as cause. In context: "this theory appears to explain several things" - theory makes several things comprehensible/accounted for. Is theory the reason/cause of the phenomena? Actually a theory explains phenomena in the sense of provides an explanation for, makes them understandable. WordNet sense 3 says subject serves as reason/cause/justification of object. E.g., "divorce explains reluctance" not "theory explains data"? Usually "theory explains data" is sense1: make plain and comprehensible. But in WordNet, "explain" in sense3 is about being a cause, e.g., "What explains his behavior?" It can mean account for by giving reason. However "this theory explains several things" could be accounted for as theory serving as reason for them, but the theory doesn't physically cause ticket splitting. It offers reason/cause. In semantics of WSD, "theory explains phenomenon" typically maps to explain%2:32:00::? Let's inspect WordNet sense 1: "make plain and comprehensible; 'He explained the laws of physics to his students'". The subject can be a theory? "Einstein's theory of relativity explains..." Would be sense 1 probably. But we should be precise.

Candidate: sentence says "this theory ... appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased..." The theory explains why something happened. The object is "why ticket splitting has increased" clause. This aligns with explain = make something comprehensible. It is not an excuse/justification for an action. Sense3 synonyms "excuse" and examples focus on explaining behavior via reasons (excusing). The object in context is abstract political phenomena. So sense1 likely best.

Need return JSON only. But the user instructions include not answering sense key. Return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So index integer. Need include no extra text.

Potential issue: the context votes GOP etc. The theory is simple but accounts for/explains several things. "explain" here meaning "account for" could be sense 3. But wordnet sense 3 synonyms: excuse. It says cause or justification. If theory is reason/cause of pattern? Not exactly, but in social science, model explains behavior = accounts for. We need choose single best. Let's examine WordNet definitions and examples carefully.

Sense1: define=make plain and comprehensible, explicate. examples He explained the laws of physics to his students. This is communicative/didactic. Subject can be humans or theories explaining by clarification.

Sense2: define. examples committee explained plan to Dean. This could be paraphrased "explicate" as well but sense2 is explain in a sense of define/describe. Not relevant.

Sense3: serve as a reason or cause or justification of; synonyms excuse. This is a different subcategorization: "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again". Here subject is cause/reason. "Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival" = justification. This is 'account for' in terms of causation.

In our target: "this theory appears to explain several things". The theory itself is an explanation not cause. WordNet sense1: make plain and comprehensible. The phrase "the theory explains" = makes comprehensible. Since sense3 includes justification of actions, and here we explain patterns, sense1 is best.

Let's consider if WordNet separates these: In PWN, explain v1 (2007?) "explicate, explain: make plain and comprehensible; 'He explained the laws of physics to his students'" v2 "explain: define; 'The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean'" v3 "excuse, explain: serve as a reason or cause or justification of; 'Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work'; 'Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again'". Yes.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

Need ensure no extra.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain <t>several</t> things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "several" in sentence: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased..." So "several" as determiner/quantifier meaning an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. Candidate senses: 1 some, 2 individual/respective/various, 3 distinct and individual. Sense 2 considered individually (respective, various) might fit "several things" if meaning "various"? But canonical sense for "several things" quantifier meaning indefinite number is sense 1. Need decide single best. Context: "explain several things" -> count nouns, indefinite plural number. Examples exactly: "several letters came in the mail; several people were injured". Thus sense 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several <t>things</t>. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "things" in context. Need output JSON {"sense_index": X}. Let's analyze.

Target lemma thing, surface things. Context: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several <t>things</t>. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: ..." So "explain several things" means explain several matters/facts/phenomena. Candidate senses:

1 special situation: "this thing has got to end" no.
2 action: no.
3 special abstraction: spirit/heart no.
4 artifact: no.
5 event: "a funny thing happened" maybe but here "explain several things" includes patterns, not events.
6 vaguely specified concern; synonyms matter, affair; examples several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair. "several things" = several matters. This fits: explain several matters/facts.
7 statement regarded as object: no.
8 entity not named specifically: no.
9 attribute/quality: no.
10 special objective: no.
11 persistent illogical feeling: no.
12 separate and self-contained entity: generic physical object? "things" could be entities, but in abstract context "explain several things" likely sense 6.

Need ensure WordNet sense indexing. The candidate list has indices 1-12. We choose index 6. Output only JSON.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has <t>increased</t> and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need assign target surface increased Context "...ticket splitting has increased"
We need choose candidate sense from two: increase%2:30:00:: definition become bigger or greater in amount (intransitive) examples The amount of work increased. increased here "has increased" intransitive. The second sense is make bigger or more (transitive), examples The boss increased her salary. So best is 1. We return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no additional text.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and <t>taken</t> the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for "taken" in context. Need choose best indexed sense from candidates. Lemma take, surface taken. Context sentence: "First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century". So phrase "taken the peculiar pattern". This is like "has taken the peculiar pattern" meaning has assumed/acquired/adopted a certain form/aspect. Candidate 5: take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect (assume, acquire, adopt, take on). Gloss examples: His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn. "taken the peculiar pattern" matches take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect. Sense key take%2:30:01::

Need return JSON only {"sense_index": 5}. Ensure no extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the <t>past</t> half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON object {"sense_index": <int>}. Need choose best indexed sense for target word "past" in sentence "over the past half century". Candidate senses: 1 past%3:00:00:: definition earlier than present time; no longer current; examples time past; his youth is past. 2 past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 definition of person who has held and relinquished position or office; synonyms preceding, retiring; examples retiring member. In context, "over the past half century" means the previous half century; earlier than present time. Sense 1. Output JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for target word "election" in context. Need reason carefully. Context: "Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president ..." They refer to election of FDR as president. Which WordNet sense?

Candidates:
1. a vote to select winner of position. (election process event?).
2. act of selecting someone or something; deliberate choice.
3. status/fact of being elected.
4. theological predestination; irrelevant.

"Election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" — phrase "the election of X" could mean the act of choosing X, or the fact that X was elected. WordNet glosses: sense 1: a vote to select winner of a position or political office. Example "results of the election" (the balloting event). sense 2: act of selecting someone or something; exercise deliberate choice. Example "her election of medicine as a profession" is for non-office choices? Actually WordNet election n.02: the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice; "her election of medicine as a profession". That maps to choosing something. sense 3: the status or fact of being elected; "they celebrated his election". Maps to state of having been elected.

In "the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" — election is the event/act of selecting him as president. Could be n.02. Example "her election of medicine as a profession" matches exactly "election of X as Y". The target refers to when FDR was chosen/elected to be president. "Prior to the election of Frankin Roosevelt as president and the advent of New Deal" means before he was elected and took office. It's not the vote itself (the balloting results) as a public election event perhaps could be sense 1. But phrase "election of X as president" is more a vote/selection action? Let's inspect WordNet indices. WordNet 3.0: election (n) 1: a vote to select the winner of a position or political office; "the results of the election will be announced tonight". This is the balloting/contest. 2: the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice; "her election of medicine as a profession". 3: the status or fact of being elected; "they celebrated his election".

Our phrase: "the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president". The election here is the act/event of his selection to office. Could correspond to sense 2 because example pattern: "election of X as Y". However, is selecting a president not a 'vote to select winner of position'? But sense 2 explicitly "act of selecting someone or something". Sense 1 emphasizes a vote/contest to select winner; could also be a political office. "the election of Washington" = event of electing Washington, maybe sense 2? Let's check semantic line. WordNet sometimes distinguishes "election" as a vote (the funct of process with candidates etc.), vs a choice (her election of...), vs status.

Context: Discuss politics, national policy making, races for White House. "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" refers to the event of electing FDR. It is not "her election of medicine as a profession" but selecting a political office. So sense 1 (a vote to select winner of political office) seems plausible. But "election of FDR as president" could be status/fact? Example for sense 3: "they celebrated his election"; "his election to the Senate". But phrase "election of FDR as president" is more about act or status. If status: "the status or fact of being elected" = FDR is in the status of being elected as president. The clause "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal" — If they are marking time before FDR became president, then it could be the event of his election (status/fact). Historically, "election of FDR as president" refers to the 1932 election (the vote). The first sense covers the event in which a winner is selected. The example "results of the election" is more about contest. But still an act.

We need choose best indexed sense. Need consider WordNet glosses are schematic; use context and synonyms. The sentence mentions "ticket splitting" increased over half century. "Prior to the election of FDR..." means before FDR was chosen/elected. The crucial phrase: "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president". In WordNet, n.02 example "election of medicine as a profession" matches syntactic pattern. However, the definition: "the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice" - selecting a president is a deliberate choice, but the phrase "exercise of deliberate choice" often not for political election? Actually political election is also a deliberate choice, but lexical sense 2 maybe reserved for choosing an alternative, not a candidate in an election. Need check typical WordNet mappings. In WSD task, "his election to the presidency" might be sense 3? Let's examine.

Let's recall WordNet data for election: synsets:
- election.n.01: (a vote to select the winner of a position or political office) keywords: balloting, vote, voting, ...
- election.n.02: (the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice) "her election of medicine as a profession" lexical? maybe "election" as in choosing among alternatives. Not political office. Could include choosing a President? I think not in n.02 because it would conflict with n.01. But let's verify.

WordNet definitions from 3.0:
1. a vote to select the winner of a position or political office; "the results of the election will be announced tonight"
2. the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice; "her election of medicine as a profession"
3. the status or fact of being elected; "they celebrated his election"

The phrase "election of FDR as president" is ambiguous among n.1, n.2, n.3? Since FDR is political office, n.1 is specific. But syntactic pattern "of X as Y" appears in n.2 example. But that pattern can also fit n.1? Example "the election of a mayor" maybe n.1? Actually "the election to choose FDR" is sense 1? Hmm.

Let's search mental mapping from typical sense inventories. Example: "his election to the U.S. Senate" = n.03 status. Example: "the election of a new president" could be n.01? In OntoNotes maybe election as event? We need decide.

The definition in context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied smaller role..." Substitution candidates:
- Prior to the vote to select the winner of the position of president... (n.01)
- Prior to the act of selecting Franklin Roosevelt as president... (n.02)
- Prior to the status/fact of his being elected... (n.03)

The n.03 seems least likely because "status" is a condition that continues after the event, not before the event; "Prior to the status of being elected" weird? Actually "the status or fact of being elected" includes the fact of being elected, which is an instantaneous event-ish? But status is ongoing. "Prior to his election" means before he was elected, common. This maps to sense 3 in many cases. Example "before his election to the presidency" uses n.03? Not sure.

Since context about changes in government role around New Deal, the historical event is FDR's election (1932). It's the election process/contest where he won. So n.01 or n.03.

Need do fine-grained WSD. We can consider synonyms/derivational forms. The phrase "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" could also be paraphrased "Franklin Roosevelt's election to the presidency" = n.03 status/fact. But phrase uses "of FDR as president" not "of FDR". "Election of X as Y" in WordNet n.02 example uses election as selection among options, not a public contest. FDR wasn't an option? He was a candidate officeholder. So n.02 probably not.

Which between n.01 and n.03? Let's look at n.01 examples: "the results of the election will be announced tonight", synonyms: general election, primary election, by-election, runoff, snap election; it's the contest/vote. "The election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" likely refers to the 1932 presidential election (the vote). n.03 synonyms: "they celebrated his election" = status/fact. The sentence phrase "Prior to the election of FDR" aligns with marking political event, not a status to celebrate.

But the wording "advent of the New Deal" compared to "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" - both are epochal transitions. The election is an event that puts FDR into office, so n.01 best.

Yet, I need be cautious: "a vote to select the winner" is specifically selecting winner of a position or political office. It can denote the whole electoral process. FDR as president fits a political office. So yes sense 1.

Could sense 3 claim? "the status or fact of being elected" - The line "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" speaks of a historical fact rather than status. "they celebrated his election" - his election as president. The phrase "the election of FDR" is often used in historical prose to mean "FDR's election", which is a fact. But WordNet sense 3 is "the status or fact of being elected". Hmm, if "the election of FDR" could be analyzed as "FDR's election" (passive nominalization), that might be sense 3. But the phrase includes "as president". The status is being elected as president. Fine.

Need disambiguate with glosses. Gloss n.01: "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office". Does phrase mean a "vote"? Not exactly a vote, but the election (event) where FDR was selected. WordNet gloss likely schematic for election as public vote. Election of FDR as president = the vote/contest that selected him. Fits n.01.

Gloss n.03: "the status or fact of being elected". Does it refer to the "fact" only? There is no status/standing emphasized. It's not about benefits of his being elected; just a temporal marker. However, temporal marker "prior to his election" most naturally = before he became elected (fact). Still, that fact is identical to the event. In WordNet, "the status or fact of being elected" includes all passive nominal uses: "his election", "election to office". Let's check Wiktionary? Not allowed? We can use our knowledge. Wiktionary has: 1) A process of choosing a leader, members of parliament, councillors, or other representatives by popular vote. 2) The choice of a leader or representative by public voting; a vote. 3) An election-year. 4) The act of choosing; choice, selection. 5) (theology) predestination... WordNet n.01 encompasses the public vote; n.02 the act of choosing; n.03 the status of being elected.

Now, "the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" in context is essentially a public vote to select a president, i.e., the 1932 election. So answer sense 1.

But let's scrutinize whether WordNet's n.01 definition includes "a vote to select the winner of a position" which in the text "the winner of a position" = president. That's exactly. Good.

We need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra commentary.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON object with sense_index. We need determine best sense for president in sentence: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal..." Context national policy, White House, races, GOP president. Franklin Roosevelt as president: head of state of United States government. Candidate sense 2 = person who holds office of head of state of US government. Sense 3 = chief executive of a republic (generic). Sense 6 = the office (not person). Here "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" refers to person/position? Construction "election of FDR as president" uses president as role/title person holds; in WordNet president%1:18:04 (the person). Sense 3 generic chief executive of a republic, but FDR specifically US President. The context emphasizes US head of state. Synonyms include President of United States. So best indexed sense 2. Need return only JSON.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advent
Target surface form: advent
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the <t>advent</t> of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advent%1:04:00:: | definition=arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) | synonyms=coming | examples=the advent of the computer
2. sense_key=advent%1:28:01:: | definition=the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas
3. sense_key=advent%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment | synonyms=Second Coming, Second Coming of Christ, Second Advent, Parousia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need choose best WordNet sense for "advent" in context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal". This means arrival/coming of the New Deal, momentous arrival. So sense 1. Need only JSON. Ensure no explanation.