[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do <t>so</t> poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best indexed sense for target lemma so, target surface form so. Sentence: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests..." The phrase "so poorly" modifies poorly, meaning to a great extent or degree? Or specifically usually followed by 'that' degree as expressed? It is "do so poorly" not followed by that. Could be sense 1: to a very great extent or degree = very, extremely. Or sense 7: followed by that to an extent or degree as expressed. Here no "that". Sense 1 examples "never been so happy". "so poorly" = to a very great extent or degree (poorly). So best is 1. Need return JSON only {"sense_index": 1}. Should we consider "do so poorly" could be sense 4 "to a certain unspecified extent"? No, it's used with comparison? "do so poorly in math tests, as compared with..." But "so" is intensifier. Yes sense 1.

Need ensure final answer only JSON object.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as <t>compared</t> with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with JSON object {"sense_index": integer}. The task: WSD for target 'compared' in context phrase 'as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students'. Need choose among 4 senses.

Let's analyze.

Sense 1 compare%2:31:00:: definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of. Examples John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie. This sense implies active examination of similarities/differences, with 'compare X to/with Y'.

Sense 2 = be comparable. Examples This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes. In passive 'as compared with' maybe not sense 2 (compare as intransitive: this car compares with). 'as compared with' is a past-participial passive of transitive lemma compare. Sense 2 is intransitive. Not.

Sense 3 = consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous; synonyms liken, equate. Examples compare Han dynasty to Romans; cannot equate success with greed. It's about comparing X to Y as analog. In the phrase 'as compared with British... students', maybe means when contrasted/relative to other students. It's not likening/equating, but statistical comparison.

Sense 4 = grammar. No.

The phrase 'as compared with' is a fixed passive construction. Need decide sense 1 or sense 3. The sentence: 'One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence...' Here 'as compared with' means 'in comparison with' / 'when compared with', noting differences in performance. The writer isn't equating/likening American students to Japanese ones; they are contrasting/relating performance scores. The sense is likely sense 1 (examine and note the similarities or differences of). However, the passive 'as compared' maybe a use of compare 'to examine similarities or differences'. The structure 'compared with' can be used as preposition. Compare with sense 1 example 'John compared his haircut to his friend's' is active with agent. 'As compared with' is passive but still sense 1.

Sense 3 examples include 'compare the Han dynasty to the Romans' (analogy) and equate. The sentence isn't analogizing American students with Japanese, it's evaluating relative performance. So sense 1. Need output JSON.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AkashML

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese <t>students</t>, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for target word students in context. Need return JSON {"sense_index": N}. Candidate senses index 1 and 2. Context compares American students do poorly in math tests with British, French, German or Japanese students. These are learners enrolled in educational institution. Not learned person scholar. So index 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the <t>influence</t> of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with JSON only, sense_index. Let's analyze WSD. Target lemma influence noun? The surface influence in context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests ... is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods." Need choose best sense among five.

Candidate definitions:
1 influence%1:07:00:: a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc. Example used her parents' influence. This seems social power/prestige. Not fit.
2 influence%1:04:00:: causing something without any direct or apparent effort. Eventive nominal. Context: the influence of New Math on textbooks/methods, meaning effect. Definition seems like action of causing. Hmm.
3 influence%1:09:00:: a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do. Example her wishes had a great influence on his thinking. This is abstract factor affecting mental processes. New Math as a factor affecting textbooks? Not cognitive factor affecting action; it's a curriculum approach affecting educational materials/outcomes.
4 influence%1:19:00:: the effect of one thing (or person) on another. Example the influence of mechanical action. This describes effect of New Math on textbooks and teaching methods. In context, "reasons ... is the influence of New Math on ..." This is the effect. Likely best.
5 influence%1:18:00:: one having power to influence another. Person/entity. Not New Math as one? Could be "the influence of New Math" refers to New Math thing? It is a set of ideas, not a person. 1:18 semantically a person/role. Not best.

WordNet sense schemas: influence can be noun attribute? Let's recall WordNet. Noun influence has senses: 1 power to affect (attribute? 1:07), 2 causing without direct effort (act? 1:04), 3 cognitive factor (1:09), 4 effect of one thing on another (1:19), 5 influential person/thing (1:18). Hmm exact mapping maybe #4 is state? Let's decide.

Context: "the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods". This is more "effect of one thing on another" (4). Example "the influence of mechanical action" matches: effect of mechanical action on something. Therefore answer index 4.

Need return JSON {"sense_index": 4}. Strict only JSON.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on <t>American</t> textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "American" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word is "American" modifying "textbooks". The sentence is: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods."

The context compares "American students" with British, French, German, and Japanese students. This is a comparison of students from different nations/countries. The "New Math" is described as influencing "American textbooks and teaching methods."

Candidate senses:
1. american%3:01:01:: = of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture (examples: American citizens; American English)
2. american%3:01:00:: = of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas (examples: the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna)

Given that "American" is being contrasted with British, French, German, and Japanese, this clearly refers to the United States of America, not the continents of the Americas. In educational contexts comparing national education systems, "American" typically means "of the United States." The comparison is between nation-states (British = UK, French = France, German = Germany, Japanese = Japan). Therefore, sense 1 is the correct answer.

The answer should be in JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}

Note: The instructions say not to answer with a WordNet sense key, and return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: want
Target surface form: wants
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who <t>wants</t> to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=want%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
2. sense_key=want%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=need, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=want%2:35:00:: | definition=hunt or look for; want for a particular reason | examples=Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI; Uncle Sam wants you
4. sense_key=want%2:31:01:: | definition=wish or demand the presence of | examples=I want you here at noon!
5. sense_key=want%2:42:01:: | definition=be without, lack; be deficient in | examples=want courtesy; want the strength to go on living

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense. Target: wants in sentence "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is ...". This is modal-like volition: desire to appreciate. Sense 1 definition feel/have desire for strongly; examples I want to go home now; I want my own room. That's right: "want" followed by to-infinitive "wants to appreciate" indicates desire/wish, strong desire to do something. Examples match "I want to go home now". Not need (have need of), be wanted (passive), wish/demand presence, or lack. So sense_index:1. Need output JSON exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appreciate
Target surface form: appreciate
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to <t>appreciate</t> just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appreciate%2:37:00:: | definition=recognize with gratitude; be grateful for
2. sense_key=appreciate%2:31:00:: | definition=be fully aware of; realize fully | synonyms=take account | examples=Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?
3. sense_key=appreciate%2:40:00:: | definition=hold dear | synonyms=prize, value, treasure | examples=I prize these old photographs
4. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:00:: | definition=gain in value | synonyms=apprize, apprise, revalue | examples=The yen appreciated again!
5. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:01:: | definition=increase the value of | synonyms=apprize, apprise | examples=The Germans want to appreciate the Deutsche Mark

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best indexed sense for "appreciate" in context. Need return JSON {"sense_index": ...}. Let's reason.

Context: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read..." Here appreciate means "to be fully aware of; realize fully" or possibly "recognize with gratitude". The clause: "appreciate just how bizarre this situation is" = understand/realize/recognize fully how bizarre. That's sense 2: be fully aware of; realize fully. sense 1 is recognize with gratitude; be grateful for - not gratitude. sense 3 hold dear. sense 4 gain value. sense 5 increase value. So index 2.

Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. We'll return {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate <t>just</t> how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for "just" in sentence: "Anyone who wants to appreciate <t>just</t> how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article..." We must choose among six senses. Let's analyze meaning: "appreciate just how bizarre this situation is" means appreciate exactly/precisely how bizarre, or to appreciate fully the degree? "Just how bizarre" is an idiomatic intensifier meaning "exactly how" or "how very". Candidate senses: 1 merely/simply/only; 2 indicating exactness or preciseness (precisely, exactly); 3 just now; 4 absolutely (simply); 5 barely; 6 exactly at this moment.

In phrase "just how bizarre", "just" modifies "how bizarre" to emphasize exact extent, often paraphrased as "exactly how bizarre". That aligns with sense 2: indicating exactness or preciseness. Example: "it was just as he said" (exactly). Also "just how" = exactly how. Sense 4 "absolutely" examples "I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo" is colloquial intensifier with adjectives/adverbs? "just grand" = simply/absolutely grand. But "just how bizarre" is not "absolutely how bizarre". It is exactness. Sense 2 best. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: situation
Target surface form: situation
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this <t>situation</t> is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=situation%1:26:00:: | definition=the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time; ; ; - Franklin D.Roosevelt | synonyms=state of affairs | examples=the present international situation is dangerous; wondered how such a state of affairs had come about
2. sense_key=situation%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=position | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
3. sense_key=situation%1:26:02:: | definition=a complex or critical or unusual difficulty | examples=the dangerous situation developed suddenly; that's quite a situation
4. sense_key=situation%1:15:00:: | definition=physical position in relation to the surroundings | synonyms=site | examples=the sites are determined by highly specific sequences of nucleotides
5. sense_key=situation%1:04:00:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, spot, billet | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need do WSD for target word "situation" in context. Must choose single best indexed sense among five. Need return JSON {"sense_index": <int>}. No explanation.

Analyze context: The passage discusses educational situation: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read..." Here "this situation" refers to the general state of affairs regarding American math education influenced by New Math. Candidate sense 1: "the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time" synonyms state of affairs; example "the present international situation is dangerous". This fits. Sense 2: "a condition or position in which you find yourself" synonyms position; example "the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils". Could refer to being in a situation, but here "this situation" is more about general state of things. Sense 3: "a complex or critical or unusual difficulty"; though bizarre, it's not emphasizing a critical difficulty. Sense 4 physical position no. Sense 5 job no. Best sense index 1. Need ensure JSON exactly.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with <t>students</t> who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "students" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target surface form is "students" and the target lemma is "student". There are two candidate senses:

1. student%1:18:00:: - a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (synonyms: pupil, educatee)
2. student%1:18:01:: - a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman)

The context sentence is:
"Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with <t>students</t> who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article..."

Let me think about which sense fits best. The context is talking about American students doing poorly in math tests compared to students from other countries. The specific instance with <t>students</t> refers to students who cannot add or subtract but are learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory. These are clearly learners enrolled in educational institutions (schools), not learned scholars.

The broader context discusses American vs. British/French/German/Japanese students, math tests, textbooks, teaching methods, and schools. All of this points to students in the sense of learners enrolled in educational institutions.

Sense 1 is the correct answer. The output should be a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3} but with the correct index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: add
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not <t>add</t> or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense. Context: "students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory". Add here is arithmetic operation, combining numbers. Candidate 4 definition make an addition by combining numbers, synonyms add together, examples Add 27 and 49. Candidate 5 determine the sum of, examples Add all the people... maybe transitive with collection. Here "add or subtract" basic arithmetic, intransitive/transitive? "cannot add or subtract" likely sense 4. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 4}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: subtract
Target surface form: subtract
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or <t>subtract</t> "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=subtract%2:31:00:: | definition=make a subtraction | synonyms=deduct, take off | examples=subtract this amount from my paycheck
2. sense_key=subtract%2:30:00:: | definition=take off or away | examples=this prefix was subtracted when the word was borrowed from French

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD for target "subtract" in context. Need choose 1 or 2. Analyze context: "students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory". This refers to basic arithmetic operation subtraction. Sense 1 definition make a subtraction, synonyms deduct, take off, examples subtract this amount from my paycheck. Sense 2 definition take off or away, examples prefix was subtracted when word was borrowed. Mathematical operation is sense 1. Need return JSON with sense_index: 1. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: learn
Target surface form: learning
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "<t>learning</t> "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=learn%2:31:00:: | definition=gain knowledge or skills | synonyms=larn, acquire | examples=She learned dancing from her sister; I learned Sanskrit
2. sense_key=learn%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out, get a line | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=learn%2:31:03:: | definition=commit to memory; learn by heart | synonyms=memorize, memorise, con | examples=Have you memorized your lines for the play yet?
4. sense_key=learn%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=study, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=learn%2:32:00:: | definition=impart skills or knowledge to | synonyms=teach, instruct | examples=I taught them French; He instructed me in building a boat
6. sense_key=learn%2:32:02:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, see, ascertain, watch | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need do WSD for target lemma learn, surface form learning, in context: "...with students who can not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory..." Need choose among 6 senses. Let's analyze.

Context from paragraph: criticizes New Math; students who can't add or subtract are learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory. The phrase "learning" here is a gerund/present participle? Sentence: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who can not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read..." So the construction "with students ... learning..." The students are learning (acquiring knowledge/skills of) conceptual basis. Sense candidates:

1 learn%2:31:00 gain knowledge or skills; synonyms larn acquire. Examples She learned dancing from her sister; I learned Sanskrit. This is the basic sense of acquiring knowledge or skill. Here "learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory" = acquiring knowledge/skills. Good.

2 learn%2:31:01 get to know/become aware of, usually accidentally. Not appropriate; intentional.

3 commit to memory; learn by heart. Not likely.

4 be a student of a certain subject; study/read/take. Could parse as "learning the conceptual basis" = studying subject. But sense 4 examples "She is reading for the bar exam", suggests studying in a formal student capacity. In context, they are students learning the conceptual basis (math). Could be sense 1 or 4.

5 impart skills/knowledge to. learn used as teach/dialectal? Actually WordNet sense 5 is "impart skills or knowledge to" with synonyms teach, instruct. But surface learning as gerund could be "learning" meaning teaching? No, it's students learning, not teaching.

6 find out/learn/determine with certainty by inquiry. Not appropriate.

Between 1 and 4. Need choose single best indexed sense. "learn%2:31:00" = gain knowledge or skills; "learn%2:31:02" = be a student of a certain subject. The phrase "learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory" is about acquiring specific knowledge of conceptual basis. The subject is mathematical theory. Is it "be a student of a certain subject"? That sense usually takes subject (e.g., she learned patience? no). Examples for sense 4: "She is reading for the bar exam" means studying to take exam. Synonyms study, read, take. Could "learning the conceptual basis" mean "studying the conceptual basis"? Possibly but "learning" is more active acquiring.

In WordNet, "learn" sense 2:31:00 is most common for acquiring knowledge or skills. It includes examples "She learned dancing from her sister; I learned Sanskrit". Here "learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory" = acquiring knowledge; sense 1 best.

Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basis
Target surface form: basis
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual <t>basis</t> of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples=they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis
2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples=the basis of this drink is orange juice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "basis" in the given context. I need to choose between 3 sense candidates.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

The passage is about education, textbooks, and math teaching methods. The specific sentence containing the target word is:
"Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson..."

Here, "basis" refers to the conceptual foundation/fundamentals of mathematical theory. Students who can't perform basic arithmetic are supposedly learning the conceptual basis/foundation of mathematical theory instead of practical skills.

Now let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples="they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis"
   - This sense is about a relation or condition (e.g., "on a friendly footing", "on an interim basis"). It doesn't fit here because we're not talking about a relationship or status.

2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples="the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture"
   - This fits well. "The conceptual basis of mathematical theory" refers to the fundamental assumptions/principles from which mathematical theory is developed or explained. This is about conceptual foundations.

3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples="the basis of this drink is orange juice"
   - This is about the main ingredient or most important component. While "basis of mathematical theory" could potentially fit, the context emphasizes "conceptual basis" - the foundational concepts/assumptions rather than the most important part. The example "basis of this drink is orange juice" suggests a compositional/ingredient sense, which doesn't quite match "conceptual basis of mathematical theory."

Sense 2 seems to be the best fit. "The conceptual basis of mathematical theory" means the fundamental conceptual assumptions/principles underlying mathematical theory - exactly what sense 2 describes.

Also, sense 2's example "the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture" is similar in structure - "basis of [something abstract/theoretical]."

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mathematical
Target surface form: mathematical
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of <t>mathematical</t> theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON. Need choose sense for 'mathematical' in context phrase "learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory". Context discusses New Math, students learning conceptual basis of mathematical theory. Sense 1: of or pertaining to mathematics, e.g. mathematical textbook/instruments. Sense 2: relating to ability with numbers, numerical. Sense 3: beyond question. Sense 4: statistically possible. Sense 5: exactness/precision. In "mathematical theory", means theory of mathematics, pertaining to mathematics. So sense 1. Provide JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: read
Target surface form: read
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should <t>read</t> the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=read%2:31:00:: | definition=interpret something that is written or printed | examples=read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?
2. sense_key=read%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=say | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
3. sense_key=read%2:31:01:: | definition=look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed | examples=The King will read the proclamation at noon
4. sense_key=read%2:31:06:: | definition=obtain data from magnetic tapes | synonyms=scan | examples=This dictionary can be read by the computer
5. sense_key=read%2:31:02:: | definition=interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior | examples=She read the sky and predicted rain; I can't read his strange behavior
6. sense_key=read%2:31:09:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=take | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=read%2:31:05:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
8. sense_key=read%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=register, show, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
9. sense_key=read%2:36:05:: | definition=audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role | examples=He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar' at Stratford this year
10. sense_key=read%2:31:08:: | definition=to hear and understand | examples=I read you loud and clear!
11. sense_key=read%2:31:04:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, interpret, translate | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for "read" in context. The context: "... Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is ... should read the article by Caleb Nelson ... in the November American Spectator." Means read an article/magazine text. It's about interpreting written content (newspaper/magazine article). Among candidates:

1 read%2:31:00 interpret something that is written or printed examples read advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie? This fits reading an article by someone.
3 read%2:31:01 look at, interpret, and say out loud something written/printed (king reads proclamation at noon) oral reading. Not silent reading an article.
11 make sense of a language.
6 interpret as convey particular meaning (read as satire).
Here generic read written/printed something = sense 1. The object is an article in a magazine, so it's read text. Thus index 1 (since candidate list starts 1). Return JSON.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: article
Target surface form: article
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the <t>article</t> by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=article%1:10:00:: | definition=nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
2. sense_key=article%1:03:00:: | definition=one of a class of artifacts | examples=an article of clothing
3. sense_key=article%1:10:02:: | definition=a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) | synonyms=clause
4. sense_key=article%1:10:01:: | definition=(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "article" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context is: "...should read the <t>article</t> by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."

The target word is "article" referring to something written by Caleb Nelson and published in the November American Spectator (which is a magazine/publication).

Candidate senses:
1. article%1:10:00:: = nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
2. article%1:03:00:: = one of a class of artifacts (e.g., an article of clothing)
3. article%1:10:02:: = a separate section of a legal document (synonyms: clause)
4. article%1:10:01:: = (grammar) a determiner

In this context, the "article" is something written by Caleb Nelson and published in a magazine (American Spectator). This clearly matches sense 1: nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication.

The answer should be in JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}

I need to return only the JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a <t>recent</t> math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for target "recent" in given context. Target surface recent; context: Caleb Nelson (himself a <t>recent</t> math major at Harvard) ... We need decide between sense 1 key recent%5:00:00:new:00 definition=new examples recent graduates; a recent addition to the house. Sense 2 key recent%5:00:00:past:00 definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time synonyms=late examples a late development; their late quarrel.

We need use context. "himself a recent math major at Harvard" means he was newly a math major? Actually Caleb Nelson is a recent graduate? recent math major at Harvard = someone who recently was a math major (i.e., newly graduated, recently completed studies). In WordNet adjective "recent" has two senses? Let's recall WordNet 3.0 recent has senses: "new" (recent graduates) and "of the immediate past or just previous to present time; late" like late nineteenth century. In context, describing a person as a "recent math major at Harvard" means he recently was a math major at Harvard (new, recent graduate likely). It aligns with sense "new"? But definition sense 1 new, examples include "recent graduates". A recent math major at Harvard suggests a person who has just graduated / newly completed major, close to meaning "new" (having recently come into being). Sense 2 is more about immediate past time, not person. The phrase "recent colonel", "recent widower"? Actually WordNet: recent.s.02: "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time; 'a late development'; 'their recent quarrel' " Could refer to events/quarrels/developments, not persons in the sense of "newly". The example "their recent quarrel" belongs to sense 2? Hmm.

Let's parse. "recent math major" at Harvard - does this mean a former math major (just graduated) or a current math major recent? Caleb Nelson wrote article in November American Spectator. He was himself a recent math major at Harvard, meaning he had recently graduated from Harvard with a math major. This corresponds to the meaning "new" (having recently come or become, e.g., recent addition, recent graduate). Sense 1 examples "recent graduates; a recent addition to the house". "a recent math major" analogous to "a recent graduate", i.e., someone who has recently completed a course of study/degree. So best is sense 1.

Need output only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. They provide indexed senses; choose single best indexed sense. The answer format is {"sense_index": N}. Since target has two candidate senses labeled 1 and 2, choose 1. Return only JSON. No extratext.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math <t>major</t> at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%1:18:00:: | definition=a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines; below lieutenant colonel and above captain
2. sense_key=major%1:18:02:: | definition=British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943) | synonyms=John Major, John R. Major, John Roy Major
3. sense_key=major%1:18:01:: | definition=a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject | examples=she is a linguistics major
4. sense_key=major%1:09:00:: | definition=the principal field of study of a student at a university | examples=her major is linguistics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "major" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."

Here "math major" refers to Caleb Nelson being a university student who studied mathematics as his principal subject.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. A commissioned military officer - not relevant
2. British statesman John Major - not relevant
3. A university student studying a particular field - "she is a linguistics major"
4. The principal field of study - "her major is linguistics"

Sense 3 refers to the student, sense 4 refers to the field of study. In "math major at Harvard", Caleb Nelson is the student/person who studied math as his major. So this is sense 3.

"sense_index" should be 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: Most
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- <t>Most</t> important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "Most" in a given context. I need to choose between 3 senses:
1. most%4:02:00:: - used to form the superlative (e.g. "the most dangerous snake")
2. most%4:02:01:: - very (e.g. "a most welcome relief")
3. most%4:02:02:: - almost/about (e.g. "the job is about done")

The target word is "Most" at the start of a sentence: "Most important of all, schools should have principals..."

This is a common English construction. "Most important of all" means "of greatest importance of all" or "the most important thing of all." Here, "most" is forming the superlative degree of the adjective "important." It's used to form the superlative.

Sense 1: "used to form the superlative" - this fits "Most important."
Sense 2: "very" - this would be like "a most welcome relief" = a very welcome relief. But "Most important of all" is not just "very important of all" - it's making a superlative comparison among things.
Sense 3: "almost/about" - doesn't fit here.

"Most important of all" = The most important thing of all is...

So sense 1 is the best fit. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

But wait - let me reconsider. In "Most important of all," "most" modifies "important" and functions as an intensifier/superlative marker. The phrase is elliptical for "(The thing that is) most important of all..." The construction "... of all" explicitly signals a superlative. So yes, sense 1.

Sense 2 ("very") usually appears with indefinite article before a noun or modifying an adjective directly in a non-comparative way: "a most welcome relief," "most kind of you." But here we have "most important of all" with the comparative/superlative marker "of all."

Therefore sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most <t>important</t> of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense for "important" in context. Let's analyze. Target surface "important" appears in phrase "Most important of all, schools should have principals...". This is a common usage: "most important of all" meaning "most significantly" or "of greatest significance/value". The phrase introduces a point that is of great significance. Candidate senses: 1 of great significance or value; 2 important in effect or meaning; 3 of extreme importance; vital; 4 influential/authoritative; 5 immodest. In this context, "Most important of all" = above all, the most significant point. It is sense 1? Let's compare sense 1 and 3. Sense 3 is crucial, vital to resolution of crisis. Not exactly crisis. Sense 2 significant in effect or meaning, often used for changes, decisions. Sense 1 general "of great significance or value". The phrase "most important of all" is superlative of important in sense 1. The examples: important people; the important questions of the day. Here "important" as predicate? Actually "Most important of all" is a sentence adverbial / reduced absolute phrase meaning "most importantly". It qualifies the following clause as being of greatest significance. So sense 1 likely. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, <t>schools</t> should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD. Need choose best indexed sense among listed candidates. Target lemma school, surface schools, context paragraph about textbooks, New Math, education, then sentence: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." Need select sense. Let's parse sentence: referring to educational institutions (plural) that should have principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, discipline. Candidate 1 definition an educational institution. Candidate 6 educational institution's faculty and students. Candidate 2 building. Candidate 3 process of schooling. Candidate 5 period. Candidate 4 art school. Candidate 7 fish. Which fits best? The sentence says schools should have principals ... faculty, curriculum, student discipline. This implies institutions as organizations. Sense 1 is 'an educational institution' (the organization). Sense 6 is 'an educational institution's faculty and students' (the people collectively). Here "schools should have principals" (institutions have principals) and "best schools are those free of outside interference and governed by a powerful head". That refers to institutions/organizations, not specifically building or faculty+students. Is there distinction between sense 1 and 6? The example for sense 1: "the school was founded in 1900" indicates institution as organization. Sense 6 example "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game" refers to school community/faculty and students. Our context mentions principals with authority over faculty and curriculum, and being governed by powerful head, suggests institution. Also "schools" plural as generic institutions. So sense_index 1.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: principal
Target surface form: principals
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have <t>principals</t> with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=principal%1:21:01:: | definition=the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated
2. sense_key=principal%1:18:00:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=school principal, head teacher, head | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
3. sense_key=principal%1:18:01:: | definition=an actor who plays a principal role | synonyms=star, lead
4. sense_key=principal%1:21:02:: | definition=capital as contrasted with the income derived from it | synonyms=corpus, principal sum
5. sense_key=principal%1:18:03:: | definition=(criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense, regardless of whether the person profits from such involvement
6. sense_key=principal%1:18:02:: | definition=the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange; buys and sells for his own account | synonyms=dealer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense. Context: schools should have principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, student discipline. Best schools governed by powerful head. Synonyms school principal, head teacher, head. So sense 2. Return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for target lemma measure, surface form measure. Context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

Candidate senses include:
1 measure%1:04:01:: any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal; step.
2 measure%1:03:00:: how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify; quantity, amount.
3 statute draft.
4 act/process of measuring.
5 basis for comparison; reference point; standard criterion touchstone; examples they set the measure for all subsequent work.
6 prosody meter.
7 musical notation bar.
8 measuring instrument.
9 container.

In phrase "a large measure of authority", meaning substantial amount/degree. That's quantity/amount. So sense 2. Need return JSON {"sense_index":2} only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</t> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need produce final answer as JSON {"sense_index": n}. Need choose sense for "authority" in context. Target sentence: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." Meaning power/right to give orders/decisions. Among candidates: sense 1 is power or right to give orders or make decisions; synonyms authorization etc. Examples. Sense 6 is official permission or approval. In this context, "a large measure of authority over the faculty" = power to direct/control. So sense 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}. Need ensure no extra text.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: faculty
Target surface form: faculty
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for word 'faculty' in given context. We need choose best indexed sense among two candidate senses. We must output JSON {"sense_index" : index}. Need be single best.

Context: schools should have principals with authority over the faculty, curriculum, student discipline. Here faculty refers to teaching staff at a school, body of teachers and admins. Candidate 2 staff body. Candidate 1 is mental power/cognitive capacity. The target form faculty in this context clearly teaching staff. So index 2.

We should return JSONonly.