[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with JSON object specifying sense_index for target 'nail' in context. Let's parse.

Target lemma: nail. Context: about gene losses in colon cancer, Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1 attach with nails. 2 arrest. 3 hit hard. 4 succeed obtaining position. 5 succeed at easily. 6 locate exactly (synonyms=pinpoint; examples: "can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome"). 7 complete a pass.

In context "nail the identity" means determine/identify precisely. Sense 6 definition=locate exactly, synonyms pinpoint, example specifically "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome". The exact phrase "nail the identity" matches. So index 6. Return {"sense_index": 6}. Ensure only JSON. No other text.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense. Context: "nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell..." This is about identifying which gene, its identity as the individual characteristics by which a thing is recognized or known. Example in sense 2: "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it". So best sense is 2. Return {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Cloudflare

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer WSD. Target lemma damage, surface form damaged. Context about gene damaged causing colon cell malignancy. Candidate senses:
1 damage%2:30:00:: definition=inflict damage upon; The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree. This is transitive causing damage.
2 damage%2:30:01:: definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage; These fine china cups damage easily. This is intransitive undergo damage.
In the sentence: "the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." "if damaged" = if it is damaged; passive participial adjective. The gene is receiving damage. Which WordNet verb sense fits? Schematic definitions: sense 1 = inflict damage upon (transitive). The passive form "damaged" derives from transitive sense, describing something upon which damage has been inflicted. Sense 2 = suffer or be susceptible to damage (intransitive). The gene could "suffer damage"? But passive "damaged" used as reduced relative clause: "if [it is/were] damaged". This maps to the causative/transitive sense: something inflicts damage upon the gene (e.g., mutation). In WSD, WordNet typically indexes passive usage of verbs to sense 1. Eg "The roof was damaged by snow" likely sense 1. Sense 2 is for intransitive "damage easily". Here "if damaged" clearly not intransitive. So choose index 1.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD. Need choose best sense among candidates. Target: flipped in sentence: " gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." Means transformed/converted/changed state from benign to malignancy. Sense 11: reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) synonyms: interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop. But is that best? Also there is sense 8: turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse; examples flip over pork chop. But phrase "flip X into Y" = cause to change state abruptly. This is metaphorical flip: turn/convert. Candidate 11 "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" or sense 8 "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse". In WordNet, flip%2:30:00:: defined reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action). The subject is gene damage reversing/transforming cell into malignancy. The phrase "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" likely means change its state from benign polyp/cell to malignant. The target lemma is flip. Which indexed sense is best? Let's examine detailed WordNet senses.
Candidate list:
1 flip%2:38:00 toss lightly throw to see which side comes up.
2 flip%2:35:01 cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation = switch/throw. ex switch on the light; throw the lever.
3 flip%2:39:10 look through a book.
4 flip%2:38:02 toss with sharp movement causing turn over in air.
5 flip%2:38:01 cause to move with a flick.
6 flip%2:35:00 throw or toss with light motion.
7 flip%2:35:05 move with flick or light motion.
8 flip%2:35:03 turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse; flip over, turn over.
9 flip%2:31:00 react excited.
10 flip%2:30:13 go mad.
11 flip%2:30:00 reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) synonyms interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop.

The context is biological transformation. "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" = turned it into malignancy. Neither sense is exactly "change state to another condition". But "flip" as in "flip-flop", "reverse" sense could mean change from one state to another. In biology phrase "flip into" not common. More likely a metaphorical usage similar to "turn". Sense 8 has "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse" maybe too physical. Sense 11 "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" is abstract.

Let's think of standard WSD for "flipped" in "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy". The precise meaning: cause to undergo a sudden change/reversal from normal/benign to malignant. This aligns with "flip" meaning "reverse" or "switch". WordNet synset flip%2:30:00:: reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action). This has synonyms switch, alternate, flip-flop. Example? The gene switched the cell's course. So sense index 11 likely best.

Need answer only JSON. Ensure no extra. {"sense_index": 11}. Let's check if any other candidate could be better: "2:30:13 go mad, go crazy" not. "Cause to go on or be engaged" no. "Toss" no. "Move with a flick or light motion" no. "Turn upside down" maybe metaphorical "the tumor flipped the cell into malignancy" not phrasal.

So answer: {"sense_index": 11}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense of "colon" in context. Context clearly about colon cancer, colon cell. So anatomy sense 1. punctuation irrelevant, currency irrelevant, city irrelevant. Return {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense. Context: colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy, chromosome. That's biological cell. Candidate 2 definition: biology basic structural and functional unit. Other senses irrelevant (compartment, battery, political cell, phone, monk's room, prison). So index 2. Must not answer sense key, only JSON. Ensure exact format.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense index. Target 'full-blown' in phrase 'flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy'. It means complete, fully developed malignancy, notripe/bloom. So sense 2 (complete). Return JSON.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for word "malignancy" in context. The target sentence: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>." Context: colon cancer, polyps progress to malignancy, malignant state. So sense 1 (medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death. Sense 2 is ill will/evil disposition. So answer {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer single best indexed sense for target lemma month surface form months context. We need produce JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need determine between two candidate senses: 1.28.01 calendar month vs 1.28.00 time unit approx 30 days. Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers... crawled... looking..." Here "months" refers to an extended duration of time, not a specific calendar division. Better sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days. Answer JSON with sense_index maybe 2. Need ensure only JSON exactly like.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The target word is "using" in the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

This means the researchers put gene probes into service / employed gene probes for a particular purpose (to find the gene).

Candidate sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" - This fits perfectly. The researchers used/employed gene probes as tools for their experiment.

Sense 2 is about habitual consumption (drugs). Not applicable.
Sense 3 is about using up/consuming fully. Not applicable.
Sense 4 is about using something/someone to one's advantage. Not applicable in the instrumental/scientific tool sense.
Sense 5 "avail oneself to" - not quite; this is about applying principles or practicing religion.
Sense 6 past tense habitual. Not applicable (gerund form here).

The best sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. We've already parsed task. Need choose best sense for "down" in context: "using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for..." Here "down the length" is spatially/metaphorically from one end to lower? The phrase crawled down the length of chromosome 17 means along it, maybe from higher (one end) to lower (other end) position. Image of chromosome length, go down its length. Candidate 1: spatially or metaphorically from a higher to lower level or position. Candidate 2: away from a more central or northerly place. Not about central/northerly. Candidate 5 to lower intensity no. Candidate 1 examples "rode the lift up and skied down" similar to moving along a dimension. So sense 1. The instructions say return JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Need only JSON. So final {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for target lemma "length" in context sentence: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

We need choose among 5 senses. Need output JSON {"sense_index": X} only.

Let's analyze.

Sense 1: linear extent in space from one end to other; longest dimension of something fixed in place. Example table length. Could chromosome length: physical linear extent along chromosome, one end to other.

Sense 4: size of gap between two places; distance. Example length of shortest line segment joining two points. Also spatial dimension.

Sense 3: property of being extent of something from beginning to end (e.g., article length). Could apply to extent along chromosome? It's close to sense 1 but maybe abstract extent.

Sense 5: section of something long and narrow; a length of timber/tubing. No.

Sense 2: duration in time. No.

Context: "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" means traversed along the extent of chromosome 17. This uses 'length' as spatial linear extent. Which sense? "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place" vs "size of the gap between two places; distance". Since chromosome has physical length, sense 1 fits best.

However WordNet sense 1 key length%1:07:00:: definition. Sense 4 key length%1:07:03:: is distance. In phrase "crawled down the length of chromosome 17", "length" refers to the linear extent of the chromosome (longest dimension), not the gap between two places. So sense 1.

But need be careful: 'length' after crawled down the length of: could be "a section" (sense 5)? "crawled down the length of chromosome" means along the length, i.e., entire linear extent. Not a section.

Therefore answer {"sense_index":1}. Ensure only JSON, no keys.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON with sense_index. Need choose between 1 and 2. Context: researchers using gene probes crawled down chromosome looking for smallest common bit of genetic material lost in tumor cells. This is literal trying to locate/discover. Sense 1. So index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "common" in context. Let's parse context. It describes looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Here "common" modifies "bit of genetic material", meaning shared by all (two or more parties). Candidate senses: 3 is common to or shared by two or more parties; synonyms mutual; examples a common friend, mutual interests. In the phrase "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells", it's the intersection/shared loss among all tumor cells. That fits sense 3. 2 is ordinary/usual; 9 standard; 1 belonging to community as a whole/public. 3 best. Need output JSON only {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "bit" in sentence: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." It's a small piece/quantity of genetic material. Candidate senses: 1 small piece or quantity of something (spot). 2 small fragment broken off from whole (chip, flake). 4 instance of some kind (piece). 8 small fragment (snatch). Need decide between 1 and 2. Context: "smallest common bit of genetic material lost" - a piece/quantity of genetic material. Not necessarily broken off? It is a piece of DNA lost. Sense 1: a small piece or quantity of something. Examples: a bit of paper. Sense 2: small fragment of something broken off from whole; examples: bit of rock caught him in the eye. Genetic material lost is not broken off physically, but a segment. Sense 1 best. Also "bit of genetic material" matches "a bit of paper". So index 1. Need return JSON exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "genetic" in context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." This is about material related to genes/DNA. Candidate senses: 1 inheritable; 2 of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical); 3 pertaining to origin; 4 of or relating to science of genetics. The phrase "genetic material" means material of genes/DNA, so sense 2. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON with sense_index. Need disambiguate "material" in sentence: genetic material. Phrase "genetic material" means substance of genes/DNA. Candidate sense 1 tangible substance that goes into makeup of physical object; examples stuff. Sense 2 information/data/ideas. "Genetic material" commonly refers to physical substance (DNA/RNA) carrying genetic info. In context "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." It refers to DNA physical substance. So sense 1 likely. Sense 2 information? genetic information often but here "bit of genetic material" lost, "piece of DNA". Therefore sense 1. JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "lost" (lemma "lose") in a specific context. I need to choose the best indexed sense from the 11 candidates and return a JSON object.

Let me analyze the context:
"It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop... looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

The meaning here is about genetic material that is no longer present, missing, or absent from the tumor cells. The researchers are looking for a bit of genetic material that has been "lost" - meaning it has disappeared or been removed from the cells.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
- This could work broadly. The cells have ceased to have that genetic material.

2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win - not relevant.

3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal - not relevant.

4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay - not quite. It's not about misplacing.

5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again! - This is about personal possession.

6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight - not relevant.

7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business - not relevant.

8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain - not relevant.

9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat - not relevant.

10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind - not relevant.

11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage - not relevant.

So it's between sense 1 and possibly sense 5.

The context is about genetic material being missing/deleted from tumor cells - the cells no longer possess that piece of DNA. Sense 1 "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have" seems most appropriate. Genetic material has been lost/ceased to be in the cells.

Sense 5 "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of" is more about an individual misplacing or no longer having something in their possession. But in scientific/biological contexts, when cells "lose" genetic material, it's usually sense 1 - ceasing to have something.

Actually, in biology, "gene loss" or "chromosomal loss" typically refers to the deletion or absence of genetic material, which fits "cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense."

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense"
- Sense 5: "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of"

The phrase "genetic material lost in all tumor cells" emphasizes that the material is gone/missing from the cells' genetic makeup. This aligns with "cease to have" (sense 1) - the cells have lost/ceased to possess that bit of genetic material.

Sense 5 focuses more on "from one's possessions" which anthropomorphizes cells too much.

I think sense 1 is the best fit.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for cell in context. Sentence about tumor cells, colon cell, biology. Candidate 2 is biology basic structural unit. So answer JSON {"sense_index": 2}. No need to include reasoning. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best WordNet sense index. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": N}. Need reason internally. Target: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." Context: smallest common bit of genetic material lost in tumor cells. "piece" refers to a portion/segment/section of DNA (a molecule/natural object). Candidates: 1 separate part of a whole, 3 portion of a natural object, 5 instance, etc. Which fits? definition "a separate part of a whole" (piece%1:06:00) example "an important piece of the evidence". But here physical genetic material; sense 3 "a portion of a natural object" synonyms part examples "a piece of granite". DNA is a natural object, but genetic material abstract? In WordNet, "piece%1:17:00::" a portion of a natural object is subordinate to object? Likely best if viewed as a fragment of chromosome. Sense 1 is more generic separate part of a whole. In usages: "piece of DNA" in molecular biology usually means a segment/fragment. Is there a better sense 1? Let's examine WordNet senses. sense 1: "a separate part of a whole" example "an important piece of the evidence"; also "a piece of cake"? Actually piece%1:06:00 separate part of a whole, often used for "piece of cake". sense 3: portion of a natural object, like piece of granite. Since DNA molecule is a natural object? A molecule is physical natural object but collocation "piece of DNA" likely sense 1. Need decide. The context: smallest common bit of genetic material... "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." It emphasizes portion of the whole DNA/chromosome. Both senses possible. We need choose single best indexed sense. Fine-grained WSD. sense 3 (1:17:00) "a portion of a natural object" specifically for natural objects. Does WordNet include DNA as a natural object? The hypernym for piece%1:17:00 is "part, portion" -> "object, physical object". DNA is physical object? It's macromolecule, substance. But the phrase "piece of DNA" in WordNet? Let's see if any lexical usage. Could be sense 5? "an instance of some kind" of DNA? no. sense 1 generic "separate part of a whole" with example evidence; maybe broad. In practice, WSD often maps "piece of DNA" to piece%1:06:00? Let's consider: sense 1 is defined as "a separate part of a whole" and is top for artifact? Its hypernym is "piece". It's the first noun sense; commonly used for "piece of cake", "piece of meat"? Actually meat maybe sense 1 or 8. sense 8 serving cut from a larger portion (piece of pie). For DNA, not serving, not food. For evidence, sense 1. For natural objects like granite, sense 3. Which is closer? "Genetic material" is a natural object rather than artifact, so sense 3. However "piece of evidence" uses sense 1 because "evidence" is an abstraction, not natural object. DNA is physical substance, so 3. Also synonyms "part" fits "a piece of DNA" = a part of DNA. But sense 1 also synonyms? No synonyms for 1. Need output. The instructions: return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. It says do not answer with WordNet sense key. Choose index only. Index as candidate number 3. Need ensure JSON only no explanation. Thus final {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need decide between two senses of probably. Context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." Sense 1: with considerable certainty; without much doubt; likely. Sense 2: easy to believe on the basis of available evidence; credibly/plausibly.

In the sentence, "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" means most likely/there is a strong likelihood that it would be a gene. An epistemic modal. Sense1 examples: "He is probably out of the country" - similar. Sense2 examples: "he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election" where probably = believably/plausibly. Usually probably appears as adverb meaning likely, sense 1. Sense2 maps to "credibly, believably, plausibly". The phrase "would probably constitute a gene" is an assertion of probability, not manner of believability. So index 1. Need output exact JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON. Need disambiguate constitute. Context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." Means form/compose/represent/be a gene. Candidate sense 1 definition form or compose synonyms represent make up comprise be. Sense 3 definition to compose or represent synonyms form make. Which is best? Let's inspect WordNet senses. constitute 2:42:00 vs 2:42:03. Both are similar. Need choose single best indexed sense. Let's recall WordNet: constitute has four senses:
1. form, constitute, make (To compose or represent:) — maybe synset "constitute, represent, make up, comprise, be" with gloss "form or compose".
2. appoint, name, nominate, constitute.
3. form, constitute, make (to compose or represent:) — actually two senses? Let's check WordNet:
   - constitute.v.01: form, constitute, make -- (to compose or represent:) "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction"
   - constitute.v.02: constitute, appoint, name, nominate -- (create and charge with a task or function)
   - constitute.v.03: form, constitute, make -- (make up, be)??? Hmm WordNet may have 'form or compose' and 'to compose or represent' subtle difference? Let's look exact: In WordNet 3.1:
constitute
S: (v) constitute, represent, make up, comprise, be (form or compose) "This money is my only income"; "The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance"; "These constitute my entire belonging"; "The children made up the chorus"; "This sum represents my entire income for a year"; "These few men comprise his entire army"
S: (v) appoint, name, nominate, constitute (create and charge with a task or function) "nominate a committee"
S: (v) constitute, make, form (to compose or represent:) "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction"
S: (v) establish, found, plant, institute, constitute (set up or lay the groundwork for) "establish a new department"
The order in WordNet maybe key suffix 00, 01, 02, 03. The prompt maps:
1. constitute%2:42:00:: definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be
2. constitute%2:41:00:: definition=create and charge with a task or function
3. constitute%2:42:03:: definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make
4. constitute%2:36:00:: definition=set up or lay groundwork

Sense 1 and 3 are close. Need decide which applies to "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." It says a piece of DNA would probably form/comprise/represent/be a gene. "Constitute a gene" means "make up a gene" or "be a gene". Could be sense 1 "form or compose". The examples for sense 1 include "These constitute my entire belonging" — object often a group/whole. Here object is a gene (singular entity) not composition of parts. "A piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" — one piece forms a gene. Sense 3 examples: "This wall forms the background..." where subject is one element that constitutes/represents the background. Definition "to compose or represent:" with colon maybe includes 'form'. Synonyms form, make. In this context, a piece of DNA constitutes a gene (makes/forms a gene). The distinction between 1 and 3 in WordNet might be: sense 1 includes "be", "comprise", "make up" where the subject is the components/parts forming the whole? Example "The children made up the chorus"; "These constitute my entire belongings". Sense 3 "to compose or represent:" maybe the subject is the whole made by parts? Wait example "The branches made a roof" — branches (parts) make roof (whole). "This wall forms the background of the stage setting" — wall is part/element constituting background. Hmm both similar. "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" — DNA piece is part that makes up the gene (gene is whole), maybe sense 1 because 'constitute' used as 'form or compose' with subject being a piece of genetic material and object 'a gene'. But sense 3 also "form/make". Need infer from WordNet sense keys and gloss ordering. The prompt sense 1 key 2:42:00 with synset represent, make up, comprise, be; sense 3 key 2:42:03 with form, make. Usually WordNet has first sense for constitute 'constitute, represent, make up, comprise, be' (form or compose). Third sense 'constitute, make, form' (to compose or represent). The subtle difference: sense 1 perhaps 'be' as a member/constituent (these constitute my belonging); sense 3 perhaps 'form' as shape/create a thing. Which is more appropriate? Let's examine sentence: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." In scientific context, they are searching for smallest common bit lost in tumor cells; that piece would likely be a gene. Means "would be a gene". Not 'compose a gene' (a piece of DNA is not components of a gene, it is the gene). It identifies the lost region as the gene. So "constitute" = "be", "represent" (sense 1). The piece of DNA would probably be/represent a gene. Sense 1 synonyms include be, represent, make up, comprise. This fits. Sense 3 synonyms form, make (e.g., branches made a roof, wall forms background) imply physical creation/formation, less apt for "be a gene". I'd pick sense 1.

Need produce only JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 Let me analyze this carefully. The target is "found" which is the past tense of "find" in the context.

The sentence is: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

Context: Researchers were looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. They had been searching for months using gene probes, crawling down chromosome 17. Then "they found it last winter."

The "it" refers to the specific piece of DNA/gene they were actively searching for.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02 - come upon as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter) - This implies accidental discovery, which doesn't fit because they were actively searching.

2. find%2:39:02 - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice) - This is about detecting/existence. They were looking for something known to exist.

3. find%2:40:00 - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain) - Examples: "Did you find your glasses?" "I cannot find my gloves!" This is about searching and then locating something that was lost/missed.

4. find%2:32:00 - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain) - "find the product of two numbers" "the physicist who found the elusive particle." This is about establishing something through investigation.

5. find%2:31:10 - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds - doesn't fit.

6. find%2:39:01 - perceive or be contemporaneous with - doesn't fit.

7. find%2:40:01 - get something or somebody for a specific purpose - doesn't fit.

8. find%2:36:00 - make a discovery, make a new finding (Roentgen discovered X-rays) - This is about scientific discovery.

9. find%2:31:09 - make a discovery (She found that he had lied to her) - This is about discovering a fact/clausal content.

10-16 don't fit well.

Now between 3, 4, and 8.

The context explicitly says "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material" and "the search was over." This strongly supports sense 3 (come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost).

However, this is a scientific context where they're discovering a gene. Sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding" or sense 4 "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment..." could fit.

But the crucial clues are:
- "looking for"
- "the search was over"
- "crawled down... looking for"

This is explicitly a search-and-find scenario. They were searching for a specific thing (the gene), and they found it. It wasn't just a general discovery - there was an active search.

Sense 3 says "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" with examples like "Did you find your glasses?"

Wait - the "missed or lost" part may not perfectly fit because they didn't necessarily have the gene and lose it. But the key phrase is "come upon after searching."

Actually, looking more carefully: a tumor suppressor gene is "lost" in tumor cells. The text says "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." So the genetic material is indeed lost - which connects to "find the location of something that was missed or lost."

I think sense 3 is the best fit because of the explicit "search" framing in the context.

Let me double-check sense 8 vs 3. Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with example "Roentgen discovered X-rays." The gene p53 wasn't newly discovered in the sense that it didn't exist before - it was known. They were locating a specific gene on chromosome 17. So sense 8 seems less appropriate.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation..." This is possible but more about determining/ascertaining facts through calculation or investigation, whereas here the key is the spatial/locational search down a chromosome.

I think sense 3 (find%2:40:00) is the single best indexed sense. The context emphasizes searching and locating the specific gene on chromosome 17.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "last" in context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious..." Here "last winter" means the winter immediately past. Candidate sense 1: immediately past; examples last Thursday; the last chapter we read. That fits. Sense 2: coming after all others in time or space etc. "last winter" could be final winter? But context: found it last winter = previous winter. So sense 1. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully:

"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

The target word is "dubious" in the phrase "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

The key clues are:
- "His doubts stemmed from..." explains why he was dubious
- He had found something (a piece of DNA) that looked like it could be the gene they were searching for
- But he wasn't convinced the search was over
- Specifically, because another researcher had found p53 which could transform normal cells into cancerous ones

This fits best with sense 3: "not convinced" with examples "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"

Sense 1 "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" could apply broadly but this is specifically about being unconvinced about a proposition/conclusion.
Sense 2 "open to doubt or suspicion" applies more to things like reputation/past (candidate's doubtful past, dubious record), not someone being doubtful about a claim.

The structure "was dubious that the search was over" parallels "remained dubious" in sense 3's example, suggesting someone not being convinced. So sense 3 is best.