[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: matter
Target surface form: matters
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer WSD for lemma matter, surface matters, context. Need choose best indexed sense among candidates 1-6. We need produce JSON only.

Let's analyze. The phrase: "all matters of student discipline." It means all aspects/areas/questions related to student discipline; principals should have authority over the faculty, curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Candidate 1: a vaguely specified concern, synonyms affair, thing, examples several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair. Candidate 2: situation or event thought about, topic subject issue. Candidate 6 written works. Candidate 3 physical matter. Candidate 4 problem. Candidate 5 consequence.

"all matters of student discipline" likely sense 1: a vaguely specified concern / affair, thing. The phrase "matters of discipline" often = affairs/concerns relating to discipline. Also similar to "matters to attend to". So sense 1.

We need to be careful: Could sense 2 fit? "all topics of student discipline" no. Sense 1 best.

Output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of <t>student</t> discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "student" in a given context. I need to choose between two candidate senses.

Let me analyze the context:

The target word appears in "all matters of <t>student</t> discipline."

The surrounding sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

Here, "student discipline" clearly refers to the discipline of students in a school - those enrolled in the educational institution. This is the typical sense of "student" as a learner enrolled in a school.

Sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" - synonyms: pupil, educatee
Sense 2: "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" - synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman

In "student discipline," we're talking about disciplining pupils/learners who are enrolled in school, not learned scholars. So sense 1 is the correct one.

The instructions say:
1. Choose single best indexed sense
2. Use context, synonyms, examples
3. Do not answer with WordNet sense key
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}

The candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, the example format says {"sense_index": 3}, but I should use the actual index. The candidates are indexed 1 and 2, so sense_index should be 1.

Let me make sure I'm returning exactly the JSON object and nothingelse.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: Study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. <t>Study</t> after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for lemma study, surface "Study" in context. Need choose best indexed sense among 10. Need output JSON {"sense_index": INT}.

We need analyze sentence: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." Here "Study after study" means repeated research reports/investigations. The phrase "the most recent from the Brookings Institution" suggests a written document describing findings of some individual/group. Candidate 3: definition a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; synonyms report, written report; example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". That's exactly the noun sense. Also candidate 1 detailed critical inspection; but phrase "study after study tells us..." refers to documents/reports. Candidate 3 best. Need return only JSON. Ensure not include sense key. Use index 3.

Check other senses: 2 applying mind to learning; 4 deep mental absorption; 5 room; 6 branch of knowledge; 7 preliminary drawing; 8 meditation; 9 person; 10 musical composition. So 3.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation on the target word "study" in the provided context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The phrase "Study after study" suggests repeated instances of some kind of research/document. Then it's qualified by "the most recent from the Brookings Institution" - this is an institution that produces research reports/documents. The study "tells us" findings about schools.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. study%1:04:00:: - a detailed critical inspection (synonyms=survey)
2. study%1:09:03:: - applying the mind to learning (synonyms=work)
3. study%1:10:00:: - a written document describing findings (synonyms=report, written report) - examples: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"
4. study%1:09:04:: - a state of deep mental absorption
5. study%1:06:00:: - a room
6. study%1:09:02:: - a branch of knowledge
7. study%1:06:01:: - preliminary drawing
8. study%1:09:01:: - attentive consideration and meditation
9. study%1:18:00:: - someone who memorizes quickly
10. study%1:10:01:: - a composition for performer technique

The context clearly refers to research reports from the Brookings Institution. "Study after study" means one research report/document after another. The example for sense 3 "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" matches perfectly - it's a written document describing findings.

Sense 1 could be considered as "a detailed critical inspection" but the context focuses on the output/document produced by an institution. The phrase "from the Brookings Institution" strongly indicates a written report/document, not just the act of inspection.

Sense 3 is the best fit.

The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index":3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON. Need choose sense for target "most" in context. Let's analyze. The token in context: "Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us..." Here "most" modifies "recent" as superlative? It's used to form the superlative adjective "most recent" meaning the very latest/*the* superlative degree of recent. Candidate 1: used to form the superlative. Candidate 2: very (adverb meaning very; as in "a most welcome relief"). Candidate 3: almost, nearly etc. In phrase "the most recent" it's superlative degree because recent is a 2-syllable adjective taking most for superlative. So sense 1. Need output only JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no hedging.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tells
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the target word "tells" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the 8 candidate senses.

 Let me analyze the context:

 "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

 Here, "Study after study ... tells us that..." means the study/studies are communicating information to us, expressing in words that the best schools are...

 Wait, but studies don't literally speak. However, "tells us" here idiomatically means "informs us" or "indicates/shows". But let me look at the candidate senses carefully.

 Candidate 1: tell%2:32:04:: | express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"
 Candidate 2: tell%2:32:00:: | let something be known | examples: "Tell them that you will be late"
 Candidate 6: tell%2:32:08:: | inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples: "I tell you that man is a crook!"

 Hmm. In this context, "Study after study tells us that the best schools..." - this is an impersonal use. Studies are revealing information, making it known.

 Let me think about each candidate:

 1. "express in words" - This is broad. Studies don't literally express in words. But metaphorically, a study can "say" or "tell" us something.
 2. "let something be known" - This could fit: studies are letting it be known that best schools are...
 3. "narrate or give a detailed account of" - No, studies aren't narrating a story here.
 4. "give instructions to" - No, no authority/directive here.
 5. "discern or comprehend" - No, the subject is the study, not someone discerning.
 6. "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" - This has direct object usually a person, with assurance. "Study tells us" - us as the direct object, "that..." as complement. This could fit, but the nuance is positive/certain communication.
 7. "give evidence" - studies giving evidence? Maybe, but usually "tell on" someone means inform against. Here it's "tells us that..."
 8. "mark as different" - distinguish? No.

 Hmm. Actually, there's a sense of "tell" that means "to indicate, reveal, show" - like "this schedule tells us when to expect rain" or "every woman can't tell a real diamond from a fake one". That's sense 5 (discern) maybe? No, sense 5 is the inverse: "He could tell that she was unhappy" - to perceive. But the schedule tells us... might be more like "indicate".

 Wait, in Princeton WordNet:
 - tell.v.01: express in words
 - tell.v.02: let something be known
 - tell.v.03: narrate, recount, recite
 - tell.v.04: order, enjoin, say
 - tell.v.05: tell apart (discern/distinguish)
 - tell.v.06: assure (inform positively)
 - tell.v.07: evidence
 - tell.v.08: distinguish, separate

 Actually, the numbering might differ. Let me look at the sense keys:
 1. tell%2:32:04::
 2. tell%2:32:00::
 3. tell%2:32:01::
 4. tell%2:32:02::
 5. tell%2:31:00::
 6. tell%2:32:08::
 7. tell%2:32:03::
 8. tell%2:31:01::

 The user is asking me to choose the sense INDEX (1-8), not the key.

 For "Study after study tells us that...", I think the intended reading is:
 - The studies are communicating/showing/indicating a fact.
 - The direct object is "us" (indirect) and the content is "that best schools are..."

 Let me look more at the candidates and what I know about WordNet senses of "tell".

 tell%2:32:00:: = "let something be known"
 tell%2:32:01:: = "narrate"
 tell%2:32:02:: = "order"
 tell%2:32:04:: = "state, say" express in words
 tell%2:32:08:: = "assure" inform positively
 tell%2:32:03:: = "evidence" give evidence (inform on)

 Hmm, "tell us" where "us" is a person being informed that something is the case.

 "Tell them that you will be late" (sense 2) - this is "let someone know" - basic communication of fact.
 "I tell you that man is a crook!" (sense 6) - "assure" - more emphatic, certain.
 "He said that he wanted to marry her" (sense 1) - express in words.

 In the context, "Study after study tells us that..." This is a common journalistic construction where factual evidence/research is presented as informing us. It's not an assurance, and not really "expressing in words" literally (though a study report does contain words). It's more like "indicates" or "makes known."

 The sense "let something be known" (sense 2) seems most apt: the studies are letting it be known that such and such is the case.

 But wait, "tell%2:32:00::" definition=let something be known. This is the most basic "tell" sense - to communicate information. "Study tells us that..." does literally fit: letting us know.

 Actually, "tell" with "us" as the indirect/direct object: "tells us that X" = communicates to us that X. This is the canonical sense of "to tell" (let someone know).

 I think the best answer is sense 2 (tell%2:32:00::) or sense 1 (tell%2:32:04::).

 Let me think about WordNet convention:
 - tell%2:32:00:: is the most frequent/basic sense, "let something be known"
 - tell%2:32:04:: is "state, say" which seems similar but might be more about the act of speaking/expressing.

 The key difference: sense 2 says "let something be known" - that's the broad communication sense. The example "Tell them that you will be late" has indirect object "them" + content clause. Our example "tells us that..." has exactly this structure.

 Sense 1 "express in words" example: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you" - also similar.

 But for an inanimate subject like "study", can it "express in words"? Usually personification. "Let something be known" can also apply to inanimate things: "The evidence tells us..." or "The data tell us..." Actually, data doesn't literally "let us know" - it reveals/communicates.

 Hm, in WSD, the specific meaning here might be best captured by sense 2.

 But actually, I should reconsider. In WordNet, there's also sense 5: "discern or comprehend" - "He could tell that she was unhappy". And sense 8: "mark as different" - distinguish.

 Is there a sense like "indicate, show, reveal"? Looking at the list, sense 2 "let something be known" is the closest.

 But wait - "Study X tells us that Y" might also have an "inform" flavor. Sense 6 (assure): "inform positively and with certainty and confidence". But "assure" usually means "to relieve doubt" or "to promise confidently". Studies don't really assure us.

 Let me look more carefully. The phrase "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

 Here, "tells" is used metaphorically. Studies are personified as telling us something. The meaning is essentially "shows/indicates/reveals". But from the candidate senses, which one best matches?

 Sense 2: "let something be known" - This is the most general.
 Sense 1: "express in words" - This could also work.

 For WSD, "tell" in the construction "X tells us that Y" where X is a study/report/document, the standard gloss would probably be the basic "let something be known" sense (sense 2).

 Actually, let me reconsider. In WordNet, "tell" has these main senses (from memory):
 1. tell, state, say - express in words
 2. tell - let something be known
 3. tell, narrate, recount - narrate
 4. order, tell, enjoin - order
 5. tell, say - discern
 6. assure, tell - inform positively
 7. evidence, tell - give evidence
 8. distinguish, separate - mark as different

 "Study tells us that...":
 - It's communicating a fact. This maps to sense 2 most directly.

 Wait, there's also the possibility of sense 1 "state, say". But "say" is a different verb. Actually the example for sense 1 uses "say" and "tell" examples. Hmm.

 Let me think about what WordNet intends. When I look at similar examples in SemCor or other annotated corpora, how is "The evidence tells us..." or "The study tells us..." usually tagged?

 Actually, I think there might be a more specific sense. Let me re-examine the sense keys with the definitions:

 1. tell%2:32:04:: express in words (state, say)
 2. tell%2:32:00:: let something be known
 3. tell%2:32:01:: narrate
 4. tell%2:32:02:: order
 5. tell%2:31:00:: discern
 6. tell%2:32:08:: assure
 7. tell%2:32:03:: evidence (give evidence)
 8. tell%2:31:01:: distinguish

 Wait, sense 7: give evidence. "he was telling on all his former colleague" - this is to inform on someone, to give evidence against. But "tells us that..." could potentially be "gives us evidence that..." Hmm, but the example for 7 is specifically "telling on" (informing against), not "telling that".

 Let me think about the construction. "Study tells us that..." = "serves as evidence/indicator that..."? That would actually align closer with sense 7 "give evidence" but with a different subcategorization.

 Actually no. The object "us" and complement "that..." strongly suggests communication of information to someone, not just giving evidence. The "us" is the recipient of the information.

 I think the answer is either sense 1 or sense 2.

 Between these two:
 - Sense 2: "let something be known" + example "Tell them that you will be late"
 - Sense 1: "express in words" + example "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"

 The example for sense 2 has exactly the structure: tell [person] that [content].
 The example for sense 1 has "tell me what..." and "He said that..."

 In our context, "tells [us] that [best schools are...]", this matches sense 2's example structure exactly: "Tell them that you will be late."

 I think sense 2 is the best choice.

 But let me also consider sense 6 "inform positively and with certainty and confidence". The sentence says "Study after study ... tells us that the best schools are..." - could this be "informing us positively/certainly"? Studies do provide confident/certain information. But "assure" has a connotation of promising or removing doubt, which doesn't fit as well as basic "let it be known."

 So my top choice is sense 2.

 Wait, but the instruction says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 Hmm, but I want to double-check one more time. The word is "tells" with subject "Study after study" (inanimate). "Study tells us" - personification. In WordNet, personified inanimate subjects using "tell" would likely fall under which sense? The broadest one: "let something be known" (sense 2) or "express in words" (sense 1).

 Actually, I realize there might be a subtle issue. "The study tells us..." could be equivalent to "The study says/indicates to us that..." In WordNet, "say" as a verb has a specific sense too. But for "tell", if it's personification of an inanimate object making a statement, it might be classified as sense 1 (express in words, state, say).

 Let me see the examples again:
 Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"
 Sense 2: "Tell them that you will be late"

 Both examples essentially use "tell" to communicate. The main distinction might not be obvious from the glosses alone.

 "express in words" (sense 1) vs "let something be known" (sense 2). The first emphasizes the act of verbal expression, the second emphasizes the communicative effect (making known).

 Hmm. For a study, it's reporting findings in words (in the report). So maybe sense 1. But studies "tell us" by making findings known.

 In WSD practice, for constructions like "X tells us that Y" where X is an entity (person, study, evidence) and Y is communicated, it's often annotated with the basic communication sense, which is sense 2 in WordNet.

 Let me think about it from a lexicographic perspective. In dictionaries, "tell" when used to mean "communicate information to someone" is the primary sense. WordNet likely orders senses by frequency. Sense 2 with key tell%2:32:00:: is probably the most frequent/basic sense.

 Actually wait, I notice the sense keys use offset-like codes:
 - tell%2:32:00:: (offset 00)
 - tell%2:32:01:: (offset 01)
 - tell%2:32:04:: (offset 04)
 - tell%2:32:08:: (offset 08)

 The offset numbers don't indicate order. But the candidate list is numbered 1-8 by the user.

 I recall in WordNet, "tell" senses include:
 1. express in words - "state, say"
 2. inform - "tell them ..."
 6. assure

 But these are very close. Some WordNet disambiguation datasets might treat "tell" in "X tells us that" as sense 1 (express in words) because it involves saying something.

 Let me search my internal knowledge for actual WordNet examples of "tell" in the "study tells us" construction. I don't have a specific memory, but I can reason.

 In FrameNet, "tell" in "study tells us" would probably be the "Giving information" frame or "Statement" frame. In WordNet, it's likely the basic "inform" sense (sense 2).

 I think my best answer is sense 2.

 Actually, reconsidering once more: Could it be sense 1? The phrase "Study tells us that the best schools..." The study is "expressing in words" (through its written report) a conclusion.

 But "Study after study" is plural-in-form-but-singular-in-function phrase. "Studies" as reports contain text. "Tells us" = communicates to us.

 Hmm. One more angle: if we paraphrase, does "let it be known" work? "Studies are letting it be known that the best schools are..." Yes, that's a natural paraphrase.

 Does "express in words" work? "Studies are expressing in words that the best schools are..." A bit awkward, because "express in words" usually takes a proposition as direct object, not a that-clause with indirect object. But you could say "Studies express in words the conclusion that..."

 "Tells us that..." strongly has an indirect object "us" and a that-clause. This dual-object structure is characteristic of the "inform/communicate" sense, not just "express in words."

 In fact, "express in words" tends to be a monotransitive sense (express something in words), while "let something be known" accommodates the ditransitive "tell someone that..." structure. The example for sense 2 matches exactly: "Tell them that you will be late."

 Therefore, I believe sense 2 is the best choice.

 Final answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "best" in the given context.

The target sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Here, "best" is modifying "schools" and is used as a superlative adjective meaning "having the most positive qualities." It compares schools and says the ones with certain characteristics are the top/highest quality ones.

Candidate sense 1: best%3:00:00:: - (superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities; examples: the best film of the year; the best solution

This matches perfectly. "The best schools" = the schools having the most positive qualities.

Candidate sense 2: best%5:00:00:advisable:00 - (comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable; synonyms=better; examples: it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond

This doesn't fit because we're talking about schools being of high quality, not about what is advisable.

The other senses are all "good" senses, not "best" superlative senses. They are related to the base adjective "good" but the target word "best" is specifically the superlative form.

The best answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "schools" in context. Let's analyze.

Context: paragraph discussing American students, textbooks, teaching methods, math. Then: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." Target sentence: "the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Candidate senses:
1 school%1:14:00:: an educational institution (e.g., the school was founded in 1900).
2 building
3 process of being educated
4 body of artists
5 period of instruction
6 educational institution's faculty and students (the school keeps parents informed; whole school turned out)
7 fish

Here "schools" refers to educational institutions, likely sense 1 (institution), not building. Sense 6 is institution's faculty and students as a collective. Let's evaluate.

Sentence: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." Principals are leaders of institutions. "governed by a powerful head." "best schools are those free of outside interference". This is an institutional concept, not collective of faculty and students. Could be either 1 or 6. In WordNet, sense 1: an educational institution (the school was founded in 1900). Sense 6: an educational institution's faculty and students. Distinction subtle. The context "the best schools" with principal, faculty, curriculum, outside interference/governance maps to institution as organization, sense 1. Also a "school" can refer to the people/students, e.g., "whole school turned out for the game". Not that. It's about educational institutions. So sense 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index":1}. Ensure no extra content.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outside
Target surface form: outside
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outside%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit | examples=an outside margin
2. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 | definition=coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income
3. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:external:00 | definition=originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests
4. sense_key=outside%3:00:04:: | definition=located, suited for, or taking place in the open air | synonyms=outdoor, out-of-door | examples=outdoor clothes; badminton and other outdoor games
5. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 | definition=functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit | examples=extramural hospital care and treatment; extramural studies
6. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 | definition=leading to or from the outside | examples=an outside door
7. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 | definition=from or between other countries | synonyms=external, international | examples=external commerce; international trade
8. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=very unlikely | synonyms=remote | examples=an outside chance; a remote possibility
9. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:outer:00 | definition=on or toward an outer edge | examples=an outer lane; the outside lane
10. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 | definition=(of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter | synonyms=away | examples=the pitch was away (or wide); an outside pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "outside" in phrase "free of outside interference". Context: schools should have principals with authority; best schools are free of outside interference and governed by powerful head. "outside" modifies "interference". Means interference coming from outside the school/organized unit. Candidate senses:
1. relating to outer side/limit (spatial) not right.
2. coming from the outside; synonyms external, extraneous. Examples extraneous light, extraneous income. This fits "outside interference" = interference coming from outside.
3. originating or belonging beyond some bounds: examples outside world, outside interests. Could fit but more about beyond bounds. "outside interference" is interference from outside, sense 2 specifically "coming from the outside".
4. outdoor no.
5. extramural functioning outside boundaries of organized unit. Could fit: interference functioning outside boundaries/precincts of an organized unit? But "extramural" means outside walls, e.g., extramural hospital care, extramural studies. "outside interference" is not functioning outside the unit, it's interference from external sources.
6. exterior leading to/from outside (door) no.
7. foreign international no.
8. unlikely no.
9. outer edge no.
10. baseball no.
Best is sense 2. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interference
Target surface form: interference
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD. Target: interference in sentence about schools free of outside interference, governed by a powerful head. Meaning: outside meddling/intervention/impediment. Need choose among 5 senses.
1: policy of intervening in affairs of other countries. Context: countries? No, said physical external parties? Not necessarily foreign-policy; schools should be free of outside interference - meddling by outside entities. Gloss says policy of intervening in other countries (intervention in foreign affairs). Not best; no countries.
2: the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding. Synonyms hindrance/hinderance. This can refer to the act of interfering. "outside interference" = meddling/hindering.
3: electrical/acoustic disturbance. Not relevant.
4: American football blocking. Not relevant.
5: any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome; synonyms hitch, encumbrance. This is something that physically obstructs. In context abstract interference rather than an object. Sense 2 covers the act of interfering.
Comparing 2 and 5: Sense 2 noun.Count? Express "interference" as an abstract act. "Free from outside interference" idiomatic = act of outside parties interfering. So sense 2.
We need output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: govern
Target surface form: governed
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: | definition=bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations | synonyms=regulate, regularize, regularise, order | examples=We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate
2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: | definition=direct or strongly influence the behavior of | examples=His belief in God governs his conduct
3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authority over; as of nations | synonyms=rule | examples=Who is governing the country now?
4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: | definition=require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood | examples=most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to choose the best WordNet sense for "governed" in the given context. Let me analyze the context.

The sentence containing the target is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head."

The context is about schools having principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, and discipline. The schools are "governed by a powerful head."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. govern%2:41:02:: = bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations. Synonyms: regulate, regularize, regularise, order. Examples: We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate.

2. govern%2:41:01:: = direct or strongly influence the behavior of. Examples: His belief in God governs his conduct.

3. govern%2:41:00:: = exercise authority over; as of nations. Synonyms: rule. Examples: Who is governing the country now?

4. govern%2:42:00:: = require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood. Examples: most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German.

Sense 4 is clearly wrong - grammatical context doesn't apply here.

Sense 2 is about influencing behavior, which doesn't fit as well because the context is about a person (a powerful head/principal) having authority over the school.

Sense 1 is about imposing regulations, bringing into conformity with rules. While related, the context emphasizes a "powerful head" exercising authority, not just regulating.

Sense 3 = exercise authority over; as of nations. Synonyms: rule. The context talks about schools being "governed by a powerful head" - this is exercising authority over an institution, similar to how a ruler governs a country. The "powerful head" is like a ruler.

The phrase "governed by a powerful head" most closely matches sense 3: exercising authority over. The head of the school has authority similar to how someone governs a nation.

So the answer is sense 3.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: powerful
Target surface form: powerful
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms
2. sense_key=powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 | definition=strong enough to knock down or overwhelm | synonyms=knock-down | examples=a knock-down blow
3. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent
4. sense_key=powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 | definition=(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful | synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy | examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer
5. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 | definition=displaying superhuman strength or power | synonyms=herculean | examples=herculean exertions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "powerful" in the given context. I need to select the single best indexed sense and return a JSON object with the sense index.

Let me analyze the context:
The passage is talking about schools and principals/head teachers. The relevant sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

Here "powerful head" refers to a school head/leader who has power and authority. The surrounding text mentions principals with "a large measure of authority" and being "free of outside interference." So the sense should be about having great power, force, potency, or effect in terms of authority/influence.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:
1. powerful%3:00:00:: - having great power or force or potency or effect; examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms
2. powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 - strong enough to knock down or overwhelm; synonyms=knock-down; examples=a knock-down blow
3. powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 - having great influence; synonyms=potent
4. powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 - (of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful; synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy; examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer
5. powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 - displaying superhuman strength or power; synonyms=herculean; examples=herculean exertions

The question is whether to choose sense 1 or sense 3.

Sense 1 (adjective sense, 3:00:00) generally means having great power/force/potency/effect.
Sense 3 (5:00:00:influential:00) specifically means having great influence.

In the context, a "powerful head" of a school who has authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline seems to mean someone who has significant influence/control in the school. This aligns well with "having great influence."

However, sense 1 is the more general adjective sense that covers having great power. The example "the most powerful government in western Europe" suggests political/institutional power, which is similar to a school head having authority.

Let me think more carefully. WordNet has hierarchical relationships. Sense 3 is specifically a satellite of "influential" (5:00:00:influential:00). Since "powerful" when describing a person in a position of authority could be interpreted as "influential" or as "having great power."

The context emphasizes: authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline; free of outside interference; governed by a powerful head; accountability. This describes a person with formal authority and the ability to exert control/influence over the school.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "the most powerful government in western Europe" - institutional power
- Sense 3: no examples given, just synonyms=potent
- Sense 4: physical strength

A school head's power is more about influence and control (managerial/executive power) rather than physical power or general "force/potency." The nearby word "authority" strongly suggests this is about influence and control.

But wait, is "powerful head" in this context referring to administrative power? A "head" (head teacher/principal) who is powerful means they have the power to make decisions and enforce them. This could fit sense 1 (having great power) since governmental/institutional power is the example.

In WordNet, "powerful" as an adjective in sense 1 is the core adjective meaning. The satellite senses are more specific:
- Sense 3: specifically "having great influence" (influential)
- Sense 4: physically strong

For a "powerful head" of a school, I'd argue that "having great influence" (sense 3) captures the nuance best. The head's power comes from their position and authority, which is influence over the school community. The text is about how schools with strong, autonomous leadership (free from outside interference) perform best.

However, sense 1 is broader and includes institutional/executive power. The definition "having great power or force or potency or effect" with the example "the most powerful government" strongly aligns with a school principal/head who wields institutional power.

Actually, thinking about WordNet's organization: 3:00:00 is the direct antonym of "powerless" and the core adjective sense. The 5:xx:xx senses are satellites of related adjectives. For a school head, we are talking about someone with authority - this is the core meaning of "powerful."

But there's also the "large measure of authority" that parallels "powerful." The principal has authority over faculty, curriculum, discipline. This is institutional power.

I think the best answer is sense 1, because:
1. The example "the most powerful government in western Europe" parallels the idea of a powerful institutional leader
2. A "powerful head" has authority and control, which is "great power"
3. While "influential" is related, the emphasis is on having authority and the ability to make decisions, which is broader than just influence

Actually, let me reconsider. "Influential" means having great influence. A school head with authority over faculty, curriculum, and discipline certainly has influence. But the word "powerful" here specifically describes someone who has been granted "a large measure of authority" - the power to act and decide. That's closer to sense 1.

Hmm, but there's a subtlety. WordNet sense 1 is "having great power or force or potency or effect." A person who is "powerful" in a leadership position could arguably be sense 1 (general) or sense 3 (influential).

Looking at the glosses and examples more carefully:
- Sense 1 examples: "the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms" - government power and physical power
- Sense 3 definition: "having great influence; synonyms=potent" - this is when "powerful" specifically means influential

In standard WSD, "powerful" before a noun referring to a leader/authority figure often maps to sense 1 (the general adjective sense) unless the specific context clearly emphasizes influence over others' opinions/decisions.

Here, the context says the best schools "are governed by a powerful head." Government/being governed strongly suggests the exercise of power and authority. This aligns closely with sense 1's example of a powerful government.

Let me also note that sense 1 is indexed as 1 and sense 3 as 3. In many contexts, "powerful" with an abstract/institutional subject uses sense 1.

I will go with sense 1.

Wait, I need to be more certain. Let me think about this again.

The instructions say "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

Context clues:
- "principals with a large measure of authority"
- "free of outside interference"
- "governed by a powerful head"
- "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability"

These all point to institutional/executive power. A "powerful head" is one who has substantial authority to run the school. This is clearly not physical strength (sense 2 or 4) or superhuman power (sense 5).

Between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1: having great power or force or potency or effect
- Sense 3: having great influence

A principal's authority does involve influence (over faculty, curriculum, discipline), so sense 3 is plausible. However, sense 1 is the broader, more general sense that encompasses institutional power. The example "the most powerful government in western Europe" is highly analogous to a principal/head running a school.

In WordNet, when "powerful" modifies a person in a leadership role, it's typically sense 1. The "influential" satellite is more about having an effect on people's opinions, decisions, etc., whereas the core sense is about having power/authority.

Actually, let me check if there's a way to distinguish more clearly. The satellite adjective "influential" means "having or exercising influence or power." If WordNet creates a satellite "powerful%5:00:00:influential:00" specifically meaning "having great influence," that's quite close to the concept here.

But consider: a school head who is "free of outside interference" and has authority over governance matters - this is autonomy and control. That's exercising power/authority. The word "powerful" can refer to both the formal authority (sense 1) and the ability to influence (sense 3).

I think sense 1 is the safer and more natural choice because:
1. It's the primary/core adjective sense
2. The parallel with "powerful government" is strong
3. The context emphasizes authority and governance, not just influence

Final answer: sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: head
Target surface form: head
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=head%1:08:00:: | definition=the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains | synonyms=caput | examples=he stuck his head out the window
2. sense_key=head%1:05:00:: | definition=a single domestic animal | examples=200 head of cattle
3. sense_key=head%1:09:00:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, brain, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=head%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who is in charge | synonyms=chief, top dog | examples=the head of the whole operation
5. sense_key=head%1:14:00:: | definition=the front of a military formation or procession | examples=the head of the column advanced boldly; they were at the head of the attack
6. sense_key=head%1:19:00:: | definition=the pressure exerted by a fluid | examples=a head of steam
7. sense_key=head%1:15:00:: | definition=the top of something | examples=the head of the stairs; the head of the page
8. sense_key=head%1:15:01:: | definition=the source of water from which a stream arises | synonyms=fountainhead, headspring | examples=they tracked him back toward the head of the stream
9. sense_key=head%1:10:03:: | definition=(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent | synonyms=head word
10. sense_key=head%1:26:00:: | definition=the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
11. sense_key=head%1:23:00:: | definition=the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head | examples=he is two heads taller than his little sister; his horse won by a head
12. sense_key=head%1:20:00:: | definition=a dense cluster of flowers or foliage | synonyms=capitulum | examples=a head of cauliflower; a head of lettuce
13. sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
14. sense_key=head%1:18:03:: | definition=an individual person | examples=tickets are $5 per head
15. sense_key=head%1:18:02:: | definition=a user of (usually soft) drugs | examples=the office was full of secret heads
16. sense_key=head%1:17:02:: | definition=a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) | synonyms=promontory, headland, foreland
17. sense_key=head%1:17:01:: | definition=a rounded compact mass | examples=the head of a comet
18. sense_key=head%1:17:00:: | definition=the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container | examples=the beer had a large head of foam
19. sense_key=head%1:15:02:: | definition=the part in the front or nearest the viewer | synonyms=forefront | examples=he was in the forefront; he was at the head of the column
20. sense_key=head%1:11:01:: | definition=a difficult juncture | synonyms=pass, straits | examples=a pretty pass; matters came to a head yesterday
21. sense_key=head%1:11:00:: | definition=forward movement | synonyms=headway | examples=the ship made little headway against the gale
22. sense_key=head%1:10:01:: | definition=a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer | synonyms=point | examples=the point of the arrow was due north
23. sense_key=head%1:10:02:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=question | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
24. sense_key=head%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about | synonyms=heading, header | examples=the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
25. sense_key=head%1:08:01:: | definition=the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint | examples=the head of the humerus
26. sense_key=head%1:08:02:: | definition=that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
27. sense_key=head%1:06:05:: | definition=(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk | synonyms=read/write head
28. sense_key=head%1:06:04:: | definition=(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head | examples=call heads or tails!
29. sense_key=head%1:06:03:: | definition=the striking part of a tool | examples=the head of the hammer
30. sense_key=head%1:06:02:: | definition=(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
31. sense_key=head%1:06:00:: | definition=a projection out from one end; , | examples=the head of the nail; a pinhead is the head of a pin
32. sense_key=head%1:06:01:: | definition=a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum | synonyms=drumhead
33. sense_key=head%1:04:00:: | definition=oral stimulation of the genitals | synonyms=oral sex | examples=they say he gives good head

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer WSD. Need parse context: target surface 'head'. Sentence: "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." Previous sentences: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority..." So head refers to school principal, educator in charge of school. Candidate sense 13: head%1:18:01 definition educator with executive authority for a school; synonyms principal, school principal, head teacher. Best. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 13}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense. Context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." Referring to principals having a large measure of authority over faculty, curriculum, discipline; governed by powerful head. So authority means power/right to give orders/decisions. Sense 1 definition: power or right to give orders or make decisions. Synonyms authorization etc. This fits. Sense 6 official permission/approval. Not exactly; principal's authority is power/right. Sense 1. Need output {"sense_index":1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_with
Target surface form: goes
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "goes" target lemma go_with target surface form goes in context. Sentence: "With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. " Meaning authority comes with accountability, accountability accompanies authority, is associated with authority. Candidate sense 1: be present or associated with an event or entity; synonyms attach to, accompany, come with. Candidate sense 2: go or occur together; synonyms collocate with, cooccur with etc. "goes" in "With that authority goes an unambiguous accountability" is idiomatic: accountability comes along with authority, accompanies authority. This is sense 1. Sense 2 is about linguistic co-occurrence or words collocating, but context is not linguistics.

We return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unambiguous
Target surface form: unambiguous
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "unambiguous" in the given context. I need to choose between two candidate senses.

Let me analyze the context:
"With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The word "unambiguous" here modifies "accountability." It means that the accountability is clear, leaving no doubt or misunderstanding. When authority is given, the accountability that comes with it is clear and unequivocal.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
   - This sense is about having a single clearly defined meaning, often used for language, words, or concepts.

2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position
   - This sense is about being clear, leaving no doubt, unequivocal.

In the context, "unambiguous accountability" means accountability that is clear and leaves no doubt - it is unequivocal. This matches sense 2 better. The accountability is not about having a single defined meaning (like a word would), but about being clear and admitting no doubt.

The synonyms "unequivocal, univocal" fit well here. The phrase "unequivocal evidence" and "took an unequivocal position" parallel the use of "unambiguous accountability" - meaning clear, definite, leaving no room for doubt.

So the best sense is sense 2.

The user wants the output as a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Since the best sense is candidate sense 2, I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: Schools
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. <t>Schools</t> that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The target is "schools" (plural of school). Context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline... the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. ... Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale..."

We need choose among candidates:

1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: definition=an educational institution (organization). Example "the school was founded in 1900". This is abstract institution/organization. Could fit "schools should have principals" and "structured in this way produce students".

2. building. less likely since principals authority, faculty, curriculum, student discipline, outside interference, governance, produce higher morale. Not as building, though building sense could refer to the best schools are those... produce students. But context emphasizes institution not building. Likely not.

3. process of being formally educated. Unlikely plural? "schools should have principals" no.

4. group of artists. no.

5. period of instruction. no.

6. faculty and students. "schools should have principals with authority over the faculty..." It could mean institution's faculty and students, but "produce students" and "governed by powerful head" aligns with educational institution. The whole school turned out for the game (sense 6) includes faculty and students, but having a principal over faculty suggests entity broader than group people.

7. fish. no.

Between sense 1 and 6. The question: Schools structured in this way produce students with higher morale. "Schools" as the institution. WordNet sense 1: an educational institution. Sense 6: an educational institution's faculty and students. Which is best? Let's examine context carefully.

"Most important of all, schools should have principals..." First sentence. "have principals" with authority over faculty, curriculum, student discipline. The school as institution or organization can have principal and faculty. Sense 6 is "faculty and students". Schools (the faculty and students) should have principals? That doesn't quite fit because principal isn't over the faculty and students? It is, but "faculty and students" wouldn't have authority over "the faculty" themselves? Redundant/awkward: "The faculty and students should have principals with authority over the faculty..." So sense 1 is better. Also "governed by a powerful head" refers to institution. "free of outside interference" institutional autonomy.

Thus best indexed sense: 1. Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.