[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: government
Target surface form: government
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best WordNet sense for "government" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society..."
- Here "government" refers to the concept/activity of governing, or possibly the entity, and how it "occupied a much smaller role in society"
- The phrase "occupied a much smaller role in society" suggests it's about the scope/role of government as an activity or system, not a specific organization/authority

Candidate senses:
1. organization that is the governing authority (the government reduced taxes)
2. the act of governing; exercising authority (regulations for the governing... considerable experience of government)
3. the system or form by which a community is governed (tyrannical government)
4. the study of government (political science)

In this context, they're talking about the New Deal expanding "government" in society - this is about governmental activity, the scope of governance, or government as an institution/activity.

Sense 2 "the act of governing; exercising authority" seems closest because "government occupied a much smaller role in society" seems to refer to the activity/functions of governing, not a specific organization.

Wait, but could sense 3 work? "the system or form by which a community is governed" - "tyrannical government" refers to a form of government. The New Deal expanded government activity/intervention. "occupied a much smaller role in society" fits best with sense 2 - the act/activity of governing.

Actually, thinking more carefully: "government" in phrase "government occupied a much smaller role in society" - this could be ambiguous between sense 1 (the governing authority/organization) and sense 2 (the act of governing). But the context is comparing pre-New Deal to post-New Deal, when government intervention/activity expanded. The "role in society" strongly suggests theactivity/phenomenon of government, not a specific organization.

Also "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was less severe" supports that it's about the scope of government benefits/intervention.

I think sense 2 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occupy
Target surface form: occupied
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occupy%2:41:00:: | definition=keep busy with | synonyms=busy | examples=She busies herself with her butterfly collection
2. sense_key=occupy%2:42:00:: | definition=live (in a certain place) | synonyms=reside, lodge in | examples=She resides in Princeton; he occupies two rooms on the top floor
3. sense_key=occupy%2:42:01:: | definition=occupy the whole of | synonyms=fill | examples=The liquid fills the container
4. sense_key=occupy%2:42:04:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, worry | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=occupy%2:33:00:: | definition=march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation | synonyms=invade | examples=Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
6. sense_key=occupy%2:40:08:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=take, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
7. sense_key=occupy%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, engage | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
8. sense_key=occupy%2:41:04:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, take | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for lemma occupy, surface occupied. Context phrase: "government occupied a much smaller role in society". Need choose among senses listed. Let's analyze semantics.

Candidate senses:
1 keep busy with (busy) - "She busies herself..."
2 live in a certain place (reside, lodge in)
3 occupy the whole of (fill)
4 be on the mind of (concern)
5 invade by military
6 require (time or space) (take, use up)
7 consume all of one's attention or time (absorb, engross)
8 assume, as of positions or roles (fill, take)

The phrase "government occupied a much smaller role in society" means government had/took up a smaller role, role as position/function. This seems sense 8 "assume, as of positions or roles". Example: "he occupies the position of manager". Government occupied a role -> assume role. However sense 3 "occupy the whole of" with synonyms fill could be "to fill a role" but WordNet fill in sense 8 is assume positions or roles. Sense 3 is occupy the whole of = fill (container). Here role is not a physical space, but a position. So best is sense 8.

Could sense 6 "require (time or space)"? No, not require role. Could sense 7 consume attention? no.

Return JSON only {"sense_index": 8}. They instructed: Do not answer with WordNet sense key. Return only JSON object.

Need make sure no extra content. In final answer only JSON.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON. The target lemma role in sentence: "government occupied a much smaller role in society". This is about role meaning extent of involvement/function. Candidate senses: 1 actions and activities assigned to/required/expected of a person or group. 3 what something is used for. 4 normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting.

Need choose single best indexed sense. Context: government occupied smaller role in society. This is like function/purpose/importance. WordNet sense 1? Let's analyze carefully.

Role%1:04:00:: noun.person? Actually role noun (1) the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group. ex: the function of a teacher; the government must do its part. Role%1:04:01:: normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting. ex: what is your role on the team? Role%1:07:00:: what something is used for (function, purpose, use). Role as "what something is used for" maybe less appropriate for institution? Actually "government's role in society" = the function or part that government plays. Sense 1 covers "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" including government? Examples: "the government must do its part". Sense 1 synonyms include function, office, part. That fits "government occupied a much smaller role in society".

Sense 3 is about what something is used for (tools/artifacts), examples function of an auger, use. Not right for government/society.

Sense 4 is customary activity in a particular social setting, e.g., role on team. Could arguably fit, but sense index 1 better for "government's role". Let's evaluate.

In WordNet, role has:
- S: (n) function, office, part, role (the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group) "the function of a teacher"; "the government must do its part"; "played a major role in the negotiations"
- S: (n) character, role, theatrical role, part, persona (actor's portrayal)
- S: (n) function, purpose, use, role (what something is used for)
- S: (n) role (normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting) "what is your role on the team?"

The phrase "government occupied a much smaller role in society" is similar to "the government must do its part". So index 1.

Need output only JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: society
Target surface form: society
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in <t>society</t> and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON only. Need choose among candidate senses for target word society in context. Let's analyze context. The sentence: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in <t>society</t> and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe." Society here means the broader social group/collectivity in which government plays a role. It fits sense 1: an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization. Not formal association (2), not companionship (3), not fashionable elite (4). So sense_index = 1. Need only JSON.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma <t>problem</t> confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "problem" in context: "prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe." The phrase "prisoner's dilemma problem" means the problem as a question/issue/source of difficulty? Let's analyze WordNet senses.

Sense 1: state of difficulty that needs to be resolved; synonyms job; examples she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him. This is like a difficult situation.

Sense 2: a question raised for consideration or solution; homework problems. Not likely.

Sense 3: a source of difficulty; synonyms trouble; examples one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem? This is like something causing difficulty.

Context: "prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters" - the prisoner's dilemma as a problem (source of difficulty) confronting voters. "Less severe" suggests difficulty/trouble. Could be sense 1 (state of difficulty) or sense 3 (source of difficulty). Which best? "Prisoner's dilemma problem" is a source of difficulty for voters. The phrase "the problem confronting voters" = the difficulty/trouble they face. WordNet sense 3 examples: "what's the problem?" = source of difficulty. Sense 1 examples: "having problems" = state of difficulty. In this context, "problem" refers to the prisoner's dilemma as a problematic situation/source of difficulty. I think sense 3 is best: a source of difficulty. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 3}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in <t>races</t> for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Let's reason. Target lemma race, form races. Context: "races for Congress" and earlier "races for the White House", "ticket splitting". This is political race/competition, not speed contest, not people genetic stock. Sense 1 = any competition, example "the race for the presidency". That matches. Sense 2 speed contest. So answer {"sense_index":1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explains
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it <t>explains</t> why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for word "explains" in context. Let's analyze.

Target lemma explain, surface explains. Context: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased... Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain... Third...". The theory explains phenomena by making them comprehensible / providing reasons. Candidate senses:
1 make plain and comprehensible, synonyms explicate. 2 define. 3 serve as a reason or cause or justification, synonyms excuse.

The sense here: the theory explains things = accounts for them, serves as reason/cause/justification? But WordNet sense 1 'make plain and comprehensible' often covers explaining why something is the case. Sense 3 uses 'explain' as: Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again. That's "explain" in sense of causing/justifying. In context: "it explains why ticket splitting has increased" = the theory accounts for the reason; it is a reason. But is the meaning "make plain and comprehensible" or "serve as a reason/cause/justification"? We need decide.

In WSD tasks, "explain" when a theory explains observations, often sense 1? Let's inspect WordNet senses. explain v. (3 senses):
- S: (v) explain, explicate (make plain and comprehensible) "He explained the laws of physics to his students"
- S: (v) explain (define) "The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean" -- Actually this sense is perhaps 'account for'?? Wait definition=define seems odd. Let me recall WordNet glosses for explain. explain%2:32:00:: make plain and comprehensible. explain%2:32:01:: define. explain%2:32:02:: serve as a reason or cause or justification of; "Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work"; "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again".

Hmm WN sense 2 define is like "The committee explained their plan..." whereas sense 1 is generic 'make plain'.

The sentence: "theory appears to explain several things. First, why..." This is theory making a phenomenon understandable. Might be sense 1. But sense 3 "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance..." is exactly the theory explains why voters hold Congress in disdain: the theory provides reason/cause. However, the syntax "explain why..." can be either. Need distinguish. WordNet examples: sense 1 examples "He explained the laws of physics to his students". This is explaining something to someone. Sense 3 examples "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again" = one thing explains another. In context, there is no indirect object; subject is the theory; it explains facts. It fits sense 3 (serve as reason/cause/justification) most precisely. But in broad usage, theory explains facts = explains in sense 3 (account for). However, dictionaries might map "explain" to sense 1 in generic contexts. Need choose single best.

Let's consider fine-grained WSD. The target occurrences: "it appears to explain several things. First..." "it explains why voters hold Congress..." It lists things the theory explains = accounts for, gives reasons for. The phrase "explain several things" could be paraphrased "clarify several things" (sense1). But the things are reasons/phenomena. The nuance: "make plain and comprehensible" applies to explaining concepts or laws to someone. It can also apply to "explain why X happened" = make it comprehensible. Sense 3 "serve as a reason or cause or justification of" is a specific relation with subject being reason: "X explains Y". In context, subject is theory; not a person explaining to someone. No human recipient. That's like science: "The theory explains the facts." WordNet sense 3? Let's examine mapping for similar sentences in SemCor/WordNet training.

Sense distribution: explain.v in SemCor? Let's recall: "That explains why ..." often labeled sense 1? Actually WordNet sense 1 of explain is broad. In WSD, sense 1 often dominates for 'explain', while sense 3 is rare and specific to excuse/justify. Need verify examples. In WordNet, "explain" sense 3 examples include "explain her reluctance". Many usages of "explain" as reason: "How do you explain ...?" might be sense 3? Probably sense 1 "make plain..." or "explain" in sense of account for? Let's research from memory.

WordNet 3.0/3.1 verb explain:
1. make plain and comprehensible;
2. define; (e.g., The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean)
3. serve as a reason or cause or justification of;

Sense 2 "define" is odd: committee explained their plan = expound? It's a specialized sense: explain = define? It can mean "state precisely" perhaps "explain one's position".

Sense 1 includes all general explanations. Many WSD annotations likely tag "explain" as sense 1 unless the meaning is specifically "excuse/justify" or "define". The context: theory explaining facts, not excusing; no indirect object, but that doesn't rule out sense1.

We need not answer with sense key; choose index. What is more probable expected? Let's analyze deeply.

The instruction: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use sentence context, examples, and synonyms." So we should not just adhere to schematic definitions. Need weigh synonyms.

Sense 1: synonyms explicate. Example: explain the laws of physics to his students. That's explain content to someone.

Sense 3: synonyms excuse. Examples: "Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again."

Context: "theory ... it appears to explain several things." The theory is making complex political phenomena comprehensible. It is not syn 'excuse'; it isn't justifying something. But sense 3's gloss says "serve as a reason or cause or justification of". The 'reason' component fits. The synonym 'excuse' hints it's used like justify/excuse. Here theory is not excuse; it's reason/cause. But WordNet sense 3 is the only sense with reason semantics. Are there separate senses for "account for" and "make comprehensible"? In WordNet, account for is under sense 3? Yes.

Maybe the best sense is 3 because "explain why X" where subject is a theory/fact providing reason to another fact. Example "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance" exact pattern: Noun + explains + why + clause. The first usage: "it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting..." That is "explain why-clause" too. In WSD, "explain why" phrase tends to be which sense? Let's search memory: For the verb "explain", WordNet sense 1 can also take why-clause: "He explained why he was late". Is that sense1? Yes, sense1 covers explaining reasons. Sense3 is "X explains Y" where X is the reason, not an explanation by someone.

The first one: "this theory ... it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting..." That is ambiguous: the theory is a reason or the theory explains/accounts for. Theory is not a person but an explanatory account; so it's the cause/reason for observation. Sense 3.

Second: "it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits..." Here the colon gives the explanation/reason. Again theory explains phenomenon by being the reason. Sense 3 arguably.

However, sense 1 might be considered because the theory is making things plain/comprehensible. The examples and synonyms decide. Could "explicate" be used? It appears to explicate several things, why ticket splitting... possible but less natural. "Serve as a reason or cause or justification" is more natural for theory. So likely expected answer is sense 3.

Need confirm with examples of each. Sense 1 examples: explain laws to students (explains concept, explain to someone). Sense 3 examples: subject is a need/divorce explaining behavior/outcome, and also committee explained plan to dean? Wait that's sense 2. None of sense1 examples include subject as theory. But WordNet definitions are schematic; examples are limited.

Also consider sense 2 "define". This context does not match (not defining).

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 3}.

Need output only JSON object exactly like. No extra text. Final with JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "hold" in sentence: "Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives". This is "hold X in disdain", meaning regard/consider X with disdain, keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view. Candidate senses include 5: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; synonyms deem, view as, take for; examples take for granted; view as important. Also maybe 6 maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) with synonyms harbor/entertain/nurse: bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions. "hold in disdain" is an opinion/attitude, close to "harbor" contempt/disdain. WordNet likely has "hold" sense for "hold a belief/opinion"? Let's examine candidate 5: definition "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view"; synonyms deem, view as, take for. This maps to WordNet sense "hold" (cognitive) maybe 2:31:01. Candidate 6 "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)" synonyms harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse. The phrase "hold Congress in disdain" = feel disdain for Congress. "Harbor disdain" fits. But "hold ... in disdain" is an idiomatic expression. Which WordNet sense captures it? Let's check WordNet: hold v. many senses. Sense 5 in list (hold%2:31:01) maybe definition: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; 'take for granted'; 'view as important'; 'hold these truths to be self-evident'". That seems like "hold X to be Y". Sense 6 (hold%2:37:00) definition: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings); 'harbor a grudge'; 'entertain interesting notions'; 'nurse a beer'". Hmm "harbor a grudge" similar to "hold in disdain". Which is the indexing? Let's parse the sense keys. hold%2:31:01: verb.cognition? 31 frame is cognition? Actually WordNet lexicographer file names: verb.cognition = 31? The key 2:31:01 is verb.cognition. hold%2:37:00 is verb.emotion? 37 = verb.emotion. "hold in disdain" is emotion? disdain is emotion. But the target expression "hold ... in disdain" likely falls under "deem, hold, view as" maybe. We need to decide single best.

Let's analyze semantic categories. "hold in disdain" means regard with contempt; "hold" is the light verb. Candidate 5 synonyms: deem, view as, take for. Candidate 6 synonyms: harbor, entertain, nurse. Example for 6: "bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions". "Hold in disdain" could be considered maintaining a feeling (disdain), so candidate 6. But the phrase pattern "hold X in disdain" might align with "hold" in "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view" because disdain is an attitude/view, not necessarily theory/thoughts/feelings? Actually 6 explicitly includes feelings. Definition: maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings). So "hold Congress in disdain" = maintain feelings of disdain toward Congress. That fits 6.

Need avoid hedging. Let's see if WordNet includes a specific subsense for "hold" in "hold in contempt/disdain". I recall WordNet verb hold has sense: "deem to be; 'I hold him to be a fool'; 'I hold that the defendant is innocent'" which is 2:31:01 maybe. Another sense: "harbor a feeling; 'He holds a grudge against his former boss'" maybe 2:37:00. The phrase "hold in disdain" is like "harbor a grudge". Let's search memory: WordNet hold v. synsets: hold (have) 2:40:00; hold (keep) 2:42:00; hold (maintain theory thoughts feelings) 2:37:00 etc. Example for 2:37:00: "bear a grudge"; "entertain interesting notions"; "nurse a bruise"? Not sure. "hold a grudge" could be listed under this sense. "hold in disdain" is similar to "hold a grudge".

Candidate 5 examples: "take for granted; view as important". No example of disdain. Candidate 6 examples include grudge, notions. So 6 likely best.

Need output JSON only. Ensure exact.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disdain
Target surface form: disdain
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in <t>disdain</t> but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disdain%1:12:00:: | definition=lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike | synonyms=contempt, scorn, despite | examples=he was held in contempt; the despite in which outsiders were held is legendary
2. sense_key=disdain%1:10:00:: | definition=a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient | synonyms=condescension, patronage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
5. The two candidate senses:
Sense 1: noun (1:12) "lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike" synonyms contempt, scorn, despite; examples: held in contempt; despite in which outsiders were held. This is an emotion/feeling of dislike and contempt.
Sense 2: noun (1:10) "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient" synonyms condescension, patronage; a communicative act of patronizing.

Target phrase: "voters hold Congress in disdain". The idiom "hold in disdain" means to regard with contempt / intense dislike. This matches sense 1. The phrase is similar to "held in contempt" example. It denotes feeling of dislike/lack of respect, not a patronizing communication. So choose sense_index 1.

Need final JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: love
Target surface form: love
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally <t>love</t> their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=love%2:37:00:: | definition=have a great affection or liking for | examples=I love French food; She loves her boss and works hard for him
2. sense_key=love%2:37:02:: | definition=get pleasure from | synonyms=enjoy | examples=I love cooking
3. sense_key=love%2:37:01:: | definition=be enamored or in love with | examples=She loves her husband deeply
4. sense_key=love%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, make out, make love, sleep with, get laid | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose single best indexed sense for target "love" in context: sentence says voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives. The meaning is have great affection/liking for. Candidate 1 definition have a great affection or liking for. Candidate 3 be enamored or in love with. Candidate 2 get pleasure from. Candidate 4 sexual.

Here love is about affection for political representatives, not necessarily romantic. Sense 1 fits generic great affection/liking. Sense 3 is specifically be in love with (romantic). Context constituents appreciate benefits; love their own reps as a stronger form of like, not romantic. So best is sense 1 (index 1). Need return JSON {"sense_index":1}. Ensure only that.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: representative
Target surface form: representatives
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional <t>representatives</t>: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=representative%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who represents others
2. sense_key=representative%1:18:02:: | definition=an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose | synonyms=spokesperson, interpreter, voice | examples=the meeting was attended by spokespersons for all the major organs of government
3. sense_key=representative%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the United States House of Representatives | synonyms=congressman, congresswoman
4. sense_key=representative%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=example, illustration, instance | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose WordNet sense index for 'representatives' in context. The target lemma representative, surface form representatives. Context: congressional representatives. The phrase "congressional representatives" likely refers to members of U.S. House of Representatives (or Congress generally). Candidate sense 3 is member of US House of Representatives. In context: "voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional <t>representatives</t>: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits..." So it's legislators in Congress; representatives as members of Congress. However WordNet sense 3 specifically 'a member of the United States House of Representatives' synonyms congressman, congresswoman. In context, "congressional representatives" could mean members of Congress (House). Sense 1 is generic a person who represents others, sense 2 spokesperson, sense 4 example. The best indexed sense is 3. Need answer JSON {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any <t>individual</t> legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for target "individual" surface form in context: "Any <t>individual</t> legislator's constituents appreciate...". Need choose from 4 candidate senses. We must output JSON only like {"sense_index": 3}. Need analyze.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | adj defined as being or characteristic of a single thing or person; synonyms=single; examples individual drops of rain, mark individual pages. This is adjective all adjective satellite? Actually 3:00:00 is adjective (non-satellite?). Seems core sense "single".
2. individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | separate and distinct from others of the same kind; synonyms case-by-case, item-by-item; examples mark individual pages; on a case-by-case basis. Satellite to independent? definition 'separate and distinct from others of the same kind'.
3. individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing; synonyms=single; examples an individual serving; single occupancy. Satellite to "unshared".
4. individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | concerning one person exclusively; synonyms=private; examples we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath. Satellite to personal.

We need decide which sense matches "individual legislator". The phrase means any one particular/separate legislator, distinct from others of the same kind (other legislators). The constituents of any individual legislator appreciate benefits that legislator wins for them but not overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise. "individual" here as attributive adjective modifying "legislator": any specific/single legislator as opposed to all legislators collectively. It emphasizes separateness from others of same kind. "single" or "particular".

Compare definitions:
1 "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" maybe broad. Example "individual drops of rain" = separate distinct units. "mark the individual pages" appears also in sense 2. Sense 1 maybe referring to 'single' as non-collective, characteristic of one unit.

2 "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" with synonyms case-by-case, item-by-item. Example "mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis". "Any individual legislator's constituents" fits separate/distinct from other legislators; "case-by-case" perhaps.

3 "characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing" examples "individual serving", "single occupancy". Not about relationships to others; selective for one person/thing. "individual legislator" not about serving/portions.

4 "concerning one person exclusively; private" examples individual cars, private bath. Not about privacy/exclusivity.

We need choose single best. The phrase "any individual legislator" seems to be "any single legislator" - sense 1 or 2? WordNet distinctions: core adjective 3:00:00:: vs satellite to independent. Schematic glosses often don't distinguish. Need use examples and synonyms.

Sense 1 examples: "individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages" refer to individual items within a group, each one. Sense 2 examples: "mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis" emphasizes separate/distinct from others. The overlap example "mark the individual pages" appears in both. However sense 2 synonyms are case-by-case, item-by-item. Sense 2 maybe more procedural, examining one at a time. Sense 1 is more general "single".

In sentence, "Any individual legislator's constituents" -> any single/specific legislator, akin to "each legislator". This could be sense 1 (single thing or person) because it describes that an object is one, not that it is being considered separate from others. However the contrast with "every other legislator doing likewise" highlights separateness from others of same kind, supporting sense 2. The phrase "individual voter's standing" earlier in text: "The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced." That also means a single/separate voter. But target is later phrase "Any individual legislator". This is about "any single legislator".

We need decide if WordNet's satellite sense 5:00:00:independent vs 3:00:00: adjective. Many adjectives have central sense vs satellite. In standard WordNet, "individual" adjective sense 1 is "being or characteristic of a single thing or person; 'individual drops of rain'; 'please mark the individual pages'; 'they went their individual ways'". This corresponds to single. Sense 2 (satellite of independent) "separate and distinct from others of the same kind; 'mark the individual pages'; 'on a case-by-case basis'". Hmm both share example. In practice, "individual" as attributive noun-like determiner "any individual legislator" might map to sense 1 (single). But "Any individual legislator's constituents" means "the constituents of any one legislator, taken separately" which is more sense 2? Let's inspect WordNet details.

Let's recall WordNet 3.1 entries for individual (adjective):
- S: (adj) individual, single (being or characteristic of a single thing or person) "individual drops of rain"; "please mark the individual pages"; "they went their individual ways"
- S: (adj) individual, case-by-case, item-by-item (separate and distinct from others of the same kind) "mark the individual pages"; "on a case-by-case basis"
- S: (adj) single, individual (characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing) "an individual serving"; "single occupancy"; "a single bed"
- S: (adj) individual, private (concerning one person exclusively) "we all have individual cars"; "each room has a private bath"

So sense 1 and 2 differ: sense 1 "being or characteristic of single thing or person" maybe individual viewed as one, not necessarily contrasted. Sense 2 "separate and distinct from others of same kind" with case-by-case. Example "mark individual pages" in both but maybe sense 1 means each page distinct, sense 2 means considered separately.

The context: "Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency." Here "individual" underscores that the legislator is separate from others: each legislator's own constituency vs every other. This sounds like "separate and distinct from others of the same kind". "case-by-case basis" synonyms. The second part "every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency" implies each legislator's case considered individually. So sense 2 might be best.

However "Any individual legislator's constituents" is also just "any one legislator". Could be sense 1. Which is more likely in WSD mapping? Many cases of "individual" + person noun (individual citizen, individual voter, individual legislator) map to which sense? Let's think of annotation datasets. In SemCor maybe "individual" annotations:
- "individual rights" maybe sense 1? Actually right? "each individual case" maybe sense 1 or 2.
- The adjective "individual" before a count noun often means "single, separate" possibly sense 2? Hmm.

Let's search memory: WordNet examples "individual pages" appears in both. So WN treats marking pages as each page considered separately (case-by-case). "individual drops of rain" is shape? It is separate drops (sense 1). "they went their individual ways" = each separate way, sense 1 maybe? Actually sense 1 synonyms single. Sense 2 synonyms case-by-case, item-by-item. "individual voter" in text earlier: "the individual voter's standing" -> this refers to a single voter as a type. Could be sense 1.

Context target phrase: "Any individual legislator's constituents." The word "Any" already picks out arbitrary one; "individual" intensifies a single legislator considered separately. It aligns with "separate and distinct from others of the same kind." Because meaning is: any one of a class, as opposed to other legislators. "case-by-case" synonyms fit "every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency." It emphasizes per-legislator basis.

But "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" also fits arbitrary legislator. We need choose the best. Let's examine glosses and synonyms more carefully.

Sense 1: definition "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" (single). If we paraphrase "any single legislator" -> sense 1. Example "individual pages" = pages individually. In phrase "any individual legislator" = any single legislator.

Sense 2: definition "separate and distinct from others of the same kind". If we paraphrase, "a legislator separate and distinct from other legislators". But phrase "any individual legislator" doesn't strongly emphasize separateness over singlehood. However the larger context does: "every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency." It contrasts individual with every other. The constituents appreciate own legislator but not all. That is exactly "case-by-case"? Yes.

Need not hedge, choose one. Let's attempt to see if WordNet sense 2 is satellite of independent. "Independent" in adjective includes "free from external control and constraint; independent" but here satellite relation maybe "independent" as in "not dependent on others"? Actually satellite links can be vague. But gloss "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" is more about distinctness.

Which sense is more commonly intended for "individual X" where X is a person and it means "not collective, each"? I would suspect sense 1 (single). Example: "We respect the rights of the individual person." "individual person" maybe sense 1? But sense 3 is for serving. Sense 4 private. Sense 2 case-by-case. Let's think of usages:
- "individual cases" often sense 2? Actually case-by-case. Yes "individual cases" = separately. But "an individual case" in "any individual case" maybe sense 1? Hmm.

The example in sense 2: "on a case-by-case basis". "individual pages" fits both. Sense 2 covers "case-by-case, item-by-item". Our context is not about method/basis but about any legislator's constituents vs others.

Maybe better answer sense 1 because the phrase simply means "single, particular". But the prompt says use context, synonyms, examples; choose indexed sense. We need make final JSON. Let's analyze thoroughly.

Let's parse sentence:
"Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency."
If replace "individual" with synonyms:
- sense1 single: "Any single legislator's constituents" - definitely works.
- sense2 separate/distinct: "Any separate and distinct legislator's constituents" - a bit redundant with "any", but okay.
- sense3 characteristic/meant for a single person: not really.
- sense4 private: not.
So sense1 maybe most natural paraphrase. But sense2 synonyms "case-by-case" would be "Any case-by-case legislator's constituents" weird.

But WordNet example "mark individual pages" with sense2 "case-by-case" is not "a case-by-case page". So sense2 can modify noun where the noun is one among similar items considered separately. So "individual legislator" can be a legislator considered separately.

Maybe we need consider the earlier sentence: "The individual voter's standing" not target but same word. Is it sense 1 or 2? It means single voter's standing. If target were there, likely sense 1. The later target adds "Any" which can mean "any single one". The phrase "any individual legislator's constituents" parallels "the individual voter's standing". The article uses "individual voter" and "individual legislator" both to denote a single member of group. This supports sense 1.

But the explanatory sentence mentions "every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency". This contrast supports separateness. However "single" also implies contrast to others.

WordNet sense 1 uses words "single thing or person" which fits "individual legislator" (a person). Sense 2 examples "case-by-case basis" more about process. In context, not about process but about a person. So sense 1 likely best.

Let's verify sense indexing: candidates listed as 1,2,3,4. Sense 1 is central adjective. Output index 1? We need make sure. Could be 2. Need decide.

Maybe I should examine if there is a known difference: In WordNet, central adjective "individual" sense 1 refers to 'single' rather than 'group': "individual drops of rain" = separate drops. Satellite to independent sense 2 refers to 'case-by-case / separate and distinct from others of the same kind'. Which is closer to "individual" in "individual voter/legislator"? The phrase "at the margin, a voter's incentive", "the individual voter's standing" in economics context is each individual as separate from collective. The text is about collective action/prisoner's dilemma: individual voters/legislators. This is exactly "separate and distinct from the group" maybe sense 2. But the core sense 1 also covers not group.

Actually "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" aligns with individual in game theory (prisoner's dilemma) because the dilemma involves each separate individual deciding, distinct from others. The phrase "individual voter's standing" and "individual legislator's constituents" are in contrast to collective outcomes. Could argue sense 2. But sense 1 covers "single person" too. Which is intended by WordNet for "individual" in "the individual voter"? Let's try to recall SemCor example for "individual". I can imagine sentences with "individual" annotated as sense 1:
- "the rights of the individual man" maybe sense 1 because single person.
- "one individual after another" maybe sense 1.
- "individual" used as adjective before plural? "individual items" sense 2 maybe.

The examples for sense 1 include "they went their individual ways". This means each person had his/her own way, separate. That seems similar to our context. Example "individual pages" also. So sense 1 covers separate ways. Sense 2 covers case-by-case.

Actually "they went their individual ways" could be considered sense 1. That is about each person distinct. "individual legislator's constituents" is similar: each legislator has own constituents. So sense 1.

Also the example "please mark the individual pages" appears in both senses; it is ambiguous. But if asked as WSD, sense 1 likely for simple "individual pages" and sense 2 for "on a case-by-case basis". Here no explicit case-by-case; it's one legislator.

Maybe the correct answer from a fine-grained WSD perspective: "individual" as "single" (sense 1) because "any individual legislator" simply means "any one legislator". I lean 1.

But I want to be confident. Let's reason from WordNet lexical domains:
Sense 1 (3:00:00) adjective might be in domain "all, adjective". Sense 2 (5:00:00:independent) is satellite of independent, domain maybe "act, relation"? However lexical domain may not matter.

Let's check if the phrase "individual voter's" earlier appears. The text: "In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. ... The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes." Here "the individual voter" means a voter considered separately from the aggregate. In political science, individual-level. Could be sense 2? "separate and distinct from others of the same kind"? Because it contrasts with collective/district/state. But also single. The author could have used "individual" to mean "particular, separate". In later target, "Any individual legislator's constituents" similarly means a particular legislator's constituents as distinct from other legislators.

WordNet has separate sense for "separate and distinct from others of the same kind", which captures that nuance. The phrase "any individual X" often selects an arbitrary instance of a class, distinct from others. Examples: "Any individual item" maybe sense 2? "mark the individual pages" in sense 2 means each page as a distinct item. The repeated mention "every other legislator" highlights distinctness. Therefore sense 2 might be the disambiguated best.

But look at synonym for sense 1: "single". In context, paraphrase: "Any single legislator's constituents" is very natural. Paraphrase sense 2: "Any separate legislator's constituents" less natural (but possible). The synonyms for sense 2 are "case-by-case, item-by-item" which are not adjective synonyms in this use. But WordNet lists them as synonyms. Hmm.

Let's consider the hypernym/satellite relation. If we use wordvectors, "individual legislator" similar to "single legislator" more than "case-by-case legislator". But definition of sense 2 includes item-by-item, which means taking items one at a time. "Any individual legislator" = taken one at a time. So candidate.

Maybe there is a key: WordNet core sense 1 (3:00:00) is for "single" as opposed to 'collective'. It is the direct opposite of collective. The context contrasts local benefits for one district vs overall costs. This is individual vs collective action, which is sense 1 perhaps. Example "individual drops of rain" each separate drop vs rain as mass. "individual pages" vs pages as a whole. "individual voter/legislator" vs group of voters/legislators. So sense 1.

Sense 2 "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" maybe about distinguishing from similar items, not mass vs count. Example "on a case-by-case basis". The text is about individual as unit vs collective group, not about distinguishing among similar legislators. So sense 1.

I think answer 1 is better.

But let's also consider that "individual" can be synonymous with "single" as an adjective, but WordNet sense 1 is the base adjective and probably most frequent. "individual voter" earlier would be sense 1. The phrase "individual legislator" appears in same paragraph. So likely 1.

However, the question says target lemma: individual, target surface form: individual. They provided 4 senses. They want fine-grained. Could be a test that "Any individual legislator" maps to sense 1? Let's examine definitions with examples. Sense 1 examples: "individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages; they went their individual ways". "individual legislator" = a single legislator, like "individual pages". Sense 2 examples: "mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis". Confusing overlap. But perhaps they included both to test. Need use context to differentiate. In this context, does "individual" emphasize separateness from other legislators (sense 2) or single unit (sense 1)? Let's parse more: "Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency." The word "individual" is paired with "every other". If you remove "individual", "Any legislator's constituents appreciate ... but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator..." works. Adding "individual" means any one particular legislator considered individually. In WordNet, "individual" sense 2 has synonyms "case-by-case, item-by-item"; the context "every other legislator doing likewise" is item-by-item or case-by-case perspective. But "single" also works.

In WordNet, sense 1 definition "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" includes "single" as synonym. "Any single legislator" meaning any one. Could be enough. But if we use "characteristic of a single thing", "individual legislator's constituents" means the constituents of one legislator. That's sense 1.

Let's consider the phrase "individual voter's standing" earlier. This is clearly single voter (as opposed to aggregate). If both are sense 1, consistent.

Now, what about the possibility that the target "individual" in "Any individual legislator" is a noun? No, clearly attributive adjective.

Which sense is most likely selected by annotators? If they look at synonym: "single" fits, "case-by-case" not as substitutable. The example "individual pages" in sense 1 fits because pages are individual members of a collection. Here legislators are members of Congress. So sense 1.

Let's also compare with sense 5:00:00:personal (concerning one person exclusively; private). Could "individual legislator's constituents" mean private?? No, not exclusive to one person? constituents are many; not private. No.

Sense 3 (unshared) meant for a single person; not.

Thus 1 or 2. I will choose 1.

But before final, let's ensure output JSON only: {"sense_index": 1}. No extra text. The instructions: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Use only. So final just JSON.

But I need to be absolutely sure no requirement to answer with reasoning? It says return only JSON. So final answer must be exactly JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constituent
Target surface form: constituents
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's <t>constituents</t> appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constituent%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system | synonyms=component, element | examples=spare components for cars; a component or constituent element of a system
2. sense_key=constituent%1:18:00:: | definition=a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes | examples=needs continued support by constituents to be re-elected
3. sense_key=constituent%1:24:00:: | definition=something determined in relation to something that includes it | synonyms=part, portion, component part, component | examples=he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself; I read a portion of the manuscript
4. sense_key=constituent%1:10:00:: | definition=(grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction | synonyms=grammatical constituent
5. sense_key=constituent%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, element, factor, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform word sense disambiguation. User wants only JSON object {"sense_index" : N}. We need pick single best sense for "constituents" in context: "Any individual legislator's <t>constituents</t> appreciate the specific benefits..." It refers members of constituency; citizens represented by legislator. Sense 2 definitely matches: "a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes". Examples "needs continued support by constituents to be re-elected". That seems best. Need output only JSON.

provider: Together