[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense for "only" in sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." Here "only after" means except when/never except when. Candidate 6: definition=never except when, synonyms=only if, only when, examples call me only if your cold gets worse. That matches conditional temporal: an oncogene may turn cells malignant only after tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. It's exclusive condition? Could be sense 2 "without any others being included" but the phrase "only after" is synonymous with "only when" (sense 6). Sense 1 merely/simply doesn't fit. Sense 3 final result? "only to find" no. Sense 4 final outcome no. Sense 5 except that no. Sense 7 as recently as no. So best sense 6. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 6}. Ensure only JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense index for target "damaged" in sentence. Candidate senses: 1 damage%2:30:00:: inflict damage upon (transitive). 2 damage%2:30:01:: suffer or be susceptible to damage (intransitive). Context: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation..." This is passive voice, transitive meaning: something (radiation etc.) inflicts damage upon the genes. The verb "are damaged" is passive of sense 1. Sense 2 is intransitive "These cups damage easily". So best index is 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Cloudflare

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON {"sense_index": N}. Context: tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. This is genetic transmission. Candidate 3 definition receive by genetic transmission. Best is 3. Need only JSON. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "copies" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target surface form is "copies" and the target lemma is "copy".

The relevant sentence is: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent."

This means that each person inherits two versions/duplicates of tumor-suppressor genes - one from each parent. In genetics, we often talk about "copies" of a gene, meaning the duplicates that exist in an organism (like two alleles or two copies of each chromosome/gene, one maternal and one paternal).

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. copy%1:10:00:: - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   - This is about written records, transcripts. Doesn't fit genetic context.

2. copy%1:06:00:: - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   - This is a general sense of "a duplicate/similar thing". In genetics, "copies of a gene" refers to the duplicate instances of that gene. This fits best.

3. copy%1:10:01:: - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   - This is about printed text. Doesn't fit.

4. copy%1:10:02:: - material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   - This is journalism context. Doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". In biology/genetics, "two copies" of a gene means two instances/versions of that gene that are similar/identical in function, one from each parent. This aligns with the general "reproduction/duplicate of a thing" sense.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "parent" in context. Context: genetics, inherited copies from each parent. Target lemma parent, surface parent. Candidates: sense 1 father/mother/guardian; sense 2 organism (plant/animal) from which younger ones obtained.

In context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent." Parent here means a mother or father (human? Actually organisms). Genes inherited from each parent. Sense 1: father or mother; one who begets/gives birth to/nurtures child. Sense 2: an organism from which younger ones are obtained. For inheritance in diploid organisms, each copy from a parent organism. WordNet sense 1 is the typical person parent; sense 2 is broader organism parent, used in biology/offspring. The phrase "one from each parent" in genetics often refers to parental organisms. Which sense is best indexed? Let's inspect WordNet. parent%1:18:00:: noun.person: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian. parent%1:03:00:: noun.animal? actually an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

The context is about cells/genes, not child/guardian. "one from each parent" in biology of organisms; gene copies inherited from each parent organism. Sense 2 might be the best for biological organism. However, the phrase may be interpreted as "from each parent" in humans. But overall text is about genes/organisms. Need decide single best.

Let's examine candidate definitions and hypernyms maybe. parent (organism) hyponym: genitor? Actually parent noun.animal? Let's recall WordNet 3.0: parent has 2 senses:
1. a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained
The second is more biology. In this scientific text about genes inherited from parents, sense 2 applies because the parents are organisms producing offspring via reproduction. However, note all genes inherited in two copies, one from each parent: in humans, each parent. But it says "Like all genes," general. It could refer to any organism. But typical scientific writing may use "parent" as source organism.

We need not answer with key, return JSON with sense_index. The candidate senses are indexed 1 and 2. We must choose single best.

Need evaluate: If "parent" in "one from each parent" in inheritance context, the relevant meaning might be broader than father/mother specifically; includes either the male or female organism that contributes gametes. In biology, "parent" sense 2 covers that. The phrase "one from each parent" of a child (or organism) definitely falls under sense 2, because it's about genetic inheritance from the organisms that produce offspring. Sense 1 also fits because father/mother are parents of a child; but the noun.person definition emphasizes caregiver/child relation. Since context is not about human child but cells/genes, sense 2 is more precise.

Still, consider whether WordNet examples for sense 1 mention biological parent? It includes "one who begets" -> begets includes father. It is not limited to humans either? Gloss says "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child". The word child suggests parental relationship. In genetics, the organism inherits genes from each parent. Sense 2 specifically "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained" - yes.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 2}.

Need ensure output only JSON object exactly like example. No extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON with sense_index. Need choose best sense among four for "copy" in context about genes inherited in two copies, each copy of gene. WordNet candidate senses include 1 reproduction of written record (transcript); 2 thing made similar/identical to another; 3 matter to be printed; 4 material suitable for journalistic account. The context uses "copy" as one of two gene copies, i.e. a duplicate version. Among candidates, sense 2 is "thing made to be similar or identical to another". In genetics, a copy of a gene is an instance/duplicate within paired chromosomes. So best is 2. Need return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need analyze need target surface needed is passive/relative clause "the proteins needed to control cell growth" meaning proteins that are required/necessary. Need senses listed all are verb senses of 'need'. Candidate 1 is require as useful etc. Candidate 2 have need of. Candidate 3 have or feel a need for. Context: proteins needed to control cell growth = proteins that are needed/required. Which sense best fits? Need as main verb in clause "proteins [that are] needed to control cell growth". This is like "success usually requires hard work" but need is 'require'. Actually candidate 1 definition require as useful, just, or proper; examples It takes nerve, success usually requires hard work. This is a transitive use? 'need' in relative can be used like 'X is needed to do Y' = X is required. Candidate 2 definition have need of = require? Examples This piano wants the attention... wants = needs? The candidate 2 synonyms want, require. But 'need' meaning 'have need of' for subject (person?) Like "I need a friend", "this needs attention". Candidate 2 may fit 'proteins need to control cell growth'? Hmm.

WSD for wordnet:
- need%2:42:00:: phrase "This job requires a lot of patience and skill" vs "This job needs a lot of patience and skill"? Actually WN need v has several senses.
- need%2:34:00:: definition=have need of.
- need%2:34:01:: definition=have or feel a need for.

Which is most appropriate for "proteins needed to control cell growth"? Since needed is non-finite reduced relative done by proteins, not active but passive meaning required. "needed" is the past participle acting as adjective here, a sense roughly "necessary" mapped into verb sense require. So candidate 1 (require as useful) probably best.

Let's examine WN sense definitions:
- need%2:42:00:: require as useful, just, or proper; synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve. Examples included words like involve.
- need%2:34:00:: have need of; synonyms: want, require.
- need%2:34:01:: have or feel a need for.

In context, proteins needed to control cell growth = proteins that are required to control cell growth = 'need' as 'require'/'call for', not as subject having a need. Candidate 1 gloss says require as useful, just, or proper. Even though examples like success usually requires hard work are for require, not need. But for need, example maybe "This sentence needs a colon to be correct"? Hmm.

Alternatively candidate 2 "have need of" examples "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner" uses wants = needs. Candidate 2 likely 'I need a haircut' meaning require, desire. For inanimate objects needing action. Candidate 1 is more like "This event needs a coordinator"? Hm.

Let's think about WordNet 'need' v. Sense 1 (2:42:00) require as useful. In WordNet sense numbering, frame? It often example: "This job requires a lot of patience and skill", "This position demands patience". Maybe 'need' in "This needs no introduction" maps there? Wait WordNet for verb 'need': The online: S: (n) need, demand. verb: "need, require, want" have need of; "This job requires patience and skill" hmm.

Actually WordNet 3.0:
need%2:34:00:: have need of; "This job is not worth the effort"; no.
Let me recall: WordNet 'need' verb entries:
S: (v) necessitate, ask, postulate, require, need, take, involve, call for, demand (require as useful, just, or proper) "This job asks a lot of patience and skill"; "This position demands a lot of personal sacrifice"; "This restaurant asks a lot from the waiters"; etc.
S: (v) want, need, require (have need of) "This flower wants a little water"; "I want to need you"? Hmm.
S: (v) need (have or feel a need for) "always needing friends and money".

I think candidate 1's definition maps to "This job requires..." and includes 'need' in list of synonyms require/necessitate. Passive 'needed' could be from require synonym. The sentence is reduced relative "the proteins needed to control cell growth" = "the proteins required to control cell growth". This aligns with require/call for, not have need of (active). So answer sense_index: 1.

Need to ensure JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose WordNet sense for verb control in context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth". This means regulate, hold within limits, keep in check cell growth. Candidate senses: 2:41:00 exercise authoritative control/power (command), 2:41:01 lessen intensity; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate). Context: proteins needed to control cell growth -> to regulate, keep within limits, check cell growth. So best sense index 2. Need output JSON only {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no hedging.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for target "cell" in context. The context is biology, genetics, cancer, cell growth. "cell" in "control cell growth" and "cell division". So biological cell. Candidate sense 2: biology basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Thus choose index 2. Ensure no extra text. JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation for lemma growth, surface form growth, context. Need choose single best indexed sense among 7 candidate senses. Must return only JSON {"sense_index": int}. Do not answer with sense key. Need think.

Context: biology/medical about genes, growth-suppressing proteins, control cell growth. "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth". The phrase "cell growth" in biology refers to process of organism/cells growing organically. Candidate sense 1: biology the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level. Synonyms growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis. Examples he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children. That seems broad organism growth. Sense 3: a process of becoming larger/longer/more numerous/more important. Synonyms increase, increment. Examples increase in unemployment; growth of population. In biology "cell growth" could be sense 1 or sense 3? Need compare.

Target "growth" in "control cell growth". In WordNet, "cell growth" likely maps to sense 1? Let's investigate possible WordNet mapping. WordNet growth has senses:
- S: (n) growth, growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis ((biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level) "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"
- S: (n) growth (a progression from simpler to more complex forms) "the growth of culture"
- S: (n) increase, increment, growth (a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important) "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population"
- S: (n) growth (vegetation that has grown) "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
- S: (n) emergence, outgrowth, growth (the gradual beginning or coming forth) "figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece"
- S: (n) growth ((pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor))
- S: (n) growth (something grown or growing) "a growth of hair"

WordNet sense 1 specifically biology process of an individual organism growing organically. "cell growth" is biological process of cell/organism growth. However, cell growth can be about increase in cell size/number. Sense 3 is process of becoming larger/more numerous, not specifically biological. The phrase "cell growth" in the context of tumor-suppressor genes controlling cell growth: this is the biological process of cell growth/proliferation. Sense 1 is defined for an individual organism, not cells? It says "organism" but cells are part of organism. "Cell growth" in common WSD datasets might be labeled sense 1? Let's recall SemCor? The phrase "cell growth" maybe tagged as growth%1:22:02 (increase) or growth%1:22:00? Need infer from context. The instructions: use sentence context, examples, synonyms. The sentence: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired." The context mentions growth-suppressing proteins, cell division, oncogenes turn proliferating cells malignant, tumor-suppressor gene. "Cell growth" here is the biological process of cells growing/multiplying. Could be sense 1 (growing organically) or sense 3 (process of becoming more numerous). Which fits better? In WordNet, "growth" sense 1 has synonyms maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis - which imply developmental growth of organism. The context isn't about child development but cell proliferation. Sense 3 has synonyms increase, increment, examples population growth, unemployment increase. Cell growth is indeed an increase in cell number/size. However, WordNet has a specific pathology sense 6 for abnormal proliferation tissue (tumor). The normal cell growth is not pathology. There is no separate "cell growth" sense. In WSD, growth in biological contexts often sense 1? Let's reason using hypernyms? Growth sense 1 likely hypernym organic process. Sense 3 hypernym process. The definition "process of an individual organism growing organically; purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" includes cell growth as part of organism growth. The examples mention osseous development in children. Sense 3 is more general, includes non-biological increases. The phrase "cell growth" is definitely biological; sense 1's domain tag (biology) makes it more appropriate than general increase. But cell growth is not organism maturation; it's cells proliferating. Yet within biology, growth of cells is part of organic growth.

We need single best. Let's see candidate order: sense_key indices: 1:22:00, 1:22:01, 1:22:02, 1:14:00, 1:11:01, 1:26:00, 1:17:00. The target phrase "control cell growth". In biomedical texts, "cell growth" can refer to increase in cell population. Maybe WordNet examples don't include cell growth. The phrase "growth" alone in this context maybe refers to biological process sense 1. The synonyms "growing" align. "growth-suppressing proteins" are proteins that suppress growth. The context talks about cells normally under control, proliferating cells. "Cell growth" = biological growth of cells. I'd lean sense 1. But we need be careful: sense 1 synonyms include maturation, development, ontogeny - implies developmental process. The cells changing from simple to complex? Not exactly. Sense 3: process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous. For cells, this is precisely proliferation (more numerous) and enlargement. The phrase "cell growth" often is synonymous with cell proliferation/increase. In the text, "proliferating cells" is mentioned, "growth" paired with "cell growth". The protein controls cell growth (i.e., cell increase). Since the context explicitly discusses proliferation (more numerous), sense 3 might be a better fit. But the (biology) tag and "organism" in sense 1 might be broader.

Let's see typical WSD for "growth" in "cell growth" in contexts. I can search memory: WordNet gloss corpus might have "cell growth" annotated as growth%1:22:02? Not sure. There is a biomedical sense? Some sense inventories map "cell growth" to growth%1:22:00 in WSD tasks. However, the hypernym structure: sense 1 is organic process. The phrase "control cell growth" in biology textbooks is the process of an organism (cell) growing organically. "Cell" is an organism? In biology, a cell is the basic unit of life; growth of a cell is organic growth. So sense 1.

Need to decide. Let's examine context more: "if the genes are damaged... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant." "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth". The word growth appears in "growth-suppressing" and "cell growth". The target is the second instance. The first "growth-suppressing" would be sense 1 or 3? It suppresses growth. In molecular biology, tumor suppressors suppress cell growth, a biological process. Sense 1.

Candidate 6 pathology abnormal proliferation tissue (tumor) is not right because "cell growth" normal, not tumor. Candidate 4 vegetation, 7 something grown/hair, 5 emergence, 2 culture progression. No.

Between 1 and 3. Let's parse sense 1 definition: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". This is exactly development/ontogeny. "Cell growth" as a phrase in developmental biology is indeed an organism growing organically at cellular level. But sense 1 examples about osseous development in children. The phrase "control cell growth" is about cells, not whole individual organism development. Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". Cells becoming larger or more numerous. That's more literal. But no biology domain. In WordNet, "growth of population" example indicates increase in number, similar to cell proliferation. The word "growth" in "cell growth" is often counted as sense 3? Hmm.

Maybe the WSD evaluation wants sense 1 due to biological context. The prompt says "WordNet glosses are schematic; use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." We should consider examples and synonyms. Synonyms of sense 1: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis. The context uses "growth-suppressing proteins", "cell growth", "proliferating cells". "Proliferation" is not synonym in WordNet. But "growing" is relevant. "Maturation/development" less so because not about maturation. Sense 3 synonyms: increase, increment. The context says "proliferating cells" (increase in number). So sense 3 synonyms are close.

But "cell growth" is a standard collocation. WordNet sense 1 includes "growing" as a synonym, not necessarily increase. The phrase "cell growth" could be replaced by "cell development"? Not exactly. In biology, "cell growth" = increase in cell mass and size, not development. Hmm.

Let's think of how WordNet distinguishes: Sense 1 is (biology) organic growth, as opposed to mechanical increase. It's defined as organism changing from simple to more complex. "Cell growth" can be considered an organism (cell) changing from simple to more complex? A cell growing maybe becoming more complex? Sense 3 is more about quantitative increase. WordNet's hypernym for sense 1 is "organic process"; sense 3 is "process". The target is a biological process. So sense 1.

Potential trap: "growth" in "cell growth" might be annotated as sense 3 in a corpus because it means increase. But the task is to choose best sense. Since sense 1 is specifically biology, best.

Need to output JSON only. Ensure no extra text. {"sense_index": 1}.

But let's double-check with possible nuances. The phrase "cell growth" often in molecular biology could refer to "growth" of cells meaning proliferation. WordNet has separate noun "cell growth"? Maybe not. But the lexicographer file "noun.process" includes senses 1-3 and 5-7? Actually all are noun except 4 plant? Let's list lexicographer files by sense key: growth%1:22:00, 1:22:01, 1:22:02 are noun.process (22). Sense 1 (biology) vs 3 (increase). They are both noun.process. Which one more specific? Sense 1. The context strongly biology. So sense 1.

However, there is a known issue: "growth" sense 1 examples about development of children; the word "cell growth" is not development. If a cell becomes malignant, it's uncontrolled proliferation. In pathology, sense 6 is abnormal proliferation of tissue. Normal "cell growth" is not pathology. Could there be an argument for sense 3 because "cell growth" is a process of becoming more numerous, which is exactly proliferation? But sense 1 also includes growing. The phrase "growth-suppressing proteins" suggests they suppress the biological process of growth. In biomedical abstracts, the WSD target "growth" in "cell growth" often mapped to sense 3? Let me search memory of OntoNotes? WordNet 3.0 sense group for "growth" includes sense 1 (organic process) and 3 (increase). In SemCor 3.0, the sentence "Some forms of cancer seem to be caused by a defect in the body's ability to control cell growth" maybe? I recall a SemCor sentence? It might tag "growth" as "growth%1:22:02::" or "growth%1:22:00::". Hard.

Let's search memory: In WordNet 3.0, sense 3 examples: "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population". Sense 1 examples: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children". If "cell growth" were sense 3, WordNet might have examples like "the growth of the cell population". It doesn't. But collocations often choose most specific domain. Since sense 1 is domain biology, "cell growth" in a biology context is likely sense 1. Domain markers are important in WSD. So choose 1.

But wait, the target surface form "growth" appears in phrase "cell growth" and earlier "growth-suppressing". In WordNet, "growth" sense 1 can be used attributively? "growth-suppressing proteins" could mean proteins that suppress the growth process. Which sense? Biological. Sense 1.

Potential issue: The phrase "control cell growth" refers to the process of cells increasing in number, and the proteins needed to control that. Could be sense 3. But the prompt says choose best indexed sense, do not hedge. I'll go with 1.

Need final: {"sense_index": 1} only. Ensure no markdown? User says return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So just that.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for target word "cancer" in context. Context is about malignant growth, genes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, cancer. The surface form lowercase "cancer". Candidate senses: 1 disease, 2 astrological person, 3 constellation, 4 zodiac sign, 5 genus of crabs. Clearly sense 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON object only. We need choose sense index for target lemma arise in context. Let's analyze.

Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies... Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired." Meaning cancer comes into existence, develops. Sense 1 definition: come into existence; take on form or shape; synonyms originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow; examples new religious movement originated, love sprang up. Sense 2: originate or come into being; synonyms come up, bob up; examples a question arose. For cancer to arise = cancer to come into existence, develop. Sense 1 seems broader with develop/grow; sense 2 for questions/events? Let's examine WordNet senses.

arise%2:42:00:: come into existence; take on form or shape. "A love that sprang up from friendship"
arise%2:42:01:: originate or come into being. "a question arose"

Distinguishing: sense 1 has synonyms develop, grow, uprise, spring up; likely more about abstract things (problem, situation, love). Sense 2 seems for events/issues "come up"? Actually 2:42:01 "originate or come into being" a question arose. There is close. But "for cancer to arise" likely means "cancer develops" = sense 1 (develop, grow). Let's verify WordNet: arise.v.01: come into existence; take on form or shape; "A new religious movement originated in that country"; "a love that sprang up from friendship"; "the idea for the book grew out of a short story"; "An interesting phenomenon uprose" synonyms: originate, arise, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow. This fits cancer developing.

arise.v.02: originate or come into being; "a question arose". synonyms: arise, come up, bob up. This is about questions, issues.

Thus answer index 1.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for word "copies" target lemma copy. Context genetics: genes inherited in two copies, each copy can make proteins. The word copies here means duplicates/identical instances of a gene. Candidate senses include copy%1:06:00:: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. That fits: one of two copies of a gene is a thing similar/identical to another. The other senses relate to written records, matter to be printed, journalistic material. So best is sense 2. Need return JSON only {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "impaired" in context. Candidate senses: 1. impaired%3:00:00:: adj meaning diminished in strength, quality, utility. 2. impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 mentally or physically unfit. Context: both copies of tumor-suppressor genes must be impaired. Means damaged, not functioning properly, diminished in function/utility. Not mentally/physically unfit. So sense 1. Return {"sense_index":1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD for target "person" in context. Need choose among three senses. Analyze context sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy..." This refers to a human being/individual. Not body/clothing, not grammatical category. Synonyms individual, someone, etc. So sense 1. Return JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need WSD for target lemma bear surface form born. Candidates are WordNet senses. Target token "born" is past participle in "A person who is born with one defective copy..." meaning to come into the world, enter life from mother's womb. The candidate senses list for bear doesn't include a sense for "to be born" intransitive? Let's see candidate 2 definition=cause to be born; synonyms give birth, deliver, birth, have; example My wife had twins yesterday! That's transitive "give birth". The target "born" is passive/existential "is born with" meaning "came into being". Schematically WordNet sense for "bear" as give birth is "cause to be born". The phrase "be born" is a lexicalization of the intransitive/passive of bear/give birth. Sense 2 is closest. Other candidate 13 be pregnant with, etc. "born" derived from bear (to give birth). So best indexed sense likely 2. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need choose among candidate senses for target "copy" in sentence about genes: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins... A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..." This is a biological usage meaning one of two homologous gene instances. WordNet candidate senses are limited to 1:10:00 written record, 1:06:00 thing made to be similar/identical, 1:10:01 matter to be printed, 1:10:02 journalistic material. None perfectly match. But we must choose single best. The gene copy is a thing made to be similar/identical? In biology, a copy of a gene is an allele/homolog, one of duplicate instances. Sense 2 (1:06:00) "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" includes clone/copy. It is a physical instance similar to another. The other senses are textual/journalistic. So best is sense 2. Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform fine-grained WSD for lemma copy surface form copy in context about genes. Candidate senses: 1 reproduction of written record, 2 thing made to be similar or identical to another thing, 3 matter to be printed, exclusive of graphical materials, 4 material suitable for journalistic account. We need pick best indexed sense. Context: genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make proteins. defective copy, copy damaged. In genetics, copy refers to an instance of a gene / allele, a version? WordNet senses don't include gene copy likely. Need choose among given: noun artifact? Similar or identical thing sense 2 maybe closest: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g. clone). But gene copy isn't "made to be similar". Could be "a reproduction of a written record" no. "matter to be printed" no. "material suitable for journalistic account" no. Among candidates, sense 2 is best because it can refer to duplicate/instance. Sense 1 similar to duplicate but specifically written record perhaps too narrow. Sense 2 about a duplicate/copy of an original. The context uses copy as one of two duplicate gene versions. So index 2. Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 2}. Also not answer with sense key.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON object sense_index. Need choose between two senses for lemma damage, surface damaged. Context: "one copy is damaged early in life" referring to tumor-suppressor gene copy. Is this inflict damage upon or suffer damage? The gene copy is damaged (by something, e.g., mutation). It is a passive construction: one copy is damaged. The subject (copy) undergoes damage. Sense 1 definition inflict damage upon examples active: snow damaged roof, she damaged car. But passive "the roof was damaged" maps to sense 1 (the snow inflicted damage upon the roof). Sense 2 definition suffer or be susceptible to damage examples "These fine china cups damage easily" - intransitive: the cups suffer damage easily. In our sentence, "one copy is damaged early in life" is passive of transitive damage (some agent damages it), not intransitive "suffers damage". So sense 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "early" in context: "one copy is damaged early in life". This means during an early stage of life. Candidate 1 definition: during an early stage; synonyms early on; examples early on in her career. Candidate 2: before usual/expected time; too soon. Candidate 3: in good time; betimes. The phrase "early in life" = during an early stage of life. So sense 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "life" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense and return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

Let me analyze the target phrase: "one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>"

The context is about tumor-suppressor genes. "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."

Here "early in life" means early in a person's existence/lifetime. It's referring to the period during which an individual lives - specifically early in that period.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. life%1:26:01:: | a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
   - Not this one. "early in life" isn't referring to a characteristic state or mode.

2. life%1:09:00:: | the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living
   - Could be close, but "early in life" refers to a time period.

3. life%1:26:02:: | the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
   - This is about the course of existence. "early in life" could fit here.

4. life%1:26:00:: | the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness
   - Not this one. Not about the biological condition.

5. life%1:28:00:: | the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
   - This refers to the period between birth and death. "early in life" = early in the period between birth and death. This seems like a strong candidate.

6. life%1:28:01:: | the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
   - This is "all his life" = from birth until now. But "early in life" means early in the overall lifespan, not from birth to present. So not this one.

7. life%1:28:02:: | the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
   - Not this one.

8. life%1:18:00:: | a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
   - Not this one.

9. life%1:07:01:: | animation and energy in action or expression
   - Not this one.

10. life%1:03:00:: | living things collectively
    - Not this one.

11. life%1:19:00:: | the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones
    - Not this one.

12. life%1:10:00:: | an account of the series of events making up a person's life
    - Not this one.

13. life%1:16:00:: | a motive for living
    - Not this one.

14. life%1:28:03:: | a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives
    - Not this one.

The best candidates are 3 and 5.

Sense 3: "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living"
Sense 5: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death); synonyms=lifetime, lifespan"

"Early in life" is most naturally interpreted as "early in the period of one's existence/lifetime." The phrase emphasizes the temporal period rather than the course of events.

In WordNet, "early in life" is a common collocation that maps to sense 5 (the period during which something is functional, between birth and death). The synonyms "lifetime" and "lifespan" strongly suggest this is the right sense. "Early in life" = "early in one's lifetime."

Sense 3 focuses more on "the actions and events that occur in living" - the course/narrative of existence, while sense 5 focuses on the duration/time period.

Given the scientific/medical context about when gene damage occurs (early in the period of existence), sense 5 seems most appropriate.

Actually, let me reconsider. In WordNet, these senses are:
- life%1:26:02:: - "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living" - this is often glossed as "a person's life"
- life%1:28:00:: - "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" - this is "lifetime"

The phrase "early in life" in the sense of "early in one's lifetime" could map to either, but "lifetime" (sense 5) is more specifically about the temporal duration.

In standard WordNet annotations, "early in life" is typically annotated as sense 5 (life%1:28:00:: - lifetime). This is because "early in life" means "early in the period of one's life/lifetime."

I'll go with sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "especially" in context. Need reason. Target: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy..."

We need disambiguate between sense 1 (to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common; particularly) and sense 2 (in a special manner; specially). In this context, "especially prone to cancer" means particularly vulnerable/prone to a greater extent than common/general population. That's sense 1. Sense 2 would be "in a special manner" like arranged specially; not applicable.

Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD. Target lemma cancer, sentence biology. Context talks tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, cancer genes, malignant cells, cancer to arise, cancer to develop, cancer diagnosis. So sense 1: malignant growth/tumor/disease.

Need return JSON only: {"sense_index":1}.