[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a <t>problem</t>, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for target word "problem" in given context. Need output JSON {"sense_index": ...}. We must reason carefully. Let's parse context.

Context: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a <t>problem</t>, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly." The phrase "immigration problem" earlier: "our immigration problem to be solved." Then later "immigration being a burden and a problem". Candidate senses:
1. a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved (syn job) e.g., "she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him"
2. a question raised for consideration or solution (homework problems)
3. a source of difficulty (syn trouble) e.g., "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?"

Need decide if "problem" in "immigration being a burden and a problem" refers to immigration viewed as a problematic issue/state of difficulty, or a source of difficulty. In "our immigration problem to be solved" sense 1 "state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" fits strongly: immigration as a difficulty needing resolution. In the second occurrence, "notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" also seems to label immigration as a state of difficulty / problematic condition. But the phrase "a problem" may be "source of difficulty"? Let's analyze WordNet senses.

Sense 1: problem%1:26:00:: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved". Synonyms: job. Examples: "she and her husband are having problems"; "it is always a job to contact him". This is the general "issue" sense: something difficult. "Immigration problem" as an issue to be solved. Sense 3: problem%1:09:00:: "a source of difficulty". Syn: trouble. Examples: "one trouble after another delayed the job"; "what's the problem?". This is more like something causing difficulty, a trouble. "What's the problem?" asks for source. "He is a problem" maybe means source. The text: "immigration being a burden and a problem" - immigrants as burden on society/economy. The "problem" maybe a state of difficulty, not source. They see immigrants as a burden and a problem (issue). "Problem" as an abstract difficult situation. That's sense 1. In typical WSD, "immigration problem" would be problem.01? Let's check SemCor mappings. "problem" in "drug problem" often sense 1? WordNet 3.0: problem%1:26:00:: (state of difficulty) and problem%1:09:00:: (source of difficulty). The difference: "a problem" indefinite as a source of difficulty vs "the problem" as state? Actually examples: sense1 includes "she and her husband are having problems" (plural) and "it is always a job to contact him". Sense3 includes "what's the problem?" and "one trouble after another delayed the job". "Our immigration problem to be solved" clearly sense1: a difficulty that needs resolution. The target occurrence: "a <t>problem</t>" in "notion of immigration being a burden and a problem". This is a noun coordinated with burden. Burden = a heavy load, a duty/drain. Problem = something causing difficulty? They view immigrants as burden and problem. The phrase "immigration being a burden and a problem" treats immigration as a problematic situation. Likely sense 1: state of difficulty. But maybe sense 3 because immigrants are a source of difficulty/trouble for economy. Let's compare definitions.

Sense 1 "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - immigration problem = a difficult state regarding immigration. Sense 3 "a source of difficulty" - immigrants are a source of difficulty. In context "immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society" then "immigration being a burden and a problem". They are not saying immigration is a state; they label it as a burden and a problem (source). But "problem" as mass/count: "a problem" can be either. "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity... immigration problem to be solved." This noun phrase "immigration problem" is a compound. If asked WSD of "problem" in "immigration problem to be solved", sense 1. The target is later "a problem", anaphoric to the same idea. So sense 1.

Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: book
Target surface form: book
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent <t>book</t> summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=book%1:10:00:: | definition=a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together) | examples=I am reading a good book on economics
2. sense_key=book%1:06:00:: | definition=physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together | synonyms=volume | examples=he used a large book as a doorstop
3. sense_key=book%1:10:02:: | definition=a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone | synonyms=record, record book | examples=Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'; his name is in all the record books
4. sense_key=book%1:10:01:: | definition=a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance | synonyms=script, playscript
5. sense_key=book%1:21:00:: | definition=a record in which commercial accounts are recorded | synonyms=ledger, leger, account book, book of account | examples=they got a subpoena to examine our books
6. sense_key=book%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game
7. sense_key=book%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made | synonyms=rule book | examples=they run things by the book around here
8. sense_key=book%1:10:05:: | definition=the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | synonyms=Koran, Quran, al-Qur'an
9. sense_key=book%1:10:04:: | definition=the sacred writings of the Christian religions | synonyms=Bible, Christian Bible, Good Book, Holy Scripture, Holy Writ, Scripture | examples=he went to carry the Word to the heathen
10. sense_key=book%1:10:03:: | definition=a major division of a long written composition | examples=the book of Isaiah
11. sense_key=book%1:06:02:: | definition=a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge | examples=he bought a book of stamps

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "book" in context: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent <t>book</t> summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.)". This is a published written work/composition. Sense 1: a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together). Example "I am reading a good book on economics". Perfect. Sense 2 physical object, not primary. Sense 3 record book. No. So index 1. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Cloudflare

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform WSD for lemma immigration surface form immigration. Candidate senses: 1 immigration%1:04:00:: migration into a place (especially migration to a country...); 2 immigration%1:14:00:: body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval. Context: phrase "most recent knowledge of immigration" and "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth". This refers to immigration as process/phenomenon of migration into a place, not body of immigrants. Sense 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Only that.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: People
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best indexed sense for target lemma "people" surface "People" in title "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future". Context about immigration, migration, exceptional people meaning humans who migrated. The title suggests any group of human beings collectively? likely sense 1: plural any group of human beings. The book title uses "People" to refer to humans in general/migrants, not citizens of a country (though national context maybe). "Exceptional People" as outstanding humans. The phrase "Exceptional People" in book about migration shaped our world: refers to migrants as people, exceptional human beings. So sense 1.

Need return JSON only {"sense_index":1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: Migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for target lemma migration, surface Migration in context. Target is title "How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future" about immigration flows of people. Candidate senses: 1 movement of persons from one country or locality to another. 2 group of people migrating together. 3 chemistry atom movement. 4 periodic passage of groups animals. Context: immigration problem, positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries that admit immigrants. So sense 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: Future
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "future" (surface form "Future") in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the 3 candidates and return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence is: "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>"

 This is a book title. The phrase "Will Define Our Future" clearly refers to the time yet to come - how migration will shape what happens to our world in the time ahead.

 Candidate senses:
 1. future%1:28:00:: - the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
 2. future%1:10:00:: - a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
 3. future%1:06:00:: - bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

 In the context "How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future", "Future" refers to the time yet to come - what will happen to the world going forward. It's not a verb tense, and it's not about commodities/futures trading.

 The best sense is sense 1: "the time yet to come" with synonyms hereafter, futurity, time to come.

 I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: specialist
Target surface form: specialists
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "specialists" in the given context.

Context: The sentence is about economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron summarizing knowledge about immigration, and stating there is wide consensus among "specialists" on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment.

Candidate senses:
1. specialist%1:18:00:: - an expert devoted to one occupation or branch of learning (specializer, specialiser)
2. specialist%1:18:01:: - practices one branch of medicine (medical specialist)

The context clearly refers to economists and immigration experts - people devoted to the study/occupation of economics/immigration studies. It does NOT refer to medical doctors. The word is used in a broad academic/expert sense.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.

I need to return only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "impact" in the given context. I need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidates.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

Here, "impact" refers to the effect or consequence that migration flows have on economic growth, wages, and employment. It's about a strong effect or consequence.

Candidate senses:
1. impact%1:11:00:: - the striking of one body against another (physical collision)
2. impact%1:19:00:: - a forceful consequence; a strong effect (synonyms: wallop; examples: the book had an important impact on my thinking)
3. impact%1:04:00:: - influencing strongly (synonyms: impingement, encroachment)
4. impact%1:04:01:: - the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat (synonyms: shock)

The context is clearly about economic effects/consequences, not physical collision or combat. The phrase "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment" matches sense 2 "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" with the example "the book had an important impact on my thinking."

Sense 3 is "influencing strongly" which is close but more active/process-oriented. The noun form here refers to the result/effect itself, not the act of influencing.

Sense 2 is the best fit: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect."

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The target word is "migration" in the context of discussing immigration, economic growth, wages, employment, and flows of people admitted by countries. This clearly refers to the movement of persons from one country to another.

Looking at candidate senses:
1. migration%1:04:00:: = the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. migration%1:14:00:: = a group of people migrating together
3. migration%1:11:01:: = chemistry term (atom/radical movement)
4. migration%1:11:00:: = periodic passage of animals/birds/fishes

The context is about human migration/immigration flows and their economic impact. The title "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World" confirms this refers to human migration as a movement of persons. While it's talking about "migration flows" (which could sound like a group), the sense is about the movement/phenomenon itself, not the group as a collective noun.

Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with JSON only. Let's analyze. Target: flows in phrase "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment". WordNet senses: 1 motion characteristic of fluids; 2 amount/time; 3 act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression; 4 any uninterrupted stream or discharge; 5 something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously (stream of people/visitors); 6 dominant course of successive events/ideas (two streams of development; stream of consciousness); 7 menstruation.

"Migration flows" refers to streams of people moving, analogous to visitors. Sense 5 definition: something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously; examples include flow of visitors. Synonym stream. Sense 3 is the act of flowing/streaming; continuous progression more general. Sense 6 dominant course of successive events/ideas, examples development. "Migration flows" likely fits sense 5 (people moving continuously). In WordNet, "flow" sense 5 synset includes flow of traffic, visitors. Sense index 5. Need output JSON exact.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose sense for "employment" in context. Need produce JSON only. Let's analyze.

Context: economists consensus on positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Target lemma employment surface employment. Candidate senses:
1. state of being employed or having a job (employment%1:26:00::) they are looking for employment; in the employ. This is a state/condition (noun.state).
2. occupation for which you are paid (employment%1:04:00::) synonyms work. Noun.act? Actually specific activity? More like occupation. Examples: he is looking for employment; out of work.
3. act of giving someone a job (engagement).
4. act of using.

Context: impact on economic growth, wages and employment. Here employment means the level/state of people having jobs, i.e., state of being employed or having a job. It pairs with wages and growth. "Harms employment" means reduces the number/level of jobs (state). Sense 1 definition "the state of being employed or having a job" fits. Sense 2 "the occupation for which you are paid" is more individual occupation; "out of work" example but "harming employment" not harm one's occupation but overall job level. So best is sense 1. Need output exact JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD. Target lemma country, surface countries. Context: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants." So countries = nations/polities that admit immigrants. Need choose among candidate senses.

Sense 1: country%1:14:00:: a politically organized body of people under a single government. Synonyms state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic. Examples: the state has elected a new president; African nations. This is political entity/government.

Sense 2: country%1:15:00:: the territory occupied by a nation. Synonyms state, land. Examples he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries. This is geographic territory.

Sense 3: country%1:14:01:: the people who live in a nation or country. Synonyms nation, land. Examples a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation. This is people.

Sense 4: rural area, irrelevant.

Sense 5: a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary, area, irrelevant.

In phrase "in countries, which admit immigrants": "admit" is an action by political entity/government. "impact on economic growth, wages and employment in countries" could be in the countries as territories/areas? But relative clause "which admit immigrants" selects countries as entities with immigration policy. The sense that admits immigrants is a nation/state as political body. So sense 1 likely. Let's inspect subtlety: "countries" as sovereign states. WordNet sense 1 is "a politically organized body of people under a single government", sense 2 territory. "countries which admit immigrants" refers to sovereign states. Synonyms state, nation. In economics literature, "countries" often means national economies/states. Sense 1 or 2? Examples for sense 2 include "he visited several European countries" (territory), "the land of his birth". The current use is about economic impacts in countries that admit immigrants; this can be interpreted as territories/national economies, but "admit" strongly points to political organization. In WordNet, sense 1 (politically organized body) is often used for "the country raised tariffs", "developed countries" maybe? Hmm. "Developed countries" mapping in WSD tasks often maps to country%1:14:00:: (state/nation as polity) or maybe country%1:15:00::? Need decide.

Let's recall standard WordNet sense frequency for "country". Country%1:14:00:: is "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (most common? Maybe noun.group) including 'country' as nation-state. Country%1:15:00:: is territory. Many uses of "country" meaning nation map to sense 1, e.g., "Japan is a country" likely sense 1. The examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations" refer to political entity/government. "Admit immigrants" is done by governments. So sense 1.

But consider phrase "on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants" — "in countries" meaning within their territories. However, WSD target sense should combine all aspects. Relative clause "which admit immigrants" most strongly disambiguates to sense 1. If it were "in countries with high mountains," sense 2/5. Here "admit" is a political/governance verb. So answer sense_index: 1.

We need output JSON only.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need produce JSON with sense_index. Need choose between sense 1 immigration%1:04:00:: migration into a place; sense 2 immigration%1:14:00:: body of immigrants arriving during interval. Context: "Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment." Here immigration is process/activity (migration into a place), not body of immigrants. Also earlier "immigration problem", "positive impact of migration flows". So choose sense 1. Return only {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best index sense for target surface growth in provided context. Let's parse context. The lemma growth appears phrase: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment." The overall discussion is economic growth. The economists mention positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment. Here growth is economic growth, increasing size/activity of economy. Candidate senses:
1 biological process organism growing.
2 progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., culture growth).
3 a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; synonyms increase, increment; examples the increase in unemployment; growth of population.
4 vegetation.
5 gradual beginning/emergence.
6 pathology abnormal proliferation tumor.
7 something grown/hair.
Economic growth = increase in economic output, process of becoming larger/more important. Sense 3 fits. "anaemic growth" = weak economic growth. Answer JSON with sense_index:3. Need no extra.
Final should be only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. No commentary. Ensure index is integer maybe 3.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "employment" in context: "... positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries ... Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
Candidate senses:
1 state of being employed/having a job. Gloss: the state of being employed or having a job; synonyms employ; examples they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city.
2 occupation for which you are paid; synonyms work; examples he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work.
3 act of giving someone a job; synonyms engagement.
4 act of using.
Context: impact on wages and employment in countries that admit immigrants. Restraining immigration harms employment. This is about jobs, level of employment; "employment" as the state of having a job, often economic indicator. In economic discourse, employment means the number of people with jobs / state of being employed. That maps to sense 1. Sense 2 is work/occupation as a general occupation; less fits macro level "impact on wages and employment." Sense 3 is an act of hiring singular; seems not. Sense 4=using, irrelevant. So answer: {"sense_index":1}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense for "Fears" in context. Let's analyze. Target lemma fear, surface Fears. Context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..." This is about anxious feeling/concern regarding impact. Candidate sense 1: emotion experienced in anticipation of pain/danger, fearfulness, fright. Sense 2: an anxious feeling, concern, care. Sense 3: reverence/awe. The phrase "Fears about the impact of immigrants" is not reverence. Between 1 and 2. Sense 1 is fear as fright, anticipation of danger. Sense 2 is anxious feeling, concern. The context: fears about economic impact, not necessarily personal pain/danger, but concern/worry. The examples for sense 2 include "out of fear of public reaction". This matches "Fears about the impact of immigrants" = anxious concerns. In WordNet, fear%1:12:01:: is "an anxious feeling; care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction". This is likely best. Sense 1 is more primal fright. So answer index 2. Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "impact" in a specific context. I need to choose the best sense from the 4 candidates and return a JSON object with the sense index.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
- This is about the effect/consequence of immigrants on the economy, wages, employment, etc.
- "Positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment" earlier in the text.
- The target occurrence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants" - here it's about the effect immigrants have.

Candidate senses:
1. impact%1:11:00:: - the striking of one body against another (physical collision)
2. impact%1:19:00:: - a forceful consequence; a strong effect (abstract effect)
3. impact%1:04:00:: - influencing strongly (synonyms: impingement, encroachment)
4. impact%1:04:01:: - violent interaction of individuals/groups entering combat

The context is clearly about economic and social effects/consequences, not physical striking, not combat, and not about encroachment/infringement. The examples for sense 2: "the book had an important impact on my thinking" - this matches perfectly with "impact of immigrants on wages/employment".

Sense 3's synonyms "impingement, encroachment" suggest something more like intrusion or infringement, which doesn't fit the economic effect meaning here.

The word "impact" in the context is a noun meaning "effect/consequence". Sense 2 is the best match.

I should return: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for target word "notion" in the given context. Need output JSON with sense_index only, not key. We should not include explanation in final? User asks return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. We need final just JSON.

We need analyze context. The phrase: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages." Also earlier notion of immigration being a burden and a problem uses candidate? Actually earlier sentence uses "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" which is same target concept but target surface is later? It says target surface form <t>notion</t> is in second occurrence. We need choose sense.

Candidates:
1. vague idea in which some confidence is placed (impression, feeling, belief, opinion)
2. a general inclusive concept
3. odd or fanciful or capricious idea (whim)
4. small personal articles etc

This notion refers to an idea/belief held by people (fear based on the notion that immigrants replace native workers). It's a belief/opinion. Could be sense 1 "vague idea in which some confidence is placed" with synonyms impression, feeling, belief, opinion. It is a belief that immigrants replace native workers; some confidence placed? Yes "notion" often means idea or belief. Sense 2 is a general inclusive concept: refers to abstract concept (e.g., notion of democracy). Actually in context "notion that..." is a belief, an idea. WordNet sense 1 (index 1) has definition vague idea in which some confidence is placed. Example "his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings?" That's basically belief/opinion. Sense 2 "general inclusive concept" could be "notion of freedom" etc. Here "the notion that immigrants are liable to replace native workers" is more of a belief/idea, a conviction. Is it vague? It is not necessarily vague; it's a general inclusive concept? Hmm.

WordNet "notion" sense 1: a vague idea in which some confidence is placed. Synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, opinion. Senses: "I had a feeling that she was lying"; "he had a vague notion of what was going on." Actually the gloss "vague idea in which some confidence is placed" aligns with "a notion that..." meaning belief. Sense 2 "a general inclusive concept" includes concepts like "the notion of time". Example maybe missing. Which is best? The context: "Fears ... are based on the notion that immigrants are liable to replace native workers." This is a belief or idea (perhaps false) held by people. Sense 1 seems best. Also there is sense 3 odd/fanciful; not applicable. Sense 4 not.

Need consider earlier "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" similarly. It is a concept? WordNet sense 2 maybe "a general inclusive concept" might be "notion of immigration being a burden". But the sentence "the notion that immigrants are liable..." with a that-clause often corresponds to sense 1 "belief". Also synonyms include belief, opinion. The phrase "based on the notion that" = based on the idea/belief that. So sense index 1.

Therefore output {"sense_index":1}. Ensure exact JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON. Need choose sense for surface "workers" in context. Target lemma worker. Context: immigrants replace native workers, unskilled ones. This is people who work at specific occupation? Sense 1 definition: a person who works at a specific occupation. Example "he is a good worker". Could apply. Sense 2: member of working class (not necessarily employed), proletarian. Example "workers of the world--unite!". Here context is about native labor force, employees, likely employed or at occupation. The phrase "native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages" refers to people working in jobs. So sense 1 fits best: a person who works at a specific occupation. Sense 4 a person who acts and gets things done - not. Sense 3 insect - no.
Return only JSON.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The task is Word Sense Disambiguation for target lemma "one", surface form "ones", context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages." Candidate senses: 1: numeral smallest whole number; 2: a single person or thing. "ones" as anaphoric substitute for "workers": "unskilled ones" means unskilled workers/persons. Sense 2: a single person or thing; though plural "ones" substitutes plural noun, but sense 2 covers "one" as a single person or thing used anaphorically? In WordNet, sense 2 examples: "he is the best one", "this is the one I ordered". But "ones" as pronoun for persons/things fits sense 2. Sense 1 is numeral. Here "ones" is not a numeral; it's a pronoun replacing workers. Thus choose sense 2. Return JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "pressure" in phrase "exerting downward pressure on wages". Context: immigration fears that immigrants replace native workers, exerting downward pressure on wages. This is economic sense, influence causing wages to decrease. WordNet senses: 1 physical force per unit area. 2 a force that compels (public pressure). 3 act of pressing. 4 state demanding notice. 5 somatic sensation. 6 oppressive condition of physical/mental/social/economic distress. 7 atmospheric pressure.

Which best? "pressure on wages" is economic condition causing distress? Sense 6: an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress. But phrase "downward pressure on wages" means a force pushing wages down. Sense 2: a force that compels. Example "the public brought pressure to bear on the government". This is abstract compelling force. In economics, "downward pressure on wages" = a force compelling wages downward. Sense 6 is more about distress/pressure (e.g., financial pressure). Here it's not a state of distress but an influence. The target is "exerting downward pressure on wages". "Pressure" is the force/influence exerted. Sense 2 seems best. Need ensure not sense 1 physical. No. Sense 6 could be "economic distress" but "pressure on wages" is not distress itself. The phrase "exert pressure on" matches sense 2. So answer index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need produce JSON only, choose one sense. Need reason. Target lemma experience surface. Context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary..." Here "experience" is general accumulated knowledge/practice from observed events, not a specific event. Definition 1 accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities; examples "experience is the best teacher". Fits. Sense 2 = content of direct observation or participation in an event (he had a religious experience). Not fit. Sense 3 = an event as apprehended (a surprising experience). Not fit. So index 1. Need JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for target lemma replacement, surface form replacements. Need choose best indexed sense among six candidate senses. We need return only JSON like {"sense_index":3}. Need analyze context.

Context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor". The phrase "replacements of local labor" means things/people that take the place of local labor. It's noun plural. Complementary to local labor rather than replacements (substitutes) of local labor. Which sense best? Let's examine candidates:

1 replacement%1:04:00:: definition: the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another. Synonyms replacing. This is act/process. In context, "rather than replacements of local labor" - here replacements are not acts but persons/things? The phrase "replacements of local labor" could refer to substitutes for local labor (i.e., immigrants as substitutes). It is nominal referring to people/things that replace, not the act. So not sense 1.

2 replacement%1:18:02:: someone who takes the place of another person; synonyms surrogate, alternate. This is a person. In context "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor". Could refer to immigrants as persons replacing local workers. But "local labor" is a collective/abstract, not a person? "replacements of local labor" maybe persons replacing local labor force. Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person. Examples? Not given. "replacement of local labor" = substitutes for local labor.

3 replacement%1:11:00:: an event in which one thing is substituted for another; synonyms substitution, permutation, transposition, switch. This is event. Context not an event.

4 replacement%1:09:00:: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another; synonyms substitute. This includes person or thing. This seems broad: immigrants are replacements of local labor = substitute for local labor. Good.

5 refilling/renewal - no.

6 successor - following next in order - no.

Between 2 and 4. Sense 2 specifically a person who takes the place of another person. Sense 4 broader: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another. The phrase "replacements of local labor" refers to immigrants (people) but not necessarily taking place of a particular person; they substitute for local labor as a factor of production. "Replacement" as a substitute. In WordNet, sense 4 definition "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" synonyms substitute. That matches "replacements" as substitute for local labor. Also the comparison "complementary to ... rather than replacements of" mirrors economic terms: complements vs substitutes. So sense 4 likely.

Check if sense 2 maybe more specific? Definition "someone who takes the place of another person" synonyms surrogate, alternate. Example not given. Immigrants taking place of native workers (another person) -> sense 2? But local labor is not an individual person; also "replacements of local labor" as a thing/role. The target plural is "replacements" not "replacement", and phrase "replacements of local labor" = substitute. The most common sense? In WordNet, replacement as a person or thing that substitutes = sense 4. Sense 2 is "someone who takes the place of another person". The gloss includes "someone" only, while sense 4 includes person or thing. Which one is used in "replacement for X"? Example "a replacement for the broken dish" -> sense 4. For workers? Could be sense 2 if a stand-in for a person. But "local labor" collective is not a person. Also sentence emphasizes "immigrants are complementary to rather than replacements of local labor" -> they are not a substitute factor. So sense 4.

Need output only JSON. Use index 4. Ensure exact format.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON. Need disambiguate 'labor' in context. Surface "local <t>labor</t>" phrase "shortage of local labor". Glosses: sense 1: social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages. Syn labour, working class, proletariat. Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field". That seems exactly. Sense 2 productive work, especially physical work done for wages, example "his labor did not require a great deal of skill". Which fits? "local labor" refers to workers/workforce, i.e., labor force. Here sense 1 or 2 ambiguous. WN noun sense 1 is the social class; sense 2 is work. The phrase "local labor" in economics means local workforce. Example from sense 1: shortage of skilled labor in this field (class). The sentence says immigrants are complementary to local labor, exercising trades with shortage of local labor. That means local workers/labor force. So likely sense 1. Let's inspect WordNet senses more precisely: labor%1:14:00:: = noun.group? 1:14 = noun.group? Actually synset offsets. sense1: 'a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages'. sense2: 'productive work (especially physical work done for wages)'. In context, "complementary to local labor" could mean local workforce, both. But "shortage of local labor" is shortage of workers, matches sense 1's example. Also phrase "workers ... rather than replacements of, local labor" explicitly says replacements of local labor; replacement implies workers, but labor as workers can be collective workforce, sense 1. The answer should be index 1. We must output only JSON with sense_index.