[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "<t>says</t> Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer as JSON only. We need choose best sense for word 'says' in sentence quoting Samuel Broder and earlier Mr. Quinlan. The target token <t>says</t> is in Samuel Broder ... director. It's a reporting verb introducing direct speech. Definition express in words/state/tell sense 1. But sense 2 report or maintain? In the quote "It turns out... says Samuel Broder". This is a journalistic "says" to attribute a statement. In WordNet, say%2:32:00:: express in words or say%2:32:01:: report or maintain. In journalism, "says X,..." is often report or maintain? Let's examine glosses.

1 express in words: 'He said that he wanted to marry her' (verb of uttering/expressing). Examples with direct/indirect speech.
2 report or maintain: synonyms allege, aver. Examples: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" which is also a reporting verb with that clause reporting a claim. The difference maybe sense 2 emphasizes "report or maintain" as claim or assert, with synonyms allege/aver. The gloss "report or maintain" can be reporting information in speech. In the context, he is being quoted. The word introduces his opinion. Is it more sense 1 or 2? WordNet likely annotates reporting "says" in news text as sense 1? We need determine single best.

Let's analyze candidate senses further. There are two relevant uses here: one earlier "says Mr. Quinlan." That is also reporting. The target <t>says</t> refers to Samuel Broder. Usually WSD for say in direct-speech attribution can be sense 1 (express in words). But there is perhaps a sense "report or maintain"? Let's see WordNet example sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this is reporting in indirect statement, similar to journalistic. Gloss "report or maintain". In a direct quote attribution, maybe it's still introducing a statement, i.e. report. The fact he is director: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder. This is a report in a story; the reporter uses "says" to report speech. sense 2 might be better because it is specifically "report". sense 1 "express in words" might be more about actually speaking and expressing something. But both are plausible.

We need choose one. The user instructs: fine-grained WSD. Use sentence context, examples, synonyms. "Do not hedge. Choose single best." Need return JSON {"sense_index": ...}. There is trap: Both occurrences? The target token is in Broder, not Quinlan. The prior "says Mr. Quinlan" is same verb but not target, but context.

Let's compare definitions. sense 1 "express in words", syn/tell/state; examples: He ... wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you. Sense 2 "report or maintain", syn/allege/aver; examples: He alleged he was victim; He said it was too late to intervene in the war. In Broder's quote, he's expressing a scientific assessment and communicating. In journalism, the quote "says X" is exactly reporting. He is being quoted/reported, not just expressing. The verb is attributing a quote to Samuel Broder. This aligns with sense 2. However, in many SemCor annotations, reporting "said" is tagged sense 1? Let's recall. WordNet for say has many senses. SemCor is annotated with sense keys. The verb say is highly polysemous. In the Brown corpus, a sentence like "he said" for direct speech is commonly annotated as say%2:32:00::? I can check memory. Sense 2:32:00:: glosses "express words". Could be used in direct speech. Sense 2:32:01 is "report or maintain" often with "let's say"? Actually "Let's say" is sense 3. Hmm.

Let's inspect sense numbers: say%2:32:00:: express in words. say%2:32:01:: report or maintain. In FrameNet maybe say.01: communication. But WSD needs index.

What is typical WordNet distinction? "report or maintain" synonyms allege/aver may correspond to "say" in legal contexts like "The indictment says ..." or "he says he's innocent". Example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" actually could be either telling or reporting. But the presence of "allege, aver" suggests claiming something, not neutral reporting. In our context, Broder isn't alleged or merely averring; he's asserting as a fact. That could align with "report or maintain" (he reports/maintains that insights were made). But "express in words" is the broad intro to direct quotes.

We need avoid guessing. Let's reason with candidate specifics. Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - exactly direct/indirect speech introducing words. It includes a "that"-clause. The gloss "express in words" focuses on encoding a message in language. The target "says Samuel Broder" introduces a direct quotation. This is the prototypical use of sense 1. Sense 2 "report or maintain" focuses on stating information or belief, often claiming. Example indirect "He said it was too late to intervene in the war". It doesn't have direct quote attribution. In journalism, one says "X said" not "X alleged". Sense 1 likely broader and common.

Earlier occurrence: "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This is same usage as target. If both are sense 1. Broder one: quoted speech.

Sense 13: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" examples "I say let's forget..." Could be used. Broder gives opinion "I am convinced". But the target introduces both quote and opinion? The target says: "...says Samuel Broder, director... 'All this may not be obvious to the public...'". The "says" is reporting an attributed statement. Could be sense 13? He is giving his opinion as a declaration. But the direct quote is not "I say ..."; it's just an attributed statement.

Actually the sentence: "It turns out that studying ... cancer," says Samuel Broder, director of ... "All this may not ..." There are two quotes separated by attribution. But the first quote is then attributed with "says Samuel Broder". So "says" introduces direct speech.

I think sense_key=say%2:32:00:: (index 1) is best for direct-speech attribution. Let's verify if any other sense could be better. Sense 8 "utter aloud" direct quote with exact quote: "She said `Hello'" maybe? Sense 1: "He said that he wanted ..." includes indirect. The example for sense 8: She said `Hello' to everyone; that is direct speech of greeting. But in journalistic quote, the person is making a longer statement, not just uttering aloud. Yet sense 8 gloss "utter aloud" (pronounce? maybe not). The target is not just uttering a fixed text; it's communicating discourse. Sense 1 more appropriate.

Sense 6: speak/pronounce/articulate in a certain way. No.

Sense 7: nonverbal. No.

Sense 10: recite fixed text. No (not grace or prayer).

Sense 11: indicate (clock). No.

Sense 4: have certain wording/form. No.

Sense 3: Let's say supposition. No.

Sense 5: give instructions/order. No.

Between 1 and 2. We need decide definitely.

Let's examine examples carefully:
Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you". The synonym "tell" example "tell me what is bothering you" is imperative. So sense 1 includes expressing content via words. Direct quote: "He said ..." likely sense 1 as well.
Sense 2 examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war". These are reports/claims. It is a subset of saying where the content is an assertion or claimed fact. But "says" in news attribution is exactly a report. However the synonym "allege, aver" implies perhaps not neutral reporting. Does Broder's statement contain a claim? It says "It turns out... made possible fundamental insights" and "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results." This is him maintaining an opinion. So sense 2 could be argued.

But in sense 2, the directs could be "report". In "The official says the project will succeed," it's report. That is sense 2? Maybe WSD distinguishes "say" as "report or maintain" vs "express in words"? Hmm.

Let's consider WordNet indexing. Lexicographers may have used sense 2 for "The passage says ...? no that's sense 4. Sense 1 is likely the most frequent, encompassing all speech act introducing. Sense 2 is perhaps "state as a fact; claim" not just express. But the direct speech in news is "says" not "claims". It's neutral. Sense 1.

Could use corpus-level mapping: In SemCor, "says" in news direct speech is often sense 1. I recall wordnet examples: "When Felix first threatened to leave, she said ..." sense 1? Not sure. But what's the difference with sense 2? Let's search memory of WordNet 3.0 for say. I know sense 2:32:01 "report or maintain" has example "The story says that the King went mad". This is textual configuration? Wait, sense 4 is have certain wording/form. The example "What does the law say?" is not only report but meaning. Actually "The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?" is sense 4 (textual content). Sense 2 example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - that is actual speech reporting. But also "He alleged that he was victim" as a subdefinition. Maybe sense 2 is for verb with complement "that X", where one is asserting a proposition. The target has a quote, not a that-clause. Yet the quote's content can be seen as that-clause equivalent. The grammatical frame for sense 2 may be "say that..."; the target has say + direct quote. The example sense 1 "He said that..." is also that-clause. Hmm.

WordNet doesn't always restrict grammar. But examples can guide.

Let's define best: when someone is quoted in a news article, the verb "says" simply attributes the quoted words, functioning as a reporting verb. The sense "report or maintain" (sense 2) captures that. But the fact that synonyms are "allege, aver" perhaps too strong (implying unproven claim). Broder's quote is direct and authoritative. "state" in sense 1 synonyms better fits authoritative news attribution. Also sense 1 primary meaning: "express in words". All speech is expressing in words. Thus maybe sense 1 is too broad; but broadness is okay.

In WSD tasks, the most frequent sense for "say" in such contexts is sense 1. If this is "ALL".

I need answer exactly JSON. The instructions say return {"sense_index": 3} example. So choose index 1 or 2. Need final.

Let's think deeper: target surface form "says" present tense. Context: This is a newspaper article. Quotes use present tense "says". In WordNet examples, "He said that he wanted to marry her" past tense indirect/quoting. That is sense 1. The first target earlier "says Mr. Quinlan" also present tense attribution; definitely matches sense 1? If same token appears earlier not target but same meaning. "It made our New Year," says Mr. Quinlan. That exactly analogous. We can imagine its index would be 1. The Broder one too.

Now consider sense 2 example: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" from news? Could be attribution of indirect speech. This might be sense 2. If target were "says" introducing a direct quote, are there distinct senses for direct vs indirect? Probably not. Sense 1 includes direct speech.

Maybe the actual benchmark expects sense 2? Since they included sense 2 with example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" relevant to reporting. The disambiguation might be ambiguous to test. But we must choose best.

Let's look at synonyms: sense 1 synonyms: state, tell. Sense 2: allege, aver. For a science director quoted in article, "state" fits better than "allege". The quote states an opinion. So sense 1.

Also note that sense 13 "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" synonyms? examples "I say let's forget this whole business". This could be a declaration of opinion. Broder declares his conviction. But the word introduces quote, not "I say". However the second quote begins "All this may not be obvious... but I am convinced..." after says Broder. The first quote has "It turns out ..." The verb says attributes the whole statement. He is expressing judgment. Could sense 13 be better? It is a more specific sense. Definition: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. Example "I say let's forget this whole business". That is proposing/declaring. For reported speech of expert, not exactly. Thus not.

Sense 1 is best.

Need output JSON only, no explanation. Without hedging. The final must be exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

Double-check indexing: candidate senses listed 1 to 11. The target sense key for sense 1 is say%2:32:00::. So index 1.

But let's ensure not maybe index 2. Let's try to see how an expert might choose. The question from user: "Because of the isolation... 'It made our New Year, 'says Mr. Quinlan. ... 'It turns out ...,' says Samuel Broder... 'All this...'". They included two uses of says in context; target is <t> says. If they expect to differentiate between 1 and 2, maybe they emphasize the "reporting" nature. But sense 1 also express words. In WordNet, the direct speech reporting is perhaps sense 1. Let's see if there is a WSD evaluation known: The sentence is from a Wall Street Journal article (maybe?). WordNet annotation often marks reported speech "says" as sense 1? Let me recall: In SemCor, "says" is sometimes wn sense 2:32:00::. Example: "``I don't think so,'' says Dr. ..." maybe sense 1. I'm pretty certain.

Let's analyze definitions through hypernyms. WordNet senses:
- say.v.01: express in words (communication verb). Hypernym: express, verbalize, give tongue to.
- say.v.02: report or maintain. Hypernym: assert, asseverate, maintain.
So sense 1 is generic "express"; sense 2 is subtype of asserting. For a direct quote attribution, if the content is an assertion, sense 2 might be hypernym-compatible. But the lexicographer definition of "say" in sense 2 in WordNet is "report or maintain" -> assert. The direct quote "It turns out..." is indeed an assertion. The speaker is Broder asserting. However 95% of occurrences of "said/says" as speech reports in news would be sense 1? WordNet might only use sense 2 for "He says he didn't do it" (claim). In a news article, someone says something to a reporter; the reporter uses "says" to report the content. That is arguably sense 2. But sense 1 gloss example "He said that he wanted to marry her" is also reporting. So where is boundary? Maybe sense 2 applies when reporting a claim that can be false or disputed, as in "He said it was too late"; sense 1 applies when expressing content of speech in general.

Let's examine the example "He said that he wanted to marry her". That is not a claim about facts? It reports the content of what he said. The hypernym is "express" vs "assert". "wanted to marry her" is something expressed, not necessarily asserted. Hmm. The news article's direct quotes are expressions of thought/opinion.

Since target introduces direct speech in active reporting verb and the quote is not an order, supposition, recitation, etc., sense 1 is the default. I feel safe.

There is an instruction: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So JSON with sense_index. Also return only a JSON object. Need avoid any extra text. We'll final.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: director
Target surface form: director
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "director" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidates.

Let me analyze the context:
- Samuel Broder is identified as "director of the National Cancer Institute"
- The National Cancer Institute is a major government health/scientific institution
- Samuel Broder is being quoted as a leading expert/cancer researcher
- He is the head of this institution

Now let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

The indexing in the question is 1-5, but the sense keys show different WordNet indices. Let me map carefully:

The candidate list is numbered 1-5 by the user, and I should return the user's index.

Let me understand each:
- User index 1: director%1:18:00:: - someone who controls resources and expenditures / manager, managing director
- User index 2: director%1:18:03:: - member of a board of directors
- User index 3: director%1:18:02:: - theater/film/theatre director (wait, the definition says "someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show" - that's theater director)
- User index 4: director%1:18:04:: - film director
- User index 5: director%1:18:01:: - music director / conductor

The context: "Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute"

Samuel Broder was actually the Director of the National Cancer Institute (a high-ranking government position). He's the head/administrator of a major scientific institution.

Which sense best fits?
- Not theater director (sense 3)
- Not film director (sense 4)
- Not music director (sense 5)
- Not member of a board of directors (sense 2) - he's not described as a board member
- Sense 1: "someone who controls resources and expenditures" - manager, managing director. This is actually close to an executive director/administrator role.

But wait - in WordNet, the sense for a person who directs an organization is typically the first sense. The "managing director" sense. Actually, in standard WordNet, director sense 1 is "someone who controls resources and expenditures" (manager/managing director).

The National Cancer Institute director is someone who leads/manages a large organization. So sense 1 (user index 1) seems most appropriate.

However, let me reconsider. Samuel Broder as director of NCI - he is the head/chief executive of the organization. The WordNet gloss "someone who controls resources and expenditures" with synonyms "manager, managing director" does fit reasonably well, though it's schematic.

Between user index 1 and user index 2:
- User index 2 is "member of a board of directors" - that's a specific board role, not the executive director of an institute. So not fit.

So the answer should be user index 1.

Wait, but I should double-check the original WordNet sense ordering. In WordNet 3.0:
- director.n.01: someone who controls resources and expenditures
- director.n.02: the person who leads a musical group
- director.n.03: someone who supervises the actors...
- director.n.04: the person who directs the making of a film
- director.n.05: member of a board of directors

But the user has provided specific sense keys with their own numbering. I should use the user's numbering (1-5).

User's sense 1 = director%1:18:00:: = someone who controls resources and expenditures
User's sense 2 = director%1:18:03:: = member of a board of directors
User's sense 3 = director%1:18:02:: = theater director
User's sense 4 = director%1:18:04:: = film director
User's sense 5 = director%1:18:01:: = music director

The best fit for "director of the National Cancer Institute" is user index 1 (the manager/head of an organization).

I need to return only {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: public
Target surface form: public
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "public" in the given context. The target surface form is "public".

Context: "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

I need to decide which sense fits best.

The phrase is "the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment". This refers to people in general, the general populace, not a specific body of people sharing a common interest. The relative clause "which is concerned about advances in treatment" describes the general population's concern, not a specialized group like "the reading public".

Sense 1: "people in general considered as a whole" - this fits perfectly. The public here means the general populace.
Sense 2: "a body of people sharing some common interest" - this would be like "the reading public" or "the theater-going public". The context doesn't indicate a specific shared interest group; it's the general public concerned about cancer treatment advances.

So the answer should be sense index 1.

The user asks to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

I should not answer with a WordNet sense key. Just the JSON object.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concerned
Target surface form: concerned
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Need choose best sense index for 'concerned' in context.

Context: "... All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Target surface concerned. Phrase "concerned about advances in treatment" means public is worried, shows worry/solicitude. Thus sense 1. Don't answer with sense key, just JSON index. Ensure only JSON. {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advance
Target surface form: advances
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose WordNet sense index for "advances". Context: public concerned about advances in treatment. Means improvements/developments in treatment. Among candidates:
1. movement forward (literal troops progress) maybe not.
2. change for the better; progress in development; synonyms improvement, betterment. Fits "advances in treatment" = improvements.
3. tentative suggestion (romantic advances) not.
4. act of moving forward toward a goal; synonyms progress etc. Could also fit advances in treatment = progress. But sense 2 has improvement/betterment and is specifically positive development. Sense 4 is act of moving forward toward a goal, progress. "advances in treatment" normally means improvements. Need decide single best.
5 cash advance no.
6 increase in price no.
Between 2 and 4. WordNet sense 2: change for the better; progress in development. This is often used as "advances in technology/medicine". Sense 4: the act of moving forward (as toward a goal). Example might be "advances in science" maybe sense 2? Let's check WordNet. advance%1:11:01 definition: "a change for the better; improvement." synonyms: improvement, betterment. This noun sense count. advance%1:04:00 definition: "the act of moving forward (as toward a goal)" synonyms progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion. In plural "advances" in treatment could be improvements. Public concerned about improvements in treatment. Director says basic research will show results there soon. So index 2. But in WordNet, "advances" in "advances in treatment" might map to sense 4? Let's determine by lexical usage. "Recent advances" often maps to sense 2? WordNet examples? sense 1 example: "he listened for the progress of the troops" (progress). Sense 4 includes "advancement" maybe recent advances in medicine = sense 2? Let's search memory: WordNet noun advance sense 2: a change for the better; progress in development. Examples: "such a development is dramatically evident in counseling"; "the advances made in medicine and surgery" perhaps? Hmm.
Let's recall WordNet structure for noun advance:
- S: (n) progress, progression, advance (a movement forward) "he listened for the progress of the troops"
- S: (n) improvement, betterment, advance (a change for the better; progress in development)
- S: (n) overture, advance, approach, feeler (a tentative suggestion...)
- S: (n) advance, progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion (the act of moving forward (as toward a goal))
- S: (n) advance, cash advance (an amount paid before earned)
- S: (n) advance, rise (increase in price or value) "the news caused a general advance on the stock market"

The phrase "advances in treatment" likely sense 2 (improvement). In WordNet examples for sense 2 maybe "great strides" etc. sense 4 is about movement/forward motion toward a goal. The plural "advances" with "in" field or treatment is "improvements/developments". So select 2.

Need output JSON exact. No extra text.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for target word "treatment" in context. It says public concerned about advances in treatment, basic research will begin showing results there soon. In medical context, cancer treatment. Candidate 1 is care provided to improve a situation especially medical procedures intended to relieve illness/injury; synonyms intervention. That fits perfectly. Sense 2 management; sense 3 artistic; sense 4 discourse. Therefore sense_index: 1. We must output JSON only exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. No extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense. Target: basic in context. Sentence: "this basic research will begin showing results". Basic research means fundamental scientific research aimed at understanding underlying principles, not applied. Among senses:
1. pertaining to constituting a base or basis; examples basic fact/ingredients.
2. reduced to simplest significant form; canonic.
3. serving as base or starting point; introductory.
4. alkaline.
Basic research collocates with sense 1 perhaps: basic = fundamental, forming the basis of something. WordNet sense 1 definition: pertaining to or constituting a base or basis. Basic research = research that constitutes the basis/foundation of knowledge. Sense 3 synonyms introductory, base or starting point, examples basic course/training. Does basic research align with introductory? No. Sense 2 canonical simplest form? No. So sense 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense. Target begin in sentence: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon." Need analyze syntactic/semantic: begin showing results, meaning start to show results (agentive, maybe take first step or start an activity). Sense 1 begin%2:30:00 take the first step or steps in carrying out an action, synonyms get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out; examples We began working at dawn. This matches begin + gerund/activity: research will begin showing results, i.e., start to show results. Could sense 3 cause to start? The basic research will begin (showing results) -> intransitive with gerund complement. Sense 1 is general "begin doing something" = start out. We need check definitions: sense 1 "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". begin showing results means research will start to show results. That is maybe sense 1. However there is sense 2 "have a beginning ..." for events starting. But grammatical construction: subject (research) begin + complement clause/gerund. If it were "research will begin to show results" that's probably sense 1. "begin showing results" same. "begin" with -ing complement = initiate the action. Research itself is agent? It's personified: research will begin showing results. But sense "have a beginning, of a temporal event" (6) could apply to results/will begin showing results as event. But the word takes gerund complement not adverbial. "begin showing" = start to show. Which WordNet sense covers begin-to-infinitive? We need be careful with WordNet senses for "begin". It has separate frames:
- begin%2:30:00 VerbNet? Definition take the first step or steps in carrying out an action; examples "We began working at dawn; Who will start?" This likely takes -ing; transitive? "Let's get down to work".
- begin%2:30:01 set in motion, cause to start; examples start a war / began hostilities. This is transitive taking event object (cause).
- begin%2:42:00 have a beginning, in temporal/spatial/evaluative sense; examples The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro.
- begin%2:42:04 have a beginning, of a temporal event; examples WW II began in 1939.
In "basic research will begin showing results there soon", research begins to show results -> the action/event of showing results starts. Could be sense 2 or 6? Is "begin" followed by gerund? But WordNet examples for sense 2/6 are just NP or PP, no clause. The example for sense 1 "We began working at dawn" exactly -ing. So sense 1 seems best.

Let's parse context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon." Could be interpreted as "basic research will begin [to] show results there soon" = will start to show results. This is sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (showing results). The subject is research (abstract agent). Good.

Need final JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "showing" in sentence: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon." Target lemma show, surface showing. Meaning: basic research will begin to produce/provide evidence of results, or make results visible/noticeable, or demonstrate results. Need choose among WordNet senses. Let's analyze each.

1. give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate) - not about exhibiting to audience.
2. establish validity of something, as by example/explanation/experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish) - "showing results" could mean demonstrate results, but object is "results" not a proposition/validity.
3. provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) - "showing results" maybe research will provide evidence for results? Slightly odd.
4. make visible or noticeable - "showing results" = making results visible/apparent. This fits common usage: research will begin to show results soon = results will become visible/noticeable.
6. give expression to - no.
8. be or become visible or noticeable - "His good upbringing really shows" intransitive. Here "showing results" transitive? "begin showing results" has object results. Sense 4 is transitive make visible or noticeable. Sense 8 is intransitive be/ become visible. Since object present, sense 4 likely.
10. give evidence of, as of records - "The diary shows his distress" = records show evidence of. Research showing results? Not exactly records.
2 maybe "demonstrate results" but object results. The phrase "show results" commonly means produce visible outcomes, sense 4. Need decide between 4 and 8. Surface form "showing" with object "results". "will begin showing results" transitive. Sense 4 definition: make visible or noticeable. Example "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings". "show results" = make results visible/noticeable. Yes.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 4}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "result" (surface form "results") in a given context. I need to choose from 4 candidate senses and return a JSON object with only the sense_index.

Let me analyze the context:
- The article is about genetic research on cancer, specifically retinoblastoma and cancer suppressor genes
- Samuel Broder says: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <results> there soon."
- The phrase "showing results" means that the basic research will start producing observable outcomes/effects in treatment advances.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. result%1:19:00:: - a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
   - This is about a phenomenon/consequence of something. This could work because the research would produce consequences/outcomes in treatment.

2. result%1:10:00:: - a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve it | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution
   - This doesn't fit. "Showing results" doesn't mean showing solutions or answers in this context.

3. result%1:11:00:: - something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination
   - This is about the end product/final result of a process. "Showing results" could mean the research will begin showing outcomes/end products.

4. result%1:10:01:: - the semantic role of the noun phrase... (linguistic term)
   - This is a technical linguistic term about semantic roles, doesn't fit.

So it's between sense 1 and sense 3.

Let me think more carefully:
- Sense 1 (1:19:00) - "phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - this emphasizes causality, a consequence or effect of something. Example: "his decision had depressing consequences for business"
- Sense 3 (1:11:00) - "something that results" - this is more about the final product or outcome of a process. Example: "he listened for the results on the radio"

The phrase "showing results" - in the context, basic research will begin showing results "there" (in treatment/advances in treatment). This means the research will produce observable outcomes or effects.

I think sense 1 (phenomenon/consequence/effect) might be slightly better because the results are the effects/outcomes of the basic research. The "showing results" idiom often means that efforts produce visible effects/outcomes.

However, sense 3 ("something that results") also fits well because "results" here are what result from the research process.

Let me consider the WordNet hierarchy:
- Sense 1 (1:19:00) - noun.phenomenon
- Sense 3 (1:11:00) - noun.event (or noun.act?)

In WordNet, sense 1:19:00 is typically under noun.phenomenon (phenomenon), and 1:11:00 is under noun.event (happening).

In the context "showing results" in relation to research producing outcomes, I think the most common sense is sense 1 - the outcome/consequence/effect of the research. "Results" in scientific research often refers to the outcomes/effects findings produce.

Wait, but in academic/scientific contexts, "results" often refers to the findings/data/outcomes of experiments, which might map more to sense 3 "something that results" (the final product).

Let me reconsider the examples:
- Sense 1: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business"
- Sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio"

"Showing results" - if we say research is "showing results," it means it is producing visible effects/outcomes. This seems closer to sense 1 because the "results" are effects/phenomena caused by the research.

But "results" as a count noun in plural often refers to the findings/outcomes of an investigation, which maps to sense 3.

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me think about how WordNet typically distinguishes these.
- result%1:19:00 (phenomenon): consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
- result%1:11:00 (something that results): resultant, final result, outcome, termination

The key difference seems to be:
- Sense 1: a result as a type of phenomenon, consequence, or effect
- Sense 3: the result as an event/termination endpoint of a process

In "basic research will begin showing results there soon," the "results" are the outcomes/effects that will be observed in treatment advances. I think sense 1 is the best fit here because it emphasizes the causal connection: basic research causes effects/outcomes in treatment.

Actually, looking at common usage:
- "The results of the study" - sense 3 (the findings, what came out of the study)
- "The treatment is showing results" - could be sense 1 (showing effects/outcomes)

But wait, "showing results" as an idiom typically means "producing visible effects" or "yielding outcomes." In the context of research, it means the research is beginning to produce tangible outcomes.

I think the answer is sense 1.

Let me double-check by considering the synonyms:
- Sense 1 synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
- Sense 3 synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome, termination

"Showing results" = showing effects/outcomes/consequences. This aligns best with sense 1.

I'll go with sense 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need do WSD for target lemma there, surface form there. Context: quote: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The word "there" refers to "advances in treatment"? Actually sentence: public concerned about advances in treatment, but convinced basic research will begin showing results there soon. "there" likely anaphoric to "advances in treatment" or "treatment"? It means in that area/respect, i.e., in treatment advances. This is sense 2: in that matter/respect/on that point. Not a physical place (there%4:02:00) nor direction (thither). So sense index 2.

Need return only JSON {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to disambiguate the word "made" (lemma: make) in the given context. The target occurrence is:
"Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

I need to analyze the context. The sentence is about Dr. Dryja making a scientific discovery. The discovery refers to the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth. This seems related to creating, formulating, or deriving something.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. engage in - make love, not war; make an effort
2. give certain properties to something - make someone mad
3. make or cause to be or to become - create a mess
4. cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner
5. give rise to; cause to happen or occur
6. create or manufacture a man-made product - produce cars
7. make, formulate, or derive in the mind - draw a conclusion
8. compel or make somebody or something to act
9. create by artistic means - create a poem
10. earn money
11. create or design, often in a certain way
12. to compose or represent
13. reach a goal
14. be or be capable of being changed or made into
15. make by shaping or bringing together constituents
16. perform or carry out - make a decision, make a move
17. make by combining materials and parts
18. change from one form into another
19. act in a certain way so as to acquire - make friends
20. charge with a function; charge to be
21. achieve a point or goal
22. reach a destination
23. institute, enact, or establish - make laws
24. carry out or commit - make a mistake
25. form by assembling individuals or constituents
26. organize or be responsible for
27. put in order or neaten
28. head into a specified direction
29. have a bowel movement
30. undergo fabrication or creation
31. be suitable for
32. add up to
33. amount to
34. constitute the essence of
35. appear to begin an activity
36. proceed along a path
37. reach in time
38. gather and light materials
39. prepare food
40. induce to have sex
41. assure the success of
42. represent fictitiously
43. consider as being
44. calculate as being
45. cause to be enjoyable
46. favor the development of
47. develop into
48. behave in a certain way
49. eliminate urine

The question is about "made his retinoblastoma discovery". This is about a discovery. A discovery is something intellectual/mental. Let me think about which sense fits best.

Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - examples: "draw a conclusion". This seems promising.

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" - "make a decision". Decisions are mental actions.

Sense 24: "carry out or commit" - "make a mistake".

Actually, "make a discovery" is a collocation. Let me think about how it's used. When you make a discovery, you discover something. It's an intellectual/mental creation. You formulate or derive something in the mind.

Compare with sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - this fits being making a discovery. A discovery involves formulating or deriving new knowledge.

Sense 16 "perform or carry out" also includes "make a decision", but "make a discovery" is more about creating/formulating knowledge.

Let me check the examples again for sense 7: "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion". It has synonyms: draw. Making a discovery is similar to drawing a conclusion - a mental process.

Actually, WordNet's sense 7 might be a more specific sense for intellectual/formulated productions. "Make a discovery" would likely be sense 7.

But wait, let's also consider sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with create. Example "make a mess in one's office; create a furor". This is more general creation.

And sense 9: "create by artistic means" - probably not.

For "discovery", the most accurate WordNet sense would be sense 7 or sense 16.

Actually, I recall that in WordNet, "make a discovery" might be mapped to sense 7, but I'm not totally sure. Let me think more carefully.

The gloss for sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind". The connection to discovery is that a discovery is derived in the mind (or through research, experimentation, etc.).

The gloss for sense 16: "perform or carry out". Examples: "make a decision; make a move". These are actions that are performed.

"Making a discovery" is not just performing an action, but creating/formulating knowledge. So sense 7 seems better.

However, I should be careful. In many annotation schemes, "make a discovery" could be treated as a light verb construction, which might be handled differently.

But given the choices, sense 7 "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" is the best fit for "made his retinoblastoma discovery" because the discovery is an intellectual finding.

Wait, I should also consider sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally". But "made his discovery" - he didn't cause the discovery to happen to someone else. He himself discovered it.

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" - he caused the discovery to become known? Maybe, but sense 7 seems more specific.

Sense 9: "create by artistic means" - no.

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" - he performed the act of discovering? This is possible as a light verb.

Hmm. Let me think about the examples for sense 16: "make a decision; make a move". A decision is mental, a move is physical. Making a discovery could be similar to making a decision.

But the gloss for sense 7 is specifically about mental formulation/derivation, which maps better to discovery.

In WordNet, I believe "make a discovery" is often annotated with sense 7. Let me confirm mentally: sense 7 corresponds to "draw a conclusion" type of intellectual production. Making a discovery is essentially drawing a conclusion or formulating an insight based on evidence.

Given that Dr. Dryja's discovery was of a gene controlling retinal cell growth, this is clearly an intellectual/scientific discovery. So sense 7 is best.

Actually, I want to double-check. Looking at "make a decision" - sense 16 might also fit. But in WSD tasks, "make a discovery" is commonly mapped to sense number ?

Let me think about the literal meaning. "Make" in "make a discovery" = "to discover". It's effectively a light verb. But semantically, it means he came to know/formulate the discovery.

WordNet sense 7 seems to cover this: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind".

I'm going to go with sense 7.

But wait, the examples for sense 7 use "draw" which is more about conclusions. Is a discovery the same as a conclusion? A discovery is finding something new, while a conclusion is reasoning to something. But both are mental processes.

Actually, upon reflection, "make a discovery" might be sense 3 or 5. Let me reconsider.

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" - synonyms: create. Making a discovery = creating knowledge. This is broad but reasonable.

Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" - not quite.

Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - more specific to mental derivations.

I think sense 7 is still best.

Actually, I realize I should think about which sense of "make" is typically used with "discovery". Let me search my mental lexicon. The verb "make" + "discovery" is a standard collocation. In corpus linguistics, this is often treated as a "performative" / light verb usage. But in WSD, we need the best sense.

The Princeton WordNet example: Is there an example "make a discovery" listed anywhere? I don't recall. But logically:

- If "make" means "to discover / formulate mentally", that's sense 7.
- If "make" means "to perform (a decision/move)", that's sense 16.

I lean toward sense 7 because a discovery is formulated/derived from research, not just performed.

Actually, wait. I want to reconsider sense 7's synonyms. The only synonym listed is "draw". The examples are "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion". The first example "draw a line" is physical (draw a line on paper), while "draw a conclusion" is mental. This sense seems to cover both.

But the gloss says "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - so it's mental. Drawing a line is the physical act... hmm, that seems contradictory. Oh wait, the example "I draw a line here" is using the verb "draw" (synonym) but in the sense of drawing/concluding? No, that's a different sense of draw. Actually, WordNet's sense 7 is using "draw" in a specific sense.

Looking more carefully: "I draw a line here" - this could mean "I'm making a demarcation/conclusion here" (like "I draw the line here"), which is mental/figurative. Actually "I draw a line here" could literally mean drawing on paper, but in the context of the sense "make, formulate, or derive in the mind", it's probably the figurative sense.

OK, so sense 7 is about mental formulation. A discovery is a mental formulation.

I think the answer is 7.

But let me also check if there's a better option. Sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move". A discovery is not really a decision or a move. Sense 3 is "make or cause to be or to become" with synonyms create. This is a very general sense. But the specific "in the mind" aspect of sense 7 makes it better for discovery.

The final answer: sense_index: 7.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target is "discovery" in the context of Dr. Dryja making his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986.

We have four candidate senses:
1. discovery%1:04:00:: - the act of discovering something (syn: find, uncovering)
2. discovery%1:10:00:: - something that is discovered
3. discovery%1:09:00:: - a productive insight (syn: breakthrough, find)
4. discovery%1:10:01:: - law term, clearly not relevant

Let's analyze the context. "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." This can mean either:
- The act of discovering the gene (sense 1)
- The thing discovered (sense 2)
- A productive insight/breakthrough (sense 3)

In WordNet, discovery%1:09:00:: is in noun.group? Actually 1:09 could be cognition? Let me think. The part of speech is noun (1). WordNet noun lexical file numbers:
- 04: noun.act
- 09: cognition?
- 10: noun.communication or noun.state?

Actually:
- 04 = noun.act (act, action, activity)
- 09 = noun.cognition (cognition, knowledge)
- 10 = noun.communication (communication)? Or noun.state? Let me recall.

Anyway, the question asks us to choose the best indexed sense.

The phrase "made his retinoblastoma discovery" - this is a bit ambiguous. "Discovery" here refers to the scientific discovery itself. In WordNet, "discovery" as "something that is discovered" would be the discovered fact/gene. "Discovery" as "the act of discovering something" would be similar to "the discovery of America". "Discovery" as "a productive insight" would be like "the discovery changed medicine."

Looking at the example in the context: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth...has opened a field of cancer study" - here "discovery" is the finding, the thing that was discovered. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

So what did Dr. Dryja make? He made a discovery = he discovered something. The result/thing discovered is a discovery. Similar to: "The discovery of penicillin was important" (this could be act or thing). But "made a discovery" strongly implies discovering something, the act/result.

Let's consider WordNet senses carefully. Sense 1: "the act of discovering something" (finding, uncovering). Sense 2: "something that is discovered". Sense 3: "a productive insight" (breakthrough, find).

"a productive insight" is somewhat close to "something discovered" but emphasizes the insight. In this context, the retinoblastoma discovery is the finding of the gene - this is both something discovered and a productive insight.

However, the target sentence is "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." This is parallel to "made his discovery". The "discovery" here is the thing that was discovered (the gene/RB protein finding). Or it's the act of discovery.

We need to see which sense is most likely indexed in this context. Usually, when someone "makes a discovery", the word refers to the act or result of discovering. WordNet sense 1 is "the act of discovering something." But sense 2 "something that is discovered" is the result.

Hmm, in the sentence "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986", this can be interpreted as "Dr. Dryja performed the act of discovering retinoblastoma [gene] in 1986." The phrase "made his discovery" is more about the act/occasion.

But wait, "discovery" as "something that is discovered" is also commonly used: "The discovery was published in 1986." "He made a great discovery." In "made a great discovery", "discovery" is the thing found. But WordNet distinguishes between the act and the thing.

Let's think about the examples in the actual WordNet for these senses. I recall:

Sense 1 (noun.act): discovery, find, uncovering - "the act of discovering something"
Example: "the discovery of America"

Sense 2 (noun.cognition or something): discovery - "something that is discovered"
Example: "the discovery led to a new theory"

Sense 3 (noun.event?): discovery - "a productive insight" (breakthrough, find)
Example: ?

Actually I need to be more careful. Let me recall the actual WordNet entries for "discovery":

discovery.n.01 (noun.act): "the act of discovering something" - synonyms: find, uncovering
discovery.n.02 (noun.cognition): "something that is discovered" - no synonyms listed
discovery.n.03 (noun.cognition): "a productive insight" - synonyms: breakthrough, find

I think sense 2 is "something that is discovered" and sense 3 is "a productive insight".

The phrase "the initial discovery of the gene..." - "of the gene" specifies what was discovered, so it's the thing discovered. But "has opened a field of cancer study" - the discovery (the finding/insight) opened the field. This could be sense 3 (productive insight) or sense 2 (something discovered).

The target form is specifically: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." "Made a discovery" is an event/action in 1986. The "discovery" is the act/event of discovering. In WordNet, sense 1 is "the act of discovering something" which fits best here.

But wait, "retinoblastoma discovery" means the discovery of the retinoblastoma gene. The "discovery" is the result, a finding. "Made his discovery" is like "achieved the discovery," where the discovery is the resulting fact.

The answer choices are indexed 1, 2, 3, 4. I need to pick the single best. Let me look at the synonyms again.

Sense 1 synonyms: find, uncovering. These are actions/acts. "Find" can also be a noun, meaning the act of finding or something found. "Uncovering" is an process.
Sense 3 synonyms: breakthrough, find. "Breakthrough" is a productive insight. "Find" as a thing found.

In context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." This is a scientific discovery - a breakthrough. The synonym "breakthrough" captures this well. "Find" is also close. So sense 3 "a productive insight" might be the best fit.

Compare to "the act of discovering something" (sense 1) - while he did discover something, here "discovery" is the achievement/insight.

Let's look at the surrounding context:
- "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field of cancer study" - a discovery can "open a field" - this sounds like it's the finding/insight (sense 2 or 3).
- "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors." - these are things discovered.
- "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." - referring to the specific finding, the thing discovered.

I think sense 2 "something that is discovered" is actually quite good. The retinoblastoma gene/understanding is the thing discovered. But "productive insight" (sense 3) also fits because this discovery is a scientific breakthrough.

In WordNet, "something that is discovered" vs "a productive insight" - the latter is more about the cognitive achievement, the former is more about the object/fact. In scientific contexts, "a discovery" usually refers to the finding (the thing discovered), but "a productive insight" when it's a breakthrough.

Looking at the synonyms, sense 3 has "breakthrough, find", which strongly suggests this WordNet sense corresponds to scientific discoveries and breakthroughs.

I think the best answer is sense 3.

But let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 3. "He made his discovery in 1986" - "made" can be used with sense 1 or 3. The phrase "the retinoblastoma discovery" is the discovery of the retinoblastoma gene. In scientific articles, this would be a "breakthrough". Sense 3 is "a productive insight" - the discovery itself is the insight. Sense 1 is "the act of discovering something" - the event of discovery.

Given the context emphasizes the importance and impact: "fundamental insights", "opened a field", the word is being used in the sense of a productive insight/breakthrough. So I'll go with sense 3.

Wait, the target surface form is "discovery" in "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." The word here is a count noun referring to a specific instance. This is most naturally the "something that is discovered" sense (sense 2) or the "productive insight" sense (sense 3).

The instruction says "use the context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." Since the context is about a scientific breakthrough and the synonym "breakthrough" is given, sense 3 is best.

I'll answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "then" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the three candidates and return a JSON object with the sense_index.

Let me analyze the context:
- "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

Here, "Then" is used to indicate what happened subsequently or after that time in a sequence of events. It connects the 1986 discovery with the later discovery last spring.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

The context clearly uses "then" as a sentence connector indicating subsequent time: "in 1986. Then last spring..." This matches sense 1, "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)."

Sense 3 "at that time" would be used in a sentence like "I was young then." In our context, "Then last spring" isn't saying "at that time last spring" but rather "subsequently, last spring."

Sense 2 is the conditional/consequential sense, which doesn't fit here.

So the best sense is index 1.