[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "effect" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 6 candidate senses and return only a JSON object with the sense index.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals."

The phrase "positive effect on wages" means a positive outcome/result/consequence of immigration on wages. It's talking about a phenomenon that follows from and is caused by the arrival of immigrants.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. effect%1:19:00:: - a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; synonyms: consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot
2. effect%1:07:00:: - an outward appearance; synonyms: impression
3. effect%1:09:00:: - an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)
4. effect%1:10:00:: - the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work
5. effect%1:07:01:: - (of a law) having legal validity; synonyms: force
6. effect%1:26:00:: - a symptom caused by an illness or a drug

The context clearly uses "effect" as "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - the arrival of immigrants causes a positive effect/result/outcome on wages. This is sense 1.

Sense 6 is about symptoms caused by illness or drugs, which doesn't fit.
Sense 2 is about outward appearance/impression, which doesn't fit.
Sense 3 is about artificial/contrived impression, which doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is about central meaning/theme, which doesn't fit.
Sense 5 is about legal validity, which doesn't fit.

So the best sense is sense 1.

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, but with index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for target lemma rise, surface form rise, in context. Need choose single best indexed sense from listed 10. Need output JSON {"sense_index": ...}. No explanation.

Context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase..." Phrase "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow". This is rise meaning increase/growth in number/importance? Let's examine candidates.

Candidate senses:
1 rise%1:11:00:: definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2 act of changing location upward
3 upward slope
4 a movement upward
5 amount a salary is increased (raise)
6 property possessed by slope
7 wave that lifts
8 theology origination Holy Spirit
9 an increase in cost; examples "they asked for a 10% rise in rates"
10 increase in price or value; examples "the news caused a general advance on the stock market"

In context "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" = an increase of 1% in the migratory flow. It refers to increase in number/importance of migratory flow. Which sense? WordNet "rise" noun has many senses. The relevant noun sense for "increase" might be "a growth in strength or number or importance" (sense 1). Also "an increase in cost" (sense 9) with examples rates, cost. "increase in price or value" (10) stocks. "amount a salary is increased" (5) salary raise.

Need decide between sense 1 and 9 maybe. The phrase "a rise of 1% in X" where X is migratory flow (a quantity/number), suggests "a growth in number or importance", not specifically cost or price. Synonyms for 9 are boost, hike, cost increase. Not cost. Sense 1 has definition a growth in strength or number or importance. That fits increase in migratory flow. But is index 1 the most common noun sense? Yes. In WordNet rise%1:11:00:: is "(a growth in strength or number or importance); 'the rise of nationalism'; 'the steady rise of tension'". Good.

Context: rise in migratory flow causes increase in wages. So rise = increase in quantity. It could also be "a movement upward"? But flow is not literally upward. It's a statistical increase.

Potential issue: The phrase "rise of 1% in the migratory flow" could be a fraction/rate increase, akin "10% rise in rates" sense 9? Example of 9: "they asked for a 10% rise in rates" refers to cost/rates. Not migratory flow. Sense 1 is broader.

Therefore choose index 1. Need output JSON exactly like {"sense_index":1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON. Need determine best WordNet sense index for "flow" in phrase "migratory flow" meaning movement/number of immigrants arriving. Candidate senses:
1. motion characteristic of fluids (liquids/gases) - physical fluid.
2. amount of fluid in given time - volume rate.
3. act of flowing/streaming; continuous progression - may apply to migratory flow? It's an event act.
4. any uninterrupted stream or discharge.
5. something resembles a flowing stream moving continuously; stream of people / flow of visitors - seems apt for migratory flow.
6. dominant course of successive events/ideas - stream/current, two streams of development.
7. menstruation.

Which WordNet sense key corresponds to sense 5? They are listed weirdly: sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge; sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously; examples stream of people/flow of visitors. The index in list is 5. So answer should be {"sense_index": 5}. Need make sure whether "migratory flow" is best sense 5: something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously; a stream of people. The context: rise of 1% in the migratory flow means the number/amount of immigrants arriving. Could also be sense 4 "any uninterrupted stream or discharge"? No, that is about discharge/stream (fluid/electric). Sense 5 specifically for flow of people/visitors. Sense 3 act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression maybe. But example of "flow of visitors" maps to sense 5. "migratory flow" = migration stream. So index 5.

Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So {"sense_index": 5}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer only JSON with sense_index. Need choose best sense for "increase" in sentence: "causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay." Context: a rise of 1% in migratory flow causes an increase of between 0.6 and 0.9% in real long-term pay. Here "increase" noun, with amount "of between 0,6 and 0,9%". It means amount by which something increases? Or a quantity that is added? Let's examine WordNet senses.

1. increase%1:23:00:: noun.artifact? Group? definition a quantity that is added; synonyms addition, gain. Examples: addition to property taxes, cattle's gain in weight. This is about the added quantity itself, often a thing that is added.

2. increase%1:11:00:: noun.event? a change resulting in an increase. Example: the increase is scheduled for next month. This emphasizes the change event.

3. increase%1:22:00:: noun.act? noun.process? definition a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; synonyms increment, growth. Example: the increase in unemployment; growth of population. Process/state.

4. increase%1:07:00:: noun.attribute? the amount by which something increases; synonym increment. Example: they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare. This fits amount by which pay increases. The phrase "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%" clearly indicates amount/percentage of increase.

5. increase%1:04:00:: noun.act? the act of increasing something; step-up. Example: he gave me an increase in salary. Hmm "an increase in salary" could be ambiguous between act and amount.

Given the phrase "an increase of X%" corresponds to sense 4 (amount by which something increases). Example "an increase of 15 percent" matches exactly. So choose index 4. Need return JSON only. Ensure exact format.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "fact" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."

The phrase is "without taking into account the fact that..." This is a common English expression. Here, "fact" refers to a piece of information or reality that exists - specifically the reality/information that immigrant diversity contributes to ideas and economic growth.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. fact%1:09:01:: - "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - examples: "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
2. fact%1:10:01:: - "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - examples: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
3. fact%1:26:01:: - "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - examples: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
4. fact%1:09:02:: - "a concept whose truth can be proved" - examples: "scientific hypotheses are not facts"

The context uses "the fact that" + clause. This construction typically refers to a circumstance or state of affairs that exists - i.e., a piece of information about circumstances/events that exist.

In "taking into account the fact that...", "fact" refers to a piece of information about a circumstance that exists (the diversity contributes to creation of ideas and growth). This aligns most closely with sense 1.

Sense 2 emphasizes a statement or assertion, which doesn't fit as well here - it's not about a stated/asserted piece of information.

Sense 3 is more about actual events known to have happened vs. fiction, which is not the contrast being made.

Sense 4 refers to a concept whose truth can be proved, like scientific facts, which is less relevant here.

Therefore, the best sense is index 1.

Wait, let me reconsider. In WordNet, "fact" sense 1 (1:09:01) is "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred". The "fact that" construction often refers to the existence of a situation or circumstance. In many dictionaries, "the fact that" is treated as referring to a circumstance or situation.

Actually, sense 3 is "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - examples include "basis in fact". But "the fact that X" usually indicates the existence/reality of X.

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me think more carefully.

"without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes..."

Here "fact" = the circumstance/situation/reality that immigrant diversity contributes to creation of ideas and growth.

In WordNet:
- Sense 1: piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
- Sense 3: event known to have happened or something known to have existed

The "fact that" construction often corresponds to sense 3 in WordNet? Let me think...

Actually, looking at WordNet examples:
- Sense 1 example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case" - these are pieces of information
- Sense 3 example: "your fears have no basis in fact" - here "fact" = reality, actual existence

"The fact that immigrants contribute to growth..." - is this more like a piece of information (sense 1) or an existing reality (sense 3)?

I think "the fact that" usually refers to the existence/reality of the situation described. However, in the context "taking into account the fact that", it's about considering a piece of information/reality.

Many WSD systems and linguistic treatments consider "the fact that" constructions as referring to a "fact" as an existing state of affairs. However, WordNet's sense 3 is specifically "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - this seems close to "the fact that X [is true/exists]".

But actually I think sense 1 might be more appropriate because it's described as "a piece of information about circumstances that exist" - and the clause "that the diversity... contributes to..." describes a circumstance that exists.

Let me look at typical WordNet annotations for "fact" in "the fact that" constructions...

Actually, I think this might be a known issue. "The fact that" is often considered a multi-word expression and in WordNet annotation, it typically maps to sense 1 or sense 3.

Looking more carefully at the definition of sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
- The clause describes circumstances that exist (diversity contributes to ideas and growth)
- It is a piece of information

Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"
- This is more about historical/real existence vs. fiction
- Example: "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction"

I think sense 1 fits better because we're talking about something that is the case (a circumstance that exists), being taken into account as information.

I'll go with sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense index for 'diversity' in context. Candidate senses: 1 noticeable heterogeneity (diverseness, multifariousness, variety), examples a diversity of possibilities; range and variety of his work. 2 condition or result of being changeable. Context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth". This refers to variety/heterogeneity brought by immigrants (different backgrounds, skills, perspectives). So sense 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "creation" in context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth". Here creation = act of creating ideas. Candidate senses: 1 human act of creating; 2 artifact; 3 event at beginning; 4 act of starting something for first time/introducing new; 5 theology; 6 everything exists. The phrase "creation of ideas" is the act of creating ideas. Sense 1 definition "the human act of creating" synonyms creative activity. Sense 4 includes initiation/founding/innovation. But "creation of ideas" is not starting something for first time? It is generating ideas, creative activity. Sense 1 best. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for word "ideas" target lemma idea in given context. We need choose best indexed sense among 1-5. Return JSON with sense_index only.

Need reason carefully. Context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)." Ideas = creation of ideas -> novel concepts, thoughts, cognitive content. Sense 1: content of cognition; main thing you are thinking about; synonyms thought; examples "it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind". Sense 2: intention. Sense 3: personal view. Sense 4: approximate calculation. Sense 5: music. Clearly sense 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}. Must be JSON only.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need do WSD for "proportion" in context: "a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners..." We need select best indexed sense from candidate senses. Let's parse candidate sense definitions.

1. proportion%1:24:00:: definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole. This is a mathematical quotient/rate.

2. proportion%1:07:00:: magnitude or extent; synonyms dimension; examples building of vast proportions.

3. proportion%1:25:00:: balance among parts; symmetry.

4. proportion%1:24:01:: the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree; synonyms ratio; examples an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin.

5. proportion%1:07:01:: harmonious arrangement/ relation of parts; proportionality, balance.

Target phrase "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners". This means a large share/fraction/part of naturalised immigrants. Which sense is best? Candidate 4 specifically examples "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" and "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations" matching partitive "proportion of". It is relation between part and whole comparative quantity. Candidate 1 is the quotient itself (math), but phrase "large proportion" implies magnitude of the ratio. Candidate 4 covers relation with respect to comparative quantity, synonyms ratio. It corresponds to WordNet noun sense 4? Let’s ensure indexing in candidates: They are listed 1-5 with sense_keys. The indexes correspond to order. We need return {"sense_index": 4}. Yes.

Need only JSON. Ensure no extra text.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform WSD. target lemma american surface form capitalized in context: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners". It refers to Nobel prize winners who are American (citizens/nationals of United States?). Candidate senses: 1 relates to United States of America or its people. 2 relates to continents and islands of the Americas. In context about naturalized immigrants and American Nobel prize winners, likely United States. Nobel prize winners from America typically means US. Also earlier context about immigrants in U.S. possibly? Pay of locals, European countries mentioned latter, but examples include Google Intel PayPal eBay Yahoo founded by immigrants (U.S. companies). Thus "American Nobel prize winners" = U.S. Nobel prize winners. Choose sense 1. Output JSON only.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "winners" in phrase "American Nobel prize winners". Context: naturalised immigrants among American Nobel prize winners. Nobel prize winners are people who have won the contest/award. Candidate senses: 1 contestant who wins the contest (victor). 2 gambler who wins a bet. 3 person with a record of successes (achiever, success, succeeder). Which best? Nobel prize winners are winners of a contest/competition/award. Sense 1 definition: the contestant who wins the contest. Synonym victor. In WordNet, winner%1:18:00:: likely the one who wins a contest or competition. Nobel prize winners are those who win the Nobel Prize (a prize/competition). Sense 3 is broader: a person with a record of successes; examples "only winners need apply". That seems less specific; Nobel prize winners are literally winners of a prize, not just successful people. So best is sense 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "yahoo" with surface form "Yahoo" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence mentions Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo
- It says these were all founded by immigrants
- This is clearly referring to Yahoo as a technology company

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. yahoo%1:18:01:: - a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture (with synonyms like yokel, rube, hick)
2. yahoo%1:18:00:: - one of a race of brutes in Swift's novel
3. yahoo%1:10:00:: - a widely used search engine for the web

The context clearly refers to Yahoo the search engine/technology company, founded by immigrants. This matches sense 3.

The answer should be a JSON object: {"sense_index": 3}

I should only return this JSON object, no explanation. The instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." and "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key."

So my final answer should be exactly: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON with sense_index. We need choose best sense for "contributors" in context. Target lemma contributor, surface contributors. Candidate senses: 1 someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money, synonym subscriber. 2 writer whose work is published. Context: Migrants are net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% budgets... net contribution receipts less expenditure to public budgets. This is financial contributors (contribute money to social systems). Not writers. So sense 1. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. No extra.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need choose between two senses for budgets in context. Context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries." Then "public budgets during his lifetime." Budgets here refers to financial plans/expenditures of governments. Sense 1: a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose. Sense 2: a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. Which fits "total budgets of European countries"? Usually "budget" as the financial plan of a country (annual budget). "total budgets" plural: the overall budgets (government budgets) of countries. Sense 2 is the governmental budget meaning: a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. Example: "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress". In context, "total budgets of European countries" and "public budgets" refer to national budgets (financial plans). Sense 1 is more like a sum allocated for a particular purpose (e.g., laboratory budget). Here it's the entire budget of a country, not a particular purpose allocation. So best sense is 2. Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: Labor
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for target 'Labor' in context. The phrase is "The World Labor Organisation". This is an organization name. Candidate senses: 1 social class, 2 productive work, 3 pregnancy, 4 organized attempt by workers (labor movement), 5 political party, 6 federal department, 7 any piece of work. The proper noun phrase "World Labor Organisation" refers to an international organization dealing with labor issues. Which WordNet sense maps to a proper noun / organization? sense 1:14:04 is "an organized attempt by workers..." maybe includes Labor movement. But "World Labor Organisation" is not in WordNet. The surface form capitalized "Labor" here is part of name. We must pick best indexed sense among candidates. The context obviously names an organization (the World Labor Organisation). Candidate senses are common noun senses - no organization sense provided. We need choose nearest. Could be sense 4 labor movement? "labor" often used in organization names? However in "World Labor Organisation", "Labor" refers to the social/economic category, the world of work, workers. Could be sense 1 "a social class comprising those who do manual labor" or sense 2 "productive work". Since it's an organisation about labor (work), not labor class? The International Labour Organization (ILO) is about labour standards, social justice. ILO uses "Labour" often. Word Labor (US spelling) rather than Labour. Is a "World Labor Organisation" labor in the sense of work? Likely sense 2 (productive work especially physical work) or sense 1 (working class). Which is best? Let's analyze.

The sentence: "The World Labor Organisation estimates..." It's a proper noun: World Labor Organisation (WLO) maybe invented variant of ILO. The term "Labor" within name denotes the domain of labor (work). In WordNet, sense 1:14:00 (noun group) = "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" defined as "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field". That sense is about workers, labour force. Sense 1:04:00 = "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)"; examples "his labor did not require a great deal of skill". An organization about labor likely concerned with workers/labour, not the abstract work. "Labor organisation" = organisation for labor (workers). Hmm.

Actually, in proper noun "Labor" capitalized, there is sense 5: British Labour Party (proper noun). But "World Labor Organisation" is not a political party. Sense 6: Department of Labor (U.S. federal department). Sense 4: labor movement. Neither exactly.

We must choose single best indexed sense. We should not hedge. Need decide.

Let's look at the instruction: Use context, examples, synonyms. The target surface form is "Labor" (capitalized). The context is about economic growth, wages, migrants, pay, public budgets. Organization estimates contributions. It is involved with labor economics? "World Labor Organisation" could be a hypothetical agency. The phrase "Labor" here refers to the socioeconomic concept of labor, i.e., workers / labor as production factor. In economics, "labor" is one of the factors of production (work). WordNet sense 1:04:00 = productive work seems close to economic factor of production: labor. The example context: "skilled labor" = workers. But in a phrase "World Labor Organisation" the word labor might mean the factor/activity. Need decide whether sense 1 or 2.

Let's inspect WordNet sense hierarchy. "labor%1:04:00::" is noun.act? Definition productive work (especially physical work done for wages). Synonyms labour, toil. It is a noun event/action. "labor%1:14:00::" is noun.group, social class, working class, proletariat. The example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" uses "skilled labor" to refer to workers. In the candidate list, sense 1 is most often in "labor shortage" / "skilled labor". But the target phrase is "World Labor Organisation" - organization. "Labor" here is attributive/specific term. In proper names like "Department of Labor", WordNet uses sense 1:14:01, defined as federal department, synonyms Department of Labor. But our candidate list includes sense 6. However "World Labor Organisation" is not U.S. Department. Could it map to sense 6 because it's a government department / organization? It says "federal department responsible for promoting working conditions of wage earners in the United States". Not world.

Sense 4: "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement". Synonyms labor movement, trade union movement. Is World Labor Organisation a movement? Not exactly.

Sense 5: Labour Party proper noun (political party). Could not.

Thus we have imperfect choices. Usually WSD tasks with proper nouns in system names map to the corresponding common noun sense. For example, "World Health Organisation" target 'Health' would map to health (the state of being). We need think: The phrase "World Labor Organisation" is a named entity, with "Labor" used as a noun modifier indicating its domain. Which indexed sense? In WordNet, "labor" as a domain could be either 1:04:00 (productive work) or 1:14:00 (social class comprising workers). In proper noun names like "Department of Labor", the chosen wordnet sense is 1:14:01 (department). But our candidates do not include an organization-specific sense except 6 (U.S. Department) and 5 (party). There's no generic "organization" sense. Maybe the best is sense 1:14:04 labor movement? "World Labor Organisation" might refer to organization as "the organized attempt by workers" but it is an organisation.

Let's parse candidate definitions carefully:

1. labor%1:14:00::: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; synonyms labour, working class, proletariat; examples there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field. This is "labor" as a collective of workers. The phrase "World Labor Organisation" can be understood as an organisation of/for the working class of the world. The term "labor" connotes the labor force. This sense is about the social class; organizations like "World Labour Organization" represent workers / labour. The acronym ILO in International Labour Organization: labour = workers/colle? Actually ILO aims to promote social justice and decent work, for workers' rights, full employment. "Labor" = workers.

2. labor%1:04:00::: productive work (especially physical work done for wages); synonyms labour, toil; examples his labor did not require a great deal of skill. This is about the work itself, not workers. If organization were "World Labor Organisation", maybe about work conditions; yet "labor" is not usually an organization.

The named entity could be produced by automatic mapping of proper noun to common noun sense. For proper nouns, if it includes "Labor", sense 1 is perhaps the social class / working class since "Labour Party" sense 5 uses workers. But the target is not Labour Party.

Let's consider training examples in WSD maybe for "Labor" in "U.S. Department of Labor" label sense 6. For "Labor Party" label sense 5. For "World Labour Organization" maybe no direct sense. If an entity's name is "World Labor Organisation" and not a party or department, what is best? Maybe in WordNet "labor" sense 4: labor movement. Because "World Labor Organization" might be associated with organized labor, perhaps labor unions. Let's examine definition 4: "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement". Synonyms labor movement, trade union movement. The example absent. A "World Labor Organization" could be a global organization of labor (workers/labor unions). Indeed the actual "International Labour Organization" is part of the UN, not a labor movement per se, but it deals with world of labor. The term "labor" inside "World Labor Organization" could refer to the organized labor movement. Hmm.

The text: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution ... to public budgets during his lifetime." This doesn't sound like a labor union movement; it's a research/policy organization estimating fiscal impact. It more resembles a governmental or international organization. So sense 4 not perfect.

Maybe the intended answer is sense 2? Let's think carefully about lexical semantics. The phrase "World Labor Organisation" is a name of an organisation. The role of "Labor" in the name is to specify the domain: concern with labor and employment. The word in such names typically refers to the abstract concept of labor (work). For instance, the "International Labour Organization" derived from "labour standards, employment, social protection". Domain = work. WordNet sense 2 "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" is closer to work domain than sense 1 social class.

But maybe all these organizations (like US Department of Labor, Labour Party) are not included; we need choose from these. The text capitalizes Labor, suggesting proper noun. Among candidates, proper noun senses are 5 and 6. But "World Labor Organisation" is neither British Labour Party nor the US Department of Labor. However it is an organization, and might be treated as a proper noun sense. There is no candidate for generic "organization". So does question expect sense 6 because it is an organization? Could system choose nearest: World Labor Organisation = a department? But "World" not federal department. Another candidate 4 = labor movement, which is an organized attempt/movement. Hmm.

Let's read the provided list: 1. labor%1:14:00 (social class). 2. labor%1:04:00 (productive work). 3. pregnancy. 4. organized attempt by workers (labor movement). 5. British Labour Party. 6. Department of Labor (US). 7. undertaking. The context mentions migration, wages, budgets, organization. The surface form is "Labor" and is part of a proper noun. We need WSD. Since WordNet senses are schematic, use context. The best fit semantically is sense 1 or sense 2. We need choose one.

I think a linguist would say: In "World Labor Organization," "Labor" refers to the social/economic class of workers/employees, i.e., the working class, not the activity of working. Dictionary definitions: "labor" = workers, esp. manual workers, considered as a class or political force. In names like Department of Labor, Labour Party, Trades Union Congress. The ILO is the International Labour Organization (Organization for labor/workers). So sense 1 (social class) is more appropriate.

But the phrase "a shortage of skilled labor" illustrates sense 1 as skilled workers. An organization for labor = for workers. Yes.

However, economics uses "labor" as a factor of production (work). But in an organizational name, "Labor" usually = workers; e.g., Department of Labor = department for workers. I think answer is sense 1.

Could there be an argument for sense 6? Because the target is capitalized in name of an organization; WordNet sense 6 is Department of Labor, a federal department. But the phrase "World Labor Organisation" is not U.S. Department; could be a different proper noun, not in list. Since candidates include only one organization reference (department), using it would be wrong given "World" and "Organisation". It would be mislabel.

The prompt says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense." So output JSON.

We need decide final. Let's think of if this is from a dataset like WordNet-3.0 WSD test: target surface 'Labor' in 'World Labor Organisation', they would map to what? I recall stock WSD dataset (SemCor, WN) contains proper nouns. For 'Labor' as part of names like 'Arab Labor Organization', the sense might be labor%1:14:04 (labor movement)? Hmm.

Maybe there is a known entity: World Labour Organization? Actually historical: There was "International Federation of Trade Unions" and "World Federation of Trade Unions". There is an "International Trade Union Confederation". "World Labor Organization" not common. In French maybe "Organisation internationale du travail" -> in English "International Labour Organization". So context possibly mistranslated "The World Labor Organisation" as ILO. The ILO deals with labor. In WordNet, what sense would the noun 'Labour' in 'International Labour Organization' map? Could map to labor%1:04:00 (work) or 1:14:00 (workers) depending.

Let's search memory: WordNet includes noun "labor" senses. The "Department of Labor" sense (1:14:01) and "Labour Party" (1:14:02) and "labor movement" (1:14:04). There is no sense "international organization". However in proper nouns, proper name 'Labor' as in 'Department of Labor' is sense 6, 'Labor Party' sense 5. For the phrase "Labor" in "National Labor Relations Board"? Might map to labor movement? The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is a US federal agency — WordNet may not have it. But in WSD, could map to sense 6 because of federal department? Actually NLRB is a federal agency? Not in list.

In the context, "World Labor Organisation estimates ..." similar to ILO. It is an international organization, not U.S. Department. We might choose sense 4 if considering "organized attempt by workers" = union? The name includes "Organisation" and "Labor"; "World Labor Organisation" = organization of world labor. That seems to combine 'labor movement' (organized attempt) and 'organization'. Definition 4 mentions "an organized attempt by workers ... or the leaders of this movement". It includes "or the leaders of this movement"; maybe could refer to organization (World Labor Organisation) as the leaders of the labor movement.

Hmm. Candidate 4 emphasizes "by workers to improve status via labor unions". The WLO estimates budget contributions of immigrants, not union action. So not ideal.

Let's examine each in context:
1 social class: "World Labor Organisation" = organization of the world working class. That aligns with representing workers globally. 2 productive work: organization about world work. 4 organized workers' attempt: organization might be part of labor movement.

Which is most plausible as best single sense? As an English linguist, I'd likely treat "Labor" here as referring to the social class of workers, sense 1, because organizations named "... Labor Organization" are about labor as a class/political interest. The World Labor Organization would stand for organized workers. However it does estimating fiscal contributions, not only representing workers.

Actually "World Labor Organization" (WLO) historically? I recall "World Federation of Trade Unions" not WLO. Maybe article invented "World Labor Organisation" as a generic body akin to ILO. It mentions "The World Labour Organisation estimates ..." Not actual ILO? ILO does publish studies on immigration impacts. It likely refers to ILO.

The ILO's full name in French is "Organisation internationale du Travail" (OIT), in English "International Labour Organization". In some translations maybe "World Labor Organisation" used. The word "Labor/Labour" here is "travail" = work. In French, "Organisation internationale du travail" means "International Organization of Work". So "Labor" meaning work, not social class. If derived from French, sense 2 (productive work) could be more appropriate. But English names use Labour to also mean workers.

In the text's previous sentence: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates ..." This is about social systems, public budgets—labor in terms of employment/workforce contributions. "labor" could mean work force / workers.

This is really ambiguous. We need final.

Given WSD fine-grained, there is a widely accepted mapping for "International Labour Organization" maybe to WordNet lexname noun.group? Let's search instincts: In WordNet, "International Labour Organization" may not be an entry. But proper noun "Labor" in "Department of Labor" is sense 6. In names, capitalized "Labor" is often considered proper noun. If target is "Labor" as a named entity part, and not DP or Party, maybe it's just a common noun used in title. Fine-grained sense for common noun in title: sense 1. In many WSD datasets, title words use common noun senses. For instance "Labor" in "a member of the British Labour party" maps sense 5. For "World Labor Organisation", it's not in WordNet, so choose common noun sense based on context.

Let's decide on sense 1: social class. Reasoning: World Labor Organisation = organization concerned with labor (workers), relates to the working class/proletariat. It is a socio-economic class, not merely productive work. The context about wages, migration, social budgets, public contributions concerns workers/employees. The phrase "labor" in organization names (Department of Labor, Labour Party) denotes the labor force / social class.

Alternatively choose sense 2 if "labor" as economic factor work. The text's " shortage of skilled labor" example uses sense 1 though; "positive effect on wages" is about workers' pay. I'd go with sense 1.

Need output only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So final: {"sense_index": 1}. No extra commentary. Ensure exactly that. But user asked choosing sense; return only JSON.

Before final, verify no issue: target surface "Labor" as part of proper noun; definitions: 1 shortage of skilled labor; 2 his labor did not require skill; 4 labor movement. The phrase "World Labor Organisation" implies an organization, but the direct noun "Labor" there is not "labor movement." Sense 1 gives social class; an organization for the world social class of workers. Good.

Potential alternative: sense 6 because it's an "Organisation" (department/organization) and the word is capitalized. But it's "World," not U.S. federal. If I chose sense 6, would be wrong because of "World" and "Organisation". But WordNet schematic: a federal department responsible for promoting working conditions in U.S. Not world. Must avoid.

What about sense 4: "an organized attempt by workers... or the leaders of this movement". A World Labor Organisation could be a leader of the labor movement, but it's not presented as a worker-led movement. The estimates are about economic contributions; it's probably a UN specialized agency. Sense 1 more general.

Therefore final answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organisation
Target surface form: Organisation
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, system | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
4. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, system | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business | synonyms=organization | examples=he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department
6. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: | definition=the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically | synonyms=organization | examples=his organization of the work force was very efficient
7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, formation, organization | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense for "Organisation" in "The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates..." This is a named international organization (body). Candidate senses: 1 persons/committees/departments who make up body for administering something; administration, governing body etc. 2 a group of people who work together. Others refer structure/manner/act. World Labor Organisation is an organization/institution, group of people who work together (sense 2) or sense 1 "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something". Which best? Examples sense1: administration is corrupt; governance of association responsible to members. Sense2 no examples but synonym organization broadly. WordNet: organization%1:14:00:: a group of people who work together. organisation variant. sense1 is organization as administration/governing body. The phrase "World Labor Organisation" is an international organization (ILO), a body/group. Sense 2 likely. Check common WSD: The International Labour Organization maps to organization (group). Sense1 is "the persons ... who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - close but more about administering body/committees. In dictionaries, an organization like ILO fits sense 2. We'll pick 2.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense index for target 'age' in sentence: "an immigrant arriving at the age of 30". This is a time of life defined in years at which some qualification/power arises? Actually "at the age of 30" means a time of life (usually defined in years). Sense 3: a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; examples: she was now of school age; tall for his eld. But "at the age of 30" is more like how long something has existed? Sense 1: how long something has existed; examples: it was replaced because of its age. "at the age of 30" refers to person's age in years, a time of life. WordNet sense 3 includes "of school age". However "at the age of 30" is commonly sense 1? Let's examine WordNet senses. age%1:07:00:: noun attribute: how long something has existed. age%1:28:00:: noun time: a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises. "she was now of school age; tall for his eld". This sense is about being of a certain age qualifying for something. "arriving at the age of 30" is simply being 30 years old. Could be sense 1? Let's think of WSD mapping. In WordNet, "age" as a length of existence is an attribute (1:07). "at the age of 30" is a temporal point in life, but the phrase "the age of 30" often maps to sense 1? Let's check SemCor examples maybe. "at the age of" in WordNet? The gloss for sense 3: "a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises". This includes "school age", "tall for his eld". The phrase "at the age of 30" could be sense 3 because it's a time of life defined in years. But the definition says "at which some particular qualification or power arises"—not exactly. However "arriving at age 30" no qualification. Sense 1 "how long something has existed" is broader and includes a person's age. Example "it was replaced because of its age" not human. But "age" of a person is how long they have existed. In WordNet, sense 1 is the most common for "age" as duration of existence. Sense 3 is a specific legal/social qualification age. Let's inspect candidate senses list: 1 definition how long something has existed. 3 definition a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises. The phrase "at the age of 30" is a time of life, but not necessarily qualification. However the example "she was now of school age" is similar: "of school age" = at an age qualifying for school. "at the age of 30" is just stating age. In many WSD datasets, "at the age of" is annotated as age%1:07:00:: (the attribute). Let's reason from context: "an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution... during his lifetime." Here age means the number of years he has lived / his chronological age. Sense 1 "how long something has existed" fits: the immigrant has existed for 30 years. Sense 3 is more about a life stage with legal/social significance. "30" is not a qualification age (like voting age, school age). So sense 1 likely best.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contribution
Target surface form: contribution
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work
2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation
3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation
4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest
5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer WSD for target "contribution" in sentence: "will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime." Candidate senses listed.

We need choose single best indexed sense. Let's analyze senses.

Sense 1: part played by person in bringing about result. Synonyms part, share. examples of project work share. Not money.

Sense 2: voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to worthwhile cause. Donation.

Sense 3: act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially charity. Donation. Synonyms donation.

Sense 4: an amount of money contributed. Example: expected his contribution to be repaid with interest.

Sense 5: writing for publication. Not.

Context: net contribution = receipts less expenditure of 150,000 Euros to public budgets. That is amount of money contributed (positive fiscal contribution). It's not voluntary gift or donation, not act of giving in common, but amount of money. The phrase "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)" is fiscal/net monetary amount. Therefore sense 4 fits best: an amount of money contributed. Index 4.

Need output JSON {"sense_index": 4}. Ensure no extra text, only JSON object exactly like.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditure
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer WSD choose single indexed sense. Need parse context. Target lemma expenditure surface form in sentence: receipts less expenditure. The phrase "net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets". Here 'expenditure' is contrasted with 'receipts' in accounting sense: money paid out; an amount spent. Candidate 1: money paid out; an amount spent (outgo, spending, outlay). Candidate 2: act of spending money for goods or services. Candidate 3: act of consuming something. The context refers to public budgets and receipts less expenditure = revenue minus spending. The noun 'expenditure' here means monetary amount spent, not the act. So best sense is sense 1 (expenditure%1:21:00::). Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.