[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: dealing
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- <t>dealing</t> with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%2:32:08:: | definition=act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression | synonyms=cover, treat, handle, plow, address | examples=This book deals with incest; The course covered all of Western Civilization
2. sense_key=deal%2:31:10:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, take, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
3. sense_key=deal%2:41:09:: | definition=take action with respect to (someone or something) | examples=How are we going to deal with this problem?; The teacher knew how to deal with these lazy students
4. sense_key=deal%2:41:00:: | definition=come to terms with | synonyms=cope, get by, make out, make do, contend, grapple | examples=We got by on just a gallon of gas; They made do on half a loaf of bread every day
5. sense_key=deal%2:40:01:: | definition=administer or bestow, as in small portions | synonyms=distribute, administer, mete out, parcel out, lot, dispense | examples=administer critical remarks to everyone present; dole out some money
6. sense_key=deal%2:40:00:: | definition=do business; offer for sale as for one's livelihood | synonyms=sell, trade | examples=She deals in gold; The brothers sell shoes
7. sense_key=deal%2:41:13:: | definition=be in charge of, act on, or dispose of | synonyms=manage, care, handle | examples=I can deal with this crew of workers; This blender can't handle nuts
8. sense_key=deal%2:41:04:: | definition=behave in a certain way towards others | examples=He deals fairly with his employees
9. sense_key=deal%2:40:02:: | definition=distribute cards to the players in a game | examples=Who's dealing?
10. sense_key=deal%2:41:02:: | definition=direct the course of; manage or control | synonyms=conduct, carry on | examples=You cannot conduct business like this
11. sense_key=deal%2:40:07:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=share, divvy up, portion out, apportion
12. sense_key=deal%2:40:06:: | definition=give (a specific card) to a player | examples=He dealt me the Queen of Spades
13. sense_key=deal%2:40:11:: | definition=sell | examples=deal hashish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD. Need choose index from list. We must return only JSON {"sense_index": N}. Need analyze context.

Target: deal/dealing.
Sentence: “Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues ( programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large ) and attending to local issues ...”
Dealing with national issues. Meaning handling/managing/addressing national matters. Candidate senses:
1 act on verbally or artistically; covers/treats/handle: "This book deals with incest"; here polit reps deal with national issues by voting, actions. Probably sense 1: cover, treat, handle, address.
3 take action with respect to (someone/something): "How are we going to deal with this problem?" Also plausible, but has connotation of problem/dispute.
4 come to terms with/cope.
7 be in charge of, act on, or dispose of; synonyms manage, care, handle; example "I can deal with this crew of workers". This is also plausible for handling responsibilities.
8 behave in a certain way towards others.
10 direct course, manage/control.

Need select single best. Context says responsibilities while voting in office: dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes). This is a responsibility of handling/addressing national issues. Which sense index ? Let's determine WordNet sense mapping.

deal%2:32:08:: definition act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression / cover, treat, handle, plow, address. It's verb.communication? The examples "This book deals with incest"; "The course covered all of Western Civilization" suggests deal with = treat a subject, cover. For representatives dealing with national issues, sense 1 may fit because they are addressing/covering/treating issues. But "dealing with national issues" also means taking action/responsibility.

deal%2:41:09:: take action with respect to someone or something. Example "How are we going to deal with this problem?" This often implies handling a problem. "Congressional representatives... dealing with national issues" could be exactly "take action with respect to (issues)". But "issues" not always problems? "national issues" = matters/subjects to address.

deal%2:41:13:: be in charge of, act on, or dispose of; synonyms manage, care, handle. Example "I can deal with this crew of workers; This blender can't handle nuts". This is handling tasks/people.

deal%2:32:08:: synonyms include address, handle. Very close to "dealing with" as treat/cover. The category 2:32 likely verb.communication. Does "dealing with national issues" involve communication? Programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes are actions. But "deal with" for subject matter is handle/address.

We need make a decision. Let's inspect WordNet order? Actually WordNet senses are generally ordered by frequency. The definitions match standard. For "deal", the sense "deal, cover, treat, handle, plow, address" (act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression) is likely first communication sense. It's used with "how to deal with a problem"? Wait examples don't include problems. "This book deals with incest" "The course covered Western Civilization".

The sense "take action with respect to (someone or something)" examples: "How are we going to deal with this problem?" This is deal with problem.
The sense "be in charge of, act on, or dispose of" examples: "I can deal with this crew of workers". That is direct responsibility.

In phrase "have two basic responsibilities ... dealing with national issues and attending to local issues" the parallel structure uses "dealing with" as responsibility for national issues. "Attending to local issues" means taking care. So "dealing with" ~ attending to/caring for? Could be sense 7 (manage, care, handle). However sense 7 definition "be in charge of, act on, or dispose of" matches "responsibilities ... dealing with national issues"—in charge of national matters. It includes handle; example "deal with this crew of workers". But "deal with national issues" maybe same as "handle national issues".

Sense 1: "act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression" maybe too narrow (verbal/artistic), but definition includes "act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression; synonyms cover, treat, handle, plow, address". Actually "address" an issue can mean discuss/deal with verbally. But representatives by voting are not verbally/artistically acting; they are legislating.

Need choose best. WSD often: "deal with" in context of topic or subject = sense 1. In prior example "Congressional representatives... dealing with national issues - programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes..." This is not about a topic of discourse but a responsibility. However "national issues" = matters of public concern/discourse. They vote on legislation affecting population. They are addressing issues. Also "attending to local issues" parallelism could be "taking care of local issues". Sense 7 has "care" and "handle".

Let's evaluate with WordNet examples mapping. Sense 7 examples: "I can deal with this crew of workers; This blender can't handle nuts". "deal with this crew" = manage/workers. Can we say "Congress can deal with national issues" = handle them? Yes. But national issues here are like tasks, responsibilities.

Sense 3: "take action with respect to" examples: "deal with this problem", "lazy students". This might imply addressing a problem or person, not just tasks. "national issues" could be problems a country faces. Representatives do take action. Good.

Sense 1: "treat/handle/address" examples: deals with incest/course covered. This is a subject matter. "national issues" are public matters, akin to topics. Good.

We need use fine-grained disambiguation. The clue "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large" suggests "dealing with national issues" refers to legislative action on public policy matters. That aligns with "take action with respect to" (sense 3) or "be in charge of" (sense 7). The phrase "dealing with national issues" appears as one of two responsibilities. If you have responsibilities while voting, you are handling/attending to issues.

Is there an established mapping for "dealing" in this sentence? Might be from SemCor or WordNet sense annotations. The target surface form "dealing", from political science text. The intended sense maybe deal%2:41:13 (handle/manage). Let's see likely annotation from WSD test data. The context looks like academic sentence. Could be from "WSD-related dataset" evaluating all-words. Let's reason by frequency and gloss.

Let's unpack each candidate by semantic frames:
1. communication: discuss/treat subject: "This book deals with incest". Also plow, address. "address national issues" = discuss/legislate.
3. social? "take action with respect to (someone or something)". Slight nuance: an action plan for a problem/person.
4. cope = survive despite difficulty. Not.
7. "be in charge of, act on, or dispose of". In responsibility list, "dealing with national issues" = act on national matters. Synonyms manage, care, handle. "attending to local issues" = care for. Parallelism of handle/care.
10. "direct the course of; manage or control" (conduct business). Might be "deal with this matter".
Potential ambiguity between 1,3,7. Need decide single best.

Let's consider the direct object "issues". Which sense takes issue as object naturally?
Sense 1: "The course deals with all of Western Civ"; "The book deals with incest". "It deals with national issues" could be a book or institution treats them as subject.
Sense 3: "How are we going to deal with this problem?" / "The teacher knew how to deal with these lazy students". Object is person or problem. It often implies a challenge. "deal with national issues" could be a problem.
Sense 7: "I can deal with this crew of workers", "This blender can't handle nuts". Object is people/workers/equipment/task. Could say "deal with the national issues". Hmm.

Look at synonym "handle": appears in sense 1 and sense 7. So "handle national issues" supports both. Which sense of handle? Sense 1 handle = touch on, deal with in writing/talking? Actually WordNet handle in sense 1 (treat, cover, address) likely "treat or handle a topic, as in writing". Sense 7 handle = manage (succeed in doing, deal with physically). The context includes casting votes on legislation - physical actions, not writing. So sense 7 maybe.

But sense 1 "address" = direct efforts to. In political context "address national issues" = discuss and legislate. However sense 1 definition says "act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression". "Casting roll call votes" is not verbal but voting. So not sense 1.

Sense 7 definition: "be in charge of, act on, or dispose of". Synonyms manage, care, handle. This matches "responsibilities ... dealing with national issues ... programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes" = acting on/responsible for/managing issues. I lean 7.

But sense 3: "take action with respect to (someone or something)". Definition precisely says "take action with respect to". Here representatives take programmatic actions (votes) with respect to national issues. That's near perfect gloss. But its examples mostly problematic persons. Is sense 3 more about handling difficult situations? The sentence does not imply difficulty. The phrase "take action with respect to" (a problem) means deal with.

What about sense 10 "direct the course of; manage or control"? "deal with national issues" maybe not.

Let's see WordNet hypernyms/frames. deal%2:41:13 likely hypernym control? Actually "be in charge of, act on, or dispose of" includes: manage, care, handle. It may be under verb.social "care" etc. It is the sense in "who can handle this?" This is general. deal%2:41:09 under take action with respect to. For "issues" both apply.

Maybe the task expects using sentence context and examples. Examples for sense 7 include "I can deal with this crew of workers", not "national issues". For sense 3 examples include "deal with this problem". For sense 1 examples include "This book deals with incest". Which example most analogous? "This book deals with incest" / "course covered all of Western Civilization" - subject matters. "National issues" as subject matter. But congresspeople aren't writing a book. The responsibility though is analogous to the national subject vs local subject.

Let's search memory: WordNet sense key "deal%2:41:13::" maybe verb "deal with" meaning manage (.handle). Example "I can deal with this crew of workers; This blender can't handle nuts". That is definitely handle as in "be equal to the demands of". In the sentence, representatives are handling national issues - yes.

Could also be "deal%2:41:09::" because the use "How are we going to deal with this problem?" is exactly 'deal with X'. For a target "dealing with" + issues, semantically the standard is sense 3 (take action with respect to). Hmm.

Let's inspect subtle distinctions with synonyms:
Sense 1: cover, treat, handle, plow, address. These are about discussing/treating topic.
Sense 7: manage, care, handle. About being in charge of.
If the context didn't have responsibility, sense 1 might. But with "responsibilities... dealing with national issues" and "attending to local issues", they define two responsibilities. "attending to" = take care of. So "dealing with" = "taking care of" (manage/care). Attending is similar to "care" in sense 7. That strongly suggests sense 7.

Sense 3 examples: "How are we going to deal with this problem?" It does not mean a continuing responsibility but an action. In the text, "responsibilities while voting in office" are ongoing, like managing/caring. So sense 7 maybe better.

Let's examine parallel: "dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation...)" and "attending to local issues (constituency service...)". "Programmatic actions" are official actions, not an artistic/verbal expression. So sense 1's "verbally or in some form of artistic expression" is too narrow. Sense 7's "act on" matches.

Now between 7 and 10 maybe: 10 "direct the course of; manage or control" synonyms conduct, carry on (business). Object typically activity ("conduct business"), not issues. So 10 less.

Sense 12/13 irrelevant.

Therefore best is sense 7. But let's double-check if index is 7. Wait candidate sense list order: sense 7 = deal%2:41:13 | definition=be in charge of, act on, or dispose of | synonyms manage, care, handle ... Yes. I'll choose 7.

But before final, verify no other candidate like 1 might be considered top due to "handle" and "address". The phrase "deal with national issues" in dictionary often: "address" national issues (under sense 1). However definition includes "act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression". A representative deals with a national issue by voting, which is acting on it legislatively. "Verbally"? The action itself includes casting votes. The parenthetical "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes" is actions, not verbal expression. So sense 7's "act on" covers.

Let's also check if deal%2:41:09 (take action with respect to) would also fit "programmatic actions". But its examples focus on problems and people. The object "national issues" is general, not necessarily a challenge. Sense 7's默示 handling responsibilities aligns.

Ok answer JSON only.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with <t>national</t> issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need decide which sense. Context: "dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large)". National issues = issues concerning the entire nation. Candidate 3: concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country; examples national government; national elections. This fits. Candidate 2 limited to interests of particular nation? no. Candidate 1 of or relating to belonging to a nation or country (national hero, anthem). Possibly but 3 more precise: applicable to entire nation vs local. Candidate 5 domestic inside the country vs foreign. Not applicable. Candidate 4 owned by national government. Candidate 6 characteristic of people. Candidate 7 nationality. So best=3. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 3}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issues
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national <t>issues</t> -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity) | synonyms=issuing, issuance | examples=a new issue of stamps; the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | definition=supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government | synonyms=military issue, government issue
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | definition=the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property | synonyms=return, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff | examples=the average return was about 5%
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | definition=the immediate descendants of a person | synonyms=offspring, progeny | examples=she was the mother of many offspring; he died without issue
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | definition=the becoming visible | synonyms=emergence, egress | examples=not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening that permits escape or release | synonyms=exit, outlet, way out | examples=he blocked the way out; the canyon had only one issue
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of issuing printed materials | synonyms=publication

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "issue" with surface form "issues" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national <t>issues</t> -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues..."

The word "issues" here refers to matters of public/political concern that are dealt with by congressional representatives. They vote on legislation, deal with national concerns.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. issue%1:09:01:: = an important question that is in dispute and must be settled
2. issue%1:10:00:: = one of a series published periodically (magazine issue)
3. issue%1:09:00:: = some situation or event that is thought about; topic, subject, matter
4. issue%1:04:01:: = the act of providing an item for general use
5. issue%1:21:01:: = supplies issued by the government
6. issue%1:21:00:: = income/profit from transactions
7. issue%1:19:00:: = a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon
8. issue%1:18:00:: = immediate descendants
9. issue%1:11:00:: = the becoming visible
10. issue%1:06:00:: = an opening that permits escape or release
11. issue%1:04:00:: = the act of issuing printed materials

The context is about congressional representatives dealing with "national issues" - these are matters/topics/subjects of public concern. The parenthetical explains: "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large."

This matches sense 3: "some situation or event that is thought about" with synonyms topic, subject, matter. National issues = national topics/subjects/matters of concern.

Sense 1 is "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled." While political issues can be disputes, the context here is broader - it's about matters/topics of legislation, not specifically disputed questions.

Sense 3 is the best fit. The phrase "national issues" parallels "local issues" and refers to topics/subjects/matters that representatives deal with.

The answer should be sense index 3 (which corresponds to issue%1:09:00::).

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: actions
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic <t>actions</t> such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "actions" in context. Let's analyze. The passage: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large) and attending to local issues..."

Target surface form actions in phrase "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation". This refers to things done by representatives, official acts, deeds. Could be sense 1: something done (usually as opposed to something said). Or sense 9: an act by a government body or supranational organization. Since congressional representatives are part of government body, "programmatic actions" and examples mention casting votes, legislative acts by federal government. WordNet sense 9 definition: "an act by a government body or supranational organization" examples: recent federal action, UN action. The target is plural actions. Here "programmatic actions" by congressional representatives (national issues) likely fits sense 9, which is government body act. But sense 1 is something done usually as opposed to something said, and includes actions generally. We need decide.

Let's parse context: They have responsibilities dealing with national issues - programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation... This is describing categories of legislative behavior. "Actions" here could be used to mean "things done" (deeds) by representatives, contrast with local service. WordNet sense 1: "something done (usually as opposed to something said); there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions". This has broad usage; in phrase "actions such as casting roll call votes", sense 1 is plausible.

Sense 9 narrower: "an act by a government body or supranational organization". Congressional representatives are agents of a government body (Congress); their roll call votes are acts by governmental body. Example "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position" uses "federal action" broadly. However, "programmatic actions" with examples of individual representatives casting votes might align more with "things done" sense. The mention "actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation" is a list of concrete "somethings done" by politicians.

Let's consider WordNet distinctions: action%1:04:02 (sense 1) = something done (usually as opposed to something said); synonyms? no synonyms listed. action%1:04:04 (sense 9) = an act by a government body or supranational organization. In WordNet, sense 9 is hyponym of sense 1 maybe. In gloss WSD, if context includes government, best might be sense 9. But the phrase "programmatic actions" maybe an academic term meaning program-related activities/behaviors of legislators. Dealing with national issues encompasses "programmatic actions" (voting on legislation) versus constituency service. This is not necessarily "act by government body" but "legislative behavior/activities".

We must not answer with sense key, just JSON {"sense_index": 9 or 1}. Need single best indexed sense based on candidate numbering 1-10 (matches list order). We need output exactly a JSON object.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses carefully.

1 action%1:04:02:: something done (usually as opposed to something said); examples: unnatural actions.
2 state of being active; sphere of activity; out of action.
3 military engagement.
4 natural process.
5 series of events that form a plot.
6 trait of being active and energetic.
7 operating part.
8 judicial proceeding.
9 act by government/supranational organization.
10 most important/interesting work/activity in field.

Context: "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large". This is definitely not state of activity, military, natural process, plot, trait, mechanism, judicial, or important work/activity. It is between sense1 and sense9. Is the action specifically by government body? "Congressional representatives" are individuals; their votes are actions of legislators, which collectively are actions of Congress/government. The phrase "programmatic actions" likely refers to "actions on national programs". In political science literature, "programmatic politics" vs "particularistic". Here "programmatic" means policies/programs, not government institutional action.

However, "federal action" example in sense 9 includes government policymakers. Also "the United Nations... organize action". This sense can include congressional votes? WordNet examples: "recent federal action" - could be laws. If context says "actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation," this is precisely acts of government. But "actions" in plural with examples of murders vs things said is generic.

In fine-grained WSD for action, the distinction between sense 1 and sense 9 is often triggered by presence of a governmental or organizational agent and policy context. "Public action" earlier in the passage: "vices of public action" - Republicans vs public action. That earlier mention likely sense 9? The text: "Republican brand that believes in ... the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action". "Public action" = government intervention; that could be sense 9 too. But target is "actions" later, in "programmatic actions". If "public action" earlier uses sense 9, then here likely same collocation.

But they ask target surface form is actions, context provided includes earlier "public action". The target in context shown is "<t>actions</t>" in "programmatic <t>actions</t>". Fine-grained disambiguation focus there. The phrase "programmatic actions" relates to legislative policymaking. I'd lean sense 9 because it's a government body's acts. But is there risk sense 1 is intended by WordNet annotation? Let's see WordNet senses ranking and examples.

Sense 1 definition: "something done (usually as opposed to something said)"; examples "there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions". This is the most general sense. In WordNet, many uses of action will map to sense 1 unless specific. "Programmatic actions" are things representatives do (as opposed to say?). The phrase "dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes...)" These are literally doing things: casting votes. Could be sense 1.

In WordNet, sense 9 is "an act by a government body or supranational organization". The term "government body" could be Congress; examples are at the level of government. Congressional representatives are part of Congress, a government body. Roll call votes are acts by Congress. The plural "actions" fits.

WSD tasks often choose more specific sense when context supports. Need ensure not falling into over-specific trap. "Programmatic actions" has modifier "programmatic" meaning related to programs/policies. It is in the context of Congressional voting, the agent is government. Thus sense 9 is more precise.

However, "action" in compound "programmatic action" may not be a conventional WordNet sense? Collocation "programmatic action"? It might be used as "actions" generic. But with political reps, government body. I think answer 9.

Let's also consider sense 10: "the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field" (e.g. action is in tech stocks). Not applicable.

Check if sense 2 "state of being active; out of action" might be possible? "programmatic actions" cannot be state of being active. So no.

Therefore final JSON: {"sense_index": 9}. Need ensure formatting exactly. User says Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So output only JSON with 9. No extra text.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cast
Target surface form: casting
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as <t>casting</t> roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cast%2:36:02:: | definition=put or send forth | synonyms=project, contrive, throw | examples=She threw the flashlight beam into the corner; The setting sun threw long shadows
2. sense_key=cast%2:40:13:: | definition=deposit | examples=cast a vote; cast a ballot
3. sense_key=cast%2:36:01:: | definition=select to play,sing, or dance a part in a play, movie, musical, opera, or ballet | examples=He cast a young woman in the role of Desdemona
4. sense_key=cast%2:35:00:: | definition=throw forcefully | synonyms=hurl, hurtle
5. sense_key=cast%2:41:14:: | definition=assign the roles of (a movie or a play) to actors | examples=Who cast this beautiful movie?
6. sense_key=cast%2:38:01:: | definition=move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment | synonyms=roll, wander, swan, stray, tramp, roam | examples=The gypsies roamed the woods; roving vagabonds
7. sense_key=cast%2:36:00:: | definition=form by pouring (e.g., wax or hot metal) into a cast or mold | synonyms=mold, mould | examples=cast a bronze sculpture
8. sense_key=cast%2:35:01:: | definition=get rid of | synonyms=shed, cast off, shake off, throw, throw off, throw away | examples=he shed his image as a pushy boss; shed your clothes
9. sense_key=cast%2:33:00:: | definition=choose at random | synonyms=draw | examples=draw a card; cast lots
10. sense_key=cast%2:32:00:: | definition=formulate in a particular style or language | synonyms=frame, redact, put, couch | examples=I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language
11. sense_key=cast%2:29:00:: | definition=eject the contents of the stomach through the mouth | synonyms=vomit, vomit up, purge, sick, cat, be sick | examples=After drinking too much, the students vomited; He purged continuously

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD. Target lemma cast surface casting. Context: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues ( programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation... )". Casting roll call votes. Candidate sense 2: deposit? cast a vote; cast a ballot. Sense key cast%2:40:13:: definition=deposit examples cast a vote, cast a ballot. In context phrase "casting roll call votes" means registering votes. It corresponds to sense 2. Need output JSON {sense_index:2}. Need ensure no extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call <t>votes</t> on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose single best indexed sense for target word 'votes' in context. The sentence: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large) ..." Here votes used as noun 'roll call votes'. It refers to the act of casting a vote/ballot, "a choice made by counting number of people in favor". 'Roll call vote' means a vote in which members respond in turn, counting their choices. Synonyms ballot, voting, balloting. The context clearly refers to votes cast on legislation, acts of voting. Not opinion of group (sense 2), not legal right (3), not body of voters (4), not total number participating (5). So sense 1.

Return JSON exact.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: legislation
Target surface form: legislation
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on <t>legislation</t> that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=legislation%1:10:00:: | definition=law enacted by a legislative body | synonyms=statute law
2. sense_key=legislation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making or enacting laws | synonyms=legislating, lawmaking

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense index for target word legislation in context. Context: "casting roll call votes on <t>legislation</t> that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large". Candidate: 1 legislation%1:10:00:: law enacted by a legislative body (statute law). 2 legislation%1:04:00:: the act of making or enacting laws (legislating, lawmaking). We need single best indexed sense. The phrase "votes on legislation" likely means bills/laws being enacted? In US Congress, roll call votes on legislation = voting on bills (proposed laws, statutes). Definition 1: law enacted by a legislative body. But "votes on legislation" refers to the product/bills being considered. However Lexical usage: legislation can refer to collected body of laws or to the act of legislating. "Casting roll call votes on legislation" - They vote on legislation (bills). Sense 1 seems best; it's a noun referring to laws/bills. Sense 2 refers to the process/activity; you wouldn't cast votes on the act of making laws, though possible? Let's examine WordNet domains: legislation%1:10:00:: under noun.communication? Actually WordNet sense keys: %1:10:00 is noun.communication maybe? "law enacted by a legislative body" likely noun.group? But the key's lexicographer file perhaps noun.communication? Not important. "Legislating, lawmaking" is noun.act, file %1:04:00. In sentence, "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs..." Here "actions" include voting on national issues. They vote on legislation that imposes costs. This is concrete as laws/bills. Voting on legislation is the act? But the act they are performing is voting, and the object is legislation (proposed laws). Sense 1. Boundaries can be subtle: If they are voting on the act of making laws? No. Examples for sense 2 might be "the legislation of moral values" or "legislation was the main job of Congress". But "votes on legislation" appears in WordNet? WordNet example for sense 1 maybe "the 2005 Energy Policy Act is an important piece of legislation". For sense 2 maybe "struggles over the legislation process". So choose index 1. Need return only JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no hedging.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impose
Target surface form: imposes
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that <t>imposes</t> costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impose%2:41:00:: | definition=compel to behave in a certain way | synonyms=enforce | examples=Social relations impose courtesy
2. sense_key=impose%2:32:00:: | definition=impose something unpleasant | synonyms=inflict, bring down, visit | examples=The principal visited his rage on the students
3. sense_key=impose%2:40:00:: | definition=impose and collect | synonyms=levy | examples=levy a fine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "imposes" in context: legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on population at large. Candidate senses: 1 compel to behave in a certain way (enforce), 2 impose something unpleasant (inflict), 3 impose and collect (levy). Legislation imposes costs: this is like inflicts costs, brings costs upon. Not levy/collect (tax/fine) because costs not necessarily monetary collected. Not enforce behavior. So sense 2. Need return {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cost
Target surface form: costs
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes <t>costs</t> and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cost%1:21:00:: | definition=the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
2. sense_key=cost%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold) | synonyms=monetary value, price | examples=the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver; he puts a high price on his services
3. sense_key=cost%1:07:01:: | definition=value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something | synonyms=price, toll | examples=the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for 'costs' in context. Context: legislation imposes costs and/or confers benefits on population at large. This is plural of cost meaning burdens/expenses, often money but could be money, time, labor. 'imposes costs and/or confers benefits' refers to costs (negative economic impact) required by legislation. Candidate sense 1: 'the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor'. Sense 2: property of having material worth (monetary value/price). Sense 3: value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something; synonyms price, toll; examples cost in human life, price of success. Which fits best? In legislation imposes costs on population: costs as negative impacts/expenditures. WordNet cost noun senses: 1. the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor (e.g. "the cost of oil人参 military victory"). Sense 2 price value. Sense 3 "value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something" often cost in human life. Here legislation imposes costs (monetary burdens/taxes) on population at large. Sense 1 is most appropriate. But plural usage "costs" meaning expenses. Sense 1 definition total spent can plural. Sense 3 is more abstract sacrifices, used singular. The phrase costs and benefits is standard economics sense 1 (monetary and non-monetary expenditures). Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confer
Target surface form: confers
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or <t>confers</t> benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confer%2:32:00:: | definition=have a conference in order to talk something over | synonyms=confabulate, confab, consult | examples=We conferred about a plan of action
2. sense_key=confer%2:40:00:: | definition=present | synonyms=bestow | examples=The university conferred a degree on its most famous former student, who never graduated; bestow an honor on someone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "confers" in the given context.

Target word: confers (lemma: confer)
Context: Congressional representatives vote on legislation that "imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large"

Candidate senses:
1. confer%2:32:00:: - have a conference, talk something over (synonyms: confabulate, confab, consult)
2. confer%2:40:00:: - present, bestow (synonyms: bestow)

In the context, "confers benefits" means "bestows benefits" or "grants benefits." This is clearly the second sense - to present or bestow something. The phrase "confers benefits" is a common collocation matching sense 2.

The first sense is about consulting or discussing, which doesn't fit "confers benefits."

So the answer should be sense_index: 2.

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, but with 2 instead of 3.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers <t>benefits</t> on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON. We need disambiguate 'benefits' in context: legislation imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large. This is general advantages/well-being, sense 2 (benefit%1:07:00) meaning something that aids or promotes well-being. Not financial assistance specifically (could be but general); not performance. So answer {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: population
Target surface form: population
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the <t>population</t> at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=population%1:14:00:: | definition=the people who inhabit a territory or state | examples=the population seemed to be well fed and clothed
2. sense_key=population%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of organisms of the same species inhabiting a given area | examples=they hired hunters to keep down the deer population
3. sense_key=population%1:09:00:: | definition=(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn | synonyms=universe | examples=it is an estimate of the mean of the population
4. sense_key=population%1:23:00:: | definition=the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place (country or city etc.) | examples=people come and go, but the population of this town has remained approximately constant for the past decade; the African-American population of Salt Lake City has been increasing
5. sense_key=population%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of populating (causing to live in a place) | examples=he deplored the population of colonies with convicted criminals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best sense for "population" in the given context. Let me analyze context carefully.

Context: "legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the <t>population</t> at large"

This is referring to people in general - the people who inhabit a territory or state. "Population at large" is a common idiom meaning the general public/people as a whole.

Let me look at the candidates:

1. the people who inhabit a territory or state - examples="the population seemed to be well fed and clothed"
2. a group of organisms of the same species inhabiting a given area - about deer/biological
3. (statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn - statistical
4. the number of inhabitants - refers to count/number, not people themselves
5. the act of populating - action noun

Context: "benefits on the population at large" - This clearly refers to the actual people, not a count of people, not a statistical aggregation, not organisms, and not the act of populating.

"Population at large" specifically means people at large/general public. This matches sense 1.

Sense 4 is a common confounder because it's "the number of inhabitants" - but "benefits on the population" means benefits received by people, not benefits on a number. You can't confer benefits on a number.

Sense 1: "the people who inhabit a territory or state" - this matches legislative actions affecting the general public/population at large.

I need to return JSON only exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. format.

No hedging. Single best. Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attend_to
Target surface form: attending
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and <t>attending</t> to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attend_to%2:31:00:: | definition=get down to; pay attention to; take seriously | synonyms=take to heart | examples=Attend to your duties, please
2. sense_key=attend_to%2:41:01:: | definition=work for or be a servant to | synonyms=serve, wait on, attend, assist | examples=May I serve you?; She attends the old lady in the wheelchair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need choose best sense for target lemma attend_to, surface attending. Context: Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues ... and attending to local issues (constituency service and pork barrel). So attending to local issues means dealing with, paying attention to, taking care of. Candidate sense 1: get down to; pay attention to; take seriously. Candidate sense 2: work for or be a servant to. Here "attending to local issues" is about handling/responsibilities, not serving a person. Sense 1 fits. Need output JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to <t>local</t> issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for 'local' in context. Context: Congressional representatives responsibilities: dealing with national issues vs attending to local issues (constituency service and pork barrel). 'local' here concerns district/constituency rather than national. Candidate senses: 1 relating to administration of a city/town/district rather than larger area. 2 of/belonging to characteristic of particular locality or neighborhood. 3 affecting restricted part of body (medical).
The phrase 'local issues' in politics refers to district/constituency, local area not national. Sense 1 specifically "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area". Examples local taxes; local authorities. That fits district level government issues/pork barrel constituency service. Sense 2 is about customs/schools of a locality/neighborhood, less administrative/governmental. The contrast here with national issues in Congress. The intended sense likely local as opposed to national/federal, level of government district. So sense 1.
Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issues
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local <t>issues</t> -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity) | synonyms=issuing, issuance | examples=a new issue of stamps; the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | definition=supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government | synonyms=military issue, government issue
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | definition=the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property | synonyms=return, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff | examples=the average return was about 5%
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | definition=the immediate descendants of a person | synonyms=offspring, progeny | examples=she was the mother of many offspring; he died without issue
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | definition=the becoming visible | synonyms=emergence, egress | examples=not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening that permits escape or release | synonyms=exit, outlet, way out | examples=he blocked the way out; the canyon had only one issue
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of issuing printed materials | synonyms=publication

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD for "issues" in context. It appears in phrase "dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large) and attending to local issues (constituency service and pork barrel)". So issues = important questions/subjects in politics. Candidate senses: 1 issue%1:09:01:: important question in dispute and must be settled; examples politicians never discuss real issues. 3 issue%1:09:00:: some situation or event thought about; synonyms topic, subject, matter; examples drifted off topic. Which is best? Here national issues vs local issues: matters or topics of concern for constituents, not necessarily disputes? But political context "issues" = important questions that are in dispute and must be settled. However the gloss is "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled". In political discourse, "national issues" and "local issues" fit sense 1 more than sense 3. The parentheticals describe programmatic actions legislation etc., constituency service/pork barrel; these are matters that representatives deal with. They are questions to be settled (legislation). Sense 1 explicitly about "the issue could be settled by requiring public education..." and "politicians never discuss the real issues". So choose 1. Need answer JSON.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: service
Target surface form: service
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency <t>service</t> and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=service%1:04:08:: | definition=work done by one person or group that benefits another | examples=budget separately for goods and services
2. sense_key=service%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of help or assistance | examples=he did them a service
3. sense_key=service%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of public worship following prescribed rules | synonyms=religious service, divine service | examples=the Sunday service
4. sense_key=service%1:14:05:: | definition=a company or agency that performs a public service; subject to government regulation
5. sense_key=service%1:04:07:: | definition=employment in or work for another | examples=he retired after 30 years of service
6. sense_key=service%1:14:00:: | definition=a force that is a branch of the armed forces | synonyms=military service, armed service
7. sense_key=service%1:18:00:: | definition=Canadian writer (born in England) who wrote about life in the Yukon Territory (1874-1958) | synonyms=Robert William Service
8. sense_key=service%1:07:00:: | definition=a means of serving | synonyms=avail, help | examples=of no avail; there's no help for it
9. sense_key=service%1:06:00:: | definition=tableware consisting of a complete set of articles (silver or dishware) for use at table | synonyms=table service
10. sense_key=service%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of mating by male animals | synonyms=servicing | examples=the bull was worth good money in servicing fees
11. sense_key=service%1:04:09:: | definition=(law) the acts performed by an English feudal tenant for the benefit of his lord which formed the consideration for the property granted to him
12. sense_key=service%1:04:02:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts the ball in play | synonyms=serve | examples=his powerful serves won the game
13. sense_key=service%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of delivering a writ or summons upon someone | synonyms=serving, service of process | examples=he accepted service of the subpoena
14. sense_key=service%1:04:05:: | definition=periodic maintenance on a car or machine | synonyms=overhaul, inspection and repair | examples=it was time for an overhaul on the tractor
15. sense_key=service%1:04:06:: | definition=the performance of duties by a waiter or servant | examples=that restaurant has excellent service

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD. Target lemma service surface service. Context: "constituency service and pork barrel" - Congressional reps responsibilities: national issues and local issues: constituency service and pork barrel. This refers to assistance/work done for constituents, e.g., helping individuals with federal agencies, casework. Which candidate sense: likely sense 1: work done by one person or group that benefits another. Examples budget separately for goods and services. Also sense 2: an act of help or assistance. Constituency service is work done for constituents / assistance. In political science, "constituency service" or "casework" means helping constituents with bureaucratic problems etc. Definition "work done by one person or group that benefits another" fits. Definition "an act of help or assistance" also fits. Which indexed sense is BEST? Check WordNet sense ordering. The sense_key=service%1:04:08:: definition=work done by one person or group that benefits another is sense 1. That is the broad commercial/economic service sense? It includes "goods and services". Constituency services are work done by group (representative) that benefits another (constituents). The phrase "constituency service" is a type of service (the representative provides services to constituents). "Pork barrel" is local benefits/federal money. "Constituency service and pork barrel" likely constituents' services. I'd choose index 1. However sense 2 "an act of help or assistance" examples "he did them a service" is more singular act, but constituency service can be considered acts of assistance/help. But indexed senses? Sense 1 is generally service in goods/services. In "budget separately for goods and services" clear economic. Constituency services plural maybe fits. The phrase "constituency service" is singular abstract in political context. We need choose best. Let's examine WordNet senses. service n. Could include:
1:04:08 work done... -> sense 1 (goods and services)
1:04:00 an act of help or assistance -> sense 2
1:04:01 religious service
1:14:05 company/agency
1:04:07 employment/work for another
1:14:00 military service
...
1:07:00 a means of serving/avail/help
1:06:00 tableware
1:04:03 mating
1:04:09 feudal
1:04:02 tennis
1:04:04 law serving
1:04:05 maintenance
1:04:06 restaurant
Which is used for "constituency service"? A representative's constituency service is work done by a person/group that benefits another (constituents). It is also an act of help or assistance. But in political science, likely the general 'service' (assistance) sense? Let's see examples. "He did them a service" = an act of help. Constituency service might involve acts (helping constituents with problems) maybe called a service. But "local benefit-seeking" in text: "dealing with local issues (constituency service and pork barrel)" and "Republican... less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking". "Local benefit-seeking" = pork barrel and constituency service. It treats service as benefiting local constituents. Not an act of help in the singular sense? Both fit.
Need decide single best. Think about WordNet examples: budget for goods and services: here service = work/benefits supplied. Constituency service is one type of services provided by representatives. The phrase "service" in "goods and services" is the product of labor. So index 1: the work/benefits done. Also "service" can be count: "an act of help" is countable. "Constituency service" is abstract often non-count? It can be both. In context singular "constituency service" as responsibility category, abstract. The first sense maybe non-count: work done by one person/group. I think index 1 better.
We need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- <t>Republican</t> congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense index. Sentence: "<t>Republican</t> congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state..." The context is about Republican Party members, U.S. politics, comparing Republican and Democratic brands. So sense 1 (relating to Republican Party). Sense 2 is general republican government concept. Best index =1. Need JSON only {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: representative
Target surface form: representatives
Context:
What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional <t>representatives</t>, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=representative%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who represents others
2. sense_key=representative%1:18:02:: | definition=an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose | synonyms=spokesperson, interpreter, voice | examples=the meeting was attended by spokespersons for all the major organs of government
3. sense_key=representative%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the United States House of Representatives | synonyms=congressman, congresswoman
4. sense_key=representative%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=example, illustration, instance | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only with sense_index. Let's analyze. Target lemma representative, surface representatives. Context is about congressional representatives, Congressional representatives have responsibilities, Republican congressional representatives. Candidate senses: 1 person who represents others (general). 2 spokesperson/interpreter/voice advocate. 3 member of US House of Representatives (congressman/congresswoman). 4 example/illustration. Context specifically "Congressional representatives", "Democratic members of Congress". In WordNet, representative%1:18:01 is a member of United States House of Representatives. The term here likely refers to members of Congress (House). Even though phrase could include Senators? But WordNet sense 3 specifically House of Representatives. The text says Congressional representatives and members of Congress. However in political science, "congressional representative" often means House members. Sense 3 is best fit. So answer {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belief
Target surface form: belief
Context:
What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their <t>belief</t> in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belief%1:09:00:: | definition=any cognitive content held as true
2. sense_key=belief%1:09:01:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, notion, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for 'belief' target. Context: "Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing..." The belief here is an accepted ideological conviction/cognitive content held as true (sense 1). Sense 2 is vague idea/impression/feeling, which doesn't fit; it's a firm ideological conviction. So index 1. Output JSON only.