[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: case
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "case" in the given context. The target surface form is "case" in the phrase "in the case of the House."

Let me analyze the context:
"This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."

The phrase "in the case of" is a common idiom. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. case%1:11:00:: - an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday

2. case%1:26:00:: - a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled

3. case%1:04:00:: - a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law

4. case%1:09:00:: - the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case

5. case%1:06:00:: - a portable container

6. case%1:18:03:: - a person requiring professional services

7. case%1:18:02:: - a person subjected to experimental procedures

8. case%1:10:02:: - a problem requiring investigation

9. case%1:10:01:: - a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument

10. case%1:23:00:: - the quantity contained in a case

11. case%1:10:00:: - nouns or pronouns or adjectives related in some way to other words in a sentence

12. case%1:26:02:: - a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters

13. case%1:18:04:: - a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities)

14. case%1:10:03:: - a specific size and style of type within a type family

15. case%1:08:00:: - an enveloping structure or covering

16. case%1:06:06:: - the housing or outer covering of something

17. case%1:06:07:: - the enclosing frame around a door or window opening

18. case%1:06:03:: - (printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type

19. case%1:06:02:: - bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow

20. case%1:06:01:: - a glass container used to store and display items

The phrase "in the case of" means "regarding" or "with respect to" or "as regards." It refers to a particular instance or example. Looking at the senses:

Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" - synonyms instance, example. Example: "it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday"

Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances" - synonyms event. Examples: "in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled"

The usage "in the case of the House" is like "with regard to the House" or "regarding the House" or "as an instance, the House." It seems most aligned with sense 1 (an occurrence of something; instance, example). However, "in the case of" can also be seen as a special set of circumstances.

Let me think more carefully. The phrase "in the case of X" typically means "with respect to X" or "regarding X" or "in the instance of X."

Looking at WordNet definitions:
- Sense 1: "an occurrence of something"; synonyms: instance, example. This seems to capture the "instance/example" meaning.
- Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances"; synonyms: event. The examples use "in which case" and "in that event," which is about conditional circumstances.

In "particularly in the case of the House," we're talking about the House as a specific instance/example of the broader phenomenon (Democrats having lower attendance rates). This is sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider. "In the case of the House" - is this like "for example, the House" or "with regard to the House"?

Sense 1 examples: "it was a case of bad judgment" - this is like "it was an instance of bad judgment." "another instance occurred yesterday" - another case occurred yesterday.

Sense 2 examples: "in that event" / "in which case" - these are conditional/subjunctive uses.

The phrase "in the case of" is a fixed phrase where "case" means approximately "instance" or "example." So sense 1.

Wait, I should also consider whether "in the case of" might map to sense 2 because of "special set of circumstances." But no, the House isn't a set of circumstances; it's a specific example/instance of legislative attendance patterns.

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet, I recall that "case" as in "in case of fire" or "in that case" often maps to sense 2 (a special set of circumstances). But "in the case of X" meaning "with respect to X" or "as regards X" might be sense 1.

Let me think about the exact phrase: "particularly in the case of the House." This means "particularly regarding the House" or "particularly when we look at the House." The House is an instance/example of a legislative body being studied. This aligns well with sense 1.

Another way to think: if we replace "case" with synonyms:
- Sense 1 synonyms: instance, example. "particularly in the instance of the House" or "particularly in the example of the House" -- this works.
- Sense 2 synonyms: event. "particularly in the event of the House" -- this doesn't work as well.

So I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, I want to double-check the sense index. The instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." This means I need to return the index number from the candidate list, not the actual WordNet sense key offset.

Looking at the candidates:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00::
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00::
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00::

So sense 1 is the first candidate. If I think the answer is sense 1 (case%1:11:00::), then the index is 1.

But I should also consider if "in the case of" as a phrase could be sense 4: "the actual state of things." The example "that was not the case" -- "in the case of the House" could mean "in the actual situation of the House." Hmm, but "that was not the case" uses "case" to mean "the actual state/situation." But "in the case of the House" doesn't mean "in the actual state of the House"; it means "regarding the House" or "with respect to the House as an instance."

I think sense 1 is best.

Let me also consider sense 9: "a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument." That's not it.

Sense 7: "a person subjected to experimental procedures." No.

Sense 12: "a specific state of mind." No.

I'm confident in sense 1: index 1.

But wait - in some WSD datasets/traditions, "in the case of" is often labeled as sense 2 (case%1:26:00::, "a special set of circumstances"). Let me think again.

Actually, looking at WordNet and typical WSD annotations, "in the case of" is indeed ambiguous. Let me parse the exact context:

"This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House."

The speaker is saying that the data indicate lower Democratic attendance, and this is particularly true when we consider the House. The House is an instance/case.

Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" - instance, example
Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances" - event

Hmm. Let's look at the WordNet sense 1 examples again: "it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday"

This sense is about a specific occurrence or instance of something. "In the case of the House" = "in the instance of the House" = "when we consider the House as an instance."

Sense 2 examples: "in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled"

This is about a situation or set of circumstances, often conditional. "In which case" is a conjunction-like usage.

In the phrase "in the case of the House," "case" means something like "instance" or "example" or "particular situation." I think sense 1 is better, but it's close.

Actually, I just realized I should be more careful. The user says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." So I should rely on the examples heavily.

Sense 1 examples: "it was a case of bad judgment" - here "a case of" = "an instance of"
"another instance occurred yesterday" - "case" is used as "instance" meaning "occurrence"

Sense 2 examples: "in that event, the first possibility is excluded" - "case" as "event"
"it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled" - "in which case" = "if it rains"

The target is "in the case of the House." This is most like "an instance of" / "with respect to the instance of" rather than "in which event." So sense 1.

Actually, I'm going to reconsider one more time. "In the case of the House" could be paraphrased as "with regard to the House." Is this "an occurrence of something" or "a special set of circumstances"?

I think "a special set of circumstances" might actually fit because "the House" represents a particular situation/context. But "instance/example" fits more naturally for comparative analysis where the House is one instance among possible instances (Senate, House, etc.).

The passage compares House and Senate? Let me re-read.

"Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do... This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."

So the House is a specific case/institution where the general pattern is observed. It's an instance/example of the broader claim.

I'll go with sense 1, index 1.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The <t>Democratic</t> House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON. Target: Democratic, surface "Democratic", context about Democratic legislators vs Republicans, Democratic Party, Democratic House attendance rate. Candidate senses: 1: democratic principles/social equality; 2: relating to Democratic Party (examples Democratic senator); 3: representing people at large/popular. Clearly sense 2. Need only JSON exactly.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze this carefully.

Target: "attendance"
Context: The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

The context is about attendance rates on roll-call votes in Congress. It's discussing how frequently legislators are present for votes.

Candidate senses:
1. "the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)" - This is about the act itself.
2. "the frequency with which a person is present" - Example: "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade"
3. "the number of people that are present" - Example: "attendance was up by 50 per cent"

In the phrase "attendance rate", this clearly refers to the frequency/rate at which House members are present for roll-call votes. It's not about the number of people present, nor about a single act of being present.

The phrase "Democratic House attendance rate" parallels "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade" - it's about how often someone is present.

So sense 2 is the best match.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "rate" in context: "The Democratic House attendance <rate> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959." Attendance rate = proportion of roll-call votes attended relative to total votes.
Candidate 1: magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit. Not time unit.
Candidate 2: charge/payment. No.
Candidate 3: relative speed of progress or change. No.
Candidate 4: quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure. Examples: literacy rate, retention rate. Attendance rate = number attended / total possible. Yes.
Thus index4.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the <t>Republican</t> House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense index for target 'Republican' in context. Context: comparing Democratic legislators and Republican colleagues, GOP senators, congressional Republicans, Republican House attendance rate. Clearly refers to Republican Party. Sense 1 is adjective 'relating to or belonging to the Republican Party'. Sense 2 is republican form of government. So answer {"sense_index": 1}. Need only JSON object exactly. No hedging.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House <t>attendance</t> rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "attendance" in context. Let's analyze. Context: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do... The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959." This refers to frequency with which legislators are present at roll-call votes. Candidate sense 2: the frequency with which a person is present; example student's attendance. Sense 1: act of being present. Sense 3: number of people present. Here "attendance rate" = proportion/frequency of being present. So best sense is 2. Need return {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "rate" appears in the phrase "attendance rates on roll-call votes" and "Republican House attendance rate".
Here, "rate" refers to the proportion of roll-call votes attended (attendance rate) = a quantity considered as a proportion of another quantity. That matches sense 4: "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; examples: the literacy rate; the retention rate".
Sense 1 is about magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit (e.g., miles per hour), not proportional rate. Sense 2 is charge/payment. Sense 3 is relative speed of progress or change. Sense 4 fits best.
So answer: {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as <t>shown</t> in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense. Target lemma show surface shown in sentence: "Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate..." It means as made visible/presented in the table; the table presents data. Candidate sense 4 make visible or noticeable? But usage is passive "as shown in the table" often means as indicated/demonstrated by data in the table. Let's examine senses.

Sense 1 give exhibition to audience (demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate). E.g., She shows dogs. Not exactly table.

Sense 2 establish validity by example/explanation/experiment. "shown in the table" could be establishing validity (results shown). But more like data show/prove.

Sense 3 provide evidence for (testify, prove, evidence). Table shows evidence. Could fit: "as shown in the table" = table provides evidence for.

Sense 4 make visible or noticeable. Table displays numbers, makes visible. Example "Show me your etchings". In passive "is shown" = made visible. This seems common for "shown in the table/figure".

Sense 7 indicate a place/direction/person/thing; either spatially or figuratively. Example "I showed the customer the glove section". "As shown in the table" maybe indicates. But table is not pointing.

Sense 9 indicate a certain reading of gauges. Not relevant.

Sense 10 give evidence of, as of records. "The diary shows his distress". "The table shows higher proportion" maybe give evidence of records. Sense 10 examples specifically records. Table is a record. Hmm.

Need fine-grained WSD. Let's analyze WordNet senses for show. WordNet "show" verb frames. Sense 2:31:00 prove, demonstrate, establish, shew, show = establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment. "The experiment demonstrated..." Sense 2:32:03 show = give evidence of, as of records. "The diary shows his distress that evening." This is a sub-sense of "show" maybe "give evidence". Sense 2:32:00 provide evidence for. The distinction: show%2:32:00 (provide evidence for) has examples blood test, behavior. show%2:32:03 (give evidence of, as of records) example diary record.

Sense 4 make visible or noticeable (2:39:00). Examples "She showed her talent" etc.

In scientific writing "as shown in the table" likely means "as presented/displayed" = sense 4 make visible or noticeable. But "shown" can be from sense 2 (demonstrate). Let's see common mapping in WordNet for "shown". Perhaps "as shown" often tagged as show%2:39:00? Need decide.

Consider phrase: "as shown in Figure 1". It means "as displayed/illustrated". That is close to sense 4 "make visible or noticeable" or sense 1 "give an exhibition of"? Actually "exhibit" might fit figure/table. But sense 1 implies presenting to audience, e.g., show dogs. For data tables, we say "the table shows" = displays. The table makes the fact visible. So sense 4. But sense 10 "give evidence of, as of records" table is a record. However the phrase "as shown in the table" specifically is about table presenting/displaying information, not giving evidence (though table is evidence). WordNet sense 10 is narrower: "give evidence of, as of records" like diary shows distress. A table is a record but more of display. The typical WSD for "shown" in "as shown in the table" maybe show%2:39:00. Let's verify via lexical usage.

In WordNet, "show" sense 4 (2:39:00) definition "make visible or noticeable" includes examples: "She showed her talent for cooking"; "Show me your etchings, please". This includes presenting visual objects. A table shows numbers by making them visible.

Sense 2:31:00 "prove" would be "the data show that..." Not "as shown in the table". The table itself cannot establish validity through explanation; it displays.

Sense 3 "provide evidence for" examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father". Here the table shows proportions; could be evidence. But "shown" as past participle with "in the table" is locative of display. I'd lean sense 4.

Let's inspect candidate definitions exactly from prompt. They are sorted. Need choose single best indexed sense. Index numbering: 1..12. The instructions: Return only JSON {"sense_index": 3}. They refer sense_index as the candidate number. So answer {"sense_index": 4} if choose 4.

But let's ensure not choose 7 (indicate). Example "I showed the customer the glove section". In table, it's showing data by indicating? "As shown in the table" means "as indicated by the table". Synonyms indicate, point, designate. But table doesn't indicate a place/direction/person/thing spatially or figuratively? It can indicate a fact. Yet the definition says indicate a place, direction, person, or thing. Table indicates proportion. Hmm.

Let's see WordNet sense 7 (2:32:01) examples: "I showed the customer the glove section"; "He pointed to the empty parking space". This is about directing attention. "As shown in the table" can be "as indicated" but more "as displayed".

Could sense 1 (give an exhibition of to an interested audience) with synonyms demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate. "The table shows..." an exhibition? Not natural.

Sense 4 is best for visible display.

However, some WordNet annotation might tag "shown" in "as shown" as show%2:31:00 (demonstrate). Let's check external knowledge: In SemCor, sentence "This is shown in table 1" maybe tag? I recall "shown" in "as shown" often mapped to WordNet sense "make visible or noticeable" maybe. Let's search memory: WordNet 3.0 show verb senses:
- show, demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate (2:39:02?) give an exhibition of to an interested audience
- prove, demonstrate, establish, show, shew (2:31:00)
- testify, bear witness, prove, evidence, show (2:32:00)
- show (2:39:00) make visible or noticeable
- picture, depict, render, show (2:36:00)
- express, evince, show (2:32:02)
- indicate, point, designate, show (2:32:01)
- show, show up (2:39:01)
- read, register, show, record (2:32:04)
- show (2:32:03) give evidence of, as of records
- usher, show (2:38:00)
- show (2:33:00)

In actual WordNet, "make visible or noticeable" sense has examples: "She showed her talent for cooking"; "Show me your etchings, please"; "The child shows an interest in music"; "The patient showed a high fever and bad headaches". So it can show abstract things too (interest, fever). "The table shows higher proportion" fits.

Sense 10 "give evidence of, as of records" examples: "The diary shows his distress that evening". It might be for records showing emotion. A table is record. But "shown in the table" is display, not evidence.

Let's examine the immediate context: "Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion..." This is not saying the table demonstrates/validates assumption; it says table displays data. The data indicate earlier. So sense 4.

Need return JSON exactly, no explanation. Ensure no code fence? User says return only JSON object exactly. So final output raw JSON.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: table
Target surface form: table
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=table%1:14:00:: | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1
2. sense_key=table%1:06:01:: | definition=a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs | examples=it was a sturdy table
3. sense_key=table%1:06:02:: | definition=a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it | examples=I reserved a table at my favorite restaurant
4. sense_key=table%1:17:00:: | definition=flat tableland with steep edges | synonyms=mesa | examples=the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water
5. sense_key=table%1:14:01:: | definition=a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game | examples=he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks
6. sense_key=table%1:13:01:: | definition=food or meals in general | synonyms=board | examples=she sets a fine table; room and board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON object only. The task is WSD for target word "table" in the provided context. We need select among candidate senses. The context: "as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate a higher proportion..." It's a table as a set of data arranged in rows and columns. Candidate sense 1: table%1:14:00:: definition a set of data arranged in rows and columns; synonyms tabular array; examples see table 1. That's exactly. So {"sense_index": 1}. Need return only JSON object. Ensure no extra text.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, <t>Democrats</t> allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense index for target lemma democrat, surface Democrats in context. Candidate senses: 1 democrat%1:18:01:: member of Democratic Party. 2 democrat%1:18:00:: advocate of democratic principles; synonyms populist. Context is about GOP senators vs Democrats, congressional Republicans, Democratic House attendance, majority-party status, committee staff. Clearly refers to members of Democratic Party. So index 1. Need return {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher <t>proportion</t> of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer as JSON only with sense_index. Need choose among 5 senses for target word "proportion" in sentence: "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices". We need best WordNet sense.

Candidates:
1. proportion%1:24:00:: definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole. This is a mathematical proportion/fraction.
2. proportion%1:07:00:: magnitude or extent (e.g., vast proportions).
3. proportion%1:25:00:: balance among parts (symmetry).
4. proportion%1:24:01:: the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree; synonyms=ratio; examples: an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin.
5. proportion%1:07:01:: harmonious arrangement (proportionality, balance) design.

In context: "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices". This means a share/fraction of staff allocated to district offices. It is about the relation between part (district office staff) and whole (personal staff). Sense 1 is quotient obtained when part divided by whole. Sense 4 includes relation between things with respect to comparative quantity; examples like "proportion of the book" "proportion of gin". In WordNet, distribution: sense 1 often used for "magnitude of part divided by magnitude of whole". But example "an inordinate proportion of the book..." is sense 4. Our phrase "proportion of their personal staffs" matches "proportion of the book" which is sense 4. Need decide if 1 or 4 better.

Let's examine definitions. WordNet noun senses for proportion:
- Senses: noun.quantity (1:24:00) "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole". synset? e.g., "a large proportion of the population".
- noun.quantity (1:24:01) "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree"; syn ratio; "an inordinate proportion of the book...".

In context "higher proportion of their personal staffs" indicates a ratio/percentage of staff allocated. Both 1 and 4 are quantity noun. Example of sense 4 uses "proportion of book", "proportion of gin". Example of sense 1 maybe not provided but "the quotient obtained... . Then "a large proportion" probably tagged to sense 1? Let's recall SemCor: proportion can be labeled 1 or 2. But we need choose single best.

The phrase "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs" is a portion/percentage of whole. It is closer to sense 1 "quotient obtained when magnitude of part is divided by magnitude of the whole". However WordNet gloss for sense 4 "relation between things...with respect to comparative quantity" is also a ratio. Which is appropriate? It says "parts of things" and examples include "proportion of the book" (part to whole) and "dry martini has large proportion of gin" (component ratio). The example "part of book" is exactly proportion of X to whole, which is sense 1? But WordNet places that in sense 4. Hmm.

We need use context and examples. Context: Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- a fraction/percentage of total staff allocated to district offices. In table, likely reported as percent of staff in district offices. The phrase "higher proportion of" often used as sense 1 (the quotient). But examples: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations" is part-to-whole relation (book is whole, quotations are part). That is sense 4.

Let's look at the synonyms for sense 1 vs sense 4. Sense 1 possibly synonyms? Not given. Sense 4 synonyms: ratio. The context uses "proportion of their personal staffs" to compare part to total. In political science, allocate a higher proportion = spend a larger share. Sense 1 definition explicitly talks about magnitude of a part divided by magnitude of the whole; "personal staffs" is the whole, "district offices" is the part. That is quotient. Sense 4 is relation between things with respect to comparative quantity; could describe ratio of district staff to Washington staff or part to whole.

Which answer? Let's evaluate both. The target surface "proportion" with quantifier "higher" and of-phrase "of their personal staffs". This is classic noun.quantity proportion "the quotient of part and whole". But examples for sense 4 include "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" and "inordinate proportion of the book". The latter is clearly part-to-whole. If WordNet distinguishes sense 1 as mathematical quotient and sense 4 as ratio relation, maybe sense 4 is more general and includes ratios of parts within whole. But the definition of sense 1 is the quotient when magnitude of a part divided by magnitude of the whole exactly fits "proportion of their personal staffs". However the "of phrase" with plural count noun "staffs" and "personal staffs" can be considered a whole. Sense 1 = quotient of magnitude of part divided by magnitude of whole. Sense 4 = relation of comparative quantity. In the sentence, data probably show percentage; so quotient. But "proportion" is often used as a synonym of "ratio" with "of". Need think if WordNet distinction:
Sense 1: "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole". Example likely "the proportion of smokers in the population is decreasing" or "Mix the ingredients in the proportions..."
Sense 4: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree". Example inordinate proportion of book. Hmm second example "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" (ratio within whole). Wait both part-to-whole. So sense 4 includes ratio relation. Sense 1 includes quotient/fraction. Could there be sense 1 examples like "a sizeable proportion of the population"? Actually in WordNet: proportion n 1: "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole" -- direct hyponym: golden section, pct, per centum, percent, percentage. Examples: "the proportion of smokers in the United States is falling"? Possibly. Sense 4: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree". Syn: ratio. Examples: "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin"; "the rate of the female to the male is disproportionate".

Let's search memory: WordNet 3.0 entries for proportion:
Sense 1: noun.quantity: ratio, proportion -- the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree;  "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations"; "the highest allowable proportion of bone to meat"; "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin". Hmm maybe that's actually sense 1 if keys differ? Need verify order. Actually WordNet ordering might be:
1. S: (n) proportion (the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole)
2. S: (n) proportion, proportionality, balance (harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole ...)
3. S: (n) proportion (magnitude or extent) ...
4. S: (n) proportion, ratio (the relation between things ...)?

Need get exact. Let's recall from WordNet: "proportion" has 5 senses:
- S: (n) proportion (the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole)
- S: (n) proportion, proportionality, balance (harmonious arrangement...)
- S: (n) proportion (magnitude or extent)
- S: (n) proportion, ratio (the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree; "a large proportion of the book is given over to quotations"; "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin")
- S: (n) symmetry, proportion, balance (balance among the parts of something)

WordNet orders can vary; the keys in the user candidate list are:
1. proportion%1:24:00:: = the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. proportion%1:07:00:: = magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. proportion%1:25:00:: = balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. proportion%1:24:01:: = the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. proportion%1:07:01:: = harmonious arrangement or relation of parts... (Ruskin)
(Note the lexicographer file numbers: 1:24 noun.quantity, 1:7 noun.attribute, 1:25 noun.shape? Actually 1:25 is noun.state?)

In any case, our target is likely sense 1 or 4. Need decide single best.

The sentence says "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices". This is about a share of total staff, which is a quotient part/whole. Sense 1 explicitly: quotient of magnitude of part divided by magnitude of whole. Sense 4: relation of comparative quantity. Since the phrase uses "of their personal staffs" and "higher proportion", it's a ratio/quotient of part to whole. If we see "a higher proportion" as "a larger share", that's sense 1 perhaps. But the examples for sense 4 include "a large proportion of the book" exactly part-whole, so we can't rule out 4.

Let's analyze subtle differences. WordNet sense 1 "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole" vs sense 4 "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree". The latter focuses on relation between two things/parts and is synonym ratio; examples include "proportion of gin" (ingredient relative to whole) and "proportion of book". Sense 1 is perhaps more mathematical: e.g., "mix the ingredients in equal proportions" or "the proportion of circumference to diameter". In our sentence, there is no explicit ratio of two distinct things but a fraction of total personal staff. However "proportion" in "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs" can be considered relation between district-office staff and total staff (two parts). But "higher proportion" denotes percentage, which is a quotient. We can argue sense 1.

Need maybe examine usage in text: "a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices" could be paraphrased as "a larger fraction of their personal staffs" = sense 1. If the table lists numbers as "% of personal staff in district offices", that is a percentage = quotient.

However, the instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic; use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose best indexed sense." Example for sense 4: "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" demonstrates a component of whole. Our context: component of total personal staffs allocated to district offices = component/whole. That strongly matches sense 4's examples (proportion of X). Example for sense 1 might not have "of" phrase. But the definition of sense 1 uses "the quotient ... of a part ... of the whole"; it also is compatible.

Let's also note synonyms: sense 4 synonyms=ratio. In context, "proportion" could be replaced with "ratio": "a higher ratio of their personal staffs to district offices"? Actually ratio of staff to offices? No. "Ratio" would more likely be "ratio of district-office staff to Washington-office staff". "Proportion of their personal staffs" means share; "ratio" doesn't fit as well. But sense 4 synonyms ratio, maybe because proportion as relation between two parts. For sense 1, synonyms? Could be "part", "percentage"? Not provided. Hmm.

Let's check definitions of "quota" or "percentage" maybe not.

Sense 1: "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole". This is a numerical quantity; "higher proportion" could mean higher quotient. This fits "allocate a higher [share]". But "of their personal staffs" is a part-whole genitive, exactly the quotient.

But WordNet sense 4 examples: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations". That is also part-whole quotient. Why sense 4 not sense 1? Maybe WordNet distinguishes sense 1 as a number/quotient and sense 4 as a relation. The example uses "proportion of the book" as a relation, not necessarily a number? Hmm.

We can try to infer from WSD data: In SemCor, sentence "the proportion of families with incomes over $10,000" often tagged as sense 1 (the mathematical part-to-whole quotient). "A balanced proportion in design" sense 5 or 3.

The context is about social science numbers: percentages of budgets, attendance rates, staff proportions. It is likely sense 1 (mathematical proportion). They compare GOP/Dem staff allocations and attendance rates, then "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs". So sense 1.

Let's be careful not to hedge. We need choose index integer. Most annotators? The phrase "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs" could be sense 1 due to "quotient" from part divided by whole. But the examples for sense 4 include "proportion of the book" and "proportion of gin". It might also be tagged as sense 4 if system expects "ratio" synonym. Let's deeply analyze semantics.

Sense 1: "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole." The word denotes the value of the fraction. "Higher proportion" = larger numerical quotient. E.g., "the proportion of women in parliament". It can be expressed as fraction/percentage.

Sense 4: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree; ratio." Denotes a relationship, not necessarily a single number. E.g., "the proportion of gin to vermouth in a martini"; "inordinate proportion of the book to quotations" actually relationship between text and quotations? Examples: "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" = large amount/percentage of gin relative to other ingredients; not necessarily a quotient.

Our context: "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices" means a higher fraction/share of staff (to total personal staff) are in district offices. This is a part-to-whole numerical value. So sense 1 seems best. However examples given for sense 4 are extremely similar.

Let's search memory of actual WordNet sense examples. WordNet3.0 for ratio (proportion%1:24:01?) includes examples "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations"; "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin". For proportion%1:24:00 (quotient) maybe examples: "a large proportion of the population is unemployed"? Not sure. Let's reconstruct:
In WordNet, lexname order:
- noun.quantity proportion (quotient) (1)
- noun.attribute proportion (magnitude or extent) (2)
- noun.shape proportion (balance among parts) (3)
- noun.quantity ratio (4)
- noun.attribute proportionality (5)
Actually the five senses from WordNet online likely:
proportion%1:24:00::	S: (n) proportion (the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole)
proportion%1:07:00::	S: (n) proportion, dimension (magnitude or extent) -> example "a building of vast proportions"
proportion%1:25:00::	S: (n) symmetry, proportion (balance among the parts of something)
proportion%1:24:01::	S: (n) ratio, proportion (the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree) -> examples
proportion%1:07:01::	S: (n) proportionality, proportion, balance (harmonious arrangement or relation of parts within a whole...)

So sense 1 and 4 both in noun.quantity. Which one is used for "proportion of X"? WordNet definition of sense 1: part/whole quotient. If the phrase is "proportion of X" where X is the whole (personal staffs), that's almost certainly sense 1. But the examples for sense 4 include part/whole too. Maybe sense 4 is used for "proportion" as a synonym of "ratio" when comparing two parts, while sense 1 is for "share/fraction". Hmm.

Let's consider substitution:
1. "Democrats allocate a higher quotient of their personal staffs to district offices" — awkward but technically true: number of district staff / total staff.
4. "Democrats allocate a higher ratio of their personal staffs to district offices" — doesn't fit because ratio of personal staffs to district offices? Actually "a higher ratio of their personal staffs" lacks comparator. "Ratio" requires "ratio of A to B". Here "of their personal staffs" maybe could be ratio of (part) to whole. But "proportion" as "ratio" example often includes "X has a large proportion of Y".

Given synonyms 'ratio' for sense 4 and examples "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin", the structure there is "proportion of X" where X is ingredient; the proportion is the amount of gin relative to vermouth/total. That's analogous to "proportion of their personal staffs [relative to total/all staff]". It could be sense 4.

But sense 1 examples would be like "The proportion of men to women is ..."? Actually "men to women" ratio. Hmm.

Let's consult WordNet Examples maybe:
proportion%1:24:00 (quotient) examples from actual WordNet: "the proportion of women in the labor force" maybe. not in provided examples. sense 4 examples: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin". If we had to pick by example similarity, "higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices" matches sense 4 because it's "proportion of X = large proportion of gin". However sense 1 is more mathematical and directly describes part/whole quotient.

Maybe the test expects us to use examples; the phrase "higher proportion of their personal staffs" is clearly quantity/percentage, not "harmony" or "magnitude". Then between 1 and 4, sense 4's examples include "a ... proportion of [noun]" with a quantifier (large/inordinate). The phrase pattern is identical. Sense 1 definition carefully with "magnitude of a part divided by magnitude of the whole" but examples not provided. Sense 4 explicitly uses examples of "proportion of the book / gin". Which is more appropriate for "X allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs"? The phrase is a quantified share of a whole; that's sense 1 or 4. In WSD tasks, "proportion" in "a large proportion of" is often sense 1 (noun: the quotient ...). Actually let's search memory from WN 3.0 examples for proportion noun:
WordNet search:
S: (n) proportion (the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole)
S: (n) proportion, symmetry (balance among the parts of something)
S: (n) proportion, dimension (magnitude or extent; "a building of vast proportions")
S: (n) proportion, ratio (the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree; "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations"; "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin"; "in any society there is a close proportion of its members to the society as a whole"? Hmm)
S: (n) proportion, proportionality, balance (harmonious arrangement ...)

Could the sense numbering in candidates correspond to a different ordering? In user list, sense 1 is quotient, sense 2 dimension, sense 3 symmetry, sense 4 ratio, sense 5 harmony. This matches likely. In the original WordNet, maybe exact mapping:
1 = proportion%1:24:00::
4 = proportion%1:24:01::

Let's think of function: first definition is "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole" where hyponyms include percentage, etc. This is clearly the share. Use of "proportion of X" in common parlance is often this sense: "a high proportion of voters". So I'd choose 1.

But why would sense 4 examples use "proportion of the book"? Maybe sense 4 notion of ratio/comparative quantity, not necessarily value. In "inordinate proportion of the book" = inordinate ratio of quoted text to original text. That's a ratio of two parts or part to whole. "A dry martini has a large proportion of gin" = gin relative to vermouth. This is a ratio relation, though often expressed as part to whole/whole. In those examples, the compared whole is implied. Our phrase is "proportion of their personal staffs to district offices" – there is also "to" indicating allocation location, not ratio. It is "allocate a [higher proportion] of their personal staffs to district offices". This is the part-whole fraction. The whole is personal staffs; part to district offices. So sense 1.

Let's also examine surrounding text: "roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets", "attendance rates", "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs". The previous sentence says "Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded...", then "as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion...". It's a statistical comparison of percentages. This is a quantitative quotient, sense 1. "Proportion" as a statistical term.

If someone "allocates a higher proportion of resources" it's the mathematical sense (share). So answer likely 1.

Need return JSON only: {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure exact format. No hedging. Final.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their <t>personal</t> staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation for target lemma personal in context. Need choose single best indexed sense from candidate senses 1-5. We need not use sense key, return JSON {"sense_index": X}. Must not hedge.

Need analyze context: "personal staffs", "personal staff budgets", "personal staffing decisions" in congressional context. Target: "Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate..." Personal staff means staff assigned to a particular individual legislator (congressperson). Which sense fits? Candidate senses:
1. concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality. Examples: a personal favor, for your personal use. Could be staff assigned to a particular individual, not private life. But gloss says private life/personality. The context is about staff assigned to a particular senator/representative, not private life. Sense 2: particular to a given individual (adj all). This seems most appropriate: staff particular to a given individual legislator. Sense 3: of or arising from personality. Not. Sense 4: intimately concerning a person's body or physical being. Not. Sense 5: indicating grammatical person. Not.

WordNet sense for "personal" adjective: sense 1 is "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality"; sense 2 is "particular to a given individual". The sense key given for candidate 2 is personal%5:00:00:subjective:00. In WordNet 3.0/3.1, personal has adjective senses: (a) personal, private (concerning or affecting a particular person or his/her private life and personality) [adj all]... (s) personal (particular to a given individual) [adj all]... (a) personal (of or arising from personality) [adj pert]... (a) personal (intimately concerning a person's body or physical being) [adj all]... (a) personal (indicating grammatical person) [adj pert]. So "personal staff" likely sense 2 (particular to a given individual). However context might be "staff of a person" = concerning affecting a particular person? Let's reason carefully.

The phrase "personal staff" is idiomatic for assistants assigned to a specific person. Is this captured by "concerning or affecting a particular person"? Or "particular to a given individual"? The second specifically: "particular to a given individual" - synonyms likely individual. This fits "personal staff" as staff assigned to each individual legislator. The first includes "private life and personality", not applicable. Examples "a personal favor; for your personal use" are about use by/for the person, not necessarily private life. "Personal use" can be "for a particular individual's use". In WordNet, the "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality" sense may cover "personal favor", "personal use". But "personal staff" is staff of an individual. The distinction between 1 and 2 subtle. Candidate 2 definition "particular to a given individual" exactly matches. The target uses: "their allocated personal staff budgets", "personal staff involves local benefit-seeking", "personal staffs to district offices", "personal staffing decisions". All refer to staff assigned to each individual legislator, not staff in general. Thus best is sense 2.

Need ensure output exactly JSON object. No explanation. Should we include only that? Yes.

Potential concern: The sense key for candidate 2 is weird: personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 — %5 means adjective satellite? In WordNet, personal%3:00:00:: is adjective (3)? Actually sense key format: % followed by lexicographer file type maybe? Common: personal%3:00:00::. Here candidate 1 %3:00:00::; candidate 2 %5:00:00:subjective:00, meaning satellite? But anyway indexed sense 2.

Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: staff
Target surface form: staffs
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal <t>staffs</t> to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=staff%1:14:01:: | definition=personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task | examples=the hospital has an excellent nursing staff; the general relied on his staff to make routine decisions
2. sense_key=staff%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong rod or stick with a specialized utilitarian purpose | examples=he walked with the help of a wooden staff
3. sense_key=staff%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=faculty | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university
4. sense_key=staff%1:27:00:: | definition=building material consisting of plaster and hair; used to cover external surfaces of temporary structure (as at an exposition) or for decoration
5. sense_key=staff%1:10:01:: | definition=a rod carried as a symbol
6. sense_key=staff%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written | synonyms=stave

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD for target lemma staff, surface staffs. Context: congressional personal staffs, allocated budgets, personnel who assist superior in assigned task. Candidate sense 1: personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task. Fits. Other senses are rod, faculty, building material, symbol, music. So choose 1. Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Must not include extra. Ensure exact.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: offices
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district <t>offices</t> -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for word "offices" plural, target lemma office, in context "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district <t>offices</t> -- where local benefit-seeking duties matter more..." Candidate senses listed 1-7 with synset keys. Need choose single best indexed sense (the integer). Not answer with sense key. Only JSON object. We must return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Need analyze context. The word "offices" appears as "district offices". These are physical local offices of congressional Representatives in their districts, place of business where staff perform duties. It could be professional or clerical workers collectively? "district offices" likely means physical offices (place of business) located in district. In WordNet, office%1:06:00:: definition: place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed. Plural offices, within "district offices". Synonyms business office. That's sense 1. Sense 5 is professional or clerical workers in an office (office staff), e.g., "the whole office was late". But "district offices" as place is more concrete. Let's parse candidate senses:

1 office%1:06:00:: place of business.
2 office%1:14:01:: an administrative unit of government. e.g., Office of... But "district offices" could refer to government agencies? Possibly an administrative unit of government (like Office of...) but here plural "offices" in district are the Representatives' district office locations, not sub-agencies.
3 office%1:04:01:: actions/activities assigned to person or group (function, role).
4 office%1:26:00:: holding office; power.
5 office%1:14:00:: office staff.
6 religious rite.
7 job in organization.

The phrase "personal staffs to district offices" means they assign staff to physical district locations. The gloss of sense 1 matches "place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed". "district offices" in political context are the physical offices in the district. Thus sense_index=1.

Need be careful: WordNet noun.office includes sense 9? The candidate senses list index numbers not actual offsets. We choose the index among candidates. Candidate 1 is the place. Good.

Return only JSON. Ensure no extra.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where <t>local</t> benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Let's analyze target 'local' in context. The phrase repeated 'local benefit-seeking' and 'local benefit-seeking duties' vs national policy making. Local concerns / constituent concerns in a district. Candidate senses: 3:00:01 relating to administration of a city/town/district rather than larger area (e.g., local taxes; local authorities). 3:01:01 of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood (local customs; local schools). 3:00:02 medical local anesthesia. Context: local benefit seeking refers to benefits for district/constituency rather than national. This maps to sense 1: relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city/town/district rather than larger area. Examples 'local authorities' similar. Sense 2 is about locality/neighborhood characteristics. In political economy, 'local' vs national policy: sense 1. So index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: duty
Target surface form: duties
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking <t>duties</t> matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=duty%1:04:00:: | definition=the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr | synonyms=responsibility, obligation | examples=we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty
2. sense_key=duty%1:04:02:: | definition=work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons | examples=the duties of the job
3. sense_key=duty%1:21:00:: | definition=a government tax on imports or exports | synonyms=tariff | examples=they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "duties" in context. Target lemma duty. Context is political science text: "local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices." So duties here means tasks/responsibilities/work associated with role. Candidate sense #2 definition: work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons; examples "the duties of the job". Synonyms maybe responsibility/obligation in #1. But #1 is "social force that binds you to courses of action". #2 is concrete work. In phrase "local benefit-seeking duties", duties are tasks. So best sense index = 2. Need output only JSON object.

provider: Venice