[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON object {"sense_index": ?}. Need choose single best indexed sense for target word "trades" in context. Let's analyze.

Target lemma trade, surface form trades plural. Context: immigrants exercise complementary to local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

"exercising trades" likely means occupations/professions/skilled work. Candidate senses: 2 definition = the skilled practice of a practical occupation; synonyms craft; example "he learned his trade as an apprentice". Sense 5 = people who perform a particular kind of skilled work; synonyms craft; example "he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade". But "exercising trades" as activities/occupations, not people. Sense 2 is best: the skilled practice of a practical occupation. However plural "trades" can refer to "trades" as occupations. In sentence: "immigrants are much more complementary ... exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." They are exercising trades = performing occupations. Sense 2 fits. Sense 5 would be "people", but "exercising people" doesn't fit. Sense 1 commercial exchange doesn't fit. Sense 3 patronage no. Sense 4 deal no. Sense 6 wind no. Sense 7 barter no.

So index 2. Need return exactly JSON object like {"sense_index": 2}. No extra text.

provider: DeepInfra


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON object sense_index. Need choose between two senses for 'shortage' in context: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." Need decide between sense 1 (property of being amount by which something is less than expected/required; synonyms deficit, shortfall) and sense 2 (acute insufficiency; dearth, famine). The phrase "shortage of local labor" means insufficient supply of local workers. In economics, labor shortage is often a shortfall/deficit relative to demand. WordNet sense 1: property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required. Sense 2: acute insufficiency. Which is best? Let's analyze.

Target lemma shortage. WordNet has two senses: shortage%1:07:00:: (deficit, shortfall) and shortage%1:26:00:: (dearth, famine). The first is a relation/quantity (deficit), the second is a state/condition of acute insufficiency. In context: "trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" = there is a deficit/shortfall of local labor. It is not necessarily "acute insufficiency" (dearth, famine) but a lack relative to demand. The phrase "shortage of local labor" is a common collocation matching sense 1? Let's check WordNet examples. Sense 1 example: "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit". Synonyms deficit, shortfall. Sense 2 examples? dearth, famine. "an acute insufficiency". The context says immigrants fill trades where there is a shortage of local labor; this is an economic shortfall/deficit. So sense 1 likely. But need be careful: "shortage" in "shortage of local labor" could be a dearth of local labor. Which sense index? The candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2. We need output {"sense_index": 1} or 2.

Let's examine WordNet definitions more precisely. shortage%1:07:00:: in WordNet 3.0: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required". This is under noun.attribute? Actually 1:07 is noun.attribute? Let's recall WordNet lexicographer file names: noun.attribute is 07. So shortage as attribute: deficit, shortfall. shortage%1:26:00:: is noun.state? 1:26 is noun.state? Actually noun.state is 26. Definition: "an acute insufficiency". synonyms dearth, famine.

In context, "there is a shortage of local labor" describes a state of insufficiency (a labor shortage). But the phrase "shortage of X" can be mapped to either. Which is the "best indexed sense"? Need use sentence context, examples, synonyms. The context is economic: positive impact on wages and employment; immigrants complementary to local labor; unskilled immigrants in sectors not attracting local labor; highly skilled in dynamic sectors where training not linked to offers. "Shortage of local labor" means not enough local workers to fill positions. This is a deficit/shortfall in labor supply relative to demand. Synonyms deficit/shortfall fit. Sense 2 dearth/famine implies acute scarcity, possibly too strong and not economic. Also "famine" is extreme. So sense 1.

Need output only JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Cloudflare

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation on the target word "labor" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

Context quote about immigration and labor:
"there is a shortage of local labor"
"Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor"

The target surface form "labor" appears in the phrase "local labor" and also earlier in "local labor, exercising trades in which...".

Candidate senses:
1. labor%1:14:00 - a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat; example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field"
2. labor%1:04:00 - productive work (especially physical work done for wages); synonyms: labour, toil; example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill"
3. labor%1:26:00 - concluding state of pregnancy; irrelevant here
4. labor%1:14:04 - an organized attempt by workers to improve their status; labor movement
5. labor%1:14:02 - British Labour Party
6. labor%1:14:01 - US federal department (Department of Labor)
7. labor%1:04:01 - any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted; synonyms: undertaking, project, task

Now, which sense fits best?

The context discusses immigrants being complementary to "local labor" and working in sectors that "do not attract local labor." This refers to the workforce or workers themselves.

Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - This refers to people/workers as a class. The example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" matches perfectly with "shortage of local labor."

Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - This refers to the work/activity itself, not the people. Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill"

In the context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor" - are immigrants complementary to local work/activity or to local workers? The phrase "replacement of local labor" suggests they might replace workers. "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" - shortage of local workers/labor force.

Actually, the distinction between sense 1 (social class/workers) and sense 2 (work/activity) is subtle. Let me think more carefully.

"local labor" can mean:
- local workers/labor force (sense 1)
- local work/employment (sense 2)

The phrase "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" is given as an example for sense 1. This is very similar to "shortage of local labor" in the context. This strongly suggests sense 1.

Also, "sectors, which do not attract local labor" - sectors don't attract local workers, not local work itself.

So sense 1 seems to be the best fit. It refers to the social class/workers who do manual labor or work for wages.

The user asks to return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. The index corresponds to the candidate number. Since sense 1 is the best, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, let me double check. Could it be sense 2?

"productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - In economics, "labor" is often a factor of production, referring to work/effort. But in common usage, "shortage of labor" can refer to workers.

The example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" is explicitly matched with sense 1, not sense 2. The example "his labor did not require a great deal of skill" matches sense 2.

In our context: "there is a shortage of local labor" - this matches the example for sense 1 almost exactly in structure.

Also "local labor" as a collective noun referring to people is more natural than as work/activity.

So my answer is sense_index: 1.

I need to return only the JSON object without any explanation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "sectors" in context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." This refers to parts of economy/industry. Candidate sense 2: social group that forms part of society or economy, examples public sector. Candidate sense 3: particular aspect of life or activity, sphere. Candidate sense 1 geometry, 4 computing, 5 military, 6 instrument. Best is sense 2 (economy). Need output {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose single best sense for target 'labor' in sentence. Context: "local labor" refers to workers? It says immigrants complementary to local labor, exercising trades shortage of local labor. Then "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor" – local workers/labor force. The definition for sense 1: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages, synonyms labour, working class, proletariat; example there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field. Sense 2: productive work (especially physical work done for wages); example his labor did not require skill. Here "local labor" means local workers / workforce, a collective body of workers, i.e., social class? WordNet labor%1:14:00:: noun group "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". Example there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field matches usage "shortage of local labor". Sense 2 is work as an activity, not the workers. "do not attract local labor" = local workers. So sense 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need disambiguate target "ones" in sentence. Context: "the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors..." refers to immigrants? The antecedent is "immigrants", plural. The word "ones" is plural of "one" as a pronoun referring to a single person or thing (or ones? WordNet one%1:09:00:: definition a single person or thing). But here "ones" plural substitutes for "immigrants" (highly skilled immigrants). Candidate senses: 1 numeral, 2 a single person or thing. There is also maybe not in list. So best is 2. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need resolve WSD target lemma sector surface sectors. Context: economic discussion: immigrants work in sectors which do not attract local labor and most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training... economic sectors. Candidate senses: 1 plane figure, 2 social group part of society/economy examples public sector, 3 particular aspect of life/activity synonyms sphere, 4 computer data, 5 military, 6 instrument. Most appropriate = sense 2 (a social group that forms part of society or economy; public sector). In context "dynamic sectors" = industries/branches of economy. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON only. We need choose best sense among candidates. Target word "training" in sentence: "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." Sense 1 activity leading to skilled behavior (preparation, grooming). Sense 2 result of good upbringing (education, breeding), example social refinement. Context: sectors where training is not linked to job offers. Means vocational training or skill development. So sense 1. Return {"sense_index":1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need output JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Need determine best sense. Target surface offers in context: "training does is not linked to offers of employment." Here "offers of employment" means proposals/offers (job offers). It is something offered (a proposal or bid) maybe. Let's analyze WordNet senses. Sense keys:

1 offer%1:10:01 definition=the verbal act of offering, synonyms offering, examples a generous offer of assistance (the act).
2 offer%2: something offered (as a proposal or bid), synonyms offering, examples investments offerings.
3 offer%1:04:01 attempt.

In "offers of employment", these are actual job offers (proposals), not the verbal act. So sense 2 better. This indexing candidate from list is 2. Return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose single best indexed sense. Need parse context. Target is surface 'employment' in sentence: "... most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>." Let's analyze.

The sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." Phrase "offers of employment" means job offers, the state/condition of being employed/the jobs? Candidate senses:

1. state of being employed or having a job (employment as status/condition). Example "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city". 2. occupation for which you are paid (work). Example "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work". 3. act of giving someone a job (engagement). 4. act of using.

"offers of employment" is a collocation. Which sense? "Employment" here refers to job/hiring? Offer of employment = job offer; it is the act of giving someone a job? Or the state of having a job? Let's consider semantically: "training does is not linked to offers of employment" - offers of employment means job offers. The companies/employers offer jobs. Employment as the condition of being employed? Hmm.

WordNet sense 1 definition: the state of being employed or having a job. That's a stative noun (mass/uncountable). Examples: "they are looking for employment", "he was in the employ of the city". Sense 1 seems the state/situation of having a job. "Offers of employment" = offers of a job/state of being employed? Actually a job offer is an offer of employment, where employment = the act/condition of employing? Hmm.

Sense 2 definition: the occupation for which you are paid, synonyms work. Examples "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work". That is more concrete: the work itself. "offers of employment" could be offers of work. But the phrase "offers of employment" in job contracts: an offer of employment is a formal offer to be employed.

WordNet sense 3 definition: the act of giving someone a job. That's an action: engagement. "offers of employment" could be offers to hire. Is employment in "offers of employment" the act of being employed? We say "contract of employment" too. Need decide best index.

We need think about fine-grained WSD. Target word 'employment' is preceded by 'offers of'. In Meaning 'offers of employment' usually defined as 'job offers'. The noun 'employment' in job offer refers to the state of being employed in an organization. But which WordNet sense captures that?

Let's inspect examples. Wordnet often distinguishes:
employment.n.01: the state of being employed or having a job.
employment.n.02: the occupation for which you are paid.
employment.n.03: the act of giving someone a job.
employment.n.04: the act of using.

Past WSD experience: "offers of employment" maybe sense 1? Actually a "offer of employment" is an offer that provides employment (state of being employed or having a job). "Employment" as mass noun meaning paid work or jobs appears in "seeking employment". But "offers of employment" where a company offers employment = offers a position. The noun is ambiguous between sense 1 and 3.

Let's parse the immediate context: "where training does is not linked to offers of employment." The passage discusses immigrants in dynamic sectors where training isn't linked to offers of employment. It likely means job offers. "Offers of employment" is a phrase used to mean "job offers". If forced to choose WordNet sense, sense 2 (occupation for which you are paid) might cover "a job" (countable implicit). However, "employment" as an uncountable noun (state/condition) can also mean "job". Need see WordNet sense 1 example: "they are looking for employment" = state; sense 2 example: "he is looking for employment" identical but gloss says occupation. WordNet sense 2 examples also "a lot of people are out of work". Sense 2 maps to work/occupation. "Offers of employment" as offers of work = occupation/job. That seems sense 2? But "employment" can be a mass noun that refers to the state; examples sense1 and sense2 both have "looking for employment". How do they differ? In WordNet, sense1 maybe "the state of being employed" (antonym unemployment), sense2 "work/job" (the thing you do to earn money). The phrase "offers of employment" more like offer of a job/work = sense2. But if considering an employer makes an offer, sense3 "act of giving someone a job" maybe more apt: an offer of employment = an offer to give a job. Need decide.

Let's search memory: In WordNet, "engagement" (employment.n.03) definition: the act of giving someone a job; usage: "she applied for an engagement as a governess". That is rare. So sense 3 is about the act of engaging/hiring. A job offer is indeed an offer to hire (act of giving someone a job), but "employment" in offer of employment is not focusing on the act.

Let's analyze the syntactic relation: "offers of employment" = offers of some object. The object is "employment". If we paraphrase: "offers of jobs" or "offers to employ". "Offers of employment" could be genitive object of nominalization: 'the offering of (a state of) employment' or 'offers of work'. In noun phrase, it is the thing offered. What is offered? A job/employment. In modern English, "an offer of employment" is a formal invitation to enter into an employment relationship. The relationship is "employment" sense1 (state of being employed). I recall in legal dictionaries, "employment" can mean the state of being employed or the act of employing.

This is a practically difficult WSD. We need choose single best. Let's think of typical mapping 'offer of employment' in lexical databases (Wiktionary?) Wiktionary sense 1: The state of being employed. Sense 2. The work that one does for payment. Sense 3. The act of employing someone or the state of being employed? Actually Wiktionary has senses: 1. A use, purpose. 2. The act of employing. 3. The state of being employed. 4. The work or occupation in which one is employed. But the WordNet sense mapped from Wiktionary may vary.

The instruction says use context, examples, synonyms. Let's list each with synonyms.

Sense 1 synonyms: employ (verb? noun?) definition: state of being employed or having a job. Examples "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city". "in the employ of" means employed by; state.

Sense 2 synonyms: work. definition: the occupation for which you are paid. Examples: he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work. This is about occupation, especially when no indefinite article. "offers of employment" = offers of work/occupation.

Sense 3 synonyms: engagement. definition: the act of giving someone a job. Example missing but maybe "the engagement of a new maid". "offers of employment" could be offers of engagement = job offer.

Sense 4: use, exercise, not relevant.

The title of section: "positive impact on economic growth, wages and employment". The earlier uses of employment in context: "impact on ... wages and employment" and "harms employment". Those earlier token? The target is only the one surface. But context within paragraph also uses "employment" in earlier clauses. They are all about economic variable employment (the level of people employed, job opportunities), i.e., sense1? 'Impact on wages and employment' is macroeconomic variable: employment/unemployment (state). 'Harms employment' = hurts hiring/job levels. "offers of employment" in dynamic sectors where training isn't linked to offers of employment, again macro job offers. The sense relevant to labor economics is "employment" as state of being employed vs unemployment. The economists talk about employment (state/condition) as a macroeconomic indicator. In "offers of employment" it fits: job offers determine whether people have employment (state/job). So sense1 seems likely.

In WordNet, economic "employment" vs "unemployment" is exactly sense 1: state of being employed. From examples: "they are looking for employment" and "in the employ of the city". The MACRO variable uses the state concept. Meanwhile sense2 is occupation or job as "work". In economics, they count 'employment' as status, not the particular occupation. Thus earlier "positive impact ... on wages and employment" strongly evokes sense 1. The target phrase is plausibly same semantic. "Offres d'emploi" in French? The article likely translated from French? "offers of employment" matches "offres d'emploi" = job offers. The sense of emploi there is 'job' not state maybe. In French, 'emploi' can mean 'job' (work). But macroeconomics uses 'l'emploi' = employment.

We must choose a single indexed sense. Let's carefully examine the phrase: "training does is not linked to offers of employment." If we replace the target with synonyms of each candidate:
- Sense1: training is not linked to offers of having a job / job offers.
- Sense2: training is not linked to offers of work/occupation.
- Sense3: training is not linked to offers of giving someone a job.
- Sense4: offers of using.

Natural reading: training not linked to offers of work/job. Both 1 and 2 plausible. Sense3 odd because there are "offers of giving someone a job". We might parse as "offers of employment" where employment refers to the job being offered by the employer. The employer offers employment (a job). So sense2 'occupation for which you are paid' = job/work. However, "employment" doesn't have indefinite article and "offers of employment" is a stock phrase meaning "job offers". The job offer is an offer of employment, where employment = the condition of being employed by the employer. In employment law, "an offer of employment" means an offer to enter into an employment relationship.

Which sense would WordNet annotators assign to "employment" in "offers of employment"? I can search my memories from SemCor or similar. The phrase "offer of employment" may appear as a sentence in a corpus. SemCor uses sense 1 maybe. Let’s think.

The target surface 'employment' is part of "offers of employment". There may be a known collocation: "offer of employment" or "offers of employment" maps to WordNet sense 1? Let's test using dictionary definitions. Merriam-Webster: employment 1: use, purpose 2.4: the state of being employed : in someone's employment 3: the activity in which one engages for payment : occupation 4: the act or process of employing or being employed. "Offer of employment" in legal language uses "employment" as a relationship/status (state), perhaps sense 1 / 4. WordNet sense 3 (act of giving someone a job) = engagement; that's not the relationship.

The context: "where training does is not linked to offers of employment." The French original might be "où la formation n'est pas liée à des offres d'emploi." 'emploi' singular/plural. In French, "offre d'emploi" is a job vacancy/advertisement. 'Emploi' there means job. If translated directly, "offers of employment/ job offers". A "job" would translate sense 2? But 'emploi' as word has sense 'job' (a post/position). WordNet sense 2 definition "the occupation for which you are paid" = "a job." Maybe best matches "offers of employment" since it's the occupation being offered.

However, WordNet sense 1 definition "the state of being employed or having a job". It too includes "having a job." The example "they are looking for employment" is exactly job search. Sense 2 example also "he is looking for employment". It's hard to separate. The difference: sense1 is a state/condition; sense2 is an occupation/work. "Offer of employment" offers a state/relationship? Hmm.

We need decide which single best indexed sense. Let's invoke likely scoring: In word2vec synsets, "offers of employment" likely close to sense 1 "state of being employed" or "job offers." The mention "economists", "wages and employment", and "growth, wages and employment" is a strong context for sense 1. The target phrase appears in same paragraph, probably same concept. So sense 1 may be the most cohesive reading.

But there is nuance: "offers of employment" is a collocation distinct from macroeconomic variable. If there were another occurrence earlier "impact on wages and employment" as sense1, is the target also sense1? The WSD task is for the target, so we can use context. The whole topic is economics; "employment" as aggregate quantity. In economics, employment measures number of people employed (state). "Offers of employment" = job openings. So sense1 likely.

Let's examinecandidate sense definitions carefully to see which captures "employment" as an economic outcome (a state variable). Sense 1: state of being employed or having a job. Sense 2: the occupation for which you are paid. The previous phrase "harms employment" - does that harm occupations (sense2) or state of being employed? It harms the state/job level. So sense1.

Sense 3: act of giving someone a job. "Restraining immigration ... harms employment." Does restraining immigration harm the act of giving jobs? It could reduce hiring, but more naturally harms employment (level of jobs). So sense1.

Therefore sense1 is the likely intended answer.

But need be careful: Some WSD datasets might annotate "employment" in "offers of employment" as sense 2 (work). Let's search mental memory of OntoNotes/SEM for 'offer of employment'. I recall examples in SemCor perhaps: "an offer of employment" annotated as employment%1:04:00? Not sure.

Let's think about WordNet sense 1 vs 2. The synonym sets: sense1 only 'employ' (noun?), sense2 'work'. 'Offer of employment' is similar to 'offer of work'. But could also be 'offer of employ' (noun). Which of those synonyms sounds natural? "offers of work" yes. "offers of employ" not natural; 'employ' as noun is rare and means 'employment' (state). That suggests sense2 maybe best for this collocation.

However, "state of being employed" in sense1 synonyms is 'employ'. "In the employ of the city" means in the service/state of employment. 'Offer of employ' not typical; we don't offer states, but an employment relationship. Hmm.

Let's focus on the exact phrase 'linked to offers of employment'. Is this about "training linked to job offers"? In EdTech/economics, 'training not linked to offers of employment' = vocational training not connected to job placements. 'Offers of employment' = job placements (offers to take a job). The noun "employment" there means "a job". Synonyms: work. That is sense2. Actually "job placement" is act of placing, but the offer is of the job itself. The state of being employed comes after accepting.

But the word "employment" itself is used not "job" because mass noun. In WordNet, the closest to "job" as employment position may be sense2? Wait, WordNet 'employment.n.02' def: the occupation for which you are paid. That is 'work', not a specific position. However, a "job offer" is an offer of a position; the position itself could be called 'employment' (the relationship), not the work.

Maybe the WordNet sense 2 is for "employment" as in "What is your employment?" or "out of employment" where it means occupation. But "offer of employment" is not "offer of occupation"; it is "offer of a state/job".

Could also be WordNet sense 3? Let's test: "offers of engagement" sounds somewhat archaic but possible. Definition "the act of giving someone a job". A job offer is literally an offer to give someone a job. If the phrase were "the engagement of new workers," sense3. But "offers of employment" not "his employment of the worker." The target is the object of offers. In WordNet, sense 3 examples? Let me recall: "the engagement of John as consultant." Hmm. The subject is the act of engaging performed by employer. An "offer of employment" focuses on the prospective hire relationship. So sense3 less likely.

Let's see if there is a pattern: For noun 'employment', sense 1 often collocates with "in someone's employment", "in the employ of", "seeking employment", "out of employment" (though out of work in sense2). Sense 2 collocates with "out of work", "he is looking for employment" (work). The boundaries are subtle. The sense distinction maybe between status vs activity/occupation. In context of dynamic sectors and training, 'employment' could be seen as 'paid work', not status. The sentence "training does is not linked to offers of employment" means training not tied to offers of work. That's sense2 maybe.

But earlier uses collectively matter. In first mention "positive impact on ... wages and employment" and "harms employment" - definitely the economic condition/state. Can same word in same paragraph have different senses? Yes but usually coherent. The target near the end is about training linked to offers. Since the whole article discusses economic impacts, macroeconomic employment. So sense1 likely.

Let's consider the requested output: JSON {"sense_index": 1} if choose sense1. We must not include explanation. We should produce only JSON object. Do not answer with sense key. For final, just JSON.

Before final, let's evaluate if there's any strong reason to choose 2. We need high confidence. Let's inspect examples: sense1 examples: "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city". Here "looking for employment" = seeking a job/hired status. This matches "offers of employment" = offers of a job/hired status. The phrase "offers of employment" is a legal/economic expression meaning a job offer (an offer to be employed). The state sense seems correct: an offer of a state. If someone "accepts employment" with a company, that's sense1: enters into the state of employment. Sense3 "act of giving someone a job" would be the employer's act of employing, not the offer.

Sense2 "occupation for which you are paid" synonyms 'work'. Would you say "offers of work"? Yes. But "offers of employment" is more of formal relationship than work. Also the context strongly supports state.

I think the best single indexed sense is 1. But let me think about the exact WordNet sense indices from candidate listing. They listed:
1. employment%1:26:00:: | state of being employed or having a job | synonyms employ
2. employment%1:04:00:: | occupation for which you are paid | work
3. employment%1:04:02:: | the act of giving someone a job | engagement
4. employment%1:04:01:: | act of using | use

So output {"sense_index": 1}. But need ensure no extra text. The user instructions: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we output exactly one JSON object.

Potential issue: We should ensure to follow instruction "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." Not an issue.

Let's consider if there is any possibility model should answer with just JSON or maybe include index matching candidate list (1-4). Yes.

Now final answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

But hold on. Let's think more deeply. Could target be sense2? The sentence "A positive effect on wages" broken after target, maybe the target is last word in snippet. The phrase "offers of employment" in English has a head "offers", with "of employment" complement. An "offer of employment" is typically defined as "a formal offer to be employed". The noun "employment" in that collocation is a state contract, not an occupation. Actually a job offer includes title, salary, duties (occupation). You are offered a position and employment. The thing cut down: "an offer of employment" = "an offer of a job". In an employer's terms, "we are offering employment to 10 people." Means offering jobs. The job is the occupation. So sense2 plausible.

Compare: "Employment is at a record high" = state. "He received an offer of employment" = job/position. The sense differs by collocation maybe. Which WordNet sense for "offer of employment"? Let me search memory of lexicalizations: WordNet sense 1 examples: "he was in the employ of the city". Sense 2 examples: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work". The phrase "offer of employment" is not in examples. If I consider substituting into examples: "He is looking for employment" sense2 = work; "They are looking for employment" sense1 = a job. Both? The difference between sense1 and 2 for 'looking for employment' may be whether one seeks "a state of being employed" (any job) or "an occupation" (a line of work). The practical distinction minimal.

The WSD task as a linguist: Choose the best indexed sense. We can use earlier context: "economic growth, wages and employment." The sense is clearly state (employment as a macroeconomic variable) because it pairs with wages and growth. This primes sense1. The target phrase, while part of a stock collocation, is likely still within that semantic field: specialized training not tied to job offers. So sense1.

If the dataset is from a translated text, maybe the annotation might have been done by someone using the entire argument. I'd lean sense1.

But I want to be absolutely certain not by overthinking. Let's parse syntactic category: "employment" after "offers of" is a mass noun. Sense2 "occupation" is normally countable? It can be mass "he is looking for employment". Sense1 state is also mass. Both fit.

Could the best sense be 3 due to "offers"? "Offer of employment" = offering someone a job. The "of" can be objective, indicating act. For example, "offers of employment" = offers to hire. Since sense3 definition = act of giving someone a job. This may be the most precise, but the usage "offers of employment" rarely treats employment as an act. In legal phrasing: "a written offer of employment" means an offer to enter employment. It is not offer of an act, but an offer to perform the act of employing. Actually "offer of employment" can be understood as "offer to give [someone] a job". Then the head noun 'employment' denotes the act of giving someone a job? Hmm.

Let's analyze semantics: "offer of X" can mean offer that will bring about X. If X = employment (state), then "offer of employment" = offer to be in a state of employment. Accepting yields employment (state). That is sense1. If X = job (occupation), offer of job, sense2. If X = the act of giving a job, an offer of an act (weird). In common parlance, becoming employed is most central.

Sense1 example "he was in the employ of the city" uses "employ" not "employment". Synonym "employ" as noun means employment; the state. Good.

Thus I choose sense1.

Now final JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Need choose sense for "effect" in context. Let's analyze. Target sentence: "A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon..." The context: arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. This is a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. So sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. Synonyms consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot. Yes. Not outward appearance, contrived impression, central meaning, legal validity, or symptom. So sense_index: 1.

Need return only {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no additional text.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with single best indexed sense. Target word 'way' appears in phrase: 'In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists'. Need choose sense among 12. The phrase 'in the same way as' means manner/mode: how something is done or happens. Sense 1 definition how something is done or how it happens, synonyms manner, mode, style, fashion; examples her dignified manner. This is idiomatic 'in the same way'. Could sense 2 means how a result is obtained or end achieved. But 'in the same way as a surgeon...' is comparing manner, not means to an end. Sense 1 best. We return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user is a linguist doing word sense disambiguation. They want me to decide the best sense of the word "country" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists..."

Target surface form: country
Context: A surgeon working in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists.

Candidate senses:
1. country%1:14:00:: = politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic)
2. country%1:15:00:: = the territory occupied by a nation (state, land)
3. country%1:14:01:: = the people who live in a nation or country (nation, land)
4. country%1:15:01:: = an area outside of cities and towns (rural area)
5. country%1:15:02:: = a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (area)

Now I need to identify which sense is used here.

"In a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" - This sounds like a nation or political entity that has medical professionals. A surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country (nation/state) that lacks anaesthetists.

Let me think about each option:

Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This refers to the country as a political entity. A surgeon working in a country (governed entity) with a shortage of anaesthetists.

Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" - This refers to the land/territory. A surgeon working in a territory with a shortage of anaesthetists.

Sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country" - This refers to the people. A surgeon working among people with a shortage of anaesthetists? Doesn't quite fit because "shortage of anaesthetists" refers to the medical workforce in a nation/territory, not the people themselves.

Sense 4: rural area - clearly wrong. A surgeon working in the countryside with a shortage of anaesthetists? While possible, the analogy is about nations with different labor distributions, not rural vs urban.

Sense 5: geographical region of indefinite boundary - "Bible country", "cattle country" - doesn't fit well here.

Between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes the political organization/government
- Sense 2 emphasizes the territory/land

The phrase "work in a country" with "shortage of anaesthetists" - this is most naturally interpreted as working within a nation-state, which has a healthcare system and labor market. It's about a defined political/geographic entity.

In WordNet, the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 can be subtle. Sense 1 (14:00) is the abstract political body under a government, while sense 2 (15:00) is the physical territory.

Examples of sense 1: "the state has elected a new president; African nations" - political entity
Examples of sense 2: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries" - territory/place

In this context, "work in a country" is about the geographic/political entity as a workplace location. The idea is that within the boundaries of that nation, there is a shortage of anaesthetists.

I think the most appropriate is sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" (state, land). Because:
- "work in a country" = working within the territory/borders of a nation
- "with a shortage of anaesthetists" describes conditions within that place
- The surgeon is physically working in that territory

However, sense 1 could also work because:
- The shortage of anaesthetists relates to the nation's healthcare system and labor market
- "Country" here means a nation-state as a political-economic entity

Let me think more carefully. The sentence is making an analogy about labor complementarities. "A surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" - this is about a nation with a specific characteristic (shortage of anaesthetists).

The WSD task in WordNet often distinguishes between:
- A country as a political entity/group (sense 1, %1:14:00)
- A country as a place/territory (sense 2, %1:15:00)
- A country as the people (sense 3, %1:14:01)

In the SemCor corpus and other WordNet annotated data, "in a country" or "the country" when referring to a nation-state as a place is often tagged with the territory sense (15:00). However, when focusing on government/policy, it's sense 1.

Here, the focus is on working conditions and labor market characteristics (shortage of specific workers), which arguably makes it more abstract - a nation as an economic/political entity with a labor market.

But the literal phrasing "work in a country" suggests a place/territory.

Let me look at the examples again:
Sense 1 examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations"
Sense 2 examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries"

The phrase "work in a country" is very similar to "visit several countries" - it's about being in a place. So I'd lean toward sense 2.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider. The sentence says "a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists." The country is conceptualized as a place where workers work. The "territory occupied by a nation" sense captures this well.

But there is also the common dictionary sense where "country" just means "nation" as an abstract political entity. "Asian countries" might be tagged as political entities or territories depending on context.

Let me think about what WordNet typically does. In WordNet:
- country%1:14:00:: is "a politically organized body of people under a single government"
- country%1:15:00:: is "the territory occupied by a nation"
- country%1:14:01:: is "the people who live in a nation or country"

These three are closely related. The first is more political/institutional, the second more geographical, the third is the people.

For "work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists", I think this is best as sense 2 (geographical/territory) because "work in" is locative. However, "country" is often used metonymically: the shortage of anaesthetists is a property of the nation (its healthcare system), not just its territory.

Hmm. Let me think of comparable examples:
- "Japan is a country with a high life expectancy" - could be sense 1 or 2
- "He lives in a country with high taxes" - this is more about the political entity (sense 1 or 2)
- "The country has a strong economy" - about the nation/polity as a whole

For "work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists", the "shortage of anaesthetists" refers to the labor market of the country. The labor market is tied to the political/economic entity. But "work in" is about location.

I think the safest choice in WordNet convention is sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" because:
- The discussion is about immigration, employment, labor markets
- "Country" refers to a nation as an economic/political system within which workers operate
- A "shortage of anaesthetists" is an economic/labor market condition of the nation

But actually, I want to reconsider. The phrase is "work in a country" — this is clearly about place/territory. If the sentence were "the country has a shortage of anaesthetists," it would be more clearly about the nation/polity. But "work in a country" emphasizes location.

Let me look at it from a different angle. The article is about immigration to countries. "Restraining immigration" is a policy of countries. "Employment" is in countries. "Wages" are in countries. So the whole discourse is about countries as economic/political entities.

But the specific sentence with "work in a country" — what does it mean exactly?

Actually, I recall that in WordNet, "country" used to mean "nation" is usually sense 1 or 2. The first sense is the primary sense, and the second is the territorial sense. "A country" as a general term for a sovereign state is most commonly sense 1.

Let me also think about the metaphor. A surgeon can work physically in a place (territory), but the shortage of anaesthetists makes work difficult because of the lack of complementary workers in that national labor market. The focus is on the organized body (the nation and its economy).

I think I'll choose sense 1: country%1:14:00:: (politically organized body of people under a single government).

Wait, but I should be more careful. Let me think about the gloss of sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government." Synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic.

Sense 2 gloss: "the territory occupied by a nation." Synonyms: state, land. Examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries."

The examples for sense 2 include "he visited several European countries" - this is about visiting places. "Work in a country" is analogous to "visit countries" in terms of being in a place. So sense 2 seems more apt for the locative "in."

But the example "the state has elected a new president" for sense 1 is about the government/political entity. Our sentence isn't about government.

Hmm, this is a genuinely ambiguous WSD case. Let me consider what the instruction says: "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

The sentence is about a surgeon working somewhere. "In" marks location. The country has a shortage of anaesthetists. This could be either:
- The political entity (the nation and its healthcare system)
- The territory (the place where work happens)

Given that "work in" + "shortage of professionals" describes the conditions of working within a national labor market/healthcare system, I think sense 1 (political entity) is slightly better. The country as an organized entity has a shortage.

But the examples for sense 2 ("visited several European countries") suggest that "country" as a place you can be "in" is sense 2.

Let me look at this systematically. In WordNet, the hierarchy:
- sense 1: noun.group (14) - organized body of people
- sense 2: noun.location (15) - territory
- sense 3: noun.group (14) - people
- sense 4: noun.location (15) - rural area
- sense 5: noun.location (15) - geographical region

Given "in a country," it's a noun.location type use. So either sense 2 or 4 or 5. Not sense 1 (noun.group) or sense 3 (noun.group).

Actually, the sense keys use part of speech 1 (noun), and the first number is the lexicographer file (14 = noun.group, 15 = noun.location). So:
- 14:00 = noun.group: state/nation as political body
- 15:00 = noun.location: territory
- 14:01 = noun.group: people
- 15:01 = noun.location: rural area
- 15:02 = noun.location: region

"In a country" with reference to a sovereign nation is most likely a noun.location use because "in" indicates location. So sense 2.

Sense 1 would be if we said something like "the country elected a president" or "the country implemented a policy" - using the country as an agent/patient in political acts.

Here, "work in a country" is locative. So sense 2 seems right.

But wait, "the country has a shortage of anaesthetists" - "has" could be either. If I say "the country has a strong army," is that sense 1 or 2? Probably sense 1 (the political entity). If I say "the country has beautiful mountains," that's sense 2 (territory).

"A shortage of anaesthetists" relates to the workforce/society of the country, not just its physical land. But it can also be described as a characteristic of the territory (the place has no anaesthetists).

I think the intended answer depends on how the WSD dataset was annotated. In many WordNet-based WSD systems, "country" referring to a sovereign state is often tagged with sense 1 when used as the subject of political/economic statements.

But given the explicit preposition "in" (locative) and the general sense of "a place where one works," sense 2 seems most appropriate.

Also, consider the alternatives:
- If the author meant sense 1, they'd be saying "a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a political body of people under a single government" - that's odd.
- If sense 2, "a surgeon would find it difficult to work in the territory occupied by a nation" - that's what "in a country" literally means.

So I'll go with sense 2.

Actually, let me reconsider once more. Many linguists would say "country" in "a developing country" or "European countries" defaults to sense 1 (the nation as a political/social entity), even though it's used with locative prepositions.

For example:
- "He lives in a poor country" - refers to the nation-state (sense 1) or the territory (sense 2)?
- "She traveled to many countries" - refers to territories (sense 2)

The distinction is: when the property (poor, developed, etc.) applies to the nation as a socio-political entity, it's sense 1. When it applies to the land/territory, it's sense 2.

"A shortage of anaesthetists" is a socio-economic condition, so it might favor sense 1.

But the immediate context "work in a country" is about physical presence in a place...

I think I'll go with sense 2 because:
1. "in a country" is locative
2. The examples for sense 2 include being in/visiting countries
3. The "territory occupied by a nation" fits naturally with "work in"

But I'm not entirely sure. Let me think if there's a way to resolve this.

Actually, I want to look at how "country" is used in similar WSD test sets. In the original WordNet/Princeton examples, the most common sense for "country" when referring to a nation is sense 1. However, co-location with "in" often triggers sense 2.

Let me also check the synonyms:
- Sense 1 synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic
- Sense 2 synonyms: state, land

"Work in a state with a shortage of anaesthetists" - here "state" would clearly be sense 1 or 2? "State" as a political entity vs territory. In this context, "in a state" is locative but refers to the political jurisdiction.

Similarly, "work in a country" refers to working within the jurisdiction/territory of a nation. Both sense 1 and 2 overlap here.

I think the best answer is sense 2 because the locative use dominates. The country is conceptualized as a place where the surgeon works, and the conditions in that place make work difficult.

Hmm, but I keep going back and forth. Let me make a final decision.

Looking at the Oxford/Cambridge definitions:
- Country = a nation or state (abstract political entity)
- Country = an area of land with particular features or characteristics

In "work in a country," if we substitute "nation": "work in a nation" - this could mean working within the borders of a nation-state. That's the territory sense.

If we substitute "state": "work in a state" - this is about the political jurisdiction/territory.

Most dictionary definitions would treat "country" here as sense 1 (nation), but WordNet's fine-grained distinction makes sense 2 more appropriate for the locative use.

I think sense 2 is the answer.

Wait, let me reconsider the other senses too:
- Sense 3 ("the people who live in a nation or country") is wrong because the shortage of anaesthetists isn't a characteristic of the people.
- Sense 4 (rural area) is wrong because there's no urban/rural contrast.
- Sense 5 (geographical region) is wrong because countries aren't indefinite regions; they're political entities.

So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

Given the fine-grained distinction in WordNet and the locative "in," I'll choose sense 2.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense index for "shortage" in context. Context: "trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" and "country with a shortage of anaesthetists". Two candidate senses: shortage%1:07:00:: property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required, synonyms deficit, shortfall. This is a noun denoting quantitative deficit. shortage%1:26:00:: an acute insufficiency, synonyms dearth, famine. This is a noun denoting acute insufficiency. Which fits better? "shortage of local labor" and "shortage of anaesthetists" mean insufficient number of workers relative to demand. WordNet sense 1:07:00 seems attribute of being amount less than expected/required. sense 1:26:00 is state/condition acute insufficiency. Both plausible. Need choose single best indexed sense. Let's examine WordNet noun lexicographer file names: 1:07 is noun.attribute? Actually WordNet noun lexicographer files: 1:07 noun.attribute. 1:26 noun.state. Shortage is polysemous: (1) the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required (deficit, shortfall) [attribute], and (2) an acute insufficiency (dearth, famine) [state]. Examples: for sense 1 "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit" uses deficit. For sense 2 likely "there is a dearth of evidence". In context, "shortage of local labor" is about insufficient supply of workers, not necessarily acute famine. Could be attribute. The phrase "there is a shortage" often maps to sense 1? Let's think. WordNet examples for shortage: I need to recall. shortage%1:07:00 examples maybe "new blood vessels ... make up the nutritional deficit" (as deficit). Actually the example is for deficit maybe. The synset includes deficit, shortfall. shortage is the general term: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required". That seems like a quantitative shortfall. In economics, labor shortage is a shortfall in labor supply relative to demand. sense 2 (dearth, famine) implies extreme scarcity, acute insufficiency. Labor shortage is not usually "acute insufficiency" as famine. So sense 1 likely best. However "country with a shortage of anaesthetists" also means not enough anaesthetists, a deficit. Answer should be index 1. Need return only JSON object {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": N}. We need choose between two senses. Target word complementarities. Context: immigrants are complementary to local labor; complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring positive effect on pay. This is about one thing supplements/depends on the other (reciprocal interrelation), not two opposite states/principles that exhaust possibilities (like wave-particle complementarity). Sense 2 definition: the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other; example the complementarity of the sexes. That fits. So answer {"sense_index": 2}. Need only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer. Need choose one sense index for target 'arrival' in sentence. We must return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 3} etc. Need think. The context: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals." This is the act of arriving, an event. Candidate sense 1 definition accomplishment objective, synonyms reaching. Sense 2 the act of arriving at a certain place; examples awaited her arrival. Sense 3 someone who arrives. Here arrival of immigrants is an event/process of immigrants arriving, not the people. Best sense 2. Be careful: even though not physical place? "arrival" in immigration context means act of coming, event. WordNet 1:04:01 act of arriving at a certain place. Could fit awaited her arrival. The immigration flow arrival is act of arriving. Sense 1 'reaching/accomplishment of objective' is metaphorical reaching goal. Not here. So index 2.