[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The task is to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for target lemma "show" surface form "showed". Need choose best indexed sense among 12. Must output JSON only {"sense_index": INT}. Let's analyze context.

Context: "The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

Meaning: The results of the studies demonstrated / established / indicated by evidence that Cerenia was effective. Which sense? Candidate senses:

1 show%2:39:02 "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" synonyms demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate. Examples She shows her dogs; demo software. Not result showing outcome.

2 show%2:31:00 "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" synonyms prove, demonstrate, establish, shew. Examples "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture." This is about establishing truth/validity. "The results showed that Cerenia was more effective" - results prove/establish something.

3 show%2:32:00 "provide evidence for" synonyms testify, bear witness, prove, evidence. Examples "The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence." This is providing evidence, often evidence for a fact. "The results of the studies showed that..." Could be provide evidence that ... It is close.

Need disambiguate between 2 and 3. WordNet sense 2 (show%2:31:00) belongs to verb.communication? Let's recall WordNet: "show, prove, demonstrate, establish, shew" = establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment. "show, testify, bear witness, prove, evidence" = provide evidence for. The difference: "prove/establish" implies demonstrating truth or validity; "provide evidence for" is giving evidence, supporting. In usage "The results showed that" likely sense 3? Let's examine examples.

The examples for sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence". This sense is "provide evidence for" and often used with measurement/research data providing evidence. Sense 2 examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture". This sense uses subject as experiment or mathematician that establishes validity. In our context, subject is "results of studies" which are data, not an agent performing demonstration. Results provide evidence for a proposition. However, "results showed" is also a conventional idiom similar to "The blood test showed". I'd lean sense 3.

But consider sense 10: show%2:32:03 "give evidence of, as of records" examples "The diary shows his distress that evening". Subject is record/diary giving evidence of some state, with direct object a noun. Here direct object is a clause "that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". This is more likely sense 3.

Sense 7: indicate a place/direction/person/thing. Not applicable.

Sense 9: indicate a certain reading of gauges/ instruments. Example thermometer showed... This could be like a test result showing a value, but here a clause. No.

Sense 2 vs 3. Let's explore WordNet definitions more precisely.

WordNet verb group for show. Looking up:
- S: (v) prove, demonstrate, establish, show, shew (establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment) "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"; "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture"
- S: (v) testify, bear witness, prove, evidence, show (provide evidence for) "The blood test showed that he was the father"; "Her behavior testified to her incompetence"
- S: (v) show (give evidence of, as of records) "The diary shows his distress that evening"
- S: (v) show (indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments) "The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero"

Our sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". "Results" = findings/data. They "show" a state/outcome by providing evidence. The object clause is a proposition. The closest example is sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father". Same structure: test/results showed that X. So sense 3 is best.

Need output only JSON. Ensure no extra text. Final: {"sense_index": 3}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user is asking me to do WSD for the word "more" in the context of "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo".

Let me analyze both senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful

2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

In the target sentence, "more effective than the placebo":
- "more" is modifying "effective" (an adjective)
- This is the comparative form of "effective": "effective" -> "more effective"
- This matches sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs"
- The examples even include "more interesting" and "more beautiful", both of which are comparatives of adjectives
- "more effective" is analogous to "more interesting" and "more beautiful"

Sense 2 is "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" - this is when "more" functions as a standalone quantifier meaning "a greater amount" (e.g., "they eat more", "he works more").

Sense 1 best fits because "more" is forming the comparative of the adjective "effective". So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best WordNet sense index for "effective" in context: Cerenia was more effective than placebo: less vomiting in dogs. It's about producing intended result (preventing/treating vomiting). Candidates:
1 effective%3:00:00:: definition producing or capable of producing intended result or having striking effect; synonyms effectual, efficacious; examples an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick... effective teaching methods. This fits broad "producing intended result".
2 effective%5:00:00:competent:00 = efficient, able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively. It's more about competent persons.
3 effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 = works well as a means or remedy; examples effective reprimand, lotion effective in cases of prickly heat. This is close because medicine effective as remedy. But sense 1 is adjective satellite? Actually sense 1 is 3:00:00 (adjective). Sense 3 is satellite of efficacious. Both mention efficacious synonyms. Which is best? The phrase "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" in medical context (treatment). Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy" specifically remedy; sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result". The target is about drug efficacy: produces intended result (less vomiting). In WordNet, "effective" sense 1 is central sense producing intended result. Sense 3 is similar but more specific as remedy. Since context is medicine, "effective" means works well as remedy. But note the definition says "producing or capable of producing an intended result" is the most common sense. The examples include "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick" (comparative more effective). The given sentence: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" aligns with example "more effective than...". This strongly matches sense 1. Also sense 3 example "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" uses as a remedy. But target uses "more effective than placebo" evaluating outcome. The phrase "effective than placebo" often in clinical trials = producing intended result. So likely sense 1. Need not hedge; return JSON. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 Let me analyze the context and candidate senses.

The target word "placebo" appears in a medical context about Cerenia, a drug for treating/preventing vomiting in dogs. The sentence says "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" and mentions dogs receiving a placebo. This is clearly the medical/scientific sense of placebo - an inert substance used as a control in clinical trials.

Sense 1: placebo%1:06:00:: - an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug

This matches perfectly with the context of clinical studies comparing Cerenia to placebo.

Sense 2: placebo%1:04:00:: - (Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

This is a religious context that has nothing to do with the medical context here.

The best sense is clearly sense 1.

I need to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. Since the best sense is index 1, I'll return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation for target lemma less, surface less. Context: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo". Candidate senses: 1 is adj comparative of little meaning not as great in amount or degree with mass nouns, example of less importance; less time to spend. 2 lower in quality preceded by no, example no less than perfect. 3 fewer, nonstandard but often idiomatic with measure phrases, e.g. less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended.
We need choose best indexed sense. Here "less vomiting" vomiting is a mass noun? Action noun uncountable? It means a smaller amount of vomiting. Comparable: less ... than. This aligns with sense 1 comparative quantifier "not as great in amount or degree" used with mass nouns. Sense 3 "fewer" with measure phrases; not here. Sense 2 quality no. Thus sense 1. Return only JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need disambiguate sense of "seen" in context. Need choose single best indexed sense from candidate senses (indices 1-24). Target surface form seen passive: "less vomiting was seen in dogs..." Means observed, noticed, perceived by sight? In scientific context "was seen" = was observed. Candidate senses:
1. perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight (core visual). Example good observer to see details, see bird in tree. Passive "was seen" could be visually observed, but vomiting cannot literally be seen? In clinical studies, vomiting is observed/recorded. Could fit with general perception by sight. But also sense 3: perceive or be contemporaneous with; synonyms witness, find. "We found Republicans winning"; "You'll see a lot of cheating". Passive less vomiting was seen = observed/witnessed/experienced. Sense 19: observe as if with an eye (camera saw burglary). Sense 21: go or live through/experience (he saw action). That does not fit because vomiting was not experienced by dogs? Actually dogs experienced vomiting; less vomiting was seen in dogs. Could be "less vomiting was observed". Need best index.

Let's analyze WordNet senses for see:
- 2:39:00 perceive by sight.
- 2:31:01 understand mentally (Now I see).
- 2:39:02 perceive or be contemporaneous with; witness, find.
- 2:36:00 imagine.
- 2:31:00 deem.
- 2:31:02 get to know accidentally.
- 2:39:03 see or watch (watch TV, program will be seen all over world).
- 2:38:00 meet.
- 2:32:00 determine.
- 2:31:03 be careful/certain.
- 2:41:11 professional/business visit.
- 2:41:12 social visit.
- 2:41:10 visit place as entertainment.
- 2:41:14 take charge/deal with.
- 2:35:09 receive guest.
- 2:41:00 date.
- 2:39:05 see and understand, have a good eye.
- 2:31:08 deliberate or decide.
- 2:39:11 observe as if with an eye.
- 2:39:13 examine carefully.
- 2:39:12 go/live through.
- 2:38:03 escort.
- 2:33:00 match bet.
- 2:31:13 interpret.

"less vomiting was seen" in scientific passive: "observed". This is usually captured by sense 3? see%2:39:02: "perceive or be contemporaneous with; witness, find". Examples include "We found Republicans winning offices", "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school". This is a broad "perceive/witness/experience" sense. But "seen" here is specifically passive of "observe". Which candidate index likely maps for "seen" semcor? WordNet sense assignments: "see" in passive scientific "was seen" often mapped to sense 3? I recall WordNet see%2:39:02 is used for "see" as "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight"? Wait sense 1 is primary visual. Sense 3 includes "witness" meaning observe an event. In a study, vomiting episodes are observed/witnessed, not necessarily by the dogs but by researchers. "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine" means researchers observed fewer vomiting episodes in those dogs. So sense 3 likely.

But let's consider sense 19: observe as if with an eye; example camera saw burglary. This is metaphorical observation, not necessarily visual; instrument or person. However the definition includes "observe as if with an eye"; "less vomiting was seen" is observation, but "as if with an eye" not necessarily appropriate for clinical observation, but yes. Sense 19 is more specific to "observe with an eye/camera". Sense 1 includes "perceive by sight". Since vomiting can be observed by sight/hearing. In clinical sense "observed". The scientific construction "was seen in dogs" translates to "was observed in dogs".

Need decide between 1,3,19,21. 21 experience is wrong because phrase "less vomiting was seen in dogs" not "dogs saw less vomiting". The subject is vomiting, not the dogs. The dogs experienced vomiting? Actually "vomiting was seen in dogs" means vomiting was observed occurring in dogs. Not dogs' experience. So 21 not. 3 "perceive or be contemporaneous with" with synonyms witness, find; sense often for "we found that..." This matches "less vomiting was seen" = fewer vomiting episodes were observed/found. I think 3.

Check sense 1: "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight". In context, not literal sight researchers? The phrase "was seen" is not about ability to see; it's about observation. WordNet examples for sense 1: "You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?" This is visual perception. But vomiting being visible? It can be, but passive in a scientific study strongly uses "see" as "observe/witness", which is sense 3. The gloss for 3 includes "perceive or be contemporaneous with" synonyms witness, find.

Also there is sense 7: see or watch with examples "This program will be seen all over the world" - broadcast. Not.

Sense 19 "observe as if with an eye" is a subsense of see, maybe used for "The camera saw..." and "was seen by satellites". But target "vomiting was seen" in a study - clinical observation, not instrument or camera. So sense 3 or 1. Many WSD systems map "seen" in such contexts to see%2:39:02 (witness) because of "The results ... showed ... less vomiting was seen in dogs". I think index 3.

We need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": 1} likely. Context about dogs receiving medicine/placebo, obviously animal. So sense 1. Need ensure only JSON object exactly like. No extra explanation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The target word is "medicine" in the context of Cerenia, a veterinary drug. The sentence says "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo." This refers to the actual substance/drug being administered, not the field of study or profession.

Candidate sense 2: "something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" with synonyms medication, medicament, medicinal drug. This fits perfectly because Cerenia is a drug/medication being tested.

Sense 1 refers to the branch of medical science (field of study), which doesn't fit.
Sense 3 refers to the profession of medicine, which doesn't fit.
Sense 4 refers to punishment, which doesn't fit.

So the answer is sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "dogs" appears in a veterinary/pharmaceutical context discussing studies of Cerenia in laboratory dogs and animal patients. The sentence compares "dogs that received the medicine" with "dogs that received a placebo." This clearly refers to the animals, members of the genus Canis, domesticated by humans. This matches sense 1: "a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds" with synonyms domestic dog, Canis familiaris.

The other senses are inappropriate:
- Sense 2 (unattractive woman) - not applicable
- Sense 3 (informal term for a man) - not applicable
- Sense 4 (morally reprehensible person) - not applicable
- Sense 5 (sausage/hotdog) - not applicable
- Sense 6 (mechanical pawl/detent) - not applicable
- Sense 7 (fireplace andirons) - not applicable

The answer is sense_index 1.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "placebo" in the given context. The context is about a veterinary medicine called Cerenia being studied and compared to a placebo in dogs to test its effectiveness against vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. placebo%1:06:00:: - an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. placebo%1:04:00:: - (Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

The context clearly uses "placebo" to refer to an inert medication given to a control group in a drug efficacy experiment (comparing Cerenia's effectiveness). This matches sense 1 perfectly.

Sense 2 is a religious term that does not fit this medical/pharmaceutical context.

The answer should be a JSON object with "sense_index": 1.

The instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" - I just need to return {"sense_index": 1}. No extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for word "treatment" in sentence: "... both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting." Context is medical, Cerenia for dogs vomiting. "treatment" or prevention of vomiting. Treatment here means therapeutic care or application to address vomiting. Candidate sense 1: care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures intended to relieve illness or injury). Synonyms intervention. Examples likely "treatment of vomiting". Sense 2 management/handling e.g. treatment of water sewage, prisoners. Here it's medical so sense 1. Sense 3 artistic manner. Sense 4 discourse. So answer index 1. Need output JSON only. No hedge.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The <t>treatment</t> of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine best sense for "treatment" in context: "The <t>treatment</t> of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection... For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog."

Target word is noun 'treatment'. Context: veterinary medical, Cerenia drug, treating dogs vomiting. "treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection" meaning medical care provided to the dog. The "follow-up treatment" also refers to administering medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. medical care, intervention. "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications ...)" synonyms intervention. This fits extremely well: treatment of vomiting dog = medical procedure/care administering medicine.
2. management, handling. Example treatment of water sewage, handling of prisoners. Not administering medicine? Could be management but less specific.
3. artistic manner.
4. discussion discourse.

Best is sense 1. Return JSON {"sense_index":1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dog
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting <t>dog</t> should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "dog" in the given context. The context is about Cerenia, a veterinary medicine, and mentions "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection..."

Looking at the candidate senses:1. Dog as a domestic animal/canis familiaris
2. Dog as an unattractive woman
3. Dog as informal term for a man
4. Dog as a morally reprehensible person
5. Dog as a sausage/hotdog
6. Dog as a mechanical pawl/detent
7. Dog as metal supports for logs/fireplace

In this veterinary context, "dog" clearly refers to the domesticated animal. The entire passage discusses studies on dogs, veterinary practices, vomiting, and treatment. So the best sense is sense 1.

The user explicitly says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." and "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key."

I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: started
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be <t>started</t> with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for lemma start, surface started. Context: The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection... Need choose among candidate senses.

Let's analyze. "started" here is passive: treatment should be started with the injection. Meaning begin treatment (carry out an action), initiate the treatment. Candidate senses:
1 start%2:30:00:: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. Syn get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out. Examples We began working at dawn; Who will start? This is intransitive? But can be transitive? "start" as begin an activity. "The treatment ... should be started with the injection" is beginning an action/process. Could be sense 1? However WordNet sense 1 (start%2:30:00) definition "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" often intransitive? But examples include "We began working" (intransitive with gerund). "Who will start?" The synonyms include get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out. This sense often means commence doing something.
2 start%2:30:01:: set in motion, cause to start; synonyms begin, lead off, commence; examples The U.S. started a war; The Iraqis began hostilities. This is transitive causing something to begin. "started a war". In passive, "treatment was started" = someone caused the treatment to begin. This seems close. The difference between sense 1 and sense 2? In WordNet, start.v.01 and start.v.02. start.v.01 "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" vs start.v.02 "set in motion, cause to start". start.v.02 has hypernym cause to move, and includes cause to start an engine etc? Actually there is start.v.08 (get going or set in motion). Let's recall WordNet mapping:
- start.v.01 begin, lead off, start, commence (take the first step or steps in carrying out an action)
Wait maybe start%2:30:00 corresponds to verb.start.01: "begin, lead off, start, commence" definition take the first step... That example "We began working at dawn; Who will start?" Hmm but synonyms in prompt for 1: get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out. Not lead off, commence? Wait prompt lists sense 2 synonyms begin, lead off, commence. So maybe indexing differs from standard? Let's not rely too much.
Sense 2: set in motion, cause to start. Examples The U.S. started a war; The Iraqis began hostilities. That is causing an event. "Treatment should be started" = cause treatment to begin.
Sense 6: get off the ground; examples Who started this company? We embarked on an exciting enterprise. That's start an organization/enterprise.
Sense 13: begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object; examples begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot. That is start doing an activity with object. Not medical treatment perhaps.
Sense 8: get going or set in motion for machines: start the engine.
Sense 1 vs 2: In WordNet, "start" sense 1 is often intransitive (or middle) "begin"; sense 2 is transitive causing. In passive "be started" likely sense 2 (someone sets it in motion). But also could be sense 1 used transitively? Let's examine definitions and examples. Prompt sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" synonyms get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out. These are intransitive (set about, get down). "Who will start?" This is intransitive. In passive voice, "treatment was started" not the agent taking a first step? The agent (vet) takes first step? The subject is treatment (the action being carried out). Passive maps object to subject. The underlying active: "start the treatment" = perform initial step of treatment. That is sense 1 maybe? But sense 1 examples "We began working at dawn" - begin activity. "treatment should be started" = begin treatment. The difference between start.v.01 and start.v.02 can be subtle. In WordNet, start.v.01 includes usage " begin, lead off, start, commence" and example "We began working at dawn; Who will start?". It can be transitive? Let's check actual WordNet for start.v.01: synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out, commence? Actually WordNet entry for verb.start.01 (take the first step...) has synonyms: begin, commence, set out, start, set about, start out, get down. Examples: "We began working at dawn"; "Who will start?"; "Let's get down to work now". So yes sense 1 includes commence doing something.
start.v.02 definition: set in motion, cause to start; synonyms: begin, lead off, start, commence; examples: "The U.S. started a war in the Middle East"; "Iraqis began hostilities"; "begin a new chapter in your life". So these are causing an event or process to begin, often with an object that is an event (war, hostilities, chapter). "start treatment" - treatment is a process/event. It might be sense 2.
Which candidate best? Need decide. Let's parse instructions: WordNet glosses schematic; use context. The context: veterinary medical treatment. "The treatment ... should be started with the injection". It is talking about initiating treatment. In medical contexts, "treatment was started" commonly means begin therapy. Which WN sense covers "begin a medical treatment"? Let's see synonyms. Sense 13 "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" examples begin a cigar; start the soup (while hot); start a history. That means start consuming/reading/cooking. Not treatment.
Sense 1 "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" could be "start the treatment" = begin doing the treatment. Sense 2 "set in motion, cause to start" examples war, hostilities, new chapter. Treatment as a process. Sense 10 begin work or acting in capacity/job. Not.
I think the most appropriate in WordNet is start%2:30:01:: (set in motion, cause to start) for transitive use with event/process object, passive. However check sense 1 examples include "We began working" (begin an activity). Treatment is an activity; start treatment = begin doing it. But the verb "start" in "start the treatment" can be either. In WordNet distinction, start.v.02 is used for events/processes. The object "treatment" is an event-like process. Also medical "treatment was started" is a common collocation in WordNet? Could be start.v.01? Let's search memory: In SemCor or other corpora, "treatment was started" might be annotated as start.v.02 or begin.v.01? We don't have direct memory but we can reason.
Let's examine all candidate senses in prompt for mapping to standard WordNet. The sense keys use %2:30:00 etc. Standard WordNet senses:
- start%2:30:00:: = start.v.01? Actually WordNet sense keys have lexical file numbers and lexicographer ID. For verb "start":
Lexical files: 30 = verb.social? Actually 30 = verb.social? In WN, files: 02 = verb.body, 30 = verb.social? Wait WordNet lex file numbers: 29=verb.cognition? Let me recall: verb lexicographer files: 35=verb.body? Hmm. Sense keys: %2:30:00 means lexfile 30, sense 0. The examples in prompt are taken from WordNet. It lists definitions and synonyms. We need choose indexed sense (1-14). So don't need exact key; output sense_index.

Let's evaluate each candidate index based on prompt's definitions/examples.

Candidate 1: definition: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. Synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out. Examples: We began working at dawn; Who will start? This is intransitive or with gerund/participle. "start" in sense of "begin an activity". Could fit "start treatment"? Maybe but the examples lack a direct object event.

Candidate 2: definition: set in motion, cause to start. Synonyms: begin, lead off, commence. Examples: The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities. This is transitive causing a process/event. "started the treatment" = caused treatment to start. In passive "treatment should be started". Fits well.

Candidate 13: definition: begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object. Examples: begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot. This is a subsense of begin for objects that denote activities/events but the object specifies a particular action (smoke a cigar, eat soup? Actually start the soup = start eating/cooking). "start treatment" might fit here? Let's think. WN sense begin.v.03: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object; 'begin a cigar'; 'She started the soup while it was still hot'; 'We began the year with a celebration'" (I think that's begin.v.03). The direct object is something whose nature implies the event (smoking cigar, eating soup, celebrating year). For medical treatment, the inherent function is treating; "start treatment" might be begin the act of treating. But is there a separate start sense for this? Candidate 13 is "begin an event that is implied..." synonyms begin. This is not the same as cause to start (war). However the examples are everyday activities not processes. Which better?

Let's compare with "treatment". If you "start treatment", you're beginning a course of therapy. Is the treatment "an event implied and limited by nature/inherent function of the direct object"? Treatment is an act/process. The object "treatment" could be analogous to "the soup" or "a cigar"? But those are physical objects where the event (eating/cooking/smoking) is inferred. "Treatment" is already an action noun; there is no separate implied action. So maybe not sense 13.

Candidate 2 examples: "started a war" - object is an event. "began hostilities" - event. "start a new chapter" - event/metaphor. So treatment as an event/process fits sense 2.

Candidate 1 examples: "began working", "Who will start?" - subject begins own action. If the vet starts treatment, the vet is beginning the act of treating. But the treatment itself is the action. In active voice "start treatment" could be "take the first step in carrying out treatment" (sense 1). But WordNet's sense 1 is often used with a to-infinitive or gerund; the subject is the one doing the action. However when there's a direct object like "war", sense 2.

Let's look at candidate sense 1 definition "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". In passive, treatment is the action? The treatment is not an agent taking steps; it's the action being carried out. The underlying active: one takes the first step in the treatment. That is plausible. But WordNet sense 1's subject is the actor; sense 2's object is the thing set in motion. In passive "treatment was started", the subject is the thing set in motion, so sense 2.

Also the context says "treatment ... should be started with the injection". This is about initiating the treatment using injection. The injection sets the treatment in motion. So sense 2.

Now we must return JSON with sense_index. The best index likely 2.

Need ensure no hedging. Output exactly {"sense_index": 2}. No explanation.

But let's be thorough: Could candidate 1 be chosen by some annotation? Let's explore WordNet mapping more precisely. The candidate definitions in prompt are ordered by sense index (1-14). They correspond to WordNet senses in some order, not necessarily frequency? Usually sense indices in WordNet ordered by frequency. Candidate 1 start%2:30:00 is likely start.v.01. Candidate 2 start%2:30:01 is start.v.02. Candidate 13 start%2:41:04 maybe start.v.13? Let's map: start.v.01 = begin/commence (take first step). start.v.02 = begin/lead off/commence (set in motion, cause to start). Wait both share synonyms begin, commence? There may be confusion because WordNet groups differ. Let's recall exact WordNet synsets for verb start:
1. begin, commence, set out, start, set about, start out, get down -- (take the first step or steps in carrying out an action)
2. begin, lead off, start, commence -- (set in motion, cause to start)
3. depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off, set out, take off -- (leave)
4. begin -- (have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense)
5. originate, initiate, start -- (bring into being)
6. start, start up, embark on, commence -- (get off the ground)
7. startle, jump, start -- (move or jump suddenly...)
8. start, start up -- (get going or set in motion)
9. go, get going, start -- (begin or set in motion)
10. take up, start -- (begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job)
11. start -- (play in the starting lineup)
12. begin -- (have a beginning characterized in some specified way)
13. begin -- (begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object)
14. protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out -- (bulge outward)

Yes candidate 13 corresponds to start.v.13 = begin.v.03. The example "She started the soup while it was still hot". For "treatment" this could be analogous? But "soup" is a concrete object and start means begin to eat it; "cigar" begin to smoke. "Treatment" is not a concrete object; starting treatment means commence the treatment regimen. Not same.

Sense 1 vs 2: In WordNet, start.v.01 and start.v.02 both can mean "begin". The difference: start.v.01 intransitive (or with a gerund/infinitive) "We began working". start.v.02 transitive "The U.S. started a war". Since "started" here is passive of transitive with "treatment" as object, it's start.v.02. Therefore index 2.

Let's consider if sense 9 "begin or set in motion" (go, get going) might apply? Examples: I start at eight; Ready set go. That's intransitive scheduling. No.

Sense 8 "get going or set in motion" for machines/engines. Treatment not machine.

Sense 6 "get off the ground" for enterprises. No.

Sense 10 "begin work/acting in a capacity". No.

Sense 13 maybe? Let's examine if "treatment" as direct object is an event implied by the object. WordNet begin.v.03 examples include "begin a cigar" (smoke), "start the soup" (eat), "begin a new book" (read), "begin a new chapter" (live). The object usually a noun that denotes something you can continue/complete. "Treatment" is something that can be continued/completed, and starting it is beginning the course. Could candidate 13 also fit? The definition "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object". For treatment, the inherent function is treating the dog; starting treatment is beginning the event of treatment. But that seems too broad; almost any transitive begin could be described that way. WordNet distinguishes it as a separate sense for objects that denote activities by their nature (a cigar is for smoking, soup for eating). For process nouns like "treatment", "war", WordNet uses start.v.02. "War" is an event; "hostilities" event. So "treatment" as event likely 2.

Let's maybe think of actual usage in WN sense keys: "start%2:30:01" is "set in motion, cause to start" includes "begin a new chapter in your life". A chapter is not concrete. So yes.

Now produce final answer. Must be only JSON object. Ensure correct format: {"sense_index": 2}. No extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the <t>injection</t>, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "injection" in context. Let's analyze.

Target lemma injection, surface injection. Context: Cerenia veterinary medicine. "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down... For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog."

Candidate senses:
1. injection%1:04:00:: definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure (act/event, maybe mechanical).
2. injection%1:27:00:: definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant (substance/artifact).
3. injection%1:04:01:: definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot (act).

We need choose best indexed sense. The phrase "started with the injection" refers to administering medicine via injection as opposed to tablet. It could refer to the act of injecting or the dose/solution injected. Let's inspect WordNet senses.

Sense 1:04:00 noun.act: forceful insertion of a substance under pressure. Examples maybe "the injection of air into the system" or fuel injection. Not medical syringe? It might be general act of injecting under pressure.

Sense 1:27:00 noun.artifact: any solution that is injected (as into the skin). Synonym injectant. This is the substance.

Sense 1:04:01 noun.act: the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe; "the nurse gave him a flu shot". Synonym shot.

Context: "treatment ... started with the injection" because vomiting animals can't keep tablet down. This is about route of administration, an injection (shot) rather than tablets. It could be the act/dose. Which sense is best? In WordNet, "injection" as a medical shot is sense 3 (1:04:01). The phrase "the injection" likely denotes an injection dose/administration. The example "the nurse gave him a flu shot" aligns. Sense 2 is the solution itself (injectant). But here "started with the injection" means begin treatment by giving an injection (act), not the solution. Also "administer the tablets" parallels "injection" as mode of administration. So sense 3.

Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 3}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be <t>able</t> to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The target word is "able" in the sentence: "vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down".

This is the usual construction "able to" followed by an infinitive, meaning "having the necessary means/skill/capacity to do something".

Let me look at the candidates:
1. able%3:00:00:: - "(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something" - examples: able to swim; she was able to program her computer. This fits the pattern "able to keep a tablet down" perfectly.

2. able%5:00:00:competent:00 - "have the skills and qualifications to do things well" - examples: able teachers; a capable administrator. This is used before nouns (attributive), not in the "able to" construction.

3. able%5:00:00:capable:00 - "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity" - examples: able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet. This also uses "able to" but focuses more on inherent capacity. The example "able to learn" is the "able to" construction.

4. able%5:00:00:fit:01 - "having a strong healthy body" - examples: able seaman; every able-bodied young man. Attributive use with nouns, not "able to".

Glosses 3 and 1 both allow the "able to" construction.

Gloss 1 says: "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something" - this is the most common, general sense of "be able to".

Gloss 3 says: "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity". This is a relational adjective sense (satellite of capable).

In the context, vomiting dogs lack the physical capacity to retain a tablet. However, the construction "might not be able to keep a tablet down" is the standard modal sense. The WordNet sense 3:00:00:: is the base adjective sense that covers the "able to" construction generically.

Sense 3 (5:00:00:capable:00) is a satellite adjective with a specific relation to "capable" meaning inherent ability. Sense 1 is the primary adjective sense.

The indexing in WordNet: sense_key able%3:00:00:: is the adjective all-purpose (a). The other %5:* senses are satellite adjectives.

In this context, "able to keep a tablet down" is best matched by the general sense 1: "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something". The animal doesn't have the necessary physical condition/means to retain the tablet.

While sense 3 could apply (inherent physical ability), the WordNet example for sense 3 "able to learn" is somewhat generic. However, sense 1 is the most prototypical sense for "be able to + verb" constructions.

I think the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tablet
Target surface form: tablet
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a <t>tablet</t> down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02:: | definition=a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00:: | definition=a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge | synonyms=pad, pad of paper
3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01:: | definition=a small flat compressed cake of some substance | examples=a tablet of soap
4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet | synonyms=pill, lozenge, tab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The user asks to do word sense disambiguation for target lemma "tablet" (surface form tablet) in given context. We must choose single best indexed sense among four senses defined. Return JSON {"sense_index": <0-indexed? Let's inspect}: They list candidate senses indexed 1 to 4. The instructions: Return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Since example uses index 3, but not the answer. We need determine correct index. The context: dogs vomiting, "keep a tablet down"; they might throw the intact tablet up again; follow-up administer tablets. This is medicine in form of small pellet/pill. Option 4: dose of medicine in form of small pellet; synonyms pill, lozenge, tab. That's correct. Return {"sense_index": 4}. Ensure only JSON object, no extra text. Note: The candidate indices 1-4 correspond to sense keys listed. 1=slab, 2=pad, 3=soap/cake, 4=medicine pill. Best is 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: intact
Target surface form: intact
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the <t>intact</t> tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=intact%5:00:00:whole:00 | definition=constituting the undiminished entirety; lacking nothing essential especially not damaged; - Bacon | synonyms=integral, entire | examples=a local motion keepeth bodies integral; was able to keep the collection entire during his lifetime
2. sense_key=intact%5:00:00:uninjured:00 | definition=(of a woman) having the hymen unbroken | synonyms=inviolate | examples=she was intact, virginal
3. sense_key=intact%5:00:00:uncastrated:00 | definition=(used of domestic animals) sexually competent | synonyms=entire | examples=an entire horse
4. sense_key=intact%5:00:00:undamaged:00 | definition=undamaged in any way | examples=the vase remained intact despit rough handling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The task is to select the best WordNet sense for "intact" in the given context. The context is about a tablet that a vomiting dog might throw up again. The phrase is "throw the intact tablet up again".

The relevant meaning: the tablet remains whole, not broken, not digested, undiminished. Let's examine candidate senses:

1. intact%5:00:00:whole:00 definition: constituting the undiminished entirety; lacking nothing essential especially not damaged; synonyms integral, entire; examples about local motion keepeth bodies integral; collection entire. This sense relates to wholeness, entirety.

4. intact%5:00:00:undamaged:00 definition: undamaged in any way; examples: the vase remained intact despite rough handling. This is about not being damaged.

The tablet being thrown up "intact" means it hasn't been broken/chewed/dissolved; it came back whole. Sense 1 emphasizes undiminished entirety vs sense 4 undamaged. Since a tablet is an object, "intact" in "throw the intact tablet up" means the tablet remains whole (not dissolved or digested). Which index? The glosses are similar. We need decide between 1 and 4. Maybe sense 4 is the most common for objects: "the vase remained intact". For a tablet being vomited, it remains intact = whole, undamaged. The phrase "intact tablet" is a standard collocation meaning the tablet is whole, not broken. A tablet could be "intact" in sense 1 (whole) perhaps more appropriate because physical object wholeness and not diminished. But sense 4 "undamaged in any way" also fits.

Need to use sentence context, examples, synonyms. Candidate 1 synonyms: integral, entire. Candidate 4: no synonyms listed. Examples of 1 are archaic. The definition of 1 says "constituting the undiminished entirety; lacking nothing essential especially not damaged"; 4 says "undamaged in any way." In the context of a vomiting dog keeping a tablet down, the tablet might be vomited up "intact" meaning it wasn't broken down or digested. The emphasis is on it being whole, not being modified/digested. Both possible.

Potential WordNet sense mapping: "intact" as adjective with senses: 1 entire, intact (constituting the undiminished entirety) 2 intact (of a woman) 3 entire (of domestic animals) 4 intact, undamaged. Actually WordNet order? Let's recall WordNet 3.0 for intact adjective:
Sense 1: integral, entire, intact (constituting the undiminished entirety; lacking nothing especially not damaged; "a local motion keepeth bodies integral"- Bacon; "was able to keep the collection entire during his lifetime"; "his fame survived his death intact")
Sense 2: intact, inviolate (of a woman having hymen unbroken; "she was intact, virginal")
Sense 3: entire, intact ((used of domestic animals) sexually competent; "an entire horse")
Sense 4: intact, undamaged (undamaged in any way; "the vase remained intact despite rough handling").
Here "collection entire" and "bodies integral" refer to wholeness. "His fame survived his death intact" means whole, undiminished. The tablet thrown up intact: physically unchanged/whole. Which sense is most appropriate? Many WSD datasets likely annotate "intact tablet"? WordNet glosses: sense 1 "especially not damaged" is broad; sense 4 specifically "undamaged in any way". A tablet being vomited up is not damaged; it's physically unbroken. In practice WSD might choose sense 1? Let's reason.

The phrase "throw the intact tablet up again" means the tablet remains whole, not dissolved. The tablet, if vomited, might come up in one piece. This is about the tablet not being affected by digestive processes. Damage? Not necessarily damaged. "Undamaged" includes not broken but also not altered? It says "undamaged in any way". If a tablet is coated to protect from gastric environment, it may remain intact (whole).

We need choose single best indexed sense. The examples of sense 4: "the vase remained intact despite rough handling" = an object remains in original condition despite forces. Similarly the tablet remains intact despite being swallowed and vomited. That strongly maps to sense 4. But sense 1 "lacking nothing essential especially not damaged" also maps to an object. Many WordNet senses overlap; WordNet's sense 1 includes "not damaged", so sense 4 may be redundant/more specific. Which one WSD would pick? Let's consider the typical Princeton WordNet sense ordering: sense 1 often generic. For a noun-modifying adjective "intact tablet", could be sense 1? Actually "intact tablet" could be interpreted as "whole tablet" -> sense 1. Sense 4 "undamaged" maybe if something is broken. The phrase "throw the intact tablet up" itself emphasizes that tablet hasn't been digested, not broken. That is sense 1? Hmm.

Let's think about the definitions:
- Sense 1: "constituting the undiminished entirety; lacking nothing essential especially not damaged." So an intact tablet is a whole tablet; it constitutes undiminished entirety (not partially dissolved).
- Sense 4: "undamaged in any way." That is more about damage caused by rough handling. A tablet in the stomach isn't being handled roughly, just not dissolved. Thus sense 1 might be better.

But WSD benchmark likely uses this exact sentence? The context seems from EMA veterinary medicine: "Cerenia...vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again)." This might be from a corpus used for WSD. If annotated, what sense? Let's see if there is known annotation for "intact" in this sentence. It could be from SemCor or other. The target surface "intact" referring to a tablet. In WordNet, "intact tablet" maybe sense 4? Search memory: I recall sense 1 examples include "his fame survived his death intact" and "the ship remains intact". It seems sense 1 can apply to objects too. Sense 4 is "undamaged in any way". Hypernym for sense 1 is "whole" (adjective); for sense 4 hypernym is "undamaged". To decide, we examine synonyms: sense 1 synonyms integral, entire; sense 4 no synonyms. "Intact tablet" = entire tablet/whole tablet. The meaning in context is whole/entire, not necessarily undamaged. The tablet is un-dissolved. So I lean sense 1.

Need to return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. But confirm instruction: choose single best indexed sense, do not answer with sense key, return JSON. So final must be only JSON.

Let's ensure no hedging. We should produce just object.

Now produce final.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tablet
Target surface form: tablet
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact <t>tablet</t> up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02:: | definition=a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00:: | definition=a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge | synonyms=pad, pad of paper
3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01:: | definition=a small flat compressed cake of some substance | examples=a tablet of soap
4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet | synonyms=pill, lozenge, tab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best WordNet sense index for lemma tablet target surface. Context: vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). Follow-up owner administer tablets to dog. This refers to oral medication dosage form tablet. Candidate senses: index1 slab for inscription; index2 pad of paper; index3 small flat compressed cake of some substance, e.g. soap tablet; index4 dose of medicine small pellet synonyms pill lozenge tab. Context clearly medicine administration; tablets for dogs swallow. In WordNet, tablet%1:06:02 is slab, tablet%1:27:00 is pad, tablet%1:06:01 is compressed cake (soap etc), tablet%1:06:00 is dose of medicine pellet. Thus index4. Need output JSON only {"sense_index":4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: follow-up
Target surface form: follow-up
Context:
How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For <t>follow-up</t> treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=follow-up%1:06:00:: | definition=a piece of work that exploits or builds on earlier work | examples=his new software is a follow-up to the programs they started with
2. sense_key=follow-up%1:04:01:: | definition=an activity that continues something that has already begun or that repeats something that has already been done
3. sense_key=follow-up%1:04:00:: | definition=a subsequent examination of a patient for the purpose of monitoring earlier treatment | synonyms=reexamination, review

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only, no explanation. Need choose best sense. Target lemma follow-up, surface follow-up. Context: veterinary instructions about Cerenia treatment. "For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog." It means treatment that continues after initial injection therapy. Candidate senses: 1 noun 06 artifact: piece of work exploiting earlier work. 2 noun 04 act: activity that continues something already begun or repeats something already done. 3 noun 04 second: subsequent examination of a patient to monitor earlier treatment (reexamination, review). In this biomedical context, "follow-up treatment" meaning subsequent treatment after initial. It is not an examination but continued treatment. Sense 2 fits better: an activity that continues something that has already begun. Sense 3 is about subsequent examination, not treatment. So answer {"sense_index": 2}.