[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with single JSON object {"sense_index": N}. Need choose best WordNet sense for target 'family'. Context: 'The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.' This is grouping/collection of genes based on common attributes? In biology terms 'family of genes' often denotes related genes sharing sequence or functional similarity, similar to 'class/category'. Among WordNet senses: family%1:14:04 definition a collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category). family%1:14:03 biological taxonomic group containing genera, but not for genes. The phrase 'a family of genes discovered ... called oncogenes' indicates a category of genes, not social/taxonomic. So sense 4 (index by candidate list) is definition collection of things sharing common attribute. Note order: 1 social unit, 2 primary social group, 3 collection of things sharing common attribute, 4 people descended, 5 person kinship, 6 biology taxonomic, 7 gangsters, 8 association. So choose index 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discover
Target surface form: discovered
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 Let me analyze this carefully. The task is word sense disambiguation for "discovered" in the context.

The context is about a family of genes "discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." This is talking about scientific discovery - researchers found/identified oncogenes in the early 1980s.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. discover%2:39:03:: - detect, observe, find, notice. Example: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water." This is about detecting presence/fact.
2. discover%2:31:01:: - learn, hear, get word. Usually accidentally becoming aware. Examples about learning something.
3. discover%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding. Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays" - this is the classic scientific discovery sense.
4. discover%2:31:00:: - make a discovery. Examples: "She found that he had lied to her" - this is more about realizing/finding out a fact.
5. discover%2:40:00:: - find unexpectedly. Examples about chancing upon.
6. discover%2:32:04:: - disclose, reveal, expose.
7. discover%2:39:00:: - see for the first time; make a discovery. Example: "Who discovered the North Pole?"
8. discover%2:31:03:: - identify in botany/biology.

The context is about scientific discovery of genes (oncogenes). The phrase "discovered in the early 1980s" clearly refers to a scientific discovery.

Now between sense 3 and sense 7, both are about scientific discovery:
- Sense 3: discover%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (synonyms: find)
- Sense 7: discover%2:39:00:: - see for the first time; make a discovery

The example for sense 3 is "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - exactly parallel to scientific discovery of something in physics/biology.
The example for sense 7 is "Who discovered the North Pole?" - geographical/physical discovery.

The discovery of oncogenes in the early 1980s is a scientific finding/new discovery in biology. The most precise sense seems to be sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding."

Actually, let me reconsider. WordNet senses can be tricky. Let me think about the distinction:
- discover%2:36:00:: is "make a discovery, make a new finding" - discovery in the context of research/science
- discover%2:39:00:: is "see for the first time; make a discovery" - this might be more about being the first to encounter/see

The oncogenes discovery is a scientific research discovery, so sense 3 fits best. The examples "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" are highly analogous.

Also sense 8 is about identifying in biology, but the context isn't specifically about taxonomic identification. It's about scientific discovery of a class of genes.

I think sense 3 is the best answer.

The instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." and "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key."

So I should return {"sense_index": 3}.

But wait, let me double-check. Is there any reason sense 7 might be better? "see for the first time; make a discovery" - "Who discovered the North Pole?" Could discovering genes be "seeing for the first time"? Maybe, but the "Roentgen discovered X-rays" parallel strongly points to sense 3.

WordNet definitions: In standard WordNet, discover%2:36:00:: is "make a discovery" (chance upon? no). Let me recall actual WordNet structure:
- discover%2:39:00:: - "make a discovery; make a new finding" - This is actually the research sense
- discover%2:31:00:: - "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
- discover%2:31:01:: - "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally"
- discover%2:31:03:: - "identify as in botany or biology, for example"

Hmm, I'm trying to recall but the question gives specific sense keys with definitions. The sense keys here are:
1. discover%2:39:03::
2. discover%2:31:01::
3. discover%2:36:00::
4. discover%2:31:00::
5. discover%2:40:00::
6. discover%2:32:04::
7. discover%2:39:00::
8. discover%2:31:03::

So based on the provided definitions:
- Sense 3 (discover%2:36:00::): "make a discovery, make a new finding" with examples about Roentgen/X-rays and physicists/new elementary particle
- Sense 7 (discover%2:39:00::): "see for the first time; make a discovery" with example about North Pole

The oncogenes example is closer to the X-rays/elementary particle examples than to discovering the North Pole. The North Pole is about exploration/geographical first-seeing, while oncogenes are about scientific research findings.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best answer.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Venice

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with single JSON object {"sense_index": ?}. Need determine best indexed sense for "early" in phrase "in the early 1980s". Candidate senses:
1 early%3:00:00:: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time" examples early morning; an early warning.
2 early%3:00:02:: being or occurring at an early stage of development; in an early stage; early forms of life.
3 early%5:00:00:past:00 belonging to the distant past; synonyms former, other; examples the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations.
4 early%5:00:00:young:00 very young.
5 early%3:00:01:: of an early stage in the development of a language or literature (Early Hebrew...)
6 early%5:00:01:future:00 expected in the near future.

Context "the early 1980s" means at or near the beginning of the period of 1980s. This matches sense 1. Sense 3 is about the distant past, but "1980s" is not distant (1990s context maybe), and not in the sense used. So answer index 1.

Need return only JSON.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "called" in sentence: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." It means named/termed oncogenes. Candidate 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. Sense 2: ascribe a quality or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality (He called me a bastard). Here "called oncogenes" is assigning a name to a family of genes. It is a common noun, not proper name. But sense 2 definitions talk name reflecting a quality? However examples include derogatory. In WordNet, call for naming common nouns maybe sense 2? Let's inspect details. Candidate 1 has sense call%2:32:02:: definition assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to; synonyms named; examples name son David/school named after. This is proper names. Candidate 2 call%2:32:00:: definition ascribe a quality to or give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality; examples insults. But the phrase "a family of genes ... called oncogenes" uses a common noun "oncogenes". Candidate 2 includes ascription of common noun names. But the example for name assign (call%2:32:01? Actually candidate 2? Let's list candidate indices: 1 sense 2:32:02; 2 sense 2:32:00; 3 telephone etc. The surface "called X" can mean named. Semantic role: X is the name assigned to family. Usually in WSD datasets, "called" with common noun like "called oncogenes" might map to call.v.01 or call.v.02? Let's determine.

In WordNet verb call senses: typical mapping:
call.v.01: assign a name or title to (they named their son David) or "John was named Head of Finance" maybe.
call.v.02: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality ('He called me a bastard'; 'She called her children lazy and ungrateful')
call.v.03: get or try to get into communication by phone...
Many other.

But the list ordering candidate 1 is call%2:32:02 (probably call.v.02 in WordNet? Actually WordNet sense ordering not same). The definition "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" is call.v.02? Let's recall Full WordNet verb call synset:

call, name (ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality) maybe call.v.02.
call (assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to) call.v.01? Need not rely.

Our task is choose best among provided. Context: family of genes called oncogenes. It is a name assignment. It's not insult; not ascribing a quality; it's classifying by name. Definition 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. Oncogenes is a common noun, but it's still a name. Definition 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality; examples are derogatory. The phrase "called oncogenes" is simply naming a class. The premodifier "a family of genes discovered ... called oncogenes" is like "known as oncogenes", which fits "assign a specified name to". However, because "oncogenes" is a common noun phrase, sense 2 might be relevant: give a name of a common noun. But does it "reflect a quality"? Definition says reflects a quality, examples "Bastard", "lazy and ungrateful". "Oncogenes" doesn't reflect a quality, it's a term. So sense 1 better. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Should not include explanation. Ensure JSON only.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": index}. We need choose sense among candidate senses listed 1 and 2 for target "present". Context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..." This is "being or existing in a specified place" not temporal; present means existing within the cell. So sense_key present%3:00:02::, index 2. Must output only JSON.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "cell" in the given context. The target is "cell" and the context is about cancer, genes, cell division, malignant growth, etc.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. cell%1:06:03:: | any small compartment | examples: honeycomb
 2. cell%1:03:00:: | (biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
 3. cell%1:06:00:: | electric cell
 4. cell%1:14:00:: | small unit of political movement
 5. cell%1:06:04:: | cellular telephone
 6. cell%1:06:02:: | monk/nun room
 7. cell%1:06:01:: | prison cell

 The context is clearly biology/medical. It talks about:
 - "a cell's growth"
 - "cell division"
 - "cells normally under control turn malignant"
 - "proliferating cells"

 This is the biological sense. The answer should be index 2.

 The instruction asks to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense. Target: "become" in sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant" means a cell enters/assumes a state (malignant) or undergoes a change/development? Let's examine WordNet senses.
Sense 1 become%2:30:00:: definition enter or assume a certain state or condition, synonyms go, get; examples He became annoyed; It must be getting more serious.
Sense 2 become%2:42:01:: definition undergo a change or development; synonyms turn; examples The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy.
Sense 3 come into existence.
Sense 4 enhance appearance suit.

Context: "for a cell to become malignant" means to enter into/assume the malignant state. In WordNet, "become" with adjective complement like "become malignant" often maps to sense 1? But schema can categorize as "undergo a change or development" sense 2 with turn (turn malignant). Let's analyze using examples from Princeton likely. In WordNet 3.1, become as verb is in verb.change or verb.stative? Let's recall indices:
become%2:42:01:: (v) become, turn (undergo a change or development) e.g., "The water turned into ice"; "Her former friend became her worst enemy"; "He turned traitor".
become%2:30:00:: (v) become, go, get (enter or assume a certain state or condition) e.g., "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news"; "It must be getting more serious"; "her face went red with anger"; "She went into ecstasy"; "Get going!"

In context, "for a cell to become malignant" is similar to "her face went red" or "he became annoyed" - entering a state. However "become malignant" could also be "turn malignant" - undergo change/development. Need decide single best. In WordNet, sense 2 examples include "The water turned into ice" (change into another substance). "Her former friend became her worst enemy" includes into? Actually "became her worst enemy" is conversion to role, not state. "Turn traitor". Sense 1 includes adjectival complements. "Cells normally under control turn malignant" appears later! In text, "cells normally under control turn malignant". That uses turn. So become here likely sense 1 (assume a state) matched by "became annoyed". The phrase "become malignant" is common mapping to sense 1. Let's verify if WordNet has sample "He became a father" sense 2? In WordNet maybe "become" sense 2 includes "become extinct"? I recall:
become v.1: enter or assume a certain state or condition; "He became annoyed..."
become v.2: undergo a change or development; "The water turned into ice"; "Her former friend became her worst enemy"; "He turned traitor"
become v.3: come into existence; "What becomes has duration"
become v.4: enhance the appearance of; "Mourning becomes Electra"

Sentence "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant." This is "to become [adjective]" = enter a state => sense 1. Even though same sentence uses "turn malignant" later. The target form is become. Therefore answer index 1.

Need return JSON only {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine best sense for target word "found" in sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

We need choose among 16 candidate senses. Analyze meaning: researchers have found oncogenes in normal as well as cancerous cells. This means discovered the existence/presence/detected oncogenes in normal cells. So best sense likely 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (find%2:39:02). It could also be 8 or 9 (make a discovery), but those are more active discovery of something new (Roentgen discovered X-rays). Here it's detection/observation. Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint" fits. Sense 2 synonyms detect, observe, discover, notice. Yes.

Let's verify other senses: 1=accident; 3=searching location; 4=establish after calculation/investigation; 5=emotion; 6=witness/contemporaneous; 7=get something for purpose; 8=make a discovery/new finding (Roentgen); 9=make a discovery (She found that he had lied to her), which is a fact, maybe similar with proposition. But target them (cells) => found [oncogenes] in normal cells, not a fact clause. Sense 2 covers detection/existence.

Need output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for "normal" in context. We must output JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Need reason. Let's analyze. Target: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells". Uses "normal" as adjective modifying cells or as elliptical noun? Surface form normal, likely adjective nominalized: normal cells. In medical context, "normal as well as cancerous cells" means normal cells (conforming to norm/standard, not cancerous/abnormal). Candidate senses: 1 conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal. This fits general normal vs abnormal/cancerous. Sense 2 in accordance with scientific laws. Sense 3 approximately average in intelligence/development; examples child, intelligence. Sense 4 perpendicular. So best is sense 1. Need return JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to disambiguate the word "cancerous" in the given context. Let me analyze.

Target surface form: cancerous
Context: The passage is about cancer biology, genes, cell malignancy. The specific sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

Candidate senses:
1. cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 - relating to or affected with cancer; example "a cancerous growth"
2. cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 - like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads; examples are metaphorical: "remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children"

In the context, "cancerous cells" contrasts with "normal cells" and relates to actual biological cancer. It's the literal sense meaning relating to or affected with cancer. Sense 1 is clearly correct.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON. We have target lemma cell, surface form cells. Context is about cancer, genes, cell division, proteins, malignant. Candidates: biology sense 2. Also other senses (honeycomb, electric, cadre, telephone, monk room, prison). Clearly biological. So answer {"sense_index": 2}. Need ensure only JSON. We must not explain. Final.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggesting
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "suggesting" in the given context. I need to choose the best indexed sense from the 5 candidates provided.

Let me analyze the context:
"Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

Here, "suggesting" means that the evidence/findings (oncogenes found in normal cells too) imply/indicate the possibility or conclusion that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. suggest%2:32:00:: = make a proposal, declare a plan for something (propose, advise)
2. suggest%2:32:04:: = drop a hint; intimate by a hint (hint)
3. suggest%2:32:02:: = imply as a possibility (intimate); example: "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification"
4. suggest%2:32:03:: = suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine (indicate); example: "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases"
5. suggest%2:32:01:: = call to mind (evoke, paint a picture)

The best fit is clearly sense 3: "imply as a possibility". The example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification" closely parallels our context where the evidence suggests/concludes that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Sense 4 is medicine-specific (necessity of intervention), which doesn't fit here. The context is about cancer research evidence, not suggesting a medical intervention.

Sense 1 is about proposing a plan. Sense 2 is about hinting. Sense 5 is about evoking/calling to mind. None fit as well as sense 3.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}

I notice the instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." The format shown in the instruction uses double quotes. I should return exactly that format.

Wait, the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So I only return the JSON with the sense_index.

The JSON should be: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for target lemma cause, surface form cause in context. Need choose single best indexed sense between sense 1 cause%2:36:00:: definition give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally synonyms do, make examples cause a commotion; make a stir. And sense 2 cause%2:32:00:: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner synonyms induce stimulate have get make examples ads induced me to buy.

Context sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves." Cause here means bring about, give rise to cancer. It's causation of an event/state, not causing an animate agent to act. Thus sense 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra. The user says do not answer with WordNet sense key, only JSON exactly. So we return that.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "altered genes" that "initiate a cancer"
 - Talks about "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes"
 - Discusses cells turning "malignant"
 - Mentions "cancerous cells"
 - "oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves"
 - "two types of cancer genes work in concert"
 - "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant"

 This is clearly about the disease - malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division.

 Looking at candidate senses:
 1. cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
 2. cancer%1:18:00:: - (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
 3. cancer%1:17:00:: - a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
 4. cancer%1:15:00:: - the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
 5. cancer%1:05:00:: - type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

 The context is medical/scientific, discussing malignant cell growth, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes. This matches sense 1.

 The answer should be a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON. We need choose sense for 'recent' in "In recent months, researchers have come to believe..." Candidate senses: 1 new, examples recent graduates, recent addition. 2 of the immediate past or just previous to present, synonyms late, examples late development. In context, "recent months" = months just before now, immediate past, not 'new' months. So sense 2. Need output only JSON object {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only that.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON with sense_index. Need choose between 1 and 2 for "months" in context "In recent months, researchers have come to believe..." The phrase "in recent months" refers to a period of time of approximately 30-day units, not specific calendar months? Let's analyze WordNet senses. Sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year; synonyms calendar month; example last month. Sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days; example he was given a month to pay the bill. "In recent months" could be either: recent calendar months (e.g., January, February) or recent time periods. WordNet sense distinction: month as calendar division vs as 30-day period. "In recent months" often refers to the last few calendar months, but also a duration. Which sense is best? Need use context. The sentence: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe..." This is a temporal adverbial referring to the recent past, measured in months. It doesn't name specific months, but uses "months" as plural of time units. The phrase "recent months" is like "the past few months" (duration). In WordNet, sense 2 examples: "he was given a month to pay the bill" (duration). Sense 1 examples: "he paid the bill last month" (calendar month). "Recent months" is more like the last several calendar months? Hmm.

Let's think of WSD for "months". WordNet has two senses. In SemCor maybe "in recent months" annotated? Could be sense 1 or 2. We need decide. The phrase "in recent months" in news articles often means "during the last few months" as calendar months. But the gloss for sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year". That implies named months? But "recent months" are divisions of the calendar year (e.g., March, April). Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" is a duration independent of calendar. "Recent months" could be interpreted as the most recent calendar divisions. However, the context is not about specific months, just a time span. The word "months" in "in recent months" is arguably sense 2 because it's a period of time. But "last month" example is sense 1. "Recent months" similar to "last month"? Not exactly; "last month" refers to a specific calendar month, while "recent months" refers to a span.

Let's examine definitions more. Sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year. Plural "months" can refer to multiple of those divisions. "In recent months" = in the recent divisions of the calendar year. Sense 2: a time unit of approx 30 days. "In recent months" = in recent 30-day periods. Which is more natural? Both.

Need choose single best. We can consider synonyms: sense1 synonym "calendar month". If substitute "calendar months": "In recent calendar months, researchers have come to believe..." That works. Sense2: "In recent 30-day periods..." also works. The phrase "recent months" in encyclopedic text likely means the last few calendar months. But WordNet sense 2 is often used for durations like "for months", "months ago", "in recent months"? Let's search memory: In WordNet, "month" sense 2 is "a time unit of approximately 30 days" and is used for "a month", "several months" as durations. Sense 1 is "calendar month" used with names and "last month". "Recent months" might be sense 1 because it refers to calendar months. But "in recent months" is an idiomatic time expression. Hmm.

Let's see if there are any disambiguation heuristics: If the noun is modified by "recent" indicating proximity on calendar, maybe sense 1. If modified by "few" indicating quantity of time units, maybe sense 2. Example sense2: "he was given a month to pay the bill" (duration). Example sense1: "he paid the bill last month" (specific calendar month). "Recent months" is like "last month" but plural. It refers to actual calendar months. I'd lean sense 1. But need be careful.

Let's parse the phrase: "In recent months" = within the last several months. It doesn't necessarily mean named months; it means a time span of a few months up to now. If someone says "In recent months, the situation has improved," they mean over the past few months as a duration, not specifically March/April. WordNet sense 2 might capture that. However, "month" as a calendar division can also be used without naming: "this month", "last month", "every month". "This month" refers to the current calendar month. "Recent months" refers to the most recent calendar months. I think sense 1 is calendar month.

But the question says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." We need choose. Let's evaluate both with context.

Context: Scientific article, "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..." This is a statement about a change in scientific belief over the recent past. "Months" here denotes a period of time measured in months. It is not tied to calendar year divisions? It is tied to calendar, but the emphasis is duration. WordNet sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days. "Recent months" = recent 30-day units. That fits.

Sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year. "Recent months" = recent divisions of the calendar year. Also fits.

Which is "best"? The presence of "recent" modifies months as time intervals. In many WSD datasets, "in recent months/years" often tagged with the time unit sense (sense 2 for month? For year, maybe year%1:28:01:: time unit vs year%1:28:00:: calendar year). Let's analogize: WordNet "year" has senses: 1: a period of time containing 365 days; 2: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year. "In recent years" often sense 1? Actually "recent years" might be calendar years. Hmm.

Let's consider WordNet month senses indexing: sense_key month%1:28:01:: is calendar month; month%1:28:00:: is time unit approx 30 days. The order: 00 is the more general time unit, 01 is calendar month. Usually the first sense (00) is the most frequent/basic. "In recent months" could be the basic sense.

The examples: sense1 "he paid the bill last month" — "last month" is a specific calendar month. sense2 "he was given a month to pay the bill" — a duration. "Recent months" is not a named month but a span. It is closer to duration? But "last month" is also a span of ~30 days. The distinction in WordNet is subtle: calendar month vs 30-day unit. "Last month" is calendar month because it refers to a specific division of the year. "Recent months" similarly refer to specific divisions (the most recent ones). But "a month to pay" is an arbitrary 30-day interval.

Maybe the key is whether "month" is count of arbitrary 30-day periods or a named/positioned division. "Recent months" are positioned relative to now in the calendar, so calendar divisions. But "a few months" are arbitrary counts, sense 2.

Let's search memory of WordNet usage: For "months" in phrase "for months", sense 2. For "in the month of May", sense 1. For "last month", sense 1. For "recent months", maybe sense 1? I recall reading that "in recent months" is sense 1 (calendar month) because it refers to the last few calendar months. But not certain.

Let's think of how a linguist would decide. The target surface form is "months" plural. Context: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe..." The phrase "in recent months" is a prepositional phrase functioning as a temporal adverbial. It locates the situation in time relative to speech time: the months immediately preceding now. Since these are actual calendar months (e.g., if now is June, recent months are May, April, March), it refers to calendar divisions. Thus sense 1. If it were "for recent months" or "months of work" maybe sense 2.

However, "recent" can modify time units in sense 2 too: "recent years" in WordNet? Let's check possible annotations. I can try to recall SemCor: Sentence "In recent months, the administration has..." maybe tagged month%1:28:01? Not sure.

Let's examine the gloss of sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year". This is a discrete division. "Recent months" are among the twelve divisions. Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days". This is a measurement. "Recent months" are not measurements of 30 days? They are. But the phrase "recent" selects specific months, not a quantity.

The synonym "calendar month" for sense 1. If we paraphrase: "In recent calendar months" is natural. For sense 2, no synonym. "In recent 30-day periods" is less natural but acceptable.

The instruction: "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense." We need output JSON. I need decide. Let's weigh: In many WSD tasks, "in recent months" is often sense 1? Let's search mental corpus: WordNet examples for month: sense 1 includes "he paid the bill last month". "Recent months" is similar to "last month" but plural. So sense 1. Also "this month", "next month" are calendar. "Recent months" = the months most recently passed. So sense 1.

But there is a counterargument: "In recent months" is an idiomatic expression for "during the last few months" as a duration, not pointing to specific months. If asked "When did this happen?" answer "in recent months" = a time span. That aligns with sense 2. However, "last month" also answers when, and is sense 1.

Let's consider the phrase "in recent months" in dictionary definitions. It is often used to mean "during the past few months". The "past few months" could be calendar months. I'd go with sense 1 because of the calendar division interpretation.

But maybe the test expects sense 2 because "months" in "in recent months" is a time unit, not a named calendar month. Let's see if there are clues in candidate ordering: sense 1 key month%1:28:01:: (calendar month) vs sense 2 month%1:28:00:: (approx 30 days). The question asks "Choose the single best indexed sense." The index in JSON likely 1 or 2 corresponding to candidate senses listed. We need return {"sense_index": 1} or 2.

Let's think of how WordNet maps "month" in "in recent months". The noun "month" has two senses. In the Princeton WordNet, sense 1 (the first listed) is "a time unit of approximately 30 days" and sense 2 is "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year". Actually I need verify ordering. The candidate list here labels:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Wait WordNet offsets? The sense key suffix 01 vs 00. In WordNet, lower lex_id often indicates more frequent? The lex_id 00 is the first sense, 01 second. Here candidate 1 has key 01 (calendar month), candidate 2 has key 00 (time unit). So they are swapped relative to lex_id. The candidate list order is arbitrary. The example for calendar month is "last month". The example for time unit is "given a month". So "recent months" is more like "last month" (calendar). Thus sense 1.

But let's not rely solely on example. Let's consider the phrase "in recent months" in a corpus annotated with WordNet. I can try to recall from SemCor or other. SemCor maybe has "months" in "for months" tagged as month%1:28:00 (time unit). "Recent months" maybe tagged as month%1:28:01? Hmm.

Let's search my internal knowledge: WordNet sense for "month" in "in recent months" in the SemCor sentence? I don't have exact. But I can reason from usage patterns.

The distinction between calendar month and 30-day period: A calendar month is tied to the Gregorian calendar, can be 28-31 days. "Recent months" are actual calendar months (May, April, etc.), so they have variable lengths. If the speaker meant approximate 30-day periods, they'd be less tied to calendar. In common usage, "in recent months" refers to calendar months. So sense 1.

However, the phrase "recent months" could be used in a scientific article without reference to calendar; just means "over the past several months (approx. 30-day units)". But still those are calendar months.

Let's examine the surrounding context for temporal reference: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe..." This is a statement about a recent development in research. It is analogous to "Recently". If you replace "months" with "times"? "In recent times" = recently. The word "months" specifies the scale. It is a unit of time. That suggests sense 2 (time unit). But "last month" also specifies scale.

Maybe the best way: Use substitution with synonyms/hypernyms. Sense 1 synonym "calendar month". "In recent calendar months" is exactly the meaning. Sense 2 hypernym "time unit". "In recent time units" is too abstract. Thus sense 1 is better.

Also, the example for sense 1 "he paid the bill last month" uses "last" to select a specific month relative to now. "Recent" similarly selects specific months relative to now. So sense 1.

Therefore answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

But I want to be absolutely sure. Let's consider if "in recent months" is in WordNet's example for sense 2? No. WordNet examples for sense 2: "he was given a month to pay the bill". That is a duration of one month. For sense 1: "he paid the bill last month". "Recent months" is like "last month". So sense 1.

Potential trap: The phrase "in recent months" might be considered a time unit because it's not a named month. But the example "last month" is not named either, yet sense 1. So named is not required.

Thus final JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: come
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform WSD for target word "come" in sentence: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: ..." Need choose among listed candidate senses. We need analyze meaning: "have come to believe" = have reached a state/condition of belief; "come to" indicates entering a state. Among candidates, sense 4: come%2:30:03 definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position; examples: The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life. This matches "come to believe". Need output JSON {"sense_index":4}. But candidate list indices 1-21. The sense_key come%2:30:03 corresponds to index 4. Output only JSON. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only {"sense_index": ...}. We need choose best sense. Context: "the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert". It refers to genes causing malignant growth/tumor disease. Candidate sense 1 is disease. So index 1. Ensure no hedging.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense index for 'turn' in given context. The sentence: "An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." So 'turn' used transitively with object 'proliferating cells' and object complement/adjective 'malignant'. Meaning cause cells to become malignant. Sense 16: cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics; examples: princess turned the frog into a prince, alchemists tried to turn lead into gold. That matches transitive 'turn X malignant' perhaps 'cause to become/change into'. Sense 3 is become (intransitive): undergo a change or development. Sense 2: undergo transformation, intransitive; not cause. Sense 16 explicitly causative causing transformation. So answer index 16. Need JSON only exact like {"sense_index": 16}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "cells" (lemma "cell") in the given context.

The context is about biology: genes, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, proteins, cell division, cancer, malignant cells, etc.

The target word "cells" appears in the phrase "proliferating cells" in the sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

This is clearly the biological sense of "cell" - the basic unit of organisms.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb cells)
2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell
4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre
5. cell%1:06:04:: - cellular phone
6. cell%1:06:02:: - monk's/nun's room
7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell

Sense 2 is the correct one.

The instructions say to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, where the index should correspond to the chosen sense. Since I'm choosing sense 2 (the second in the list), the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.