[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "search" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- Dr. Vogelstein and researchers were looking for a gene on chromosome 17
- They used gene probes to find the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in tumor cells
- When they found it, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over
- This refers to the scientific investigation/quest to find the cancer-causing gene

Candidate senses:
1. search%1:04:00:: - the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone (synonyms: hunt, hunting)
2. search%1:04:02:: - an investigation seeking answers (examples: a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing)
3. search%1:22:00:: - an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property (computing lookup)
4. search%1:09:00:: - the examination of alternative hypotheses
5. search%1:04:01:: - boarding and inspecting a ship (right of search)

The context describes a scientific investigation to find/identify a specific gene. This is the activity of looking for something.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 (search%1:04:00) is the general activity of looking thoroughly to find something/someone, with synonyms hunt/hunting
- Sense 2 (search%1:04:02) is an investigation seeking answers, with examples about searching ledgers

The context is about looking for a physical gene - "the smallest common bit of genetic material," "looking for" etc. It's a hunt for something concrete (a gene). Sense 1 with synonyms "hunt, hunting" seems most appropriate because they're literally hunting down a gene along chromosome 17.

However, sense 2 "an investigation seeking answers" could also fit because this is a scientific investigation. But the examples given for sense 2 ("a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing") suggest a more systematic examination of records/documents to find information, whereas here they're physically/procedurally looking for a gene location.

The phrase "the search was over" and "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material" strongly suggests sense 1 - the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone. The researchers were "crawling down" chromosome 17, which is like hunting.

I believe sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "doubts" in context. Let's analyze. Target lemma doubt, surface doubts. Context: Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that... So doubts are uncertainties/uncertain state. Candidate 1: state of being unsure of something (uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness). Candidate 2: uncertainty about the truth or factuality/existence of something (dubiousness, doubtfulness, question). The two definitions are close. Sense 1: the state of being unsure of something. Sense 2: uncertainty about the truth/factuality/existence of something. Which applies? We need choose single best indexed sense. Let's recall WordNet senses for "doubt" noun: There are senses: (1) doubt, uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness — the state of being unsure of something. (2) doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness, question — uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something. "His doubts" in "His doubts stemmed from the fact..." means his state of being doubtful/unsure that the search was over. Could be either. Need determine via examples and synonyms.
Candidate 1 synonyms include "uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness". Candidate 2 synonyms include "dubiousness, doubtfulness, question". Examples for 2: "the dubiousness of his claim", "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise". The examples highlight question/dubiousness of a claim or validity. In the context, his doubts are not exactly about a specific claim's truth, but about whether the search was over. "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from..." The doubts are about whether the search was over / if the found gene was a tumor suppressor in same spot as p53. It's uncertainty about something.
WordNet fine-grained sense disambiguation. For noun "doubts" referring to mental state, sense 1 (state of being unsure) typically used in "I have doubts about his ability." Sense 2 (uncertainty about truth/factuality/existence) tends to be used in "the doubt of his claim". Hmm the boundary is subtle. Let's see standard mapping: In SemCor etc. "doubts" plural often maps to sense 1? Let's search memory. WordNet noun doubt ID #1: the state of being unsure of something. ID #2: uncertainty about truth/factuality/existence of something.
Examples: WordNet uses "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise" for sense 2. "She expressed some doubts about the church" maybe sense 1? Let's recall gloss from WN:
doubt (n)
S: (n) doubt, uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness (the state of being unsure of something)
S: (n) doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness, question (uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something) "the dubiousness of his claim"; "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise"
These two are semantically very close. But which best? The word doubts in "His doubts stemmed from the fact..." could be considered "uncertainty about the truth of something" (the search being over / the gene responsible). Specifically, "doubt that the search was over" is uncertainty about the truth/factuality of a proposition. However sense 1 is "state of being unsure of something." Both fit.
We need not hedge. Let's analyze perhaps the target "doubts" as a count noun. Sense 1 often plural "doubts" meaning feelings of uncertainty. Sense 2 uses "doubt" or "question" often singular? It may be uncountable? Hmm. In SemCor maybe "doubts" (plural) annotated as sense 1 (state) due to "his doubts about ..." while sense 2 might be "no doubt". Let's reason: Definition 2 synonyms include "question", examples "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise". It can be paraphrased as "uncertainty about the truth/factuality/existence of something." In our sentence, "his doubts stemmed from" means the source of his doubts. The doubt is uncertainty concerning whether the search was over (truth of proposition "the search was over"). This aligns with sense 2. But "being unsure that the search was over" is a state of being unsure.
Maybe the key distinction: Sense 1 = the subjective feeling/state of uncertainty; sense 2 = the objective uncertainty / room for question. "He had doubts" is state. "There is no doubt" is existential/truth sense. In "His doubts stemmed from fact ..." we are referring to his personal uncertainty, a mental state, so sense 1. The word "his" suggests psychological state. "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious" -> person; "His doubts" -> his state of being unsure.
Also synonyms: candidate 1 includes "dubiousness" which matches "dubious". Candidate 2 also "dubiousness". However examples for 2 are not personal psychological: "the dubiousness of his claim" (property of claim), "there is no question about the validity" (objective). Candidate 1 examples maybe not provided, but gloss "the state of being unsure of something" fits personal.
Let's check typical sense definitions and mapping: "doubtfulness" #1 vs #2. Search memory from WordNet: sense 1 for doubt includes a usage example? It might say "his doubts about the project"; but not sure. WordNet sometimes includes: doubt (n) ...
Let's see if I can search internal memory of WordNet examples:
doubt%1:09:00: no examples? Actually WordNet gives 2 examples for sense 1? Not shown. Maybe "there was little doubt" sense 2?
Given only provided examples for sense 2: "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise". Our context: "his doubts stemmed from the fact that ..." Has a person "his". This aligns more with state of being unsure (#1).
Also the target surface form is "doubts" plural. The definition of sense 2 is "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" can be plural? Maybe "doubts" as countable instances of uncertainty, but the existential 'question' is typically singular. However both can be plural.

We need output JSON {"sense_index":1}. But let's double check if there's possibility sense 2 is intended by some benchmark. The sentence about scientific research; "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." is likely from a corpus annotated in WordNet. If I recall similar WSD tasks, the sense for "doubts" in phrase "His doubts stemmed from" might be assigned sense 1 (doubt%1:09:00). Let me think of previous WSD examples: Sentence from Wall Street Journal about p53 and colon cancer; this is Brown / SemCor? Actually the text about Dr. Vogelstein etc. This appears from corpus "Twenty newsgroups"? No maybe from "Time" magazine article. In WordNet sense annotated corpus (SemCor) sentence? Could be. Target "doubts" in Senseval or SemEval? Maybe in SemEval-3, "Vogelstein/Rubinfeld"? Not sure. We might use known annotations if memory. I recall a sentence "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene... His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier..." This is from a text in Brown Corpus (news) likely. The WordNet sense annotation might be sense 1?
Let's search internal memory of SemCor lines: SemCor corpus is the Brown Corpus annotated. There is a passage about cancer gene p53. I think there is a line: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from ..." I might have seen this in STS or WSD. The annotation for "doubts" perhaps "doubt%1:09:00". Let's reason: in SemCor, nouns annotated mapping strings. Noun "doubt" sense 1 key?
WordNet noun senses in Princeton WordNet:
doubt.n.01: doubt, uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness — the state of being unsure of something.
doubt.n.02: doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness, question — uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something; "the dubiousness of his claim"; "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise".
Could SemCor annotate "doubts" as 02? Given example of sense 2 uses "question", and "his doubts" maybe "uncertainty about the truth ..." because it's about the truth of the search being over. Hmm.

Let's examine subtlety: In WordNet, fine-grained senses can be distinguished by whether the doubt is about a specific proposition's truth vs a person's state. Here both. The sentence before: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." "Dubious" is adjective. His doubts are the mental state. If we parse "doubt that the search was over" = conviction of uncertainty about a proposition. That's sense 2: uncertainty about truth. Sense 1 gloss "the state of being unsure of something" is generic. Sense 2 specifically about truth/factuality/existence, and examples include "there is no question about the validity" (propositional). Does "the search was over" constitute a proposition? Yes. But is the noun "doubts" referring to "uncertainty about the truth that the search was over"? Could be sense 2.
Yet the phrase "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." is personal again.
Need decide highest confidence. Let's analyze synonym sets: sense 1 has direct synonyms: uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness. These are mostly abstract noun states. The near-synonym "dubiousness" appears in both. Sense 2 has synonym "question". If we restate: "his doubts stemmed from..." -> "his dubiety about whether search was over stemmed from..." or "his uncertainty stemmed from..." That's very natural. "His question stemmed from..." no. But synonyms in sense 2 include "question" as a noun meaning "a state of uncertainty"; possible but not best.
Another way: WordNet sense 09 is "Cognition" (noun.cognition) for both? doubt%1:09:00 is noun.cognition? Actually 1:09 = noun.cognition, 1:07 = noun.attribute? wait 1:07 is noun.attribute? Let's recall: 1:07 noun.attribute maybe "attribute"? Let's verify WordNet lexicographer file numbers: 00 noun.top, 01 noun.act, 02 noun.animal, 03 noun.artifact, 04 noun.attribute, 05 noun.body, 06 noun.cognition, 07 noun.communication, 08 noun.event, 09 noun.feeling, 10 noun.food,... Actually lexnames changed. The sense_key "doubt%1:09:00" file 09 (noun? hmm in sense_key, 1:09 means ?) Let's recall old format: 1:09:00 is noun (1), file 09 = noun.state? Actually lexicographer files in WordNet 2.0? The file numbers in sense keys: 00 noun.Tops, 01 noun.act, 02 noun.animal, 03 noun.artifact, 04 noun.attribute, 05 noun.body, 06 noun.cognition, 07 noun.communication, 08 noun.event, 09 noun.feeling, 10 noun.food, 11 noun.group, 12 noun.location, 13 noun.motive, 14 noun.object, 15 noun.person, 16 noun.phenomenon, 17 noun.plant, 18 noun.possession, 19 noun.process, 20 noun.quantity, 21 noun.relation, 22 noun.shape, 23 noun.state, 24 noun.substance, 25 noun.time, 26 verb.body, ... So 1:09 is noun.feeling? Wait I need exact. Let's check: numbers 01:noun.act; 02:noun.animal; 03:noun.artifact; 04:noun.attribute; 05:noun.body; 06:noun.cognition; 07:noun.communication; 08:noun.event; 09:noun.feeling; 10:noun.food; 11:noun.group; 12:noun.location; 13:noun.motive; 14:noun.object; 15:noun.person; 16:noun.phenomenon; 17:noun.plant; 18:noun.possession; 19:noun.process; 20:noun.quantity; 21:noun.relation; 22:noun.shape; 23:noun.state; 24:noun.substance; 25:noun.time. So 1:09 = noun.feeling? Actually 09 might be noun.feeling. But the gloss says state of being unsure = a feeling/state. 1:09 could be noun.feeling? Hmm sense keys from WN: doubt has senses file 09 and 07? candidate 1 key doubt%1:09:00, candidate 2 doubt%1:07:00. If 09=noun.feeling and 07=noun.cognition? Let's map: Actually lexnames changed in WN 3.0: 00 adj.all, ... In sense keys, the lexicographer file numbers maybe: 09 = noun.feeling? 07 = noun.cognition? Wait let's check properly.
WordNet 3.0 lexicographer file numbers for sense keys: I recall:
noun.Tops = 00
noun.act = 01
noun.animal = 02
noun.artifact = 03
noun.attribute = 04
noun.body = 05
noun.cognition = 06
noun.communication = 07
noun.event = 08
noun.feeling = 09
noun.food = 10
noun.group = 11
noun.location = 12
noun.motive = 13
noun.object = 14
noun.person = 15
noun.phenomenon = 16
noun.plant = 17
noun.possession = 18
noun.process = 19
noun.quantity = 20
noun.relation = 21
noun.shape = 22
noun.state = 23
noun.substance = 24
noun.time = 25
Yes that's plausible. Then candidate 2 is 1:07 noun.communication? That doesn't fit? Wait 07 noun.communication. But sense 2 gloss is not communication. Hmm maybe lexnames different in old Princeton. Check WordNet 1.7 mapping:
01 noun.act
02 noun.animal
03 noun.artifact
04 noun.attribute
05 noun.body
06 noun.cognition
07 noun.communication
08 noun.event
09 noun.feeling
10 noun.food
11 noun.group
12 noun.location
13 noun.motive
14 noun.object
15 noun.person
16 noun.phenomenon
17 noun.plant
18 noun.possession
19 noun.process
20 noun.quantity
21 noun.relation
22 noun.shape
23 noun.state
24 noun.substance
25 noun.time
26 verb.body
27 verb.change
28 verb.cognition
29 verb.communication
30 verb.competition
31 verb.consumption
32 verb.contact
33 verb.creation
34 verb.emotion
35 verb.motion
36 verb.perception
37 verb.possession
38 verb.social
39 verb.stative
40 verb.weather
41 adj.ppl
42 adj.all
43 adv.all

If 1:07 = noun.communication, candidate 2 examples "there is no question about the validity" may be a question (communication) derived noun. Hmm. But sense 2 "doubt" as "uncertainty about truth/factuality" might be classified as noun.communication? Better to rely on gloss, not file.
Candidate 1 (1:09) could be noun.feeling, appropriate for mental state.

Actually let's verify with WordNet 3.0: I recall noun.doubt links to two synsets:
- {doubt, uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness} — noun.cognition? Maybe file 06? But sense_key is 1:09:00? I thought it's noun.cognition 06. Why 09? Could be noun.feeling. Hmm.
- {doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness, question} — noun.communication? But file 07? Let's check online memory: WordNet sense key for noun 'doubt' maybe "doubt%1:09:01::"? I don't remember.

Anyway, we need choose index. Which is best in context? Let's think of plausible WordNet distinction:
Sense 1: "the state of being unsure of something" = relates to someone experiencing uncertainty; includes plural "doubts".
Sense 2: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" = maybe the quality of being dubious, as in "the doubtfulness of the claim." It's more objective property or communication. Example "the dubiousness of his claim" attributes doubt to claim, not person. "there is no question about the validity" impersonal.
Given context: "His doubts..." - personal state; also preceded by "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious". Thus sense 1 is better.

But let's not underweight possibility of sense 2. Let's compare with instructions: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." We should consider examples for sense 2: "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise". In context, the scientist's doubts are not about dubiousness of a claim; they stem from a fact, i.e., p53. The phrase "doubts that the search was over" = no question? This perhaps matches "question" in sense 2: "the question of whether the search was over". Sense 2 definition "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something"; examples include "no question about the validity". So if you have "doubts" about whether search is over, that is uncertainty about truth of proposition. Sense 1 definition "the state of being unsure of something" also. Which is more precise? Sense 2 is more specific: about truth/factuality/existence. Since the doubt is indeed about truth of a proposition, maybe sense 2 is intended. But the context's subject "His doubts" may be a personal feeling, which sense 1 covers.

Let's parse the sentence: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier ... p53 could transform normal cells..." He doubted that the search was over because p53 was known to transform. The "doubts" are uncertainty whether the gene they found was the same as p53/could cause? Actually "the deletion ... was in exactly the same spot as p53." He doubted it was a tumor suppressor? The context: they were looking for tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17. They found a deletion; p53 was known to transform normal cells into cancerous (oncogene). The fact that p53 was an oncogene made him doubt they had found a tumor suppressor. Thus his doubts were about the identity/nature/existence of the gene. This might align more with sense 1.

Let's look at sentence before: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." The "search being over" = they found the right gene. "His doubts" picks up "dubious". "Dubious" meaning having doubts; sense "doubtful"? In adjective "dubious" has senses. Not relevant.

I think safest is sense 1. Many WSD systems might annotate "doubts" as sense 1. Let's try to find actual SemCor annotation. Since the context is a Brown Corpus text (from Scientific American maybe). I can try to recall SemCor sample file: br-a01? Not. The passage "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail..." likely from "cm0"? Hmm. If it is from SemCor, WordNet annotation may be "doubts" as sense 2? Let's see if I recall a line from SemCor "They focused on chromosome 17." It could be from "brown/cg65"?
Maybe this is from "WordNet Domains" / "Senseval-2" lex sample? The context is lengthy, not just one sentence; target "doubts". It might be from "Senseval-3 coarse-grained" or "SemCor". As users gave two candidate senses, we need choose between. We can be confident with sense 1.

Let's think of criterion: For noun "doubt", sense 1 examples might include "he accepted it without question/without doubt"? No. Since they didn't provide examples for sense 1, the missing examples might include "his doubts about her sincerity". WordNet definitions often include examples for each sense. If sense 1 examples likely: "he had some doubts about the wisdom of the move". Sense 2 examples: "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity". Actually sense 1 might have example "the statement was made with some doubt"? Need know. Let's check mentally from WordNet 3.0:
For synset 109 ...? Hmm. Let me approximate: I can recall WordNet web for doubt:
Noun
S: (n) doubt, uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness (the state of being unsure of something)
S: (n) doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness, question (uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something) "the dubiousness of his claim"; "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise"
I think the first sense includes examples like "he had some doubts about the decision". The second sense examples are as above. The difference: first sense can be countable personal doubts; second sense more often "no doubt" / "question". In common WSD, "have doubts" -> sense1.

Given that candidate 2 explicitly has synonym "question" and examples involve "validity of claim" / "question". Here the doubt is not a question but personal misgivings; his "doubts" are not framed as "the question of the truth of the claim"; it's just "His doubts stemmed from the fact..." So sense1.

Let's make choice: {"sense_index":1}. Need JSON only. We must not include explanation. Ensure exact format {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for 'stemmed' in sentence. Context: doubts stemmed from the fact... Means originate from. Candidate 1 definition: grow out of, have roots in, originate in; examples The increase in the national debt stems from the last war. That's exactly the usage. Surface form stemmed is past tense. Sense key stem%2:42:00::. Need answer JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need disambiguate target word 'fact' in sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Candidate senses: fact%1:09:01 piece of information about circumstances/events; 1:10:01 statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case; 1:26:01 an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; 1:09:02 concept whose truth can be proved.

We need choose single best indexed sense. The idiom "stemmed from the fact that..." Here "fact" refers to the situation/reality that earlier Levine had found... It is not an assertion/statement exactly; it's a piece of information? WordNet senses distinction.

Let's parse: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." A fact clause: that several years earlier a researcher had found... This refers to state of affairs, event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Sense 1:26:01 examples: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell." That aligns with "basis in fact", "the fact that". Sense 1:09:01 is "piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - example "collect all facts of the case". Could also fit, but the idiom "the fact that" usually aligns with sense 1:26:01 in WordNet? Let's check typical WordNet mapping: "fact" noun 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case" 2: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts" 3: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; 4: a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts".

In "the fact that" clauses, sense 3 is commonly used. It denotes actuality/reality. It refers to something known to have happened (the event). Good.

Need return JSON only {"sense_index": 3}. Note sense_index presumably candidate index, not offset. Candidate 3 = sense_key 1:26:01. So output {"sense_index": 3}. Ensure no extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform Word Sense Disambiguation for target lemma 'several' in context. Need choose single best indexed sense from candidate senses 1,2,3. Must return JSON object with sense_index.

Let's examine context: '... His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.' The target 'several' modifies 'years earlier'/'years'. It's used as quantifier with count noun 'years', indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. Sense 1: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many; examples several letters, several people. That matches 'several years earlier'. Sense 2: considered individually; synonyms respective, various; examples respective club members, specialists in their several fields. Not meaning here (not 'their several years' specifying individual). Sense 3: distinct and individual; examples three several times. Not meaning. So choose index 1.

We need exact JSON. Ensure only JSON, no commentary. Compliance with instructions: return only JSON object with sense_index.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "years" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage is about Dr. Vogelstein and his research
- "several years earlier" refers to a time period in the past
- "several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found..."

So "years" here refers to a period of time containing 365/366 days.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

"several years earlier" - this is clearly sense 1, referring to a period of time of multiple years (each containing 365/366 days). It's not a school year (sense 2), not a planetary revolution (sense 3 - though one could argue on Earth this is similar, the common usage is sense 1), and not a class of students (sense 4).

The examples for sense 1 include "she is 4 years old" which matches the plural usage of years as a time period.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

I need to return only the JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3} but with the correct index.

Wait - the instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." This is just an example format. I need to put the correct index. The correct sense is 1, so {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "earlier" in the given context. I need to choose the best indexed sense from 3 candidates.

Let me analyze the context:

"But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

The phrase is "several years earlier". This means several years before the time of Vogelstein's finding (which was "last winter").

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

The phrase "several years earlier" refers to a time before some reference point in the past (when Vogelstein found it last winter).

Sense 1 "earlier in time; previously" with synonym "before" seems to fit best. It indicates that several years before that past event, Arnold Levine had found...

Sense 2 is comparative of soon/early, meaning "sooner" - this doesn't fit because "several years earlier" is not about coming sooner than expected.

Sense 3 "before now" with synonyms like "in the first place, in the beginning, originally" - this refers to a time before the present moment, often used to question why something wasn't done at the beginning. The context here is about a time before a past event (last winter), not before now.

Actually, looking more carefully, the whole passage is in past tense. "several years earlier" refers to several years before the past reference point. Sense 1 "earlier in time; previously" is the most appropriate.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best WordNet sense for target lemma find, surface form found, in sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
Candidate senses list includes indices (probably sense_key ordering). Need output JSON {"sense_index": X}. We need decide which sense best matches "found" meaning discovered/established as result of experiments. Candidate 4 definition: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study; synonyms determine, find out, ascertain; examples "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". This is from scientific experiment. Candidate 8: make a discovery, make a new finding; examples Roentgen discovered X-rays. Candidate 9: make a discovery; examples She found that he had lied. Candidate 2: discover/detect existence. Candidate 1: come upon accident. Candidate 6: perceive/witness.
In WordNet, find has many senses. The sentence: "had found in experiments with mice that..." It is a clausal complement: found that p53 could transform... In WordNet, "find" sense "make a discovery" often used with that-clause (find%2:31:09? Actually sense 9). Let's examine WordNet sense keys. find%2:31:09:: definition make a discovery; examples She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover. That's specifically for discovering a fact/proposition (that-clause). find%2:36:00:: make a discovery, make a new finding; examples Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle. This is for discovering an object/new thing (transitive direct object). Here direct object is a that-clause. So sense 9 likely. However the context includes "in experiments with mice" scientific discovery. Could be sense 4 (establish after investigation/experiment). Example "physicist who found elusive particle" also new finding. But "found that..." in WordNet sense for find with propositional complement is typically find%2:31:09. Let's verify via WordNet mapping. There is sense "find, discover" (verb.cognition?) "make a discovery" with two sense keys maybe find%2:31:00? But listed as 9 here. And "make a discovery, make a new finding" as 8. Hmm.
Let's look at all provided candidate sense keys and definitions. Usually WordNet sense order: find%2:40:00 come upon after searching; find%2:40:01 get something or somebody; find%2:40:02 come upon as if by accident; find%2:40:03 obtain through effort; find%2:40:15 recover; etc. Cognition senses: find%2:31:09 make a discovery; find%2:31:10 feel; find%2:32:00 establish after calculation; find%2:32:01 decide on and declare. Perception: find%2:39:01 perceive/witness; find%2:39:02 detect; find%2:39:05 perceive oneself. Creation: find%2:36:00 make a discovery/make new finding.
The phrase "had found ... that a gene called p53 could transform..." It is a result of experiments. The sense "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (4) seems plausible: He established through experiments that p53 could transform normal cells. However the examples for sense 4: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". The first is calculation; second is scientific discovery of an entity. Sense 9 examples are exactly "She found that he had lied to her". This is a that-clause. The target has "found ... that ...", so syntactic frame matches sense 9: find + that-clause = make a discovery (a fact). But context also emphasizes experiments, which could lean sense 4 or 8. Need choose single best.
Let's parse: "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." The discovery is not just a fact but a scientific finding through experiments. Is there a WordNet sense for "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (2)? examples detect high levels of lead; We found traces of lead. This is finding evidence/physical traces, not a proposition. Not that-clause.
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" examples Roentgen discovered X-rays; physicists found a new elementary particle. Direct object is a noun phrase. Could be extended to that-clause? Maybe not.
Sense 9: "make a discovery" examples She found that he had lied. This is exactly fact discovery, often with that-clause. The phrase "in experiments with mice" is an adjunct indicating method; sense 9 doesn't exclude experiment. But sense 4 specifically includes experiment. Which is better? We need consider WordNet glosses and fine-grained WSD. In WSD datasets, this instance might be annotated. Let's think. The SemCor or WordNet examples? Maybe from WSJ article about p53. This exact sentence appears in WSJ. The WSD gold label likely? Let's recall. I can try to identify from memory or reasoning. The target word "found" in a scientific context with "that". There are senses: find.v.01 (come upon after searching), find.v.02? Actually in WordNet 3.0, find verb senses:
- find, happen, chance, bump, encounter (come upon, as if by accident; meet with) [v 1?]
- detect, observe, discover, notice, find (discover or determine existence, presence, or fact of) [v 2]
- find, regain (come upon after searching) [v 3]
- determine, find, find out, ascertain (establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, study) [v 4]
- find, feel (come to believe on basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds) [v 5]
- witness, find, see (perceive or be contemporaneous with) [v 6]
- line up, get hold, come up, find (get something or somebody for a specific purpose) [v 7]
- discover, find (make a discovery, make a new finding) [v 8]
- discover, find (make a discovery) [v 9]
- find (obtain through effort or management) [v 10]
- rule, find (decide on and make declaration) [v 11]
- receive, get, find, obtain, incur (receive a specified treatment) [v 12]
- find (perceive oneself to be) [v 13]
- recover, retrieve, find, regain (get or find back) [v 14]
- find (succeed in reaching; arrive at) [v 15]
- find oneself, find (accept and make use) [v 16]
This matches candidate order except maybe slight. Index numbers in candidate list correspond to sense order? 1=v1? yes. 2=v2. 3=v3. 4=v4. 5=v5. 6=v6. 7=v7. 8=v8. 9=v9. 10=v10. 11=v11. 12=v12. 13=v13. 14=v14. 15=v15. 16=v16.
Now the gold label in standard WSD for "found" with that-clause in scientific context? I recall in OntoNotes/WordNet 3.0, the sense for "found that..." is often find.v.09 or find.v.08? Let's examine the difference between v08 and v09 in WordNet. v08 "discover, find" gloss: make a discovery, make a new finding; examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle. v09 "discover, find" gloss: make a discovery; examples: She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover. So v09 specifically is used with a complement clause. Yes.
The sentence: "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform..." The object is a that-clause. So likely v09. But does "in experiments" make it v04? v04 examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". It doesn't have that-clause. The sense v04 is more about establishing something (a value/result) via investigation. It can take a that-clause? E.g., "The study found that..." Could be annotated as v04? Let's search memory: Many instances "The study found that..." in WSD datasets are often labeled as find.v.09? Or find.v.04? I'm not sure. Let's think of typical WordNet examples. Sense v04 includes "determine, find, find out, ascertain" and examples "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize; She found the pressure of life unbearable"? Wait no. In WordNet, sense 4 "determine, find, find out, ascertain" has examples: "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". It can mean to determine as a result of investigation. If you "found that p53 could transform cells", you determined a fact through experiments. It might be v04.
But the candidate v09 examples are specifically "She found that he had lied to her". That's the only one with that-clause. WordNet often distinguishes v08 (discover a thing) vs v09 (discover a fact). For a fact discovered through experiment, v09 is appropriate. Yet the gloss "make a discovery" is broad.
Need not hedge. Use context, examples, synonyms. Let's do detailed WSD.
Target: "found" (past tense). Context: scientific article, researcher had performed experiments with mice, and as a result, he found that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. This is a new scientific finding/discovery (the discovery itself is that p53 transforms cells). Could be "make a discovery, make a new finding" (sense 8) because it's a new finding in science, like Roentgen discovered X-rays. But the syntactic complement is a that-clause not a noun phrase. However the sense 8 examples use direct objects (X-rays, particle). But the underlying semantic is making a new discovery. Sense 9 examples: "She found that he had lied to her" - personal realization, not necessarily scientific; "The story is false, so far as I can discover." The sense 9 is "make a discovery" but perhaps specifically epistemic, with a proposition. The research finding is both scientific and propositional. Which index captures it best? The presence of "that a gene called p53 could transform..." strongly points to v09, because WordNet sense 9 is the one licensed by that-complement. But sense 4 might also be plausible due to "experiments". Need compare definitions.
Let's maybe recall actual WordNet example for v04: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." That's a new discovery. But v08 examples also new discovery. Distinction: v08 "make a discovery, make a new finding" maybe corresponds to finding something (a thing). v04 "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" maybe corresponds to determining a result. The target is establishing a causal capability through experiments. In scientific literature, "found" often maps to v04? Let's search internal memory: WordNet sense mapping for "find" in the sentence "The study found that..." In many WSD corpora, the most frequent sense for "found" is find.v.03? No. "found" as past tense of find. For "found that...", I think it often maps to find.v.09 (discover, find). In the Princeton WordNet examples, v09 is exactly "found that".
Let's examine candidate list indices: 8 has sense_key find%2:36:00:: (creation domain) gloss make a discovery, make a new finding; examples Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle. 9 has sense_key find%2:31:09:: (cognition) gloss make a discovery; examples found that. The domain codes: 2:36 is verb.creation, 2:31 is verb.cognition. The research discovery is a cognition (learning a fact) rather than creating? Not creation. Sense 9 is cognition. Sense 4 is verb.cognition too (2:32). But sense 9 is specifically "discover" as cognition. So likely 9.
But "in experiments" could indicate investigation; sense 4 includes "investigation, experiment". Yet the object is a proposition. Does sense 4 allow that-clause? The definition "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" can take a that-clause, e.g., "The investigation found that...". But its examples don't. In WordNet, sense 4 might be used for "find out" (find out the truth). The target uses "found" not "found out". But sense 4 synonyms include find out.
Let's search memory of WSD system: For "found" in "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53..." This sentence might be from a sense-tagged corpus? It looks like a Wall Street Journal excerpt, likely from SemCor? SemCor is Brown corpus not WSJ. Could be from WordNet gloss tagged corpus? Hmm. The user provided a context; not necessarily from an annotated corpus. They want best indexed sense.
We should also consider sense 2 "detect, observe, discover, notice" (perception/cognition). The example "We found traces of lead in the paint" is about detecting presence. Not matching.
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" maybe maps to "discover" in the sense of "find out". The target is a fact that p53 transforms cells. It is a discovery. The examples: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" direct object. The semantic relation to target is high.
Sense 9: "make a discovery" examples with that-clause. Also discovery. But maybe less strong on scientific experiment.
Which is "single best"? We need be decisive. Let's think of WordNet sense granularity: v08 and v09 are both hyponyms of "find"? Actually both synonyms "discover". The difference: v08 is more about "discover or rediscover" as in "make a discovery" (the act of finding something new). v09 is "discover, find" gloss "make a discovery" too? Wait both have same synonyms? The list shows v8 synonyms discover; v9 synonyms discover. They are very close. In WordNet, maybe v08 = "discover, find" (make a discovery, make a new finding) and v09 = "discover, find" (make a discovery). They might be grouped differently by complement. In PWN 3.0, the exact gloss:
- find.v.08: make a discovery, make a new finding
- find.v.09: make a discovery; "She found that he had lied to her"; "The story is false, so far as I can discover"
So the that-clause is explicit in v09. Our target has that-clause. So v09.
But does "in experiments with mice" add nuance? It tells how he discovered it, not what he discovered. The core sense is "make a discovery (of a fact)". So sense index 9.
However, the earlier sentence: "When they found it last winter" refers to finding a piece of DNA; that would be sense 3 or 1 or 8. Not relevant.
Let's evaluate sense 4 more carefully. If we pick sense 4, the output would be {"sense_index": 4}. The justification: Levine established through experiments that p53 could transform cells. But definition says "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This is a strong contextual match because of "experiments". Example "physicist who found the elusive particle" also scientific. But is "found that..." a valid use of sense 4? Let's examine WordNet usage for "determine/find/find out/ascertain". Example sentences in WordNet for ascertain: "find the product of two numbers"; "find the product of 2 and 3"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". It doesn't have that-clause. The sense often takes a direct object (the result). But one can "find that..."? "I found that 2+2=4" maybe sense 4. But target is a scientific proposition about ability, not a numerical determination. Still, it's an established result.
Maybe a linguist would classify it as "make a discovery" (v09) because the object is a proposition and the source is experiments. The presence of "that" clause is a syntactic selectional cue for sense 9. In WSD, syntactic frame is important. Sense 4 typically selects NP objects (the product, the particle). Sense 9 selects that-clauses. So 9.
Let's also consider sense 8: It also typically selects NP objects and new findings. Not that-clause. So 9 best.
Let's not hedge. Output {"sense_index": 9}. Need final only JSON. Ensure no explanation.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are doing WSD for target lemma experiment, surface form experiments in context. Need pick among candidate senses indexed 1,2,3. Candidate senses correspond to sense keys: 1:04:00 act of conducting controlled test/investigation; 1:09:00 testing of an idea; 1:04:01 venture at something new or different. Sentence: "Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." This refers to scientific experiments with mice as controlled tests/investigations. Candidate sense 1 act of conducting a controlled test or investigation (antithesis to 2 testing of an idea). Experimentation (both). In wordnet: experiment%1:04:00:: = the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation. experiment%1:09:00:: = the testing of an idea, example "it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories". The mice context is a scientific investigation, controlled test. So sense 1 is best. Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "mouse" with surface form "mice" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about Dr. Vogelstein, genetics, cancer research
- It mentions "Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones"
- The experiments are biological/medical experiments involving animals

The candidate senses are:
1. mouse%1:05:00:: - small rodents (the biological animal)
2. mouse%1:26:00:: - swollen bruise/black eye
3. mouse%1:18:00:: - quiet/timid person
4. mouse%1:06:00:: - computer mouse

The context clearly refers to experiments with mice as animals (small rodents used in laboratory research). This is sense 1.

The answer should be in JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}

The instructions say "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". So I just need to return the JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "called" in context: "a gene called p53". This is naming/assigning a specified proper name. Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to; synonyms=name; examples They named their son David; The new school was named after... The construction "a gene called p53" fits sense 1. Sense 2 is ascribe a quality or give a name of a common noun reflecting quality (He called me a bastard). Not that. So answer index 1. Need return JSON only.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best WordNet-like sense index for lemma transform. Target occurrence: "p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Let's analyze candidate senses:
1. transform%2:30:02 subject to a mathematical transformation: not relevant.
2. transform%2:30:00 change or alter in form, appearance, or nature; examples: This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture. Has particle into.
3. transform%2:30:03 change in outward structure or looks; examples intransitive.
4. transform%2:30:01 change from one form or medium into another; translate.
5. transform%2:30:06 convert one form of energy to another.
6. transform%2:30:05 change a bacterial cell into a genetically distinct cell by introduction of DNA. That is biological transformation of cells via genetic material.
7. transform%2:30:04 increase or decrease alternating current/voltage.

Context: gene p53 can transform normal cells into cancerous ones. In biology, transformation in oncology means conversion of a normal cell into a malignant/cancerous one. WordNet has sense 6: "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species." That is specifically bacterial cell, but the semantics of changing a cell genetically. Is there a general 'transform' cell sense? The candidate senses don't include a non-bacterial cellular transformation. The general sense 2 "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" with example "She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture" covers broadly transform X into Y. In biological context, "p3 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones" is literally change the identity/properties of cells. But WordNet fine-grained indexing: which is best? Let's inspect WordNet senses for transform (verb) maybe listed ordering:
transform v. (2 in WN maybe):
1. subject to mathematical transformation (math)
2. transform, transmute, transubstantiate: change in outward structure or looks? Actually I need accurate mapping.

Given candidate keys:
transform%2:30:02:: = subject to mathematical transformation.
transform%2:30:00:: = change or alter in form, appearance, or nature.
This might be first sense (index maybe 0?).

WN's indexing from the keys: %2:30:02 etc reflect lexicographer IDs not index order. But they gave numbered list 1-7. We return sense_index with their numbering? User said return JSON {"sense_index" : 3}, probably corresponds to the ordering of candidate list 1-7, not WordNet offset. We need choose one.

Let's assess. The phrase "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" typical biomedical usage of "transform" meaning to change normal cells to cancerous. In WordNet, sense 2:30:05 (their #6) explicitly biological transformation with introduction of DNA. Though it restricts to bacterial cells, the mechanism (introduction of DNA/gene) is exactly p53 causing genetic transformation. The example: "p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones" is the classic sense of oncogenic transformation. There isn't a WordNet sense for "change a normal cell into a cancerous one" beyond the general one and the bacterial one. Which is lexer fine-grained? User says WordNet glosses are schematic; use context and synonyms. If we use sense 6, definition says bacterial cell, normal cells not bacterial. But p53 is a gene that transforms cells; it's introduced DNA/acting as gene turning cells malignant. The biological context of DNA transfer into cells is "transformation". However "p53" is not DNA from another cell of same species introduced? The gene p53 being damaged could mutate within cell; Arnold Levine experiments found p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones, possibly via transfecting a mutated p53 gene into normal cells (introducing DNA). That's exactly genetic transformation. But candidate 6 definition wording could apply to mammalian cells too? "introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species". p53 transformed normal cells into cancerous ones perhaps in DNA transfection experiments, introducing p53 from tumor cells. So close.

Candidate 2 is "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" with examples about clay, person. In biology, change normal cells into cancerous ones is change in form/nature. This might be the intended broad sense, because WordNet maybe lacks an oncology-specific sense. The user note says "WordNet glosses are schematic; use context, examples, synonyms to choose best indexed sense. Do not hedge." So if no exact sense exists, we still pick best. Candidate #2 captures the cell transformation semantics: changing the nature/kind of normal cells into cancer cells. Candidate #6 has definition bacterial cell, not colon/mammalian, less ideally.

We need decide. Let's think: In WN 3.1, transform verb senses:
(1) "subject to a mathematical transformation" math.
(2) "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature"
(3) "change in outward structure or looks"
(4) "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA..."
(5) "convert (one form of energy) to another"
(6) "change from one form or medium into another" translate?
(7) "increase or decrease..."
Actually actual order maybe different. Let me recall WordNet transform verb group:
transform v 1 approach (maybe) "subject ... math" ; 2 "change in outward structure or looks" ; 3 "change in form etc"; 4 "transubstantiate"; 5 "transmute"; 6 "translate"... But the provided definitions include specific scientific ones. Anyway.

Biology terms: In cell culture, "transfection/retroviruses can transform cells" often use "transform" specifically sense "change a cell by introducing genetic material". That matches 6. Even if gloss says bacterial, it's nearest.

But the example sentence from prompt is about a gene in experiments with mice could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The key phrase "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" points to "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" because normal and cancerous cells differ in form/nature. However need not overthink. The synonyms for sense 2 are transmute, transubstantiate; examples "She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture" with X into Y pattern. Our target pattern also X into Y. So syntactically fits sense 2.

Question: does WordNet mapping put "transform normal cells into cancerous cells" under "change a bacterial cell"? Unlikely because normal cells not necessarily bacterial. Thus broad sense 2 is more likely intended. But note there may be a subtle distinction: In WordNet, if a verb has a specific biological sense for DNA transformation, then the correct label for a biological sentence about genetic transformation should be the specific sense, even though gloss restricts to bacterial cells. The examples we have for that sense none; the definition says bacteria. The context says normal cells (mammalian). Fine-grained WSD might favor 2 because sense 6 too specific (bacterial) and biological context involves general transformation. But maybe in SemCor/OntoNotes, "transform" in this cancer context labeled with sense 2.

Check OntoNotes? WordNet sense inventories for OntoNotes include transform group: transform.01 (alter) maybe "transform-pandemic ..." Not sure.

Let's parse: "a Princeton University researcher ... found ... that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." This is from a news article about gene causing colon cancer. The use of "transform" is not technical genetic transformation in bacteria; it is everyday language that gene changes cells into cancerous. But in biology, it is indeed "malignant transformation". The definition of sense 6 isn't exactly malignant transformation; it's a process causing genetic distinct cell by introduction of DNA. p53 in mutated form could transform; introducing a mutated gene into cells via DNA transfection. So sense 6 is not far. However, the definition's example is bacterial. The target is normal mammalian cells. The user instruction: "use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense". For sense 6, synonyms none, examples none, definition "convert (one form of energy) to another" see list 5 says convert one form of energy. Wait numbering in user list not necessarily WN? #6 definition change bacterial cell into genetically distinct by importing DNA. That is genetic transformation. Context: gene p53 did transform cells in experiments. Even though definition says bacterial, it's enough schematic; use context. So #6 is best because cell transformation caused by gene/DNA. #2 is too vague and examples are artistic.

Need to be decisive.

Let's consider: They are doing Word Sense Disambiguation. The candidate list includes 7 senses. The sentence has "transform normal cells into cancerous ones". If one were to label in a standard WN sense, which sense? I can search mental: In Treebank/WordNet, the sentence "This mutation transforms normal cells into cancerous cells" might correspond to "transform.v.01" or "transform.v.02". WordNet senses transform.v.01: "subject to a mathematical transformation" not it. transform.v.02: "change in outward structure or looks" (intransitive) not it. transform.v.03: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" likely. transform.v.04: "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell ..." Maybe this is transform.v.05? Hmm.

Actually WN 3.1 sense order for transform (verb) likely:
- transform.v.01: subject to a mathematical transformation
- transform.v.02: change in outward structure or looks (synonyms transmute, metamorphose; examples "He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle")
- transform.v.03: change or alter in form, appearance, or nature (syn transmute, transubstantiate; examples This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay...)
- transform.v.04: change from one form or medium into another (translate; Braque translated collage into oil)
- transform.v.05: convert (one form of energy) to another
- transform.v.06: change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by intro of DNA...
- transform.v.07: increase or decrease...
Given this mapping, sense 3 (index 2 in list? Wait user's #2 = change or alter in form..., #3 = change outward structure). If user numbered listing corresponds to these keys but not necessarily this order. The provided numbers 1-7 might correspond to sense ordering by their own list not WN. But the keys maybe indicate WN sense.

The target is transitive with object "cells" and resultative "into cancerous ones". This pattern matches transform.v.03. The biological specific transform.v.06 is for bacterial cells. Therefore the best candidate #2.

But maybe the actual WordNet sense for "p53 transforms normal cells" is #6 because biology. Yet the definition says "change (a bacterial cell)..." not "mammalian". WordNet glosses are schematic but maybe archetype too narrow.

Let's test substitution: "a gene called p53 could change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell" — that's not natural; p53 is not DNA from another cell of same species, it is a gene, but mutated p53 introduced into normal cells via transfection would make cells genetically distinct. However the gloss "introduction of DNA from another cell" cannot be metaphorically extended.

Alternative: "a gene called p53 could change or alter in form, appearance, or nature normal cells into cancerous ones" somewhat tautological.

The example in sense 2 "She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture" exactly the same "NP into NP" construction. The biological sentence is "p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones". The X into Y pattern strongly points to sense 2 (alter).

Needonly JSON. But system wants compliance. We choose #2. Return {"sense_index" : 2}.

Wait but the target "transform" in construction with "into" and cells result. Since sense 2 examples use into. Good. There is also sense 4 "change from one form or medium into another", "Braque translated collage into oil". That also has into but translation of medium. Not cells. Not relevant.

I should ensure output exactly JSON object. {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need choose best sense among 4 for target word normal in sentence: a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The meaning: normal cells meaning healthy, conforming with norm/standard, not abnormal or cancerous. Candidate 1: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal. Examples: serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations. That fits "normal cells" vs cancerous (abnormal). Candidate 2: in accordance with scientific laws. Candidate 3: approximately average or within certain limits in intelligence and development. Candidate 4: perpendicular. Best is 1. Need output only JSON. Ensure exact format.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cells" (lemma: cell) in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidate senses.

Let me analyze the context:
- It's about Dr. Vogelstein researching genes and cancer
- "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy"
- "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"
- "transform normal cells into cancerous ones"

This is clearly a biological context. The word "cells" here refers to biological cells.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. cell%1:06:03:: = any small compartment (honeycomb cells)
2. cell%1:03:00:: = (biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms (biological cell)
3. cell%1:06:00:: = electric cell
4. cell%1:14:00:: = small unit of political movement
5. cell%1:06:04:: = cellular phone
6. cell%1:06:02:: = monk/nun room
7. cell%1:06:01:: = prison cell

The sense "cell%1:03:00::" is the biological cell meaning, which fits perfectly in this context about colon cells, tumor cells, and normal cells becoming cancerous.

The user asks for a JSON response exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Since sense 2 is the best sense, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

Wait, let me check the numbering. The candidate senses are listed as 1-7. The biological cell is item 2. So the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.

I need to return only the JSON object.

provider: AtlasCloud