[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young <t>men</t> and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose WordNet sense for target lemma man surface men in context. Need examine context: education, "young men and women" realize their full academic potential. Young men and women: male and female humans. It refers to any human being? Since explicitly paired with women, sense 1 "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" could be, but "young men" not adult. WSD sense often 'young men and women' -> generic? Actually sense 4 human being? Let's analyze candidates.

Sense 1 adult person male, example there were two women and six men on the bus. It is gender-specific male adult. The phrase "young men and women" = male persons (young) and female. Even though not adult? It typically uses man as male. "Men and women" is common collocation referring to male and female adults/young adults. Sense 1 seems plausible.

Sense 3 generic use to refer to any human being (indefinite, like "every man for himself"), not gender-specific. Sense 4 hominidae member. Sense 11 all living human inhabitants (mankind). Could young men and women mean sense 11? Not likely; phrase combined with women rules out generic humankind. It means male and female.

Potential issue: WordNet sense 1 adult male. Does "young men" fit?  In WordNet, man includes adult male, but young man is a youth, not adult. But WSD may use "man" paired with women in formal/education contexts as "male persons", sense 1. Example "men and women" likely grouped under sense 1, because contrast woman. Look at synset definition adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) includes examples of contrast. Yes.

Sense 3 generic use examples "it was every man for himself". Not exact.

Sense 5 male subordinate. No.

Sense 6 manly character. No.

Sense 7 valet. No.

Sense 8 significant male role. No.

Sense 9 island. No.

Sense 10 game piece. No.

Sense 11 humankind. "men and women" could sometimes collectively mean humanity? But "young men and women" individually male/female students. Not humankind.

Answer should be JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Need ensure only JSON.

provider: Parasail


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and <t>women</t> to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer with sense index. The target "women" in context: "young men and women". Candidate senses: 1 adult female person; 2 significant role; 3 houseworker; 4 women as a class. The phrase young men and women means young male and female persons. So sense 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Only that.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: realize
Target surface form: realize
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=realize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognize, recognise, realise, agnize, agnise
2. sense_key=realize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realise, see | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=realize%2:36:00:: | definition=make real or concrete; give reality or substance to | synonyms=realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate | examples=our ideas must be substantiated into actions
4. sense_key=realize%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, make, earn, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
5. sense_key=realize%2:40:00:: | definition=convert into cash; of goods and property | synonyms=realise
6. sense_key=realize%2:36:07:: | definition=expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass | synonyms=realise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense index for realize in context. Need parse context and decide.

Target: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." Already phrase "realize one's potential" means make real, achieve, actualize. Candidate sense 3: make real or concrete; give reality or substance to. Synonyms actualize, substantiate. That fits. Sense 1 be aware cognizant of; sense 2 perceive mentally; not fit (not realize potential as awareness). Sense 4 earn; 5 convert cash; 6 music. So answer {"sense_index": 3}. Need output only JSON exactly. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their <t>full</t> academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine best sense of target lemma full in context: "realize their <t>full</t> academic potential." Here's analysis.

Context: purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one believes equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. containing as much or as many as possible/normal (adj full capacity?). "full academic potential" = realize all of one's potential. Might be closest to complete/extent. But sense 1 pertains to containers, quantity.
2. constituting the full quantity or extent; complete = entire, total. examples: gave full attention.
3. complete in extent or degree and in every particular. synonyms total: full game; total eclipse.
4. satisfied with food.
5. sound.
6. having normally expected amount, synonyms good. gives full measure, good measure.
7. being at peak/culminating point; broad daylight; full summer.
8. clothing fabric.

Phrase "full academic potential": means complete or entire potential, to the maximum extent possible. Which of senses? "potential" is an abstract noun; "full" modifies "academic potential" meaning the complete quantity/extent. Sense 2: constituting the full quantity or extent; complete synonyms entire, total. Examples: gave full attention; an entire town. "full attention" means complete attention. Sense 3: complete in extent or degree and in every particular; synonyms total; examples: a full game; a total eclipse. "full game" means complete game.
Sense 1: containing as much or as many as is possible or normal; examples full glass, sky full of stars. This is about spatial container filled to capacity; but "potential" can be treated as capacity? "full potential" common phrase might map to "as much as possible"—sense 1 definition "containing as much or as many as is possible or normal." However for abstract potential, the "container" metaphor maybe. In WSD, which WordNet sense captures "full X" = to the maximum degree? Let's look carefully.

Sense 1 WordNet ADJ full%3:00:00::: containing as much or as many as is possible or normal. Examples: "a full glass"; "a sky full of stars"; "a full yardline?" Usually applies to containers/holding capacity. Sense tagged 3:00:00.

Sense 2 full%5:00:01:whole:00: constituting the full quantity or extent; complete. Syn: entire, total. Usually used before a noun: full attention, full speed, full extent, in full force? Means complete/extent.
Sense 3 full%5:00:00:complete:00: complete in extent or degree and in every particular. Syn total. A full game, full species name. Usually complete in all parts. However phrase "full potential" maybe belongs to sense 2 or 3.

Need decide single best among these. We need reason. Let’s inspect WordNet:
- full%3:00:00::: containing as much or as many as is possible or normal ( usage for containers, etc.)
- full%3:00:01:: (sound)
- full%5:00:00:high:02: being at a peak or culminating point; "broad daylight"; "full summer"
- full%5:00:00:ample:00: having the normally expected amount; "gives full measure"; "good measure"
- full%5:00:00:nourished:00? actually 5:00:00:nourished:00= replete? wait sense 4 definition filled to satisfaction; syn replete.
- full%5:00:00:complete:00: complete in extent or degree and in every particular; "a full game"; "a total eclipse"
- full%5:00:01:whole:00: constituting the full quantity or extent; complete; "an entire town devastated by an earthquake"; "gave full attention"; "was an entire success"; "a total failure"; "the full house"?

Actually sense 2 definition "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" synonyms entire, total. Examples include gave full attention. This maps to "full academic potential" = the entire extent of academic potential.
Sense 3 "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" + examples a full game, total eclipse. They are close.

Maybe sense 2 seems better because "full" modifies an abstract noun "potential" meaning "to the full extent/complete quantity." "Entire academic potential". Sense 3 "complete in every particular" not quite for potential.

But we should examine "full potential" in collocations. In WordNet, adjective "full" includes definitions:
1. containing as much or as many as is possible or normal; "a full glass"; "a sky full of stars"; "a full life"; "the auditorium was full to overflowing" <-- Actually WordNet full examples includes "a full life"? Let me recall. WordNet adj full sense 1 (3:00:00::) examples: "a full glass"; "a sky full of stars"; "a full life"; "the auditorium was full to overflowing". Hmm "full life" abstract. So full potential might be sense 1 (as much as possible). But user-provided examples only list "a full glass; a sky full of stars". They omitted "a full life". We'll evaluate with given examples.
4. (satiated)
5. (sound)
6. (expected amount)
7. (peak)
8. (fabric)

Also full (adv) not relevant.

The phrase "full academic potential" means "as much as their academic potential allows" i.e., maximal capacity. In sense 1: containing as much or as many as is possible or normal. "Potential" is capacity/latent ability; "full" describes it as fully utilized or max. But sense 1 definition emphasizes "containing" and containers. In "full academic potential", not about container.

Sense 6: having the normally expected amount; gives full measure; gives good measure. This is about amount expected, not maximum of potential. Not right.

Sense 2 or 3 would be correct for "full" = complete extent.

In the sentence: "realize their full academic potential" - realize their complete academic potential. Could be "full" = "entire" (syn: entire, total). That exactly sense 2. The phrase "full attention" works similarly: complete attention; "full potential" can be considered entire potential. WN examples "gave full attention". I think sense 2 best.

Need answer JSON: {"sense_index": 2}. But let's verify if there might be sense ordering issue. Candidate senses numbered 1-8. They correspond to sense_key list. We must output index number matching the chosen sense. If choose sense 2 (sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00). So {"sense_index": 2}.

Need ensure no hedging. Return exact JSON.

Also note instructions: Do not answer with WordNet sense key. Return only JSON object exact like. So final only JSON. We should not include explanation. Ensure JSON only.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full <t>academic</t> potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON sense_index. We must choose among 1 2 3. Context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one ... equal academic potential." Academic potential means potential for scholarly/educational achievement, associated with academia/academy? In WordNet, sense 1 "associated with academia or an academy" has examples "the academic curriculum; academic gowns". The phrase "academic potential" here means cognitive/scholastic potential, not specifically associated with academia. Hmm. Sense 3 is "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects; donnish, pedantic". Not fits "potential". Sense 2 is theoretical irrelevant. Actually target surface form "academic" modifies "potential"; in the same sentence: "their academic potential allows" and "full academic potential". Academic potential = scholarly or educational potential, i.e., related to academic study/learning. WordNet adjective sense 1 covers "associated with academia or an academy" but often broader. Example "academic curriculum". So sense 1 likely. Sense 3 would mean pedantic potential? no. So answer 1. Ensure JSON only.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need decide sense. Target lemma potential, surface potential. Context academic potential, full academic potential. Sense 1 = inherent capacity for coming into being; synonyms potentiality, potency. Sense 2 = electrical. Clearly sense 1. Need output JSON with sense_index? It says do not answer with WordNet sense key, only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. There are two senses indexed 1 and 2. Should use sense_index 1. Ensure exactly JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense. Context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." Actually modifies believes, meaning in actual fact/really, used to emphasize that no one really believes. It is not 'surprisingly' opposite-of-expected? Let's inspect candidates:
1 actually%4:02:01:: 'in actual fact' synonyms really examples to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark.
2 %4:02:00:: imply opposite of expected; surprisingly examples ... you may actually be doing the right thing...
3 %4:02:03:: at present moment.
4 %4:02:02:: sentence modifier to add slight emphasis, at clause beginning, e.g. actually, we all help...
Our target is mid-sentence, verb modifier. It is not a sentence modifier. It emphasizes reality: no one really believes. It could be "in actual fact". Not sense 2? Does it imply one would expect opposite? "No one in his right mind actually believes..." Could there be a notion that people might seem to believe? The author says no one in right mind really believes. It means truly/really. So sense 1. Some WordNet mapping: actually has adv senses: actually, really (in actual fact) 4:02:01; actually, in reality (used to imply...) 4:02:00; actually (at present) 4:02:03; actually (as sentence modifier) 4:02:02. The phrase no one actually believes aligns with "no one actually saw the shark" = in actual fact. So choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer. Need determine sense index. Let's analyze target 'believes' in context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." Candidate senses:
1 accept as true; take to be true
2 judge or regard; synonyms think, consider, conceive
3 be confident about something; synonyms trust
4 follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
5 credit with veracity; examples believe a man/publication.
Which best? The sentence is about holding/accepting proposition as true, not merely judging/regarding. It perhaps fits sense 1 accept as true (believe that we all have equal academic potential). Sense 2 examples: I believe her to be very smart (believe X to be Y) complements NP not that-clause? Actually fine. But meaning 'judge or regard' is more opinionative. Sense 1 takes a that-clause: I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War. That matches accept as true of a proposition. Sense 3 be confident about something (trust someone will come back). Slightly different (future expectation). Sense 5 credit with veracity used with source: believe this man/publication, e.g., trust what someone says. Here it's not about veracity of source but truth of proposition. Sense 1 best. But need check WordNet sense indices ordering: 00 accept as true; 04 judge/regard; 03 be confident; 01 follow credo; 02 credit with veracity. The JSON index integer? The candidate list numbers: 1=sense_key=believe%2:31:00::; 2=04; 3=03; 4=01; 5=02. Return {"sense_index": 1}. Need output exactly JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Need choose between sense 1 and 2 for lemma equal. Context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This means same quantity/measure of academic potential, i.e., all have the same amount. Sense 1 definition: having the same quantity, value, or measure as another. Sense 2 definition: adequate/having requisite qualities. Clearly sense 1. So output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the target word "academic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows."
 - "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
 - "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential."

 The target word "academic" appears in the phrase "academic potential" multiple times.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
 2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
 3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

 Now let's determine which sense fits best.

 The context is about education, students, learning potential, and schooling. "Academic potential" refers to a person's potential for scholarly/educational achievement or capability in an educational context.

 Sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy" - This seems to fit well. "Academic potential" means potential related to school/education/academia. Examples include "academic curriculum" and "academic gowns" which are things associated with academia.

 Sense 2: "hypothetical or theoretical" - This doesn't fit. The discussion isn't about hypothetical potential.

 Sense 3: "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects; donnish, pedantic" - This also doesn't fit. "Academic potential" isn't being used to describe someone as pedantic or narrowly focused on trivial learning.

 In the phrase "academic potential," "academic" is an adjective modifying "potential" and means "related to education/academia." This aligns with Sense 1.

 Sense 1 is the best fit.

 The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose single best indexed sense for target word "potential" in context. We have two candidate senses. Context: academic potential, capacity. Sense 1: inherent capacity for coming into being, potentiality/potency. Sense 2: electric/voltage. Clearly sense 1. Index 1. Return JSON only exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. We set index 1. Ensure only JSON object. No explanation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The task is WSD for "generally" as an adverb. Context: It is generally desirable to use older textbooks... rather than newer ones. Need choose among three senses.
Sense 1: usually; as a rule. Synonyms by and large, more often than not, mostly. Examples by and large it doesn't rain much here. Sense 2: without distinction of one from others; in general, in the main. Sense 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions; broadly.
In this sentence, "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" indicates "in general", "as a general rule", "usually"? The phrase "generally desirable" can be paraphrased "in general it is desirable". This maps to sense 1 "usually; as a rule" or sense 2/3? WordNet sense 1 synonyms include "by and large", "more often than not", "mostly". Sense 2 "in general, in the main" maybe generalizing over instances rather than specific exceptions. The sentence: It's generally desirable to use older textbooks rather than newer ones. This is making a general recommendation. As a general principle. Could be sense 1: "as a rule". Sense 2 includes "in general" exactly. Need choose best. Let's inspect WordNet sense ordering.
"generally" adverb satellites? Actually words in WordNet: generally%4:02:00:: broadly speaking, generally, loosely, broadly; generally%4:02:01:: generally, in general, in the main; generally%4:02:02:: generally, by and large, more often than not, mostly. The actual glosses:
- generally (r) usually; as a rule; "by and large it doesn't rain much here" (sense 1 in synset index 4:02:02?) Hmm depending lexicographer file order.
They've ordered given:
1 generally%4:02:02:: = usually; as a rule | by and large
2 generally%4:02:01:: = without distinction of one from others | in general, in the main
3 generally%4:02:00:: = without regard to specific details or exceptions | broadly, loosely, broadly speaking

Actually WordNet index 1 might be most common: "usually; as a rule".
But the target sentence "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" could be read "It is usually desirable" or "It is in general desirable". Which is best?
Let's examine context: The paragraph argues against modern textbooks, claiming older textbooks are generally desirable. It then explains why newer ones are bad. "generally desirable" means "desirable in general", i.e., as a general principle, without exception. But "generally" as "usually" can also fit. The phrase "It is generally X to ..." often means "as a general rule, X". The synonym "by and large" fits: "by and large it is desirable to use older textbooks". "More often than not it is desirable" fits maybe. Sense 1 includes "usually; as a rule".
Sense 2 phrase "without distinction of one from others" is about considering a category as whole, e.g., "snakes in general". "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" isn't about distinguishing categorial details; it's making a generalization of frequency/rule.
Sense 3 "without regard to specific details or exceptions" synonyms broadly, loosely, broadly speaking. But the phrase "broadly/it is broadly desirable" doesn't match.
Thus sense 1 likely. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need do WSD for word desirable in context. Need return JSON {"sense_index" : ?}. Candidate senses indices 1 and 2. Need choose best indexed sense (the index among candidate list provided). Let's analyze context carefully.

Context: It's a passage about education. Target sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks ... rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

We need decide between sense1 and sense2. Definitions:
1. desirable%3:00:00:: = worth having or seeking or achieving. Examples: a desirable job; computer with many desirable features. So if "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" means using older textbooks is worth seeking/achieving; it is advantageous/desirable. That's typical adjective use: worth doing.
2. desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 = worthy of being chosen esp. as a spouse; synonyms suitable, worthy; examples parents found the girl suitable for their son. That's about being a desirable/suitable candidate/spouse. In context "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks", the subject is an action/use older textbooks. Desirable as choice? "It is generally desirable" = preferable, beneficial; not "eligible/suitable".

Sense 1 better. The WordNet sense desirable%3:00:00 I think is the general worth wanting/desirable. Sense 2 is satellite (eligible). For "It is generally desirable to [do X]" strongly matches sense 1: worth seeking/achieving.

Candidate 2's synonyms suitable perhaps could fit? "It is generally suitable to use older textbooks"? But definition says "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse". Desirable in that rare sense. No. So answer sense_index 1.

Need only JSON. Ensure exactly {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD target use. Context: "It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish..." Need choose among candidate senses. Sense key indices: 1 put into service; make work or employ for particular purpose or inherent purpose, examples use your head, use Spanish at home. This fits using older textbooks in education. Synonyms utilize, apply, employ. The sentence recommends using older textbooks rather than newer. That's standard use = employ in service.

Sense 2 take/consume habitually (drugs), no. Sense 3 use up/consume fully, no. Sense 4 use to advantage (uses friends), no. Sense 5 avail oneself to (practice/apply a principle), maybe apply could fit, but for textbooks, put into service is better. Sense 6 used to past habit, no.

Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Must only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the target word "rather" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

The phrase "rather than" is used here to indicate a preference for older textbooks over newer ones.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter

2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice

3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia

4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

The target appears in the phrase "rather than" where it expresses a preference: "use older textbooks... rather than newer ones."

Sense 3 has definition "more readily or willingly" with synonyms "preferably, sooner" and examples "I'd rather be in Philadelphia". The phrase "would rather" and "rather than" expressing preference fit this sense.

Sense 1 is "on the contrary" with synonym "instead". While "rather than" can sometimes be replaced with "instead of", the meaning here is clearly about preference and choice. The example "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks" shows a different construction ("rather than" + verb phrase indicating an avoided action).

In our context, "use older textbooks rather than newer ones" expresses a preference/desirability. The sentence says "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks... rather than newer ones." This is about preferring one option over another.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate because:
- "more readily or willingly" fits the preference meaning
- synonym "preferably" fits well: "use older textbooks preferably than newer ones" (though awkward)
- "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" uses "rather" to express preference

Actually, let me reconsider. In WordNet, "rather" has these distinct senses, and "rather than" as a construction can be tricky. In many dictionaries, "rather than" is treated as a compound preposition meaning "instead of" or "more willingly than."

Sense 1 is "on the contrary; instead". The example includes "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left" which uses "rather than" to mean "instead of" doing something.

Sense 3 is "more readily or willingly" with "preferably, sooner". The example "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" is about preference.

In the sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks... rather than newer ones."

This is clearly a recommendation/preference. "Desirable" signals preference. "Older textbooks rather than newer ones" means "prefer older textbooks instead of newer ones."

The phrase "would rather" (e.g., "I'd rather be in Philadelphia") is sense 3. But here we have bare "rather than" not "would rather."

However, in WordNet's sense 3, the definition is "more readily or willingly," and the examples include "I'd rather be in Philadelphia." This is the preference sense. In "rather than newer ones," the "rather" still carries the meaning of preference.

Sense 1 is more about "instead" or "on the contrary." Example: "rather than disappoint the children..." Here "rather" introduces an alternative action taken to avoid another.

Given the instruction to use context, synonyms, and examples together, and given that the sentence emphasizes desirability and preference for older textbooks, Sense 3 ("more readily or willingly; preferably; sooner") is the best fit.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for target "newer" in context: comparing older textbooks vs newer ones. It means textbooks that are more recent in time, not of long duration, having just come into being. Candidate 1: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. That fits. The contrast older textbooks vs newer ones. Candidate 5: other than the former one(s); different - e.g., they now have a new leaders; car four years old but new to me. Here newer ones are the more recently published, recent in duration. So sense 1 best. Need output JSON only.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose between two senses for "ones" in context. It says "rather than newer ones" referring to textbooks. So "ones" = plural of one, a single person or thing? Sense 2: a single person or thing. Sense 1 is number. Here "ones" stands for "textbooks", generic thing. So best sense is sense_key one%1:09:00::, index 2. Return JSON {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "often" in the given context. I need to choose the best indexed sense from three candidates.

Let me analyze the context:

"we often met over a cup of coffee" - This is actually the example for sense 1.
"I don't drink much; I don't travel much" - These are examples for sense 2.

The target sentence: "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Here, "often" modifies "downright silly." It's saying that newer textbooks are modish, trendy, frequently/commonly downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Let's look at the senses:
1. often%4:02:00:: - many times at short intervals; synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes; example="we often met over a cup of coffee"
2. often%4:02:01:: - frequently or in great quantities; synonyms=much, a great deal; examples="I don't drink much; I don't travel much"
3. often%4:02:02:: - in many cases or instances

In this context, "often downright silly" means "in many cases downright silly" or "frequently downright silly." The textbooks are silly in many instances/cases.

Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" seems to fit well here because it's talking about a generalization about newer textbooks - in many cases they are downright silly.

Sense 1 "many times at short intervals" implies repeated occurrences over time, like "we often met." This doesn't fit as well with a static generalization about textbooks being silly.

Sense 2 "frequently or in great quantities" is more about quantity/degree, like "I don't drink much." This doesn't fit either.

So sense 3 seems best: "in many cases or instances."

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform WSD for the word "dubious" in the given context.

Target: "dubious" appears in: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

Candidate senses:
1. dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 - fraught with uncertainty or doubt; synonyms=doubtful; examples about cord holding, admission
2. dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 - open to doubt or suspicion; synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question; examples about candidate's past, dubious record
3. dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 - not convinced; examples about remaining dubious despite argument force

Let me analyze the context. The sentence says newer textbooks "are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience." Here, "dubious" modifies "psychological and sociological theories" - theories that are questionable, doubtful, suspect. The author is criticizing textbooks for being based on theories that are not well-founded, open to doubt.

This is clearly an attributive use modifying theories. It means the theories are open to doubt/suspicion - questionable. This aligns with sense 2.

Sense 1 is more about being uncertain (e.g., "it is doubtful whether...") - epistemic uncertainty.
Sense 3 is about being unconvinced (people's mental state).
Sense 2 is about being open to doubt or suspicion (quality of something).

The context describes psychological and sociological theories as being of questionable validity, not reliable, suspect compared to educational experience. This is best captured by sense 2: "open to doubt or suspicion".

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: psychological
Target surface form: psychological
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best indexed sense for "psychological" in context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience." Candidate sense 1: mental/emotional as opposed to physical. Sense 2: of or relating to/determined by psychology; examples psychological theories. Clearly matches "psychological theories"; index 2. But surface form is "psychological" modifying theories. Need output {"sense_index": 2}. Check guidelines: don't include explanation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for target "rather". Context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience." This is the construction "rather than" meaning instead of / on the contrary. Candidate senses: 1 definition on the contrary, synonyms instead, examples include "rather than disappoint..." and "he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter". This fits. Sense 3 preferably sooner: "I'd rather" etc. Here rather than is comparative preference? In WordNet, "rather" in rather than may map to sense 1. So sense_index 1. Need return JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD target 'educational' in sentence context. Need choose one of two senses. We must return JSON with index only. Analyze context.
Context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience." Older textbooks better than newer ones because latter modish etc. Here experience is being modified: related to education as process/experience, not providing knowledge. The phrase "educational experience" means experience pertaining to education (the process of education), i.e. practical teaching/learning experience. Sense 1: relating to the process of education. Examples "educational psychology". Sense 2: providing knowledge / instructive (syn instructive), example "an educational film". In the phrase "educational experience", it could mean experience in education (adjectival). It doesn't mean that the experience provides knowledge necessarily though context implies from actual education. The comparison: dubious theories rather than educational experience. "educational experience" = experience in the field of education / teaching practice. That's sense 1. So index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to answer only JSON object. Need decide sense index. Let's analyze.

Target "experience" in sentence: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience." Context: textbooks based on dubious theories rather than on educational experience. Educational experience likely means accumulated knowledge/skill in education from direct participation/practice, not a single event. Candidate 1: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities" examples: a man of experience; experience is the best teacher. This fits. Candidate 2: "the content of direct observation or participation in an event" examples: religious experience, recalled vividly. That seems particular episode. Candidate 3: "an event as apprehended" examples: surprising experience, painful experience. Single event. Here "educational experience" as a mass noun means accumulated practice, thus sense 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need pick sense for "reasons" noun in context. User wants JSON only {"sense_index": ...}. We need reason about sense. Target sentence: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with ..., is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods." Here "reasons" = cause/explanation for phenomenon. Candidate senses: 1 rational motive, 2 an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon, 3 capacity rational thought, 4 state of good sense, 5 a justification for something existing/happening (synonyms cause, grounds), 6 fact that logically justifies premise/conclusion. Which best? In common English, "One of the reasons X is Y" means cause/explanation. WordNet sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon". Example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly". That matches exactly. Sense 5: "justification for something existing or happening; cause, grounds; he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice". But "reasons why American students do poorly" is more explanation/cause. Need decide between 1,2,5. In WordNet, reason%1:16:00 (rational motive for belief/action). Not this. reason%1:10:01 an explanation of cause. reason%1:10:00 a justification for something existing or happening; cause, grounds. The phrase "reason X is Y" likely sense 2? Let's inspect WordNet. reason noun: 1 rational motive for a belief or action. 2 an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. 3 the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination. 4 the state of having good sense. 5 a justification for something existing or happening. 6 a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion. WordNet examples: sense 2 is "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly." sense 5: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice." These differ. Our sentence: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests ... is the influence of the New Math." That's an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. So sense 2 fits best. But sense 1 has examples: "the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration" which is also cause for event/action. Is "do poorly" a phenomenon, not action? It's a state/phenomenon. Sense 2 examples specifically uses "the reason a steady state was never reached..." This is exactly "the reason students do poorly". So index 2. User says return only JSON object exactly. So final should be just {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for target lemma american, surface American, in context. Sentence: "One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods." Candidates: 1. of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture. 2. of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas. Context compares American students with British, French, German, Japanese students, i.e., nationalities; American likely means U.S. Also "American textbooks and teaching methods". Thus sense 1 best. Need return JSON object exactly {"sense_index": 3} but with chosen index 1. The instruction says do not answer with WordNet sense key. Return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American <t>students</t> do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "students" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses education, academic potential, textbooks, teaching methods
 - It mentions "American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students"
 - It contrasts with "British, French, German or Japanese students"
 - It mentions "students who cannot add or subtract"
 - These are clearly learners enrolled in educational institutions

 Candidate senses:
 1. student%1:18:00:: - a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (synonyms: pupil, educatee)
 2. student%1:18:01:: - a learned person; someone who by long study has gained mastery (synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman)

 The context is clearly about students in schools learning math, taking tests, using textbooks and teaching methods. They are pupils/learners enrolled in educational institutions, not scholars who have gained mastery through long study. In fact, the text says they "do so poorly" and "cannot add or subtract", which is contrary to being a "learned person" or "scholar".

 So the best sense is sense 1.

 The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3} (though there are only 2 senses, so it should be index 1). Return {"sense_index": 1}.