[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
Those actions are really against the sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules. Regarding this assumption, the players did not act in order to avoid the application of the sanction (this would have been a clear case of legal fraud), but rather chosen when to obey it. They made a strategic decision without avoiding the punishment. Although the border between the wittiness and the law fraud is diffuse, in this occasion I believe it was a clear case of wittiness. The controversy seems to arise from two factors: because it was about two auto expulsions and the way the transmission of the directive was carried out to cause them. The <t>damage</t> brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "damage" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic."

So "damage" here refers to harm/impairment caused to the principles of sport by certain actions. It's about a negative change or harm to abstract principles.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. damage%1:11:00:: | the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. damage%1:11:01:: | loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. damage%1:04:00:: | the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. damage%1:21:00:: | the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms
5. damage%1:04:01:: | any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Sense 1 vs Sense 3 distinction:
- Sense 1 is the occurrence of a change for the worse, harm, impairment (a noun referring to the state/result)
- Sense 3 is the act of damaging something or someone (an action)

In the context "The damage brought about to the principles of the sport", this is a noun that refers to the harm/impairment caused, not the act itself. The phrase "brought about to" suggests a resulting state or occurrence.

Sense 5 is about legal rights violation, but this context is about sporting spirit/principles, not legal rights.

Sense 2 is military, clearly wrong.

Sense 4 is monetary, clearly wrong.

So the choice is between 1 and 3.

The phrase "The damage brought about to the principles of the sport" - damage here is a noun. It's something that is "brought about" (caused). The damage itself is the resulting negative change or harm.

In WordNet, noun sense 1:11:00 for damage is "the occurrence of a change for the worse" - this seems like the state/result of harm.

Noun sense 1:04:00 is "the act of damaging something or someone" - this is the action.

But wait, let me think more carefully. The target word "damage" in "damage brought about to the principles" - could we interpret it as "the damage [that was] brought about to the principles"? Yes, this is the harm that resulted.

The plural "principles" is abstract, non-physical. The damage to principles is metaphorical - harm, impairment.

Sense 1 seems best: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" with synonyms harm, impairment.

Actually, I should double-check. In WordNet, damage as a noun has these lexical clusters. Let me think about the typical uses:

- "The damage to his reputation" - sense 1 (harm, impairment)
- "The damage was extensive" - sense 1
- "The accident caused damage to the car" - sense 1 (the harm itself)

Sense 3 would be "the act of damaging" - e.g., "The damage of the property was intentional" - but this is less common.

In the given sentence: "The damage brought about to the principles of the sport" - this is clearly referring to the harm/negative impact itself, not the act of causing it.

So I believe the answer is sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider whether it could be sense 3. "The damage brought about to..." - grammatically, "brought about" is a passive participle modifying "damage". So "the damage that was brought about to the principles" = the harm that was caused to the principles. This is the resulting condition, not the action.

Yes, sense 1.

The user wants only JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: principle
Target surface form: principles
Context:
Those actions are really against the sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules. Regarding this assumption, the players did not act in order to avoid the application of the sanction (this would have been a clear case of legal fraud), but rather chosen when to obey it. They made a strategic decision without avoiding the punishment. Although the border between the wittiness and the law fraud is diffuse, in this occasion I believe it was a clear case of wittiness. The controversy seems to arise from two factors: because it was about two auto expulsions and the way the transmission of the directive was carried out to cause them. The damage brought about to the <t>principles</t> of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=principle%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=rule | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
2. sense_key=principle%1:09:01:: | definition=a rule or standard especially of good behavior | examples=a man of principle; he will not violate his principles
3. sense_key=principle%1:09:00:: | definition=a basic truth or law or assumption | examples=the principles of democracy
4. sense_key=principle%1:09:04:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=rule | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
5. sense_key=principle%1:10:00:: | definition=rule of personal conduct | synonyms=precept
6. sense_key=principle%1:09:02:: | definition=(law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature) | synonyms=rationale | examples=the rationale for capital punishment; the principles of internal-combustion engines

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 We need do Word Sense Disambiguation for lemma principle, surface principles, context: "The damage brought about to the <t>principles</t> of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic." Target: "principles of the sport". The context talks about sporting spirit, strategic decisions, rules, legal fraud, wittiness, auto expulsions, directive, damage to the principles of the sport.

We need choose among candidate senses:

1. principle%1:09:03:: definition a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=rule | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
2. principle%1:09:01:: definition a rule or standard especially of good behavior | examples a man of principle; he will not violate his principles
3. principle%1:09:00:: definition a basic truth or law or assumption | examples the principles of democracy
4. principle%1:09:04:: definition a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=rule | examples the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
5. principle%1:10:00:: definition rule of personal conduct | synonyms=precept
6. principle%1:09:02:: definition (law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons... examples rationale for capital punishment; the principles of internal-combustion engines

We need select best indexed sense. "principles of the sport" could mean fundamental values/rules/standards of sport. Candidate 2: a rule or standard especially of good behavior. Candidate 1: basic generalization accepted as true used as basis for reasoning or conduct. Candidate 3: basic truth or law or assumption. Candidate 5: rule of personal conduct.

Context: "damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic." This suggests evaluating actions based on the spirit and norms of sport. "Principles of the sport" = core values/rules/guiding standards of sport. Likely sense 1 or 2 or 3.

WordNet senses: Let's recall exact WordNet synsets for noun principle:

- principle (n) 1: a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct (syn: rule) "their principles of composition characterized all their works"
- principle (n) 2: a rule or standard especially of good behavior (also moral principle?) examples: "a man of principle"; "he will not violate his principles"
- principle (n) 3: a basic truth or law or assumption; "the principles of democracy"
- principle (n) 4: a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system; "the principle of the conservation of mass"
- principle (n) 5: rule of personal conduct (syn: precept) - that is same as moral principle? Actually WordNet lists "principle, precept" = rule of personal conduct. Maybe sense key %1:10:00.
- principle (n) 6: (law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons; rationale.

Need resolve exact mapping. The candidate senses are keyed. Sense 1 and 2 and 3 etc. The context "principles of the sport" seems to be standard/values. Let's examine difference: Sense 2: rule or standard especially of good behavior. It's about personal good behavior. But "principles of the sport" not personal conduct perhaps; the damage is ethical/aesthetic. Sense 5: rule of personal conduct (precept) maybe same domain. Sense 1: basic generalization accepted as true, basis for reasoning or conduct. This fits "principles of composition", "principles of the sport"? Could be "general principles/rules" of sport as accepted guidelines. The example "their principles of composition characterized all their works" is similar: "principles of X" where X is an activity/domain. This sense likely best: a basic generalization accepted as true and used as basis for reasoning or conduct. "Of the sport" = domain's accepted generalizations. The damage to those principles is aesthetic/ethical.

Sense 3 "basic truth or law or assumption" examples "principles of democracy". That would be more fundamental truths/laws, perhaps of governance. "Sporting spirit" is part of strategic decisions? The phrase "principles of the sport" in sporting context probably means "fundamental rules or standards", can also be sense 1 or 2.

Let's parse: "The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic." The writer says actions are against sporting spirit but not analogous to legal fraud. Damage to the principles of sport. "Principles" here could be "basic truths/laws/assumptions" of the sport? In sports, there are rules and unwritten principles (fair play). Candidate 2 says standard of good behavior. Candidate 1 basic generalization used as basis for reasoning/conduct.

We need be careful with WordNet mapping because sense 3 may be "the principles of democracy" = basic truth or law or assumption. The target phrase "principles of the sport" is analogous to "principles of democracy"; both are "principles of X" where X is a domain. Candidate 3 has example "the principles of democracy." If target is "principles of the sport," sense 3 might match. But what's the distinction between sense 1 "principles of composition" (generalization accepted as true and used as basis for reasoning or conduct) and sense 3 "principles of democracy" (basic truth or law or assumption)? In WordNet, sense 1 perhaps emphasizes scientific/artistic principles (generalization, rule), sense 3 emphasizes foundational beliefs/truths (democracy). Hmm.

Let's look at exact WordNet definitions. I know WordNet 3.0 noun principle has 9 senses? Let's recall:
1. principle, rule -- (a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct) "their principles of composition characterized all their works"
2. principle -- (a rule or standard especially of good behavior) "a man of principle"; "he will not violate his principles"
3. principle -- (a basic truth or law or assumption) "the principles of democracy"
4. principle, rule -- (a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system) "the principle of the conservation of mass"; "the principle of jet propulsion"
5. principle, precept -- (rule of personal conduct)
6. rationale, principle -- ((law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature)) "the rationale for capital punishment"; "the principles of internal-combustion engines"

So senses 1 and 3 both have no synonyms except principle. Both can be "principles of X".

Distinguish: sense 1 (their principles of composition characterized all their works) = accepted generalization used as basis for conduct, like guiding principles, methodic principles. Sense 3 (principles of democracy) = basic truth/law/assumption. For sport, "principles of the sport" could be understood as either standards of good behavior (ethics) or accepted generalizations. The contrast not as much ethical as aesthetic suggests the principles are more about values/standards (good behavior) maybe? But "not as much ethical as aesthetic" means damage not mainly ethical (violating morality) but aesthetic (beautiful game). So "principles" are not primarily moral standards. Hmm.

Let's examine context: "Those actions are really against the sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules. ... Although the border between the wittiness and the law fraud is diffuse ... The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic." Here "principles of the sport" might be like the spirit of the game; damage to core principles is aesthetic because it looks bad, not because it's unethical. This could be a rule/standard especially of good behavior (sense 2) — but good behavior includes sporting behavior? Or personal conduct (sense 5). However "principles of the sport" not "his principles." But candidate 2's examples personal. Candidate 5 also personal.

Maybe sense 1 best because "principles of the sport" are generalizations accepted in sport. Yet "not as much ethical as aesthetic" would map to damage to these generalizations: "spirit of the game" is a principle of sport. The writer says "Those actions are really against the sporting spirit"—that is a principle/standard of sport. Which WordNet sense covers "sporting spirit"? It's maybe a rule or standard (of good behavior) but more a general guiding principle.

Need choose single best; no hedging. Let's deeply analyze with WSD heuristics.

We have target "principles" in plural. The phrase "principles of the sport" is a domain genitive ("principles of X"). In WordNet examples:
- Sense 1: "their principles of composition characterized all their works" (domain: composition; possessive pronoun)
- Sense 3: "the principles of democracy" (domain: democracy)
- Sense 6: "the principles of internal-combustion engines" (domain: device)
- Sense 4: "the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion" (-natural phenomenon)
Given examples, "principles of the sport" could match sense 3 (domain abstraction) or sense 1 (domain practice). Which is more typical? "Principles of democracy" are foundational truths/beliefs. "Principles of the sport" could mean essential rules/tenets. In WordNet, "basic truth or law or assumption" includes "law" maybe, but sport is not law. "Basic generalization accepted as true and used as a basis for reasoning or conduct" includes conduct, basis for strategic decisions. That seems apt: sporting principles guide conduct within the sport.

However, the damage "not as much ethical as aesthetic" might imply that the "principles" are aesthetic principles? Wait phrase: "The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic." Could be read as: damage to the principles is not ethical damage (to fairness, morality) but aesthetic damage (to the beauty of the game). But "principles of the sport" maybe means "the sport's foundational rules/virtues". It is not meaning aesthetic principles (a principle is not aesthetic). It says the damage to sport's principles is aesthetic (how it looks) rather than ethical.

Thus the sense is likely "a rule or standard especially of good behavior" (sense 2) because ethical and aesthetic standards pertain to behavior/norms. But examples for sense 2 are personal. Let's inspect definitions: Sense 2: "a rule or standard especially of good behavior." This has plural examples "his principles" referring to personal moral standards. It could fit "sporting principles" (standards of conduct). The mention "ethical" directly ties to standard of good behavior. The writer argues damage is not ethical because not violation of good behavior principle? Actually if actions are "against the sporting spirit," they violate good behavior standard. But writer says damage is aesthetic not ethical. Thus "principles" are standards that could be ethical or aesthetic. Hmm.

Sense 1 could be "a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct". This definition includes conduct; synonyms rule. In context, sporting spirit/ strategic decisions / rules—all about conduct within sport. A generalization about how the sport ought to be played. "Principles of composition" is analogous to "principles of the sport": general accepted guidelines governing an activity.

Sense 3 "basic truth or law or assumption" seems more abstract and less tied to conduct; examples democracy. Not a good behavior standard. The text mentions "rules" and "sporting spirit". The phrase "principles of the sport" is closer to the "rule or standard" family.

Let's consider candidate indices ordering. Candidate 1: %1:09:03:: basic generalization rule. Candidate 2: %1:09:01:: rule or standard of good behavior. Candidate 3: %1:09:00:: basic truth/law/assumption. Candidate 4: %1:09:04:: rule/law of natural phenomenon. Candidate 5: %1:10:00:: rule of personal conduct. Candidate 6: %1:09:02:: rationale.

WordNet lexicographer files for noun (noun.Tops?). The lexical file numbers: 1:09 = noun.cognition? Actually %1:09 is noun.cognition. %1:10 is noun.communication? Wait lexicographer file noun.cognition is 09? Let's recall: noun is 1. File numbers: 03=noun.animal, 05=noun.artifact, 06=noun.attribute, 07=noun.body, 09=noun.cognition, 10=noun.communication? No lexicographer file numbers I think: 00 = adj.all etc. Noun: 01=noun.Tops, 03=noun.animal, 04=noun.artifact, 05=noun.attribute, 06=noun.body, 07=noun.cognition? Wait actual WordNet: noun.Tops (1), noun.act (2), noun.animal (3), noun.artifact (4), noun.attribute (5), noun.body (6), noun.cognition (7), noun.communication (8), noun.feeling (9), noun.food (10), noun.group (11), noun.location (12), noun.motive (13), noun.object (14), noun.person (15), noun.phenomenon (16), noun.plant (17), noun.possession (18), noun.process (19), noun.quantity (20), noun.relation (21), noun.shape (22), noun.state (23), noun.substance (24), noun.time (25). So maybe lex file numbering is different. In sense key format, lexicographer file ID is decimal value: 09? Actually examples have principle%1:09:03::, %1:09:01::, %1:10:00::. I think 09 = noun.cognition, 10 = noun.communication. So candidate 5 belongs to noun.communication? "rule of personal conduct" maybe categorized as noun.communication (precept). The others noun.cognition.

The instructions say don't answer with WordNet sense key; return JSON with sense_index, which is candidate number (1-6). So final answer should be {"sense_index": N}.

Need choose index. Let's decide based on likely intended answer from dataset maybe SemCor? We need provide precise. Let's analyze each candidate with glosses deeper, maybe there is one clearly best.

The phrase "principles of the sport" in context refers to "sporting spirit" and "strategic decisions ... rules". It says actions damage the sport's principles, not much ethical as aesthetic. Sporting principles could be "fundamental truths/laws/assumptions" of the sport. But "damage to the principles of the sport" is a bit odd; one can "damage principles" by violating them. Which sense covers violation?

WordNet examples:
- Sense 1: "their principles of composition characterized all their works" - here principles are guiding tenets; artists' works are characterized by them. Could one damage them? Possibly.
- Sense 2: "he will not violate his principles" - violation language. This sense explicitly associated with violating standards of good behavior. In the text, "actions are against the sporting spirit" = violation of principles. The examples include "violate his principles." Strongest contextual clue: "against the sporting spirit" and "damage ... to the principles" are about violating standards. Since sense 2 examples include violation of principles and good behavior standards, maybe index 2. The context also says "not as much ethical as aesthetic" — ethics is directly tied to good behavior. So candidate 2 may be intended. But note sense 2 definition says "especially of good behavior" and examples are about a man's principles, not sport. Still, the candidate sense is rule or standard of good behavior; sport principles can be a standard of behavior within sport.

Sense 5: rule of personal conduct (precept), also violation possible. But "principles of the sport" is not personal, it's the sport's. So sense 2 is broader than personal? Actually sense 2 examples personal but not definition. Sense 5 specifically personal conduct. Since context not personal (players collectively did something affecting sport), candidate 2 better than 5.

Sense 3 "principles of democracy" can also be violated? You can damage democracy's principles. But "basic truth or law or assumption" maybe less about conduct and more abstract. The context includes "rules" and "sanction" (legal terms). "wittiness and law fraud" uses "law". "principles of the sport" maybe analogous to "legal principles"? Could be sense 6? No sense 6 is explanation of working of device/legal rationale. Not relevant.

Let's think about collocation: "principles of the sport" vs WordNet examples "principles of democracy" (sense 3), "principles of internal-combustion engines" (sense 6), "principles of composition" (sense 1), "principle of the conservation of mass" (sense 4), "principle of jet propulsion" (sense 4). The pattern "principles of [domain]" appears in sense 1 (composition), sense 3 (democracy), sense 6 (internal-combustion engines). Which domain is "sport"? Sport is a human activity; composition (art) is domain practice → sense 1. Democracy is political ideology → basic truth/law/assumption (sense 3). Internal-combustion engines is machine mechanism → rationale/explanation (sense 6). "Sport" could be a practice/activity, so sense 1 likely.

Also the earlier sentence: "The controversy seems to arise from two factors: because it was about two auto expulsions and the way the transmission of the directive was carried out to cause them." "Directive" = order. "Principles of the sport" could mean accepted norms/conventions used to reason about what is okay. Sense 1's definition "can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct" fits: strategic decisions rely on accepted principles (rules and spirit) to reason about when to violate rule. The damage is not ethical because not about good/bad behavior but about conduct in sport.

Actually "not as much ethical as aesthetic" may disambiguate away from sense 2 (good behavior, ethics). The author says damage to principles is not ethical, so the principles are not moral/good behavior standards? Hmm, it's subtle. If principles were standards of good behavior, damaging them would be ethical damage. Author says damage not as much ethical as aesthetic, implying principles could be ethical but are actually aesthetic? Or damage evaluation is aesthetic, not ethical. The phrase can be paraphrased "the harm to the principles of the sport is more aesthetic than ethical." So the principles pertain to both ethics and aesthetics. That resembles "basic generalization used as a basis for reasoning or conduct" perhaps.

Yet sense 2 specifically a rule or standard especially of good behavior; if violations are not ethical? Contradictory maybe. But not if "aesthetic" is also a kind of standard. The sporting spirit includes both ethics and aesthetics. However if sense 2 emphasize good behavior, then damage would be ethical. Since author denies it is mainly ethical, maybe sense 2 less likely. But similar: not as much ethical as aesthetic could mean the action is still against a principle (aesthetics). The principle is not of good behavior? Hmm.

Let's examine possible inclusion in datasets: This text looks like non-native English, possibly from a forum discussing football (soccer) deliberate red cards? "auto expulsions" = self-expulsions? They chose when to obey sanction. The controversy due to the way transmission of directive caused expulsions. Damage to the sport's principles, not ethical but aesthetic. The sense maybe in a WSD evaluation where human annotators chose a specific WordNet sense. We need emulate.

I should decide robustly.

Let's map candidates to WordNet senses and consider the context: term "principles" is plural, subject of "damage". The phrase "principles of the sport" can be thought to mean "the fundamental principles that govern the sport". Looking at WordNet's sense 1 and sense 3, both may fit. But there's perhaps a subtle distinction with plural and article: "the principles of the sport" vs "their principles of composition." Sense 1 example is "their principles of composition characterized all their works" (specific to a group/no article). Sense 3 example "the principles of democracy" (definite article + domain abstraction). Our phrase "the principles of the sport" matches the article pattern of sense 3. However, sense 1 can also take "the principles of X"? There is no such example but possible.

What about sense 6? "the principles of internal-combustion engines" also definite article + mechanism. It refers to scientific explanation. Not sport.

If the annotator was simply matching the pattern "principles of [domain noun]" to existing examples, likely sense 3 because both "principles of democracy" and "principles of sport" are abstract domains. But sense 1 has "principles of composition" also abstract domain. Hmm.

Let's think of typical WordNet sense for "principles" in "principles of the game/sport". WordNet examples? I recall "the principles of internal-combustion engines" is sense 6. The noun principle in WordNet maybe has sense 1 "a basic generalization ... their principles of composition..."; sense 3 "the principles of democracy". The phrase "principles of composition" from art. "Sport" is a practice/activity like composition; so sense 1. But "the sport" isn't a creative composition.

Maybe we should examine lexicographer file/synonyms. Candidate 1 synonyms = rule. Candidate 3 no synonyms. In context, "rules" appears multiple times: "advantages allowed by the rules," "avoid application of sanction," "border between wittiness and law fraud." It says actions were allowed by rules; therefore not legal fraud. But damage to "principles of the sport"? The target "principles" is distinct from "rules". "Sporting spirit" is part of strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules. The damage to the principles maybe to the spirit, not the rules. Since "sporting spirit" is an accepted generalization/truth about sport. Candidate 1's synonym rule could conflict with explicitly distinguishing principles from rules. Yet the gloss says "basic generalization ... accepted as true ... can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct" not exactly a formal rule. But synonym "rule" suggests close to rule. Candidate 3 is "basic truth or law or assumption" and has no rule synonym; maybe more apt if wanting to contrast with "rules" in text. But "law" is also close to rule.

Let's consider specific collocation "principle of the sport". If you search WordNet? not possible. But thinking: "principles of sport" often means fundamental ideals/values such as fair play, respect. That is standards of good behavior. WordNet sense 2's examples: "a man of principle." But "principles of sport" as a phrase could be sense 2? E.g., "He has no principles" is about personal moral standards; "principles of sport" is domain-specific behavior standards, perhaps not in WordNet. Since WSD must pick closest among available, sense 2 may be candidate.

Let's look at the definitions for possible sense 2 vs sense 5 overlap. Sense 2 file 09 noun.cognition; sense 5 file 10 noun.communication; synonyms precept. WordNet has separate sense "principle, precept -- (rule of personal conduct)" and earlier sense "a rule or standard especially of good behavior". Hmm actually I think "precept" sense is "rule of personal conduct" and "rule or standard especially of good behavior" could be "moral principle." The candidate list includes both. So both are about conduct.

Sense 2 may be more about moral standards; sense 5 personal conduct. "Not as much ethical as aesthetic" suggests not moral, so sense 5 maybe less. But "principles of the sport" not about person, so sense 5 less.

Maybe the best is candidate 1 because it covers "principles of X" in domains of practice and is not limited to good behavior or truth/law. Let's contrast definitions with context words:

- Context mentions "sporting spirit" (a general accepted idea), "strategic decisions" (basis for reasoning/conduct), "rules" (synonym rule for sense 1/4), "obey it" (conduct), "directive" (rule/order). Candidate 1: "basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct" overlaps strongly with "strategic decisions" and "obey". Candidate 2: "rule or standard especially of good behavior" overlaps with "ethical" and "rules". Candidate 3: "basic truth or law or assumption" overlaps with "law fraud" and "rules." Candidate 4: natural phenomenon/complex system not sport. Candidate 5: personal conduct, not sport. Candidate 6: explanation of working of device/legal rationale; not relevant.

If we use overlap, candidates 1,2,3 all overlap. Need determine most appropriate.

Let's look at "The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic." The writer uses abstract "principles" and then qualifies the type of damage: not ethical but aesthetic. This could be interpreted as "damage to the foundational values (principles) of the sport." In ethics/aesthetics, values are standards or ideals. Which sense deals with standards? Sense 2 particularly. But why "not ethical"? It says damage is not as much ethical as aesthetic. If the standard is one of good behavior (sense 2), then damage would typically be ethical. Since damage is not ethical, perhaps the standard is not of good behavior. But sense 1's "basis for reasoning or conduct" could be either ethical or aesthetic conduct. So works.

Maybe the target sense is the most common frequent sense? "Principles" plural often refers to moral standards (sense 2). However phrase "of the sport" modifies it to domain standards, but still standards.

If automatic WSD from a dataset, the annotation could be based on the core phrase. Let's imagine annotating. If I read "principles of the sport" I'd think sense 2 or 5? Actually "a rule or standard especially of good behavior" is not necessarily only personal but examples are. "He will not violate his principles" is very close semantically to "damage to principles." "Damage to principles" ~ violating principles. So sense 2.

But candidate 5 also "rule of personal conduct" and examples? The context talks about players' conduct? The players chose when to obey sanction, a strategic decision. The damage to the sport's principles is not personal. So candidate 2 broader.

Let's explore the dataset: The instructions mention "fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation" and "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." They want LLM to pick between candidate senses. The candidates are six. They likely expect a single index. We should produce just JSON. Our reasoning must end with JSON only. The user explicitly says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So final response should contain only JSON. We must not include explanation. Good.

Before final, choose index. Let's do a deeper semantic classification.

WordNet sense 1: "a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct." Example: their principles of composition characterized all their works. This sense often refers to a set of fundamental guidelines or tenets in a field/activity/artistic method. The collocations: "principles of design", "principles of grammar", "principles of accounting", "principles of composition". For sport, "principles of the sport" could mean fundamental guidelines of how to play (fair play, respect for opponents). It is about accepted generalizations used for reasoning and conduct within a practice. "Sporting spirit" could be one such principle.

WordNet sense 2: "a rule or standard especially of good behavior." Example: "a man of principle; he will not violate his principles." This sense focuses on moral integrity or ethical standards, usually personal. "Principles of the sport" as a group of standards would be more like "rules or standards (of behavior)" and the phrase "not as much ethical as aesthetic" may be a clue that although these are standards, the damage is aesthetic. It is a standard, but not necessarily good behavior.

WordNet sense 3: "a basic truth or law or assumption." Example: "the principles of democracy." This sense focuses on foundational truths/laws/assumptions of a system. "Principles of sport" could be the basic truths/laws that define the sport. But this is less about damage or violation and more about foundational beliefs. The text is about actions and consequences; "damage to the principles" implies violation, not just falsehood.

Given the text: "Those actions are really against the sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules." It treats "sporting spirit" as a set of guiding norms; "principles" is "sport's spirit." This is best captured by sense 1 (accepted generalization/reasoning/conduct) because the sporting spirit is used to reason about proper conduct in the game. The damage to principles isn't primarily ethical (principle of good behavior) but aesthetic (principle of conduct/composition). So I'd lean index 1.

But check synonyms: sense 1 synonym "rule". The text has many "rules," but the notion is not formal rules; it's spirit/principles. However a "rule" can be a general principle. Candidate 1 = basic generalization accepted as true and used as basis for reasoning/conduct. Candidate 3 = no rule synonym. The author explicitly says actions are allowed by the rules but against sporting spirit. If sense 1 synonym "rule" might make it too close to the explicit rules. But the gloss distinguishes it as a generalization that can be used as basis for reasoning/conduct, not a written rule. "Rule" is listed as synonym in WordNet sense 1, but example uses "principles of composition." I think it's fine.

Let's also consider possible sense 4 (rule/law concerning natural phenomenon or function of complex system). Sport is not a natural phenomenon, but a complex system? "function of a complex system" could include sport? Maybe not. Example: conservation of mass, jet propulsion. Not relevant.

Sense 6: rationale/explanation for internal-combustion engines; not relevant.

So final candidates likely 1, 2, or 3. Need choose one.

Let's do an exercise: Replace principles with candidate definitions in sentence:
1. "The damage brought about to the basic generalizations that are accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic." Acceptable, but a bit awkward due to phrase construction.
2. "The damage brought about to the rules or standards especially of good behavior of the sport ..." Acceptable. This highlights that damage is to standards. If not ethical, then maybe standard of good behavior not right.
3. "The damage brought about to the basic truths/laws/assumptions of the sport ..." Acceptable.

All acceptable.

Consider the phrase "principles of the sport" not "the principles" in general. WordNet sense 1 example "their principles of composition". The genitive "of composition" is a discipline/field; similarly "of sport." Sense 1 strongly.

Sense 3 example "the principles of democracy" is an ideology/abstract system. Sport is also an institution/abstract system. Which is better? Hmm.

I can search my internal memory of WordNet senses for "principle" in typical usage dataset. In English WSD tasks, "principle" plural often annotated as:
- "a man of principle" => sense 2.
- "principles of" often sense 1 if about composing/art, sense 3 if political/metaphysical, sense 6 if engineering/scientific.
For "moral principles" => sense 2/5.

Maybe the annotators chose sense 1 because "principles of the sport" often maps to "rules/standards" in sports. There is a WordNet sense 1 with synonym rule. The text is about strategic decisions etc. Let’s examine "strategic decisions." Definition 1 includes "basis for reasoning or conduct." Strategic decisions require reasoning. Very direct.

Also "obey it"—conduct. Definition 1 includes conduct.

Also "sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules." The sporting spirit belongs to strategic decisions (reasoning). It is a basic generalization.

Thus I think index 1 is probably best.

However, the user says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge." They want answer maybe index 1. I will produce {"sense_index": 1}.

Before finalizing, let's check if there is any instruction about returning only JSON; no extra text. Yes. So final with no prose.

But let's make sure not predisposed by common "moral principle" use; in context "not as much ethical as aesthetic" could make sense 2 incompatible due to "especially good behavior"? Actually it might still be a rule or standard of good behavior—if not ethical, then why is it a standard of good behavior? Could be a standard of beautiful play. The definition says "especially of good behavior" not "exclusively". But "good behavior" strongly ethical. The writer explicitly downplays ethical, so perhaps not sense 2.

Sense 3 "basic truth or law or assumption" doesn't conflict. But does "damage to a basic truth" make sense? Yes.

Sense 1 "basic generalization accepted as true" also okay.

Overall I think candidate 1 is best due to "basis for reasoning or conduct" and example "principles of composition". Let's return index 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: actions
Context:
Those actions are really against the sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules. Regarding this assumption, the players did not act in order to avoid the application of the sanction (this would have been a clear case of legal fraud), but rather chosen when to obey it. They made a strategic decision without avoiding the punishment. Although the border between the wittiness and the law fraud is diffuse, in this occasion I believe it was a clear case of wittiness. The controversy seems to arise from two factors: because it was about two auto expulsions and the way the transmission of the directive was carried out to cause them. The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these <t>actions</t> is not as much ethical as aesthetic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer JSON only. Need disambiguate target lemma action surface actions in context. Let's analyze. Context: Those actions are really against the sporting spirit... The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic.

Candidate senses:
1. something done (usually as opposed to something said) - deeds, acts.
2. state of being active.
3. military engagement.
4. natural process.
5. plot events.
6. trait being active.
7. mechanism.
8. judicial proceeding.
9. act by government or supranational organization.
10. important work/activity in area.

The referent "actions" are the players' actions (auto expulsions? they did actions like obeying sanction strategically). These are human acts/deeds. Sense 1 fits best: something done (usually as opposed to something said). Not military, legal, government. Not plot. Not aesthetic? Yes. So choose index 1. Need return {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possibility
Target surface form: possibility
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises <t>possibility</t> of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: | definition=a future prospect or potential | examples=this room has great possibilities
2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: | definition=capability of existing or happening or being true | synonyms=possibleness | examples=there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired
3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, theory | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: | definition=a possible alternative | synonyms=possible action, opening | examples=bankruptcy is always a possibility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "possibility" in context. Let's analyze.

Target sentence: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere"
Discovery widens scope for finding new forms of life.

Candidate senses:
1 future prospect or potential; example "this room has great possibilities" - potential.
2 capability of existing/happening/be true; synonyms possibleness; example "there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired"
3 hypothesis/theory; tentative insight; concept not verified but if true would explain facts; ex scientific hypothesis.
4 possible alternative; possible action, opening; ex bankruptcy is always a possibility.

Which fits? "raises possibility of new types of life" = suggests that there might be new types of life; increases likelihood/plausibility. In WordNet, this usage likely sense 2: capability of existing or happening or being true (i.e., thesis that new types of life can exist). Or perhaps sense 1 future prospect potential. Let's inspect.

Headline "raises possibility of new types of life" means "raises the possibility that there are new types of life". That maps to sense 2: there is a possibility that... (capability/possibility of being true). It means the event/state "new types of life exist" is possible. It is not alternative (4), not hypothesis (3) exactly, though one could say it raises the hypothesis. But "possibility of new types of life" is "the possibility that new types of life exist". This aligns with definition 2: capability of existing or happening or being true. Definition 1: future prospect/potential, example "room has great possibilities" - usually plural, potential for development. Here singular "possibility of new types of life" = chance/likelihood. So sense_index=2.

Need answer JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new <t>types</t> of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for "types" in context. The target lemma type, surface types. Sentence: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria ... widens the scope for finding new forms of life..." Types means kinds/categories/sorts. Sense 1: subdivision of a particular kind of thing. Example "what type of sculpture do you prefer?". In context new types of life = new kinds/forms of life. Sense 1 fits. Others: person (2), biology taxonomic group (3), printed characters (4), tokens of same symbol (5), metal block (6). So answer sense_index 1. Need return exactly JSON.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The <t>discovery</t> of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about "the discovery of a strange bacteria". Here, "discovery" refers to the act of finding/discovering something (the bacteria that can use arsenic). Sense 1 is "the act of discovering something" with synonyms find, uncovering. This fits best: it describes the act/action/process of discovering the bacteria. Sense 2 is "something that is discovered"—that would refer to the discovered thing itself, like something found. Sense 3 is "a productive insight" (breakthrough, find), which doesn't fit as well. Sense 4 is legal/secondary. The main sense is sense 1: the act of discovering. Need to return JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. In this context, discovery is like "discovering something" - the act of finding. The article title: "...possibility... The discovery of a strange bacteria..." The noun phrase "discovery of X" typically means the act/event of discovering X. So index 1 isthe best.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use <t>arsenic</t> as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze this. Target: arsenic. Context: talks about a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients.

Arsenic as a nutrient would mean the chemical element itself, not a specific compound like arsenic trioxide. Bacteria use the element arsenic in place of phosphorus. So sense 2 (the metallic element, symbol As, atomic number 33) is the correct one.

Sense 1 refers to arsenic trioxide specifically (white arsenic), a particular compound, which would not make sense as a nutrient in this biological context.

Return JSON: {"sense_index":2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nutrient
Target surface form: nutrients
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its <t>nutrients</t> widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nutrient%1:03:00:: | definition=any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue | synonyms=food
2. sense_key=nutrient%1:03:01:: | definition=any substance (such as a chemical element or inorganic compound) that can be taken in by a green plant and used in organic synthesis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation target 'nutrient' surface 'nutrients' context about arsenic-tolerant microbe uses arsenic as one of its nutrients. Candidate two senses. Choose best. We need return JSON {"sense_index":1} or 2. Let's analyze. Sense 1: metabolized by animal to give energy and build tissue; synonyms food. Sense 2: any substance such as chemical element/inorganic compound that can be taken in by a green plant and used in organic synthesis. Context microbe (bacteria), not animal or green plant. WordNet glosses are schematic though. Arsenic as nutrient for microbe is chemical element/inorganic compound. Candidate 2 explicitly mentions chemical element/inorganic compound; candidate 1 animal and food. So best is sense 2. The answer only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, with number actual. Ensure just that.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scope
Target surface form: scope
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the <t>scope</t> for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scope%1:07:00:: | definition=an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: | synonyms=range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit | examples=the range of a supersonic jet; a piano has a greater range than the human voice
2. sense_key=scope%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of the environment in which a situation exists | synonyms=setting, background | examples=you can't do that in a university setting
3. sense_key=scope%1:06:02:: | definition=a magnifier of images of distant objects | synonyms=telescope
4. sense_key=scope%1:06:01:: | definition=electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities | synonyms=oscilloscope, cathode-ray oscilloscope, CRO

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best WordNet sense for "scope" in context. Sentence: discovery widens the scope for finding new forms of life. This is abstract noun meaning extent/range of possibility. Candidate 1: area in which something acts or operates or has power or control; synonyms range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit. Examples range. This fits "widens the scope for finding new forms" = broadens the range. Candidate 2: state of the environment in which a situation exists = setting/background. Not fit. Candidate 3/4 are physical devices. So answer index 1. Need JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: forms
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new <t>forms</t> of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "forms" in sentence: "new forms of life". Context: discovery of bacteria that can use arsenic, widens scope for finding new forms of life on Earth. This means types/kinds/varieties of life. Candidate sense 2: category of things distinguished by common characteristic; synonyms kind, sort, variety; examples sculpture is a form of art. That fits "forms of life". Sense 9 biology group of organisms within species trivial differences; not life broadly. Sense 11 particular mode manifested; maybe "form of life" could be mode, but sense 2 is standard. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earth
Target surface form: Earth
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in <t>Earth</t>, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earth%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=world, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
2. sense_key=earth%1:27:00:: | definition=the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface | synonyms=ground | examples=they dug into the earth outside the church
3. sense_key=earth%1:17:01:: | definition=the solid part of the earth's surface | synonyms=land, dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma | examples=the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land; the earth shook for several minutes
4. sense_key=earth%1:15:00:: | definition=the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell) | examples=it was hell on earth
5. sense_key=earth%1:27:01:: | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
6. sense_key=earth%1:09:00:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, world | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
7. sense_key=earth%1:06:00:: | definition=a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage) | synonyms=ground

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON object. Need choose best indexed sense for "Earth" capitalized in context: sentence about arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere. "While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth". Means on the planet Earth. Candidate 1: 3rd planet from the sun; planet we live on. So index 1. Need output exactly {"sense_index": 1}. No extra.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that <t>life</t> has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "life" in a specific context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that <t>life</t> has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential."

The target word "life" appears in the phrase "life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential." This is talking about life as a biological phenomenon - the characteristic that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones. The discussion is about microbes/bacteria and what constitutes life (the biological condition/state of being alive).

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. life%1:26:01:: - a characteristic state or mode of living (social life, city life) - not this, it's about social/city life
2. life%1:09:00:: - the experience of being alive; the course of human events - not this
3. life%1:26:02:: - the course of existence of an individual - not this
4. life%1:26:00:: - the condition of living or the state of being alive (animation, living, aliveness) - "while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes" - this is close
5. life%1:28:00:: - the period during which something is functional - not this
6. life%1:28:01:: - the period between birth and the present time - not this
7. life%1:28:02:: - the period from the present until death - not this
8. life%1:18:00:: - a living person - not this
9. life%1:07:01:: - animation and energy in action or expression - not this
10. life%1:03:00:: - living things collectively (the oceans are teeming with life) - this is also close
11. life%1:19:00:: - the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones (there is no life on the moon) - this is also very close
12. life%1:10:00:: - an account of the series of events making up a person's life - not this
13. life%1:16:00:: - a motive for living - not this
14. life%1:28:03:: - a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives - not this

The key distinction is between:
- sense 4 (life%1:26:00::): the condition of living or the state of being alive
- sense 10 (life%1:03:00::): living things collectively
- sense 11 (life%1:19:00::): the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones

The context: "life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential." This is about life as a phenomenon/condition - what it means for something to be alive, and how the conditions necessary for life may be broader than previously thought.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 11 definition: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones; examples=there is no life on the moon"
- Sense 4 definition: "the condition of living or the state of being alive; synonyms=animation, living, aliveness; examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes"

The phrase "life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential" - this is talking about life as a biological phenomenon, the phenomenon of being alive. The bacteria demonstrates that the phenomenon of life can exist using different chemical elements.

Sense 11 seems most appropriate because:
1. It's defined as "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones"
2. Example "there is no life on the moon" parallels the discussion of life on Earth/elsewhere
3. The article is about finding "new forms of life" - new instances of the phenomenon of life

Sense 10 is about "living things collectively" - this would be more like "the oceans are teeming with life" meaning many living creatures. While "new forms of life" could potentially use this sense, the specific sentence with "life has possibilities beyond the major elements" is more about the phenomenon/condition.

Sense 4 is "the condition of living or the state of being alive" - this is also close. But the example "life depends on many chemical and physical processes" aligns well with the context. However, sense 11 is more specifically about the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living from nonliving, which is exactly what the article is about - expanding the definition of what can constitute life.

Let me reconsider. The phrase "life has possibilities beyond the major elements" - is "life" here:
(a) the phenomenon of life (sense 11)
(b) the condition/state of being alive (sense 4)

I think sense 11 is the best fit because the context is about the scientific/biological phenomenon of life and what distinguishes living organisms. The discovery shows that "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" has more variability than previously thought.

Wait, but I need to be careful. In WSD tasks like this, sense 4 and sense 11 are often confusable. Let me think about the specific usage.

"life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential"

If we substitute sense 4: "the condition of living or the state of being alive has possibilities beyond the major elements" - this makes sense.
If we substitute sense 11: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones has possibilities beyond the major elements" - this also makes sense.

But the broader context is about "new types of life" and "new forms of life" - finding different kinds of living organisms. The phrase "there is no life on the moon" (sense 11 example) is very similar to "finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond."

Also, the article mentions "major elements that have been considered essential" - this is about the biochemical basis of life, which relates to the organic phenomenon.

I think sense 11 is the best answer.

Actually, looking again at the ordering - the senses are numbered 1-14, and I need to return the sense_index. Sense 11 corresponds to sense_key life%1:19:00::.

Wait, let me re-examine the candidate list. The user has given them as numbered 1-14. So sense_index should be 11 for life%1:19:00::.

But let me double-check by considering if sense 10 might be better. "new forms of life" - "forms of life" often refers to types of living organisms. Sense 10 is "living things collectively." However, the specific target occurrence is "life has possibilities beyond the major elements" not "new forms of life." The target is in a clause about what life is capable of, not about the collection of living things.

Hmm, but the whole article is about "new types of life" which could be interpreted as new types of living things.

Let me think about this more carefully. The target word is in:
"they say it shows that <t>life</t> has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential."

Here "life" is used as a mass noun/abstract noun referring to the biological phenomenon. It's not referring to individual living things collectively (which would be more like "the forest is full of life"). It's about the phenomenon/condition of being alive.

Between sense 4 and sense 11, sense 11 is more specifically the scientific/biological phenomenon. The phrase "major elements that have been considered essential" is about the chemical requirements of the phenomenon of life.

I believe the answer is sense 11.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. In WordNet, the sense keys have lexicographer file numbers:
- life%1:26:00:: is in noun.state (1:26)
- life%1:19:00:: is in noun.phenomenon (1:19)
- life%1:03:00:: is in noun.animal (1:03)

The context is definitely about a biological/scientific phenomenon, which points to noun.phenomenon (sense 11).

The answer should be {"sense_index": 11}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possibility
Target surface form: possibilities
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has <t>possibilities</t> beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: | definition=a future prospect or potential | examples=this room has great possibilities
2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: | definition=capability of existing or happening or being true | synonyms=possibleness | examples=there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired
3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, theory | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: | definition=a possible alternative | synonyms=possible action, opening | examples=bankruptcy is always a possibility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "possibilities" in sentence: "While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential." We need return JSON {"sense_index": index}.

We must not answer with WordNet sense key. We need reason then produce final JSON only, with no extra. Let's analyze target.

Possibilities here means life has possible states, forms, alternatives beyond major elements? Candidate definitions:
1. future prospect or potential; example "this room has great possibilities" -> a future prospect.
2. capability of existing or happening or being true; synonyms possibleness; "there is a possibility that..."
3. a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not verified but if true explains facts; synonyms hypothesis, theory.
4. a possible alternative; synonyms possible action, opening; example "bankruptcy is always a possibility".

Context: "life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential." It says life has possibilities beyond major elements. The earlier sentence: "widenens the scope for finding new forms of life" and "raises possibility of new types of life". So "possibilities" refers to potential forms/modes of life; possible alternatives? It could be "potential" (sense 1) in the sense of scope for development. The example "this room has great possibilities" is similar to "life has possibilities beyond ..." meaning life has potential for various forms. But in example "room has great possibilities" = can be developed or used in many ways. Here "life has possibilities" means life has potential forms or options beyond the known essential elements. Which WordNet sense best maps? Let's inspect.

Sense 2 (capability of existing/happening) often used in "there is a possibility that... " about truth/probability. Doesn't fit as "life has possibilities". Sense 4 (a possible alternative) could be plural "possibilities" as available alternatives, options: "bankruptcy is always a possibility". "Life has possibilities" beyond major elements: there are possible alternatives for the chemical basis of life. But the phrase "life has possibilities" is more like life has potential/scope. But sense 1 example: "this room has great possibilities" is a near perfect match? Let's examine WordNet sense 1: "a future prospect or potential". If life has possibilities beyond..., it means there are future prospects for different forms. The sentence says "shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements" meaning the scope/capacity of life is larger: life is potentially possible with other elements. "Future prospect or potential" seems a plausible reading, but "possibilities" in plural often means "potential for development or success" as in "this room has great possibilities." In context, "life has possibilities beyond the major elements..." maybe means life is possible in forms beyond those major elements. This is more about life having potential beyond conventional. Is sense 1 exactly "potential" or "prospect"?

Sense 4: "a possible alternative". Plural "possibilities" as "alternatives" is also strong: life has possible alternatives beyond the major elements. But the example "bankruptcy is always a possibility" refers to a possible adverse outcome, not a range of potential forms. If we say "there are other possibilities," sense 4. Here "life has possibilities beyond..." could be read "life has [forms] possible beyond...". But the noun "possibilities" functions as the object of "has": "life has possibilities". This is similar to "room has possibilities" = room has potential. Sense 1: "a future prospect or potential." Example: "this room has great possibilities." The target sentence literally "life has possibilities beyond the major elements". So the pattern [NP] has [possibilities] is identical to sense 1 example. Also synonyms? sense 1 synonyms: potential, prospect. The context: "widens the scope for finding new forms of life" => prospects/potential. So sense 1 seems best.

Need ensure no issue: WordNet sense 2 is "possibleness" and sense 3 is hypothesis. Not right. Sense 4 possible alternative. The phrase "possibilities beyond the major elements" can be paraphrased "possibilities other than major elements" -> alternatives. But the plural with "has" and "beyond" means the set of possibilities includes more than major elements. In sense 4, a possibility is a particular alternative (e.g., bankruptcy is a possibility). "Life has possibilities beyond the major elements" would then mean life has alternative forms beyond..., which is fine. But the example sense 1 exactly fits syntactic structure.

Need consider the difference: "future prospect or potential" vs "possible alternative". "This room has great possibilities" means potentiality, not alternatives; the sense is potential. The target: "life has possibilities beyond the major elements" means life can take many forms, potential. So sense index 1.

Need final output exactly JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: element
Target surface form: elements
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major <t>elements</t> that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=element%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, factor, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony
2. sense_key=element%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system | synonyms=component, constituent | examples=spare components for cars; a component or constituent element of a system
3. sense_key=element%1:27:00:: | definition=any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter | synonyms=chemical element
4. sense_key=element%1:15:00:: | definition=the most favorable environment for a plant or animal | examples=water is the element of fishes
5. sense_key=element%1:27:01:: | definition=one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe | examples=the alchemists believed that there were four elements
6. sense_key=element%1:26:00:: | definition=the situation in which you are happiest and most effective | examples=in your element
7. sense_key=element%1:25:00:: | definition=a straight line that generates a cylinder or cone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "elements" in the context of a sentence.

 Target lemma: element
 Target surface form: elements
 Context: "This organism has dual capability." The context discusses a bacteria that "shows that life has possibilities beyond the major <t>elements</t> that have been considered essential"

 Candidate senses:
 1. element%1:09:00:: abstract part of something (component, constituent, factor, ingredient)
 2. element%1:06:00:: artifact that is one of individual parts (component, constituent)
 3. element%1:27:00:: any of more than 100 known substances (chemical element)
 4. element%1:15:00:: most favorable environment for a plant or animal
 5. element%1:27:01:: one of four substances in ancient/medieval cosmology
 6. element%1:26:00:: the situation in which you are happiest and most effective
 7. element%1:25:00:: a straight line that generates a cylinder or cone

 The context is about a bacteria that uses arsenic as one of its nutrients, and "life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential."

 This clearly refers to chemical elements. Arsenic is a chemical element, and the other "major elements that have been considered essential" for life are chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.).

 So sense 3 is the best fit: any of the more than 100 known substances (chemical element).

 The user instructs: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." and "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key."

 So I should return: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organism
Target surface form: organism
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This <t>organism</t> has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organism%1:03:00:: | definition=a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently | synonyms=being
2. sense_key=organism%1:14:00:: | definition=a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body | examples=the social organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. The target organism refers to bacteria, a living thing. Sense 1 is biological. Sense 2 is social system analogy. Context about microbe, life. So choose 1. Need return {"sense_index":1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: capability
Target surface form: capability
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual <t>capability</t>." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=capability%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally | synonyms=capableness | examples=he worked to the limits of his capability
2. sense_key=capability%1:26:00:: | definition=the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment | synonyms=capacity | examples=the capability of a metal to be fused
3. sense_key=capability%1:09:00:: | definition=an aptitude that may be developed | synonyms=capableness, potentiality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "capability" in context.

Context: "This organism has dual <t>capability</t>." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Candidate senses:
1. capability%1:07:00:: - the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally | synonyms=capableness | examples=he worked to the limits of his capability
2. capability%1:26:00:: - the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment | synonyms=capacity | examples=the capability of a metal to be fused
3. capability%1:09:00:: - an aptitude that may be developed | synonyms=capableness, potentiality

Let me think about which sense fits best.

The context says the organism has "dual capability" and "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." This refers to the organism's ability/capacity to use either phosphorus or arsenic as nutrients.

Sense 1: "the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally" - This is about the general quality of being capable. The organism is capable of using both phosphorus and arsenic.

Sense 2: "the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment" - synonym: capacity. Example: "the capability of a metal to be fused." This is about the capacity/susceptibility of something to undergo a process. The organism can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic - but "susceptibility to a particular treatment" doesn't quite fit because it's not about being treated.

Sense 3: "an aptitude that may be developed" - synonyms: capableness, potentiality. This is something that can be developed in the future. The organism already has the capability, so "potentiality" might not be the best fit.

Looking more carefully, the organism "has dual capability" - it can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic. This is about the organism's ability or capacity to do something.

Sense 1 focuses on "the quality of being capable" - this matches well with "dual capability" meaning the organism has the quality of being able to use either element.

Sense 2 focuses on "susceptibility to treatment" - this doesn't fit as well because we're not talking about the organism being treated or fused.

Sense 3 focuses on "aptitude that may be developed" - while related, this implies potential for future development, which isn't the main point here.

I think Sense 1 is the best fit. The organism has the quality of being capable (dual capability) to use either phosphorus or arsenic.

Wait, let me reconsider. In WordNet, capability%1:07:00:: is likely the more abstract/general sense - "the quality of being capable." The example "he worked to the limits of his capability" suggests a general ability or competence.

capability%1:26:00:: with synonym "capacity" and example about metal being fused suggests a physical/chemical capacity of materials.

capability%1:09:00:: is "potentiality" - an aptitude that may be developed.

For the organism, having "dual capability" to grow with either phosphorus or arsenic is about its biological capacity/ability. I think Sense 1 fits best as it refers to the general quality of being capable in terms of physical or biological functions.

Actually, let me think again. The definition of sense 1 says "physically or intellectually or legally" - physically would cover biological capabilities. The organism has a physical/biological capability to use either element.

I choose sense 1.