[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worse
Target surface form: worse
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worse%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was
2. sense_key=worse%3:00:02:: | definition=changed for the worse in health or fitness | synonyms=worsened | examples=I feel worse today; her cold is worse
3. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad, big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
5. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=bad, tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=bad, spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
7. sense_key=regretful%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry, bad | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=bad, uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | synonyms=bad | examples=so-called bad grammar
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=bad, risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=bad, unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | synonyms=bad | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | synonyms=bad | examples=led a very bad life
15. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=bad, forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
16. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=bad, defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "worse" in context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better." Target lemma worse, surface worse. Candidate senses include worse%3:00:00:: comparative of bad inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability; worse%3:00:02:: changed for the worse in health or fitness; and many bad senses. The usage is comparative adjective meaning more bad, making things inferior in condition/desirability. So sense 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: better
Target surface form: better
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not <t>better</t>. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=better%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another | examples=You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat
2. sense_key=better%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness | examples=her health is better now; I feel better
3. sense_key=better%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=best | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
4. sense_key=better%5:00:00:major:01 | definition=more than half | examples=argued for the better part of an hour
5. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
8. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
9. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
12. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
14. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
15. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
18. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
24. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
25. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste
26. sense_key=well%3:00:01:: | definition=in good health especially after having suffered illness or injury | synonyms=well | examples=appears to be entirely well; the wound is nearly well
27. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
28. sense_key=well%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=wise or advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=well | examples=it would be well to start early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to choose the best sense for the target word "better" in the given context. The context says: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not <t>better</t>."

The word "better" is used as a comparative adjective, meaning "more desirable" or "improved in quality" compared to the current state. It's contrasting with "worse."

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. better%3:00:00:: - (comparative of `good') superior to another in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another. Examples: "You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat"
2. better%3:00:02:: - (comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness. Examples: "her health is better now; I feel better"
3. better%5:00:00:advisable:00 - (comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable. Synonyms: best. Examples: "it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond"
4. better%5:00:00:major:01 - more than half. Examples: "argued for the better part of an hour"
5-28. Various senses of "good" and "well"

The usage "make things worse, not better" clearly means improving things to a more desirable state. It's comparing two states: the current state and a hypothetical improved state. This matches sense 1, which is about being superior in quality or desirability.

Sense 3 is about being advisable or wiser, often used with "it would be better to..." - this is a different usage.
Sense 2 is about health.
Sense 4 is about "more than half."

The phrase "make things better" means to improve the quality or desirability of the situation, which aligns with sense 1: "superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability."

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Moonshot AI

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The <t>reason</t> is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for 'reason' in context. Let's parse sentence: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." The antecedent: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple..." Here reason refers to an explanation of cause for the phenomenon/prediction that increasing expenditures will make things worse. It is not a rational motive for belief/action (1), not capacity for rational thought (3), not state of good sense (4), not justification for existing/happening maybe 5? Need decide between sense 2: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon; examples: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly". That fits: The reason [that increasing expenditures will make things worse] is simple: Education takes place in classroom, money influence minimal. It's an explanation/cause. Sense 5: justification for something existing or happening; synonyms cause, grounds; examples he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice. That is about reason to do something / justification for action/feeling. Here reason is for a proposition/state of affairs (why things will get worse). Sense 2 explicitly definition an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. So 2 is best. Need output JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is <t>simple</t>: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only with sense_index. Need determine best indexed sense. Target word "simple" in context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." Meaning easy to understand, straightforward, uncomplicated, clear. Candidate senses: 1 having few parts; not complex/complicated/involved. 2 easy and not involved/complicated; synonyms elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic. 3 bare/mere. 4 naive. 5 mentally deficient. 6 botany. 7 unornamented. The usage: "the reason is simple" means it is straightforward/easy to understand. This aligns with sense 2 (easy and not involved/complicated) perhaps more than sense 1 (having few parts). WordNet adjective sense 3:00:02 vs satellite 5:00:00:easy:01. The sentence uses reason explanation: simple reason = easy to understand, uncomplicated. Examples for sense 2: elementary problem in statistics; elementary my dear Watson. "Simple reason" could be sense 1? "a simple problem" (sense1) means not complex in structure; but for a reason being simple, it's about being easy to grasp. WordNet sometimes distinguishes: simple%3:00:02 (having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved) vs simple%5:00:00:easy:01 (easy and not involved or complicated). The latter is a satellite of easy. Which best? Context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." That means the reason is easy/straightforward. Synonyms elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic. I think sense 2. Need output {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: Education
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: <t>Education</t> takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need do fine-grained WSD for target surface Education in context. Need choose single indexed sense among six. Let's parse context. Sentence: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Here education refers to the activity of teaching/learning that occurs in classroom, not the budget/department nor knowledge acquired. "Education takes place in the classroom" strongly maps sense 1: activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill. It is the process/action. Sense 3 also is gradual process of acquiring knowledge, but "Education takes place in the classroom" is about instruction activities. Sense 4 profession of teaching. The clause: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." Means the actual process of schooling occurs in classroom, not administration/expenditure. This aligns with sense 1 (the activities of educating/instructing). Also earlier mention "expenditures on education". Could be ambiguous between sense 1 (spending on instruction), sense 6 (department) etc. But due to next sentence, it's "activities". Therefore output sense_index: 1. Need return exactly JSON object {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the <t>influence</t> of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses.

Target word: "influence" in sentence: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Candidate senses:
1. a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc
2. causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do
4. the effect of one thing (or person) on another; example: "the influence of mechanical action"
5. one having power to influence another (refers to a person/entity)

In the context: "the influence of money is minimal" - this is talking about the effect that money has on education/classroom outcomes. Money is not a person, so sense 5 doesn't fit. It's not about prestige-based power (sense 1). It's not specifically about cognitive factors affecting behavior (sense 3).

The phrase "the influence of money is minimal" most naturally means "the effect of money on education/classroom outcomes is minimal." This matches sense 4: "the effect of one thing (or person) on another" with the example "the influence of mechanical action."

The other senses don't fit as well:
- Sense 1 is about power based on prestige
- Sense 2 is about causing something (the act/process)
- Sense 3 is cognitive factors affecting what you do
- Sense 5 refers to a person/thing that influences

Sense 4 is the best fit.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON object with sense_index selected. Need choose best sense for "money" in context: "increasing expenditures on education... The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal." The target word refers to money as medium of exchange/funds/financial resources, i.e., the most common medium of exchange, functions as legal tender. It is not about total wealth or official currency. The sentence says influence of money (funding/expenditures) in classroom is minimal. This is sense 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: Decades
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. <t>Decades</t> of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON. Target "Decades" plural. Context: "Decades of educational research tell us ..." Means periods of ten years. Sense 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}. Need only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON. Need disambiguate "educational" in phrase "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect..." The target lemma educational adjective. Candidate senses: 1) relating to the process of education (educational psychology); 2) providing knowledge (an educational film). The phrase "educational research" means research about education / relating to education, not research that provides knowledge (though research provides knowledge inherently, but "educational" modifies research: research in the field of education). Sense 1 is best. Return JSON only like {"sense_index":1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tell
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research <t>tell</t> us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer WSD for lemma tell. Need choose among 8 senses. The context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils..." Subject is "Decades of educational research" tells us that... This is 'express in words' maybe but research can't speak. Actually "Decades of educational research tell us" means the research indicates/informs us. Which sense? Candidate definitions:
1 express in words (state, say) - He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you.
2 let something be known - Tell them that you will be late.
3 narrate or give detailed account.
4 give instructions/order.
5 discern/comprehend (he could tell that she was unhappy).
6 inform positively and with certainty (assure) I tell you that man is a crook!
7 give evidence.
8 distinguish.

We need pick best. "Research tells us that..." This use of tell means "to make known; communicate information; reveal". Could be sense 2 let something be known. But sense 2 examples "Tell them that you will be late" is human communication. Sense 1 express in words maybe too anthropomorphic. However WordNet sense 1: express in words, state, say. "tell me what is bothering you". The subject can be research? We might say "the evidence tells us" meaning gives evidence. Sense 7: give evidence. But "telling on all his former colleague" is tattling/being an informer; not that. Here "research tells us" = "research indicates/results demonstrate". Which WordNet sense best? In WordNet, tell has senses:
- tell, state, say (express in words)
- tell (let something be known)
- tell, narrate, recount, recite (narrate)
- tell, order, enjoin, say (give instructions)
- tell (discern or comprehend)
- tell, assure (inform positively and with certainty and confidence)
- tell, evidence (give evidence)
- tell, separate, distinguish...

The usage with non-human subject "research tells us that..." is likely mapped to "let something be known" (sense 2) because it's making something known. However "research" doesn't have intention. WordNet examples maybe "the evidence tells us that..."? Let me recall WordNet: tell%2:32:00:: verb.communication: tell "let something be known" example "Tell them that you will be late". Hmm.
tell%2:32:04:: express in words examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her", "tell me what is bothering you", "state your opinion". This is communication with words.
tell%2:32:08:: inform positively and with certainty examples "I tell you that man is a crook!"
tell%2:31:00:: discern or comprehend examples "He could tell that she was unhappy". This is not research but perceiver.
"Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that..." Could be similar to "tell" as in "indicate, show". In WordNet maybe sense 2: "let something be known". In WSD tasks, "The facts tell us..." often map to tell%2:32:04::? Let's think. Actually WordNet has sense "state, say" includes reporting: "He said that he wanted to marry her". "Research tells us that..." is like "Research says that..." So sense 1 synonyms include say. "Decades of research tell us..." is semantically "research says". That aligns with sense 1 express in words/state/say. But it also is letting be known. Which is more appropriate? Let's examine gloss differences: sense 1 "express in words" = to say something; sense 2 "let something be known" = to make known. "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that..." The content is a proposition; the subject research expresses it? We often say "the research says" maps to say. The word "tell" has direct object "us" and clausal complement "that even smaller classes have zero effect". This construction (tell somebody that...) is common for sense 2? Examples: sense 2 "Tell them that you will be late". Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you" - first is say, second tell somebody (me) + wh-clause. "Tell them that you will be late" is sense 2. The that-clause with indirect object "us" may be sense 2. Hmm.

Let's look at WordNet mapping for "tell" senses from OntoNotes? In SemCor, sentence "The evidence seems to tell against it" maybe sense 7? "give evidence". But here research "tells us that..." not "tells against".

The instruction: use context, examples, synonyms. Need choose single best indexed sense.

Let's analyze each:

1 express in words: synonyms state, say. Example "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you". The context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that..." This is literally research 'states/says' a finding. "Unequivocally" modifies manner of expression. Good fit.

2 let something be known: example "Tell them that you will be late". This emphasizes making known rather than uttering. Research can make known. But "let something be known" examples involve a person communicating. Still possible.

3 narrate/give detailed account: not a story.

4 order/instruct: not ordering.

5 discern/comprehend: wrong direction; research doesn't perceive.

6 assure/inform positively with certainty: "I tell you that man is a crook!" Could fit? Research tells us unequivocally with certainty. But sense 6 examples are emphatic assurances, often with first person "I tell you". Not research.

7 give evidence: "he was telling on all his former colleague" = inform on. Could be "research gives evidence that..." But that sense is "to give evidence; be evidence of"? Actually gloss "give evidence" synonyms evidence, example "he was telling on all his former colleague". That means providing evidence against someone. In phrase "tell on" inform. Not about research.

8 distinguish: no.

So choice between 1 and 2. Need determine best indexed sense. Let's consider the syntactic frame: "tell somebody that..." The WordNet sense "let something be known" (sense 2) is probably defined for the frame "tell somebody something". The example "Tell them that you will be late" exactly: tell [them] [that-clause]. Sense 1 examples: "tell me what is bothering you" = tell [me] [wh-clause], "He said that..." = say. So the clausal with indirect object "us" and that-clause is sense 2. But sense 1 also can include tell somebody something? The gloss "express in words" includes "state, say". It may not require recipient? Let's not overfit.

The context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect..." The subject is not a person. Does WordNet sense 2 allow non-human subject? "The evidence tells a different story" maybe sense 1/2? Let's search memory: In WordNet 3.0, sense 2 "tell" (let something be known) maybe examples: "Tell them that you will be late"; "I told him to go home"? Actually "I told him to go home" is order? The examples listed: "Tell them that you will be late" for sense 2. Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you". So "tell me what is bothering you" is sense 1. Thus the recipient doesn't define sense 2.

What about "Research tells us"? In actual WordNet annotated corpora, "tell" with inanimate subject likely maps to sense 1? Let's reason using lexical semantics. "Tell" in this sense is a communication verb. WordNet's sense 1 "express in words" is hypernym "talk, speak, utter, mouth, verbalize, verbalise". So any act of expressing in words, including reports, statements. Sense 2 "let something be known" is hypernym "inform". It is a subordinate of communicate: to give information. The difference: sense 1 is about wording/expression; sense 2 is about informing. For research findings, it informs. But "research tells us" is perhaps a metaphorical extension of communication: research states.

The task says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." Synonyms for sense 1: state, say. "Research tells us that..." can be paraphrased as "Research states/says that..." That seems very close. Synonyms for sense 2: none listed, only definition let something be known. Paraphrase "Research lets it be known that..." is a bit odd; research doesn't intentionally let something be known, though possible. Thus sense 1 likely best.

Also "unequivocally" is an adverb of manner of expression, aligning with state/say. "Tell us unequivocally that..." = state clearly.

But there's also sense 6 assure with certainty/confidence. "Unequivocally" means with certainty. However sense 6 synonyms assure; examples "I tell you that man is a crook!" This is an exclamation, direct assertion, often first person. Not research.

Sense 1 is the most standard sense for "X tells us that..." where X is research/data. Actually dictionary: "tell" sense 1: communicate information, facts, etc. to someone in spoken or written words. "I told her the news." "Research tells us that..." This would be this basic sense. WordNet's sense 1 express in words. So answer index 1.

Need output JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that <t>even</t> smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "even" in sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." We need disambiguate among four adverb senses.

Let's parse. "even smaller classes have zero effect" means surprisingly/emphatically smaller classes (i.e., something one might expect to help) have no effect. This is intensive indicating something unexpected: even an idiot knows; even smaller classes. Sense 1 definition: used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected. Examples: even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea. Also "even smaller classes" fits intensive unexpected: one would think smaller classes would improve performance, but even they have zero effect. Could be sense 3? "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" with synonyms yet, still; examples "looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem". That sense is comparative: even worse, even more interesting. Here "even smaller classes" could be read as "still smaller classes" i.e., classes that are smaller to a greater degree? But the phrase "even smaller classes have zero effect" not comparing degree of smallness; it's emphasizing that smaller classes (as a category) have no effect. It could be ambiguous: "even smaller classes" might mean "classes that are even smaller (than some previously mentioned size)"? Context: preceding sentence: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." Then "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." There is no explicit comparison of sizes; it's saying reducing class size (smaller classes) doesn't affect academic performance. "Even" here is an emphatic particle, not comparative degree. It indicates something unexpected: you'd think smaller classes would matter, but even they don't. So sense 1.

Need ensure not sense 2 (in spite of) or 4 (unto death). Sense 1 best.

Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: classes
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller <t>classes</t> have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "classes" in context. Context: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". This refers to classes as groups of students taught together, or possibly education lessons. Candidate senses: 1 collection/category, 2 body of students taught together, 3 social class, 4 education imparted in series of lessons/meetings, 5 league, 6 graduating class, 7 biology, 8 elegance. "smaller classes" in education means fewer pupils per class (body of students taught together). It could also mean course/lessons? "smaller classes" as in class size, i.e., number of students in a class. Sense 2: a body of students who are taught together. Synonyms form, grade, course. Examples early morning classes are always sleepy. Sense 4: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings; examples college classes. But "smaller classes" modifying size points to physical group of students. In WordNet, class%1:14:03 is "a body of students who are taught together" and class%1:04:00 is "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings". The phrase "smaller classes" in education research refers to class size (number of students). That is sense 2. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "effect" in context. Need return JSON with sense_index. Let's read context. Sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <effect> on the academic performance of the pupils". Here effect means consequence/outcome/result: influence or causal phenomenon. Gloss 1: phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; synonyms consequence, outcome, result. "have zero effect on" = have no result/consequence. Candidate sense 1 fits. Sense 6: symptom caused by illness/drug, not relevant. Sense 2 outward appearance no. 3 artificial impression no. 4 central meaning no. 5 legal validity no. So answer {"sense_index":1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to do word sense disambiguation for the word "academic" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

Context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

The phrase is "academic performance" - this refers to the performance of pupils in school/educational settings.

Candidate senses:
1. academic%3:01:00:: - associated with academia or an academy; examples: the academic curriculum, academic gowns
2. academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 - hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result; examples: an academic discussion, an academic question
3. academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 - marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects; synonyms: donnish, pedantic

"Academic performance" clearly means performance related to education/school. It refers to students' educational achievement. The first sense "associated with academia or an academy" fits best, as "academic performance" is performance associated with educational/academic institutions.

Sense 2 doesn't fit - the performance is not theoretical or hypothetical.
Sense 3 doesn't fit - it's not about being pedantic or displaying narrow learning.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic <t>performance</t> of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "performance" in context: "academic performance of the pupils". Context: education, smaller classes zero effect on academic performance of pupils. This refers to accomplishment, how well pupils do academically, recognized accomplishment. Candidate senses:
1 public presentation / dramatic entertainment.
2 act of presenting play/music/entertainment.
3 act of performing; doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it. Examples include "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance". This is about performing a role/task.
4 any recognized accomplishment. Examples: admired his performance under stress; Roger Maris powered four home runs ... merits awe.
5 process/manner of functioning/operating.

Which is best? "Academic performance" is an accomplishment/achievement, sense 4. But phrase "academic performance" in WordNet? Let's examine semantic distinctions. Sense 3 definition: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" with synonyms execution, carrying out, carrying into action. This is more about process/action. Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment" – more like achievement/outcome. "Academic performance" is result measured by grades/tests – accomplishment. Also examples "performance under stress" and "merits awe" align with outcome/achievement. So best indexed sense is 4.

Need return only JSON {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupils
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the <t>pupils</t> -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "pupils" in the given context.

Target surface form: pupils (plural of pupil)
Context: The sentence is about education, classrooms, academic performance, smaller classes, teachers, etc.

Candidate senses:
1. pupil%1:18:00:: - a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (synonyms: student, educatee)
2. pupil%1:08:00:: - the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye
3. pupil%1:18:01:: - a young person attending school (up through senior high school) (synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child)

I need to choose the best sense. The context is clearly about education: "academic performance of the pupils", "smaller classes", "teachers", "education takes place in the classroom". So sense 2 (eye) is out.

Now between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1: learner enrolled in an educational institution (could be any age, including adults in college/university)
- Sense 3: specifically a young person attending school (up through senior high school)

The context mentions "smaller classes", "classroom", "teachers", and "academic performance". The phrasing "school governance", "New York City", "school boards", "educational research" suggests K-12 education primarily. However, "pupils" in a general educational context could be students in general.

But sense 3 is more specific: "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)". Given that the context discusses school boards, classrooms, smaller classes, and the reference seems to be general education rather than specifically higher education, sense 3 might fit well.

Let me think more carefully. WordNet sense 1 (pupil%1:18:00::) is the more general sense - "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution". Sense 3 (pupil%1:18:01::) is the more specific sense - young schoolchild.

In the context "academic performance of the pupils" in a discussion about public school education, both could work. However, since the text mentions "school boards", "school governance", "teachers", "classroom", it strongly suggests K-12 schooling, so sense 3 (schoolchild) might be the better fit.

Actually, looking at WordNet, "pupil" sense 1 (pupil%1:18:00::) typically covers students under instruction, especially in a school. Sense 3 (pupil%1:18:01::) is specifically "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)".

In the context, "pupils" are in classrooms with teachers, and the discussion is about school performance. This aligns very well with sense 3, which specifically mentions school attendance and age range through senior high school.

But I should be careful. Many WSD tasks would mark "pupils" in an educational context as sense 1 because it's the more common general sense. However, the question asks for the "single best indexed sense" and says to use synonyms and context.

The context mentions "classroom", "smaller classes", "teachers", "academic performance" - all very school-oriented. "School boards" and "school governance" also point to K-12. So sense 3, with synonyms "schoolchild, school-age child", seems most appropriate.

Actually, I need to reconsider. In many WSD gold-standard annotations, "pupil" in this type of education context is often annotated as sense 1 (the general "student, educatee" sense) rather than sense 3. The reason is that sense 3 is specifically about young people (children), while "pupils" can refer to students of any age enrolled in an educational institution.

However, the text says "academic performance of the pupils"in the context of school classrooms. Let me look at the exact wording again: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils."

This is clearly about school-age children in K-12 classrooms. "School boards" confirms this. So sense 3 (young person attending school, up through senior high school) is indeed the best fit.

Let me verify by considering the synonyms:
- Sense 1 synonyms: student, educatee
- Sense 3 synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child

Given the context mentions "classroom", "teachers", "school boards", and the education system in cities, "schoolchild" or "school-age child" fits better than the more generic "student" which could include college students.

So my answer is sense 3.

Wait, I should double-check. The output should be {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be <t>desirable</t> for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for 'desirable'. Context: 'though they [smaller classes] may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.' Means worth having or seeking/achieving. Not spouse sense. So sense index 1. Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for <t>other</t> reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD for target "other" in sentence: "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." The meaning: reasons different from/ additional to the academic-performance reason previously mentioned. Among candidate senses: 1 not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied. 2 recently past. 3 distant past. 4 strange. Clearly sense 1. Need output JSON only like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other <t>reasons</t>. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "reasons" in context. Let's analyze. Target surface form reasons plural. Context: "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." The antecedent: smaller classes have zero effect on academic performance -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. Here reasons = rational motives/grounds for desiring smaller classes, or justifications. Candidate senses:
1. a rational motive for a belief or action (ground). Examples: the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration. This fits "for other reasons" as motives/grounds for an action or belief? "desirable for other reasons" means there are other grounds/motives for considering them desirable. Could be sense 1.
2. explanation of cause of phenomenon. Not likely.
3. capacity for rational thought. Not plural.
4. state of good sense. Not plural.
5. a justification for something existing or happening; synonyms cause, grounds; examples he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice. "For other reasons" could be "justification for something existing or happening"? "desirable for other reasons" = desirable due to other justifications/grounds. Sense 5 definition: a justification for something existing or happening. But here "reasons" are not justifications for existence, but grounds for desirability. Sense 1: a rational motive for a belief or action. Smaller classes desirable for other reasons: reasons are motives for considering them desirable or for supporting them. Sense 1 examples "the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration" align with "grounds for a belief/action". Sense 5 examples "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice" align with "justification for something existing/happening" or "cause". The phrase "for other reasons" is very common and maps to sense 1? Let's check WordNet. reason%1:16:00:: = a rational motive for a belief or action. reason%1:10:00:: = a justification for something existing or happening; "he had no cause to complain"; "they had good reason to rejoice". In WordNet, sense 1 (noun cognition) is "a rational motive for a belief or action". Sense 5 (noun communication) is "a justification for something existing or happening; 'he had no cause to complain'; 'they had good reason to rejoice'". The phrase "for ... reasons" often sense 1? Let's think of WSD datasets. Example: "He did it for reasons of his own." Usually sense 1? Actually WordNet sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action". "For reasons of health" = rational motive for action. Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" maybe "there is reason to believe" (but that's sense 6). Sense 5 examples: "he had no cause to complain" = reason as cause/justification. "They had good reason to rejoice" = rational motive? Hmm overlap.
The target phrase: "desirable for other reasons". This is similar to "good reason to rejoice" (sense 5) or "grounds for their declaration" (sense 1). "Desirable for other reasons" = there are other justifications for desiring them. Which sense best? Let's examine definitions and synonyms.
Sense 1 synonyms: ground. Definition: a rational motive for a belief or action. "Other reasons" are rational motives for the belief that smaller classes are desirable? Actually "desirable for other reasons" means there are other reasons (motives/grounds) that make them desirable. Could be sense 1.
Sense 5 synonyms: cause, grounds. Definition: a justification for something existing or happening. "Desirable for other reasons" = justification for their desirability? Hmm.
Sense 6: a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion. Example "there is reason to believe he is lying". Not plural "for other reasons" maybe could be facts justifying conclusion that smaller classes desirable. But sense 6 is singular usually "reason to believe". Not likely.
Need choose single best. Let's parse the sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." The dash contrasts academic performance with other reasons. "Reasons" = considerations, grounds. This is sense 1 likely. In WordNet, "reason" as a motive/ground is very common. "For reasons of" = sense 1. "For some reason" = sense 1? Actually "for some reason" maybe sense 5? Let's check SemCor mappings maybe. "for reasons of" in SemCor? I recall "reason" sense 1 for "for reasons of" and "for some reason". Sense 5 is "cause" as in "there is no reason". Hmm.
Let's search memory: WordNet noun reason senses:
- 1: a rational motive for a belief or action (cognition) "the reason that war was declared"; "the grounds for their declaration"
- 2: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon (communication) "the reason a steady state was never reached..."
- 3: the capacity for rational thought (cognition)
- 4: the state of having good sense (attribute)
- 5: a justification for something existing or happening (communication) "he had no cause to complain"; "they had good reason to rejoice"
- 6: a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion (cognition) "there is reason to believe he is lying"
In WSD, "for ... reasons" often sense 1. Example: "for security reasons" = sense 1. "for some reason" = sense 1? Actually maybe sense 5? Let's think of "for some reason" means "for some cause/explanation" maybe sense 2? But common mapping is sense 1.
The phrase "desirable for other reasons" = "desirable on other grounds". Synonym ground = sense 1. So answer index 1.
Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The <t>new</t> money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need do WSD for target 'new' in provided context. Need choose single best indexed sense. Let's parse context. The sentence: "The <t>new</t> money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..." The author argues increasing expenditures bad; new money (additional money, recently allocated) flows into administrative structure. So 'new' modifies 'money'. Meaning: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. That's sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" with examples a new law; new cars.

Other candidates: sense 5 other than former one(s); different. Could "new money" mean additional funds beyond previous? In context, new money refers to the increased expenditures (money newly spent). The phrase "new money" might mean additional money/fresh funds distinct from existing allocations. Sense 5 definition: other than the former one(s); different; examples they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old... Hmm new car can be different but not recently made? Actually new as 'different' can apply to leader or car. For 'new money' in context: "Increasing expenditures... The new money flows..." Pretty clearly the extra money that comes in (recently allocated), not a different money. WordNet grad? Could be sense 1 vs 5. Need determine best.

Let's analyze subtlety: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" in context about increasing expenditures. "new money" often means extra funds, funds just received, not formerly existing. This seems sense 1 (recently acquired/come into being). But perhaps sense 5 (other than the former one(s); different) also fits because it's money other than the previous amount/existing resources. In collocation 'new money', dictionary often means money that has not previously existed/use in an economy, newly issued/created; sense 1. If we paraphrase: "The additional money", "extra money". Additional/ancillary not listed; sense 5 'other than the former one(s)' approximates replacement/different. But in phrase "The new money flows into ..." it's the money from increased expenditures, recently/now available.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. No explanation. But instructions say return only JSON object exactly like. So final. But before final, maybe ensure no hedge. The best indexed sense is 1. Should we consider sense 5? Let's do robust reasoning.

WordNet senses:
1 new%3:00:00:: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered; examples "a new law; new cars". Adjective central sense, attribute of being recently created/acquired/made. 'new money' = funds recently received/appropriated. That indexes.

5 new%5:00:00:other:00: other than the former one(s); different; examples "they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it". Different/replacement sense. In the context, not replacement; it's incremental money. So 1 best.

Thus final JSON {"sense_index": 1}.