[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine best WordNet sense for "way" in sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale..."

Target lemma way, surface way. Context talks about schools structured in this way. "in this way" means in this manner/mode/fashion. Which sense? Candidate senses:
1. way%1:07:01:: definition how something is done or happens, synonyms manner mode style fashion examples her dignified manner... This is "behavioural style"? The gloss says how something is done or how it happens. For "in this way" = manner, mode. In WordNet, "way%1:07:01:: is noun.state? Actually way senses: 1.07.01 = manner/mode/style/fashion. 1.04.01 means/method.

Definition of way%1:07:01:: likely: how something is done or how it happens, "her dignified manner"; "his rapid manner of talking". That fits "in this way" as manner.

Sense 4 way%1:26:00:: condition of things generally, examples "that's the way it is"; "I felt the same way". This is "way of being/condition/fact"; "that's the way it is". Could "structured in this way" refer to condition? "the condition of things generally"? Maybe not.

We must use fine-grained WN. Candidate list has specific indices. Need answer only JSON.

Let's parse the sentence. "Schools that are structured in this way produce..." "in this way" is idiomatic: manner/form. WordNet sense 1 = "how something is done or how it happens; her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking". That's clearly manner. The adjective "structured" is a state, but "in this way" refers to method/organization. "Structure" means arrangement/organization. "structured in this way" = organized in this manner.

Could sense 4: "the condition of things generally" examples: "that's the way it is"; "I felt the same way"; usage of "the way things are" is about condition. Not "in this way".

Could sense 2: means/agency: "a means of control". "in this way" could ... but "way" as means? Usually "by means of", "by the way of"? Not "in this way".

Could sense 1 includes manner. Sense 5 course of conduct/path/way of life. No.

Could sense 8 space for movement/room. No.

The instruction says do not hedge; return JSON. We need choose index 1.

Double-check indexing: Candidate 1 = way%1:07:01:: manner/mode/style/fashion. Yes. So answer {"sense_index": 1}.

Need ensure no extra text. Final just JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way <t>produce</t> students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with JSON. Need choose sense. Let's analyze. Target lemma produce, surface produce. Context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." It's not manufacturing physical product (cars). It's cause to happen/exist, bring forth students with certain traits, or yield/bring forth? Candidate senses: 1 bring forth or yield (tree produce fruit). 2 create/manufacture man-made product. 3 cause to happen, occur, exist (this procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints). 4 bring out for display. 5 cultivate by growing. 6 bring onto market/release. 7 come to have/undergo change.

"produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance": schools cause such students to exist/be; bring about a result. Sense 3 "cause to happen, occur or exist" best fits: structured schools produce (cause) students with higher morale/academic performance. Sense 1 is natural yield (fruit). Even though "produce" can mean create (produce children), WordNet sense 1 is specifically physical/natural yield. Sense 2 man-made product. So sense 3. Need return only JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose single best indexed sense for target word "students" in context. Surface form plural. Candidate senses: 1 student%1:18:00:: definition learner enrolled in educational institution, synonyms pupil educatee. 2: learned person especially humanities; by long study mastery. Context: Schools structured this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance. These are pupils enrolled in school. Also earlier references: American students do poorly in math tests compared with British... students cannot add or subtract; principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, matters of student discipline; schools produce students. So sense 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer only JSON object. Need determine best sense for "higher" in context "students with higher morale and superior academic performance". Morale is a mental state, not literal elevation, not sound, not smell, not intoxicated. Sense 1: greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount. Examples high temperature, high price. Higher morale = greater degree of morale. Sense 3: standing above others in quality or position; eminent; people in high places. "Higher morale" maybe superior morale? Sense 5: elated/happy excited energetic synonyms in high spirits; morale maybe related to spirits. Let's inspect WordNet senses for high. Need fine-grained WSD. "higher morale" means morale that is greater in degree or amount. Sense 1 likely. Sense 5 is "happy and excited and energetic" as in "in high spirits". While morale is related to mood/spirits, the phrase "higher morale" parallels "superior academic performance", comparing degree/quality. In WordNet, "high morale" probably maps to sense 1 (greater than normal in degree). Let's verify: WordNet adjective "high" has sense 1: greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount ("a high temperature", "a high price", "the high price of petrol", "has high hopes", "high stakes", "high risk", "high winds"). Sense 2 literal elevation. Sense 3 standing above others in quality or position. Sense 4 sounds high-pitched. Sense 5 elated. Sense 6 meat smell. Sense 7 intoxicated. "Morale" is like state of mood; but "high morale" is not exactly the same as "in high spirits"? WordNet "in high spirits" is a synonym of sense 5; sense 5 gloss "happy and excited and energetic". Morale means confidence, enthusiasm, discipline. Could be "happy and excited"? In context, schools produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. "Higher morale" likely maps to sense 1 because it's a degree/level of morale. Let's check potential sense 5 mapping: "high morale" might be a common collocation under sense 5? Let's recall WordNet examples: high (5) "happy and excited and energetic" synonyms: "in high spirits". Examples: "a high旧的? Actually sense 5 likely includes "in high spirits". Does "high morale" get tagged? In SemCor? I don't recall. But WSD guidelines: choose sense 1 for "higher" when modifying abstract nouns like morale, performance? Wait "superior academic performance" separate. "higher morale" = greater in degree or intensity or amount. So answer sense_index: 1.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morale
Target surface form: morale
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morale%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
2. sense_key=morale%1:07:00:: | definition=the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed | synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need do WSD for lemma morale. Context: schools structured with powerful principal produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. Target surface form: morale. Candidate senses: 1) individual psychological well-being based on confidence/usefulness/purpose; 2) spirit of a group making members want group to succeed, synonyms esprit de corps, team spirit. Which best? The phrase is "students with higher morale". Schools produce students with higher morale. It refers to students' morale individually or collective? Could be group spirit of the school/students. In context, "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." The students are groups; morale often refers to group spirit. However sense 1 is a state of individual psychological well-being; "students with higher morale" can be individual sense? Let's analyze.

WordNet definitions: morale has two senses: (1) "a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose" (psychological feature? noun). (2) "the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed" (attribute? group). Synonyms esprit de corps, team spirit.

In context, "Schools ... produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." Higher morale of students within the school could be group spirit. It mentions schools, students plural, higher morale. It is not saying a particular student has sense of purpose but the collective spirit/attitude. Also previous sentence: "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." This affects school culture/climate; thus students' morale as collective. Synonyms esprit de corps/team spirit are related to school spirit. So sense 2 likely.

Need produce JSON {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: superior
Target surface form: superior
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law
4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above and to one side of another character | synonyms=superscript
5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit | examples=Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets
6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=he is superior to fear; an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best WordNet sense for "superior" in context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
We have candidate senses listed:
1. superior%3:00:02:: of high or superior quality or performance; examples superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students. (adjective)
2. superior%3:00:01:: of or characteristic of high rank or importance; example a superior ruler.
3. superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 (sometimes followed by to) not subject to or influenced by; examples overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law. (dominant? maybe meaning 'superior to law')
4. superior%3:00:00:: written/printed above and to one side; superscript. No.
5. superior%3:00:03:: having orbit farther from sun. No.
6. superior%5:00:00:senior:00 having a higher rank; synonyms ranking, higher-ranking; example superior officer.
7. superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 (often followed by to) above being affected or influenced by; examples he is superior to fear. No.

Context: "superior academic performance" means of better quality/performance compared to others. This maps to sense 1. Sense 1 example "superior math students" similar. Sense 6 is about rank/higher-ranking. Academic performance not rank but quality. Sense 2 high rank/importance. So best is sense 1.

Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior <t>academic</t> performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "academic" in phrase "superior academic performance". Context: schools, students, curriculum, performance. Academic performance = performance in school/academic subjects. Candidate 1: associated with academia or an academy; examples academic curriculum, academic gowns. Candidate 3: marked by narrow focus on learning, trivial aspects, donnish/pedantic. Candidate 2: hypothetical/theoretical. Here "academic performance" means performance in academic/educational matters, associated with academia/school. So sense 1. Need output {"sense_index":1}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic <t>performance</t>. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to disambiguate the word "performance" in the given context. Let me analyze the sentence context and choose the best sense.

Target lemma: performance
Context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic <t>performance</t>."

The relevant phrase is "academic performance." This refers to how well students do academically, their achievements or accomplishments in schoolwork/tests.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. performance%1:10:00:: - "a dramatic or musical entertainment" - This is like a theater performance or concert. Not applicable here. "academic performance" is not an entertainment show.

2. performance%1:04:01:: - "the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment" - Again, this is about performing arts. Not applicable.

3. performance%1:04:00:: - "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - Examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor", "experience generally improves performance". This is about the act or manner of performing/doing something. Could potentially fit, but "academic performance" in this context seems to mean the level/rate of accomplishment.

4. performance%1:04:03:: - "any recognized accomplishment" - Examples: "they admired his performance under stress", "when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe". This refers to the result/achievement. "academic performance" = academic accomplishments/achievement levels.

5. performance%1:22:00:: - "process or manner of functioning or operating" - Synonyms: operation, functioning. Examples: "the power of its engine determines its operation". This is more about machinery functioning. Could mean "the manner of functioning" but for students, it's less about process and more about accomplishments.

"Academic performance" is a common collocation referring to how well a student does in school, i.e., their academic accomplishments/achievements. This aligns best with sense 4 ("any recognized accomplishment").

However, there's a subtle distinction. Sense 3 is "the act of performing" or "doing something successfully" - it can refer to the quality of one's work. In Psychometrics/education, "academic performance" is actually often defined as the extent to which a student has achieved their learning goals - which is an accomplishment/achievement.

Compare examples:
- Sense 3 examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor"; "experience generally improves performance" - this is about the quality of doing a job/role.
- Sense 4 examples: "they admired his performance under stress"; "when Roger Maris powered four home runs..." - this is about an achievement/accomplishment in a specific situation.

"academic performance" refers to students' achievement in academic subjects. I think sense 4 fits best because it refers to the recognized accomplishments/results. But sense 3 is also plausible.

Let me reconsider WordNet definitions carefully.

Sense 3: performance%1:04:00::
"the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it"
synonyms: execution, carrying out, carrying into action
This is about the act/process of performing, doing something.

Sense 4: performance%1:04:03::
"any recognized accomplishment"
This is about the accomplishment/achievement itself.

"Academic performance" in educational context is the achievement level or the measured result of learning. So sense 4 seems a better fit.

But wait, in WordNet, "performance" in the sense of "job performance" might be sense 3. The example "experience generally improves performance" is about job performance. So if we're talking about "academic performance" as in the quality of doing academic work, sense 3 could fit.

Let me look at the common usage. "Academic performance" is defined as the level of success a student achieves in their academic work. It measures educational accomplishment.

Sense 4's definition "any recognized accomplishment" is broader. Examples include athletic achievements (Roger Maris). This fits academic achievements well.

Sense 3 is more about the execution/act of doing. The phrase "academic performance" as a compound noun refers to the measured outcome/accomplishment, not the act of performing academically.

I think the best answer is sense 4.

Actually, let me double-check by thinking about comparable uses. In WordNet, the sense distinction:
- Sense 3 relates to action/execution (carrying out a task)
- Sense 4 relates to the result/achievement

"academic performance" = performance in academic subjects = academic achievement. Yes, sense 4.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a <t>fact</t> -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose WordNet sense index for target 'fact' in context. Need analyze. Instruction: return JSON like {"sense_index": 3}. User asks. Need make final answer. Let's reason carefully with possible ambiguity.

Target fact occurs: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a <t>fact</t> -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

Candidate senses:
1 fact%1:09:01:: definition a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; example "first you must collect all the facts of the case".
2 fact%1:10:01:: definition a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; example "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts".
3 fact%1:26:01:: definition an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; examples "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell".
4 fact%1:09:02:: definition a concept whose truth can be proved; example "scientific hypotheses are not facts".

Need map to indices 1-4. Which best? The referent is the proposition/situation that schools structured this way produce higher morale and superior performance. The sentence says "This is a fact". Which sense?

Let's look at definitions. WordNet:
fact has senses:
1. (n) fact (a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case")
2. (n) fact (a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts")
3. (n) fact (an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell")
4. (n) fact (a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts")

In context, "This is a fact" refers to a generalization/claim that schools produce higher morale etc. It is a verified piece of information or statement. Sense 2 emphasizes statement or assertion of verified information. Sense 1 piece of information. Sense 4 concept whose truth can be proved. Which is best?

"This is a fact -- though... this fact..." If we consider "fact" as a proposition/state of affairs. The thing being said to be a fact is a claim derived from studies. It's a piece of verified information (sense 2 or 1). Sense 2's example: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts": these are statements/claims. Sense 1: "facts of the case": pieces of info about circumstances/events. A research finding might be sense 4? "scientific hypotheses are not facts" suggests fact = a statement/proposition whose truth can be proved. But context is not explicitly scientific not needing proof; it's empirical observation.

WordNet 3 sometimes: sense 4: a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts". Often used to distinguish established truth from hypothesis. In statement "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact" it asserts as established truth rather than speculation. But WordNet sense 2 is statement of verified information about something that is the case. That sounds perfect: "This is a fact" means this statement is true. Also the immediately following "this fact" has feathers ruffled meaning the truth/claim is uncomfortable. However sense 2 definition includes "verified information about something that is the case or has happened". The statement is about circumstances (schools structured this way produce...) In WSD tasks, "facts" plural tends sense 2? Let's examine.

Need not hedge; choose single best.

Maybe it's sense 4? Let's consider WordNet example specifically "scientific hypotheses are not facts". The current sentence: "Study after study... tells us that the best schools are those ... governed by a powerful head. ... Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact...". It is an empirical finding, not a logical/mathematical concept whose truth can be proved. WordNet fact4 = concept whose truth can be proved; maybe for math facts like "2+2=4" and scientific facts as proven concepts. In context, "This is a fact" after referencing studies showing the best schools have heads etc. The truth is established by evidence. Sense 2 maybe more general assertion of verified information.

But the prompt: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." They ask to choose the single best indexed sense. Need output JSON only. Let's decide #2 or #4.

Let's analyze deeper with semantic consistency.

Candidate 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred". Example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case". Could fit: This is a piece of information. But singular "fact" is about a relationship between school structure and outcomes, not just an event. Yet it is circumstance.

Candidate 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened". Example: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". The antecedent is a statement ( Schools that are ... produce...). It is a statement that is verified by studies. Sense 2 likely best. Because the referent is a declarative sentence.

Candidate 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed". Example: "your fears have no basis in fact". The antecedent is not an event that happened, but a general truth/proposition. 3 not best.

Candidate 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved". Example: "scientific hypotheses are not facts". This is not exactly a concept; maybe but the truth is proved by studies; it's a generalization. However "concept whose truth can be proved" in WordNet often for established facts, e.g. "it is a fact that". But in context, "This is a fact" with ruffled feathers means it's an uncomfortable truth, but not necessarily logically provable.

Potential distinction: In WordNet, sense 2 is often used when "fact" means "a statement or assertion of verified information; something that is true rather than merely opinion." That seems perfect. In context "fact" is a statement (the claim). The phrase "this fact" refers to that statement.

I recall standard WSD dataset SemCor for "fact" has "a concept whose truth can be proved" used in sentences like "That is a fact". But not sure. Let's examine common disambiguation. I can reason from WordNet glosses.

Sense key fact%1:09:02:: = noun.cognition? Actually 1:09 is noun.cognition? In WordNet noun lexicographer files: 09 is noun.cognition. The definition is "a concept whose truth can be proved". Sense 1:09:01 = noun.cognition "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred". Sense 1:10:01 = noun.communication "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened". Sense 1:26:01 = noun.state? Actually 26 is noun.state maybe? Definition: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed". Noun.state includes states of affairs? Could be. Sense 4 is noun.cognition (concept).

Question: target is "fact" in "This is a fact -- ... this fact". "This" refers back to the statement that "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." So the fact is a proposition/statement, not a concept. Sense 2's hypernym is statement, message, subject matter, content, communication. Actually yes definition says statement/assertion. This is appropriate.

Check example: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". These facts are statements derived from information. In our sentence, the author uses the studies to support argument; the claim is a fact. So 2.

Could there be overlap with #4? It says "a concept whose truth can be proved". Example "scientific hypotheses are not facts" and "it is a fact". But the usage "This is a fact" is exactly "it is a fact". However WordNet sense 4 specifically label "concept whose truth can be proved" which includes statements like "facts are facts; students who cannot add...". The preceding context is about education research, not that truth can be proved. The author asserts it is a fact based on studies (verified). #2 emphasizes verified information. That fits better.

Need return JSON only: {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no additional text. Final answer exactly JSON.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ruffle
Target surface form: ruffled
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are <t>ruffled</t> by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:00:: | definition=stir up (water) so as to form ripples | synonyms=ripple, riffle, cockle, undulate
2. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:00:: | definition=trouble or vex | examples=ruffle somebody's composure
3. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:01:: | definition=to walk with a lofty proud gait, often in an attempt to impress others | synonyms=tittup, swagger, prance, strut, sashay, cock | examples=He struts around like a rooster in a hen house
4. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:01:: | definition=discompose | examples=This play is going to ruffle some people; She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues
5. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:03:: | definition=twitch or flutter | synonyms=flick, riffle | examples=the paper flicked
6. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:04:: | definition=mix so as to make a random order or arrangement | synonyms=shuffle, mix | examples=shuffle the cards
7. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:01:: | definition=erect or fluff up | synonyms=fluff | examples=the bird ruffled its feathers
8. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:02:: | definition=disturb the smoothness of | synonyms=ruffle up, rumple, mess up | examples=ruffle the surface of the water
9. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:00:: | definition=pleat or gather into a ruffle | synonyms=pleat | examples=ruffle the curtain fabric

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense index for "ruffled" in phrase "all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact". This is idiom "ruffle feathers" meaning to offend or upset people. Candidate senses: 2 trouble or vex; 4 discompose with example "ruffling feathers among her colleagues". Need decide between sense 2 and 4. Sense 4 definition discompose, examples include "This play is going to ruffle some people; She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues". Sense 2 trouble or vex, example ruffle somebody's composure. The idiom "ruffle feathers" maps likely to sense 4 (discompose). Let's inspect WordNet sense keys: ruffle%2:37:01:: definition=discompose examples includes ruffling feathers among colleagues. ruffle%2:37:00:: trouble or vex. The phrase "feathers that are ruffled" is passive of idiom. So best index 4. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 4}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this <t>fact</t>, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer WSD for target "fact". Need choose single best sense among four. Let's analyze context. The sentence: "This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it." The antecedent "this" refers to the statement/claim: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." Then called a fact. So "fact" here means a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case? Or a piece of information? Or concept whose truth can be proved? Let's examine WordNet senses.

1. fact%1:09:01:: definition: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. Examples: "first you must collect all the facts of the case". This sense often plural facts, individual pieces of info. Could singular "This is a fact" be piece of information? Maybe.

2. fact%1:10:01:: definition: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. Examples: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". This is about statements or assertions. In context, "This is a fact" refers to the previous proposition/claim. A fact as a statement that verified info. Sense 2 seems best.

3. fact%1:26:01:: definition: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Examples: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell". Here fact vs fiction, reality, actual event. In our context, "This is a fact" is not an known event, but proposition. However "fact" can be something true. Still likely sense 2.

4. fact%1:09:02:: definition: a concept whose truth can be proved. Example: scientific hypotheses are not facts. Here fact as proven concept. "This is a fact" maybe an empirically supported claim, but sense 2 is more about assertion/verified information. Need choose best.

The target is in the phrase "though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this <t>fact</t>". The feathers ruffled suggests it's a contentious statement/claim. Thus sense 2 (a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened). It emphasizes statement. I think answer: {"sense_index": 2}.

Need return only JSON object. Ensure no extra.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: one
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that <t>one</t> hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON with sense_index. Need choose. Target 'one' in sentence: "... it is not surprising that one hears so little about it." This is impersonal pronoun 'one' meaning people in general, a single person? Hmm WordNet candidate senses given: 1 numeral smallest whole number (with syn 1,I,ace,single,unity). 2 a single person or thing (examples he is the best one; this is the one I ordered). Neither captures impersonal pronoun 'one'. But among candidates, best indexed sense? Context 'one hears' = 'people in general hear', a single person or thing? Actually it's a pronoun usage. WordNet first sense includes 'I' as synonym, numbers; second 'a single person or thing' maybe can be "he is the best one"; target 'one' as pronoun likely sense 1? Let’s examine WordNet senses for 'one': Noun forms: one used as numeral = 1. one as single person/thing = "he is the best one"; maybe 'one' as indefinite pronoun is tagged under adjective? WordNet 'one' has many senses: adjective satellite etc. The candidate senses are only 1 and 2. The impersonal pronoun is actually a pronoun: "one hears..." meaning 'a person' or 'people'. Could possibly map to sense 2? But sense 2 gloss: "a single person or thing; he is the best one; this is the one I ordered." In "one hears..." it refers to any single person, indefinite person. That fits "a single person" better than numeral. Although examples refer to specific one among a set. But WordNet may tag the pronoun 'one' in nominals as sense 4? There is pronoun sense for indefinite pronoun perhaps "one" as something like one%1:09:00?? Let’s check. WordNet one noun senses: sense 1 "the smallest whole number or a numeral..."; sense 2 "a single person or thing; 'he is the best one'"; sense 3 "a human being; 'there was too much for one person to do'"? Actually 'one' might have noun sense for indefinite pronoun as 'a person; `one`'. But candidate #2 only lists definition. In this case, "one hears" means an unspecified person. Candidate senses only 1,2. We must choose best. The target is functioning as an indefinite personal pronoun. It means not a numeral. It is a person (anyone) hearing. So sense_index 2 (single person or thing) better than numeral. However, examples of sense 2 refer to identifying a particular item in a set ("this is the one I ordered"), not impersonal. But still category is a person/thing. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}. Need ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears <t>so</t> little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform fine-grained WSD for target "so" in context sentence: "This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears <t>so</t> little about it."

Need choose among indexed senses 1-10. The sentence: "one hears so little about it." Here 'so' modifies 'little', meaning 'to a very great extent or degree' = so little. The phrase "so little" = very little. Candidate sense 1 definition: "to a very great extent or degree" examples: "the idea is so obvious; never been so happy". This matches intensifier/adverb of degree. Candidate 3: "in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied", like remain so. Candidate 4: "to a certain unspecified extent or degree" examples "I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day". Candidate 7: "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" examples 'he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells' - this is the correlative 'so...that' meaning. In our sentence, there is no 'that' following; it's simply 'so little' as degree intensifier (very). Sense 1 covers "to a very great extent or degree". Does sense 1 normally include adjective/adverb modified to high degree; yes. "so obvious", "so happy". So "so little" meaning "very little" is best as sense 1.

Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text. But system conversation describes. Need final only JSON.

Check if WordNet actually has adverb sense so: sense 1: to a very great extent or degree; sense 2: to a certain unspecified extent or degree; sense 3: in the way indicated... Wait but the given numbering may be arbitrary (candidate indices). We are to choose indexed sense from candidates. Candidate 1 matches.

Let's analyze context more. "not surprising that one hears so little about it" - so little = very little. If there was 'that' perhaps candidate 7. But no. Could candidate 4? "can only go so far" = to a certain unspecified extent or degree; but here no "only" and negative context "not surprising ... so little" suggests great degree of littleness? Actually "so little" = to such a small extent. Could sense 1 applies to 'very great extent or degree' of the adjective little? "little" means small amount; "so little" means to a great extent little. Yes.

Need final.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: publish
Target surface form: publishes
Context:
-- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and <t>publishes</t> The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=publish%2:36:01:: | definition=put into print | synonyms=print | examples=The newspaper published the news of the royal couple's divorce; These news should not be printed
2. sense_key=publish%2:32:00:: | definition=prepare and issue for public distribution or sale | synonyms=bring out, put out, issue, release | examples=publish a magazine or newspaper
3. sense_key=publish%2:36:00:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=write | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON with sense_index. Determine best sense of "publishes" in context. Target sentence: "Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest." The National Interest is a magazine/foreign policy journal. "publishes" here is as editor/publisher who prepares and issues for public distribution. Candidate 2: prepare and issue for public distribution or sale (publish a magazine or newspaper). Candidate 1 put into print (print). Candidate 3 have one's written work issued for publication (author of books). Since Mr. Kristol is not the author/writer necessarily; he publishes a magazine "The National Interest". Thus sense 2 is best. Need JSON only: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: man
Context:
That's what the <t>man</t> had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes "the man" as Haney's drinking companion, observed through bleary eyes. This is an ordinary adult male person in a social/drinking setting. Among the choices, sense 1 ("an adult person who is male") is the most appropriate: a generic referent to an adult male individual. None of the specialized senses (military, servant, subordinate, specific woman, etc.) are supported. The phrase "the man had said" simply refers to a male person.
Need return JSON only exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eyes
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled <t>eyes</t>. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user is asking me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "eye" in the form "eyes" given a specific context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidates.

Context: "That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled <t>eyes</t>. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing."

The target is "eyes" in "bleary, tear-filled eyes". This clearly refers to the organs of sight - the physical eyeballs. They are described as bleary and tear-filled, and Haney peered through them. This is the anatomical organ of sight.

Candidate 1: "the organ of sight" - synonyms: oculus, optic. This is the physical eye.
Candidate 2: "good discernment" - like "an eye for talent"
Candidate 3: "attention to what is seen" - like "catch her eye"
Candidate 4: "an area that is approximately central within some larger region" - like "center", "heart"
Candidate 5: "a small hole or loop (as in a needle)" - like the eye of a needle

Best sense is clearly 1 - the physical organ of sight.

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, so for sense 1 it should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: had
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He <t>had</t> no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "had" from the sentence "He had no ready answer". Meaning is He possessed no ready answer. This matches sense 1: have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense. It is past tense, abstract possession of a ready answer. Could also be sense 10 be confronted with? "had no ready answer" = didn't have ready answer, possess. So answer index 1.

Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready <t>answer</t>, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose single best indexed sense for target 'answer'. Context: He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both? This is about a spoken/written statement made to reply to a question or request/criticism/accusation. The drinking companion asked (presumably a question), and Haney had no ready answer. It is a statement (or utterance) intended to reply, not a solution. Sense 1 fits: a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation. Synonyms reply, response. Examples: I waited several days for his answer. Sense 3 is speech act of replying to a question (the act, not the content/statement). In "had no ready answer" likely means no ready reply/statement, not the speech act itself. Sense 1 is better. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no code fence? Instruction says return only a JSON object exactly like. OK.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: surprise
Target surface form: surprise
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from <t>surprise</t> as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=surprise%1:12:00:: | definition=the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you
2. sense_key=surprise%1:11:00:: | definition=a sudden unexpected event
3. sense_key=surprise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of surprising someone | synonyms=surprisal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need provide JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Determine sense for "surprise" in context: "as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing." That's the astonishment felt. Sense1 = emotion state (the astonishment you feel). Sense2 = event. Sense3 = act. Text says "from surprise" = due to astonishment; clearly sense1. Answer JSON {"sense_index":1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fit
Target surface form: fit
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the <t>fit</t> of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fit%1:26:01:: | definition=a display of bad temper | synonyms=tantrum, scene, conniption | examples=he had a fit; she threw a tantrum
2. sense_key=fit%1:26:00:: | definition=a sudden uncontrollable attack | synonyms=paroxysm, convulsion | examples=a paroxysm of giggling; a fit of coughing
3. sense_key=fit%1:07:00:: | definition=the manner in which something fits | examples=I admired the fit of her coat
4. sense_key=fit%1:04:00:: | definition=a sudden flurry of activity (often for no obvious reason) | synonyms=burst | examples=a burst of applause; a fit of housecleaning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for word "fit" in sentence: "as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing." Context describes a fit of coughing. Candidate senses:
1 bad temper (tantrum)
2 sudden uncontrollable attack, paroxysm, convulsion; example "a fit of coughing."
3 manner in which clothing fits
4 sudden flurry of activity.
Best is sense 2. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: man
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the <t>man</t> drunk or crazy or both? But his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count, and the man's eyes were still clear.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense index for target lemma man, surface man. Context: "That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the <t>man</t> drunk or crazy or both? But his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count, and the man's eyes were still clear."

We need select among candidate senses. Target refers to a male drinking companion, adult male person. The generic adult male person who is male (sense 1). Not serviceman, generic human, hominid, subordinate, manly character, lover/boyfriend, Isle, game piece, mankind. Could be sense 6? "an adult male person who has a manly character..." no, the text describes drinking buddy, not virile/courageous. Could sense 1 adult male. So index 1.

Return JSON {"sense_index":1}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drunk
Target surface form: drunk
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man <t>drunk</t> or crazy or both? But his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count, and the man's eyes were still clear.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drunk%3:00:00:: | definition=stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol) | synonyms=intoxicated, inebriated | examples=a noisy crowd of intoxicated sailors; helplessly inebriated
2. sense_key=drunk%5:00:00:excited:00 | definition=as if under the influence of alcohol | synonyms=intoxicated | examples=felt intoxicated by her success; drunk with excitement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need do WSD for target word "drunk" in context. Need choose single indexed sense among two. Need output JSON only {"sense_index" : index}. Need analyze nuances.

Context: "Was the man drunk or crazy or both? But his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count, and the man's eyes were still clear."

The question: "Was the man drunk or crazy or both?" concerning immediate observation after Haney peered through bleary tear-filled eyes, no answer. The phrase "drunk" likely about chemically stupefied/excited by alcohol, since they are drinking companions and matched him drink for drink. Sense 1 stupefied or excited by chemical substance especially alcohol. Sense 2 "as if under the influence of alcohol" with excitation, examples drunk with excitement / felt intoxicated by her success. Sense 2 is more metaphorical excited state (not necessarily alcohol): definition "as if under the influence of alcohol" perhaps excitement. In WordNet, "drunk" adjective sense indexes? Let's see actual WordNet senses for drunk adj:
- "stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol)" (dw1), similar synonyms intoxicated, inebriated.excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol) (includes high, tipsy).
- "as if under the influence of alcohol" (dw2): synonyms = intoxicated; examples they were acting drunk; drunk with excitement.
Actually adjdrunk has two senses:
1. intoxicated; drunk; inebriated (a noisy crowd of intoxicated sailors; helplessly inebriated)
2. (enjoying such an activity a "sport") maybe not. Wait WordNet 3.0: adj 'drunk'
Sense 1: "stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol); 'a noisy crowd of intoxicated sailors'; 'helplessly inebriated'"; attrib.
Sense 2: "as if under the influence of alcohol; 'felt intoxicated by her success'; 'drunk with excitement'".
Actually WordNet index maybe drunk%3:00:00:: and drunk%5:00:00:excited:00.

Our scenario: actual drinking, question about drunkenness. Could be sense 1. But the contextual clue: matched him drink for drink until he lost count, eyes clear -> maybe suggests the man is not "drunk" or maybe just crazy.
"Was the man drunk or crazy or both?" -- It's literally asking if he had too much alcohol. That normally maps to sense 1. However sense 2 "as if under the influence of alcohol" might also fit because 'drunk' here could be 'drunk with excitement/craziness'(?). WordNet includes sense 2 = excited, as-if intoxicated by success. Example "drunk with excitement" meaning overcome by strong emotion. But the context includes excessive drinking literally. So choose sense 1. Need not hedge and output JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crazy
Target surface form: crazy
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or <t>crazy</t> or both? But his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count, and the man's eyes were still clear.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:insane:00 | definition=affected with madness or insanity | synonyms=brainsick, demented, disturbed, mad, sick, unbalanced | examples=a man who had gone mad
2. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=foolish; totally unsound | synonyms=half-baked, screwball, softheaded | examples=a crazy scheme; half-baked ideas
3. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:excited:00 | definition=possessed by inordinate excitement | examples=the crowd went crazy; was crazy to try his new bicycle
4. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=bizarre or fantastic | examples=had a crazy dream; wore a crazy hat
5. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:enthusiastic:00 | definition=intensely enthusiastic about or preoccupied with | synonyms=wild, dotty, gaga | examples=crazy about cars and racing; he is potty about her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON object. Let's disambiguate. Context: "Was the man drunk or crazy or both?" Comparing drunk with crazy, likely meaning insane/mad. The man had said something odd, Haney peers tearfully, doubts, wonders if drunk or insane. The eyes clear though. So sense 1 affected with madness or insanity. So index 1. Must output exactly {"sense_index": 1}.