[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lucky
Target surface form: lucky
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're <t>lucky</t> if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=occurring by chance | examples=a lucky escape; a lucky guess
2. sense_key=lucky%3:00:00:: | definition=having or bringing good fortune | examples=my lucky day; a lucky man
3. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:propitious:00 | definition=presaging or likely to bring good luck | synonyms=golden, favorable, favourable, prosperous | examples=a favorable time to ask for a raise; lucky stars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer WSD for target 'lucky'. Need parse senses. The context: quote "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10". Here lucky means fortunate? Actually they are considered fortunate if after five years they keep one new ringer. "we're lucky if ..." means it's fortunate if that happens; it refers to chance, something occurring by chance? Let's inspect senses:

1. sense_key lucky%5:00:00:fortunate:00 definition=occurring by chance; examples a lucky escape; a lucky guess. This is adjective satellite under fortunate? WordNet index? Need list: candidate 1 definition occurring by chance. candidate 2 definition having or bringing good fortune. candidate 3 definition presaging or likely to bring good luck.

Surface 'lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10'. Not a noun phrase like 'lucky day' or 'lucky man'? It is predicative: we are lucky if ... That fits "having good fortune"? But "we are lucky if X" often means it would be fortunate for us if X occurs. Synonyms: fortunate. Sense 1 is satellite of fortunate, gloss occurring by chance. Sense 2 is adjective having or bringing good fortune.

WordNet 'lucky' senses: Let's recall: adj all. lucky (vs unlucky) (1) occurring by chance; "a lucky escape"; "a lucky guess" similar: fortunate. (2) having or bringing good fortune; "my lucky day"; "a lucky man". (3) golden, favorable, favorable, prosperous, lucky "a favorable time to ask for a raise"; "lucky stars". So sense 1 and 2 both maybe relevant. Here "we are lucky if ..." is about state of being fortunate (have good fortune) if condition holds. Example candidate 2 has "my lucky day; a lucky man". But "we're lucky if" could be paraphrased "we are fortunate if". Definition: having or bringing good fortune. Does "lucky if" denote having good fortune? It means we would count ourselves fortunate. Not 'occurring by chance' perhaps because not attributive noun 'a lucky X', but predicative.

Need choose single best indexed sense. Discuss syntactic/semantic. Sentence: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10". The subject 'we' has property lucky. It means 'we are fortunate if ...' This aligns with sense_key lucky%3:00:00:: (having or bringing good fortune). Examples include 'a lucky man'. So index 2.

But let's double-check mapping to WordNet IDs: Candidate 1 sense_key lucky%5:00:00:fortunate:00 (satellite). Candidate 2 lucky%3:00:00:: (adjective). Candidate 3 lucky%5:00:00:propitious:00. The requested output is sense_index (1, 2, or 3) . So answer 2.

Need ensure we only output JSON exactly: {"sense_index": 2}. No explanation.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five <t>years</t> we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need choose single best sense. Target lemma year, surface years. Context: "we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10". Years refers to period of time containing 365/366 days. Sense 1 definition a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days. Synonyms twelvemonth, yr. Sense 2 period occupying regular part of calendar year used for some particular activity (school year). Sense 3 orbital period. Sense 4 class. Clearly sense 1. Return JSON. No hedge.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AkashML

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one <t>new</t> ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense index. Context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10" referring to newly trained ringer, lacking experience, a ringer who is new to activity. Candidate senses: 1 not of long duration; having just come into being. 3 lacking training or experience. 11 unfamiliar. Which best? "new ringer" could be someone recently recruited/trained (new to the group). In WordNet, sense 3 is "lacking training or experience; raw" examples: the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits. Here ringer is a recruit, newly trained. But "keep one new ringer out of 10" means after five years, of 10 trainees, one remains as a ringer (new? maybe they are new at beginning but after five years?). Let's parse: program to attract and train ringers. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10". This might mean out of ten recruits, only one continues ringing after five years. They are new ringers (inexperienced). Best sense? 1 "not of long duration; having just ... been made" could apply to a recently made ringer. 3 specifically for persons lacking training/experience/raw recruits. 11 unfamiliar. Given target "new ringer" is a person, and contrasted trained/kept, sense 3 is strong. In WSD datasets, "new men" maps to sense 3. "new ringer" likely ?

Let's think WordNet adjective sense inventory for "new". Key sense 1 is most frequent general sense. Sense 3 is "inexperienced; raw" used of persons. Sense 11 is "unaccustomed; unfamiliar", used of experiences/new to him. Since "ringer" is a person and indicates training experience, sense 3 seems best. Return {"sense_index":3}. Ensure JSON only.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new <t>ringer</t> out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for ringer in context. The text is about church bells, bellringers, lack of ringers, trained bell ringers in England, women in field. So sense 1 person who rings church bells/toller bell ringer. Need return JSON with sense_index 1. Ensure only json.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: adds
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he <t>adds</t>. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer WSD for "adds" in context. Need choose among senses. Context: he adds after quote. That's reporting verb: state or say further. Sense index 2: definition state or say further; synonyms append, supply; example `It doesn't matter,' he supplied. So answer JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Need return only JSON object exactly. Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: bright
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One <t>bright</t> sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense index for target "bright" in context "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field". "Bright sign" means promising/hopeful sign, full of promise. Candidate 10: bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 definition full of promise synonyms hopeful promising examples had a bright future. Need answer JSON {"sense_index": 10}. Ensure only JSON, no markdown perhaps.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: sign
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright <t>sign</t> is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON object {"sense_index": X}. Need choose best sense for "sign" in context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field..." This is a positive indication/evidence of something. Candidate senses: 1: perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (visible clue). 8: an event experienced as indicating important things to come (augury). 6: medicine objective evidence of disease. 11: character indicating relation. 3: nonverbal action/gesture. 2: public display. 4: signboard. 5: astrology. 7: polarity. 9: sign language gesture. 10: linguistic unit.

"One bright sign is that..." means a positive indication/evidence. Sense 1 fits: a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent. Example "they welcomed the signs of spring". "bright sign" = indication of improvement. Sense 8 is event indicating important things to come, more like omen/augury. Not exactly. Sense 1 is best. Need output JSON only.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: number
Target surface form: number
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing <t>number</t> of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=number%1:07:00:: | definition=the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals | synonyms=figure | examples=he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small
2. sense_key=number%1:23:00:: | definition=a concept of quantity involving zero and units | examples=every number has a unique position in the sequence
3. sense_key=number%1:10:04:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, turn, bit | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
4. sense_key=number%1:10:03:: | definition=the number is used in calling a particular telephone | synonyms=phone number, telephone number | examples=he has an unlisted number
5. sense_key=number%1:10:01:: | definition=a symbol used to represent a number | synonyms=numeral | examples=he learned to write the numerals before he went to school
6. sense_key=number%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=issue | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
7. sense_key=number%1:14:00:: | definition=a select company of people | examples=I hope to become one of their number before I die
8. sense_key=number%1:10:02:: | definition=a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification | synonyms=identification number | examples=she refused to give them her Social Security number
9. sense_key=number%1:07:01:: | definition=a clothing measurement | examples=a number 13 shoe
10. sense_key=number%1:10:05:: | definition=the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural) | examples=in English the subject and the verb must agree in number
11. sense_key=number%1:06:00:: | definition=an item of merchandise offered for sale | examples=she preferred the black nylon number; this sweater is an all-wool number

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense index for "number" in context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field". This is "a number of" meaning an indefinite quantity, amount. Candidate sense 1: property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals; synonyms figure; examples "he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small". That matches. Sense 2 is concept of quantity involving zero and units (mathematical number). Sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of <t>women</t> have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for target lemma woman surface women in context. Need output JSON {"sense_index": X}.
The sentence: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." So refer to adult female persons who ring bells, not class? "women as a class" vs "an adult female person". Plural "women" as individuals. The group/class sense likely for abstraction "woman is the glory of creation". Here concrete plural. But "a growing number of women" could be type 1 plural. Sense 4 is women as a class, women in the aggregate. "more than a third of the ringers today are women" = adult female persons. So sense 1. The other senses clearly not: significant role to a man, houseworker. So answer {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enter
Target surface form: entered
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have <t>entered</t> the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enter%2:38:00:: | definition=to come or go into | synonyms=come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into | examples=the boat entered an area of shallow marshes
2. sense_key=enter%2:33:00:: | definition=become a participant; be involved in | synonyms=participate | examples=enter a race; enter an agreement
3. sense_key=enter%2:41:06:: | definition=register formally as a participant or member | synonyms=enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit | examples=The party recruited many new members
4. sense_key=enter%2:42:00:: | definition=be or play a part of or in | synonyms=figure | examples=Elections figure prominently in every government program; How do the elections figure in the current pattern of internal politics?
5. sense_key=enter%2:32:04:: | definition=make a record of; set down in permanent form | synonyms=record, put down
6. sense_key=enter%2:36:00:: | definition=come on stage
7. sense_key=enter%2:41:00:: | definition=take on duties or office | synonyms=accede | examples=accede to the throne
8. sense_key=enter%2:35:03:: | definition=put or introduce into something | synonyms=insert, infix, introduce | examples=insert a picture into the text
9. sense_key=enter%2:30:10:: | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) | synonyms=embark | examples=she embarked upon a new career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "entered" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidates.

Let me analyze the context:
"One bright sign is that a growing number of women have <t>entered</t> the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Here, "entered" means that women have become involved in or started participating in the field of bellringing, which was previously male-dominated.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. enter%2:38:00:: - to come or go into (physical movement into a place)
   - Examples: "the boat entered an area of shallow marshes"
   - This is physical, not right for "entered the field"

2. enter%2:33:00:: - become a participant; be involved in
   - Examples: "enter a race; enter an agreement"
   - This fits well - women became participants in the field

3. enter%2:41:06:: - register formally as a participant or member
   - Examples: "The party recruited many new members"
   - This implies formal registration, not the best fit

4. enter%2:42:00:: - be or play a part of or in
   - Examples: "Elections figure prominently..."
   - "figure" as synonym, less direct

5. enter%2:32:04:: - make a record of
   - Not relevant

6. enter%2:36:00:: - come on stage
   - Theatrical, not relevant

7. enter%2:41:00:: - take on duties or office
   - Examples: "accede to the throne"
   - Not relevant

8. enter%2:35:03:: - put or introduce into something
   - Physical insertion, not relevant

9. enter%2:30:10:: - set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)
   - Examples: "she embarked upon a new career"
   - This could fit somewhat - entering a career/field

Between sense 2 and sense 9:
- Sense 2: "become a participant; be involved in" with examples "enter a race; enter an agreement"
- Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)" with examples "she embarked upon a new career"

The phrase "entered the field" is closest to "enter a profession/field/area of activity." This could map to either sense 2 or sense 9.

However, "enter a field" in the sense of "become involved in/participant in a profession or activity" is commonly sense 2. The examples "enter a race" and "enter an agreement" show entering into participation. The phrase "male-dominated field" suggests an area of activity or profession, and "women have entered" means they have become participants in it.

Sense 9 is more about embarking on an enterprise or subject of study, like starting a career. While close, the context emphasizes that women are now participants/ringers in the field (with "more than a third of the ringers today are women"), which aligns with "become a participant; be involved in."

I think sense 2 (index 2) is the best fit.

Wait, let me reconsider. In WordNet, the sense for "enter a profession" might be sense 9. Let me think about the examples again:
- Sense 2 examples: "enter a race; enter an agreement" - these are about joining/participating in an event or making an agreement
- Sense 9 examples: "she embarked upon a new career" - this is about starting a career or enterprise

"Entered the field" in the context of bellringing as a profession/activity - this is closer to entering a profession. But "field" here means "area of activity" and the emphasis is on women becoming ringers (participants).

Looking at the candidate senses more carefully:
- Sense 2: "become a participant; be involved in" - this is the general sense of entering an activity
- Sense 9: "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)" - this is more specific to starting something new

In the sentence "women have entered the once male-dominated field," it means women have begun to participate/be involved in the field of bellringing. The phrase "entered the field" is a common idiom meaning to become involved in a particular profession or activity. This maps best to sense 2.

Actually, I'm now wondering if there's a distinction in WordNet between "enter a profession" and "enter a competition." Let me think about typical mappings:
- "enter a race" = sense 2 (become a participant)
- "enter politics" = often sense 2 or sense 9
- "enter a profession" = often sense 9

But in this context, it's not explicitly about starting a career; it's about becoming part of the group of ringers. "Field" here refers to the domain/area of bellringing, and "entered" means they have come to be involved in it.

I believe sense 2 is the best answer.

The user asked me not to answer with a WordNet sense key, but to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. The candidate senses are numbered 1-9, so I should return the index.

If sense 2 is the best, I return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the <t>once</t> male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer WSD. Need choose among 3 senses. Target 'once' in context: "...a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field". This means previously male-dominated, formerly. Sense 3 definition=at a previous time, synonyms formerly, erstwhile, examples at one time. Best. Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index":3}. No hedge.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: field
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON with sense_index. Context: bell ringing, women entered once male-dominated field; more than a third of ringers are women. "field" means an area/domain/line of activity/profession. Candidate senses: 6 particular kind of commercial enterprise (field of operation, line of business) examples outstanding in their field; 7 particular environment or walk of life (sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena) examples social sphere; 4 branch of knowledge (discipline, subject). Which best? "entered the once male-dominated field" referring to bellringing as an activity/occupation/profession. Could be sense 7: a particular environment or walk of life. But "field" here can mean "occupation or area of expertise". WordNet sense 6: "a particular kind of commercial enterprise; they are outstanding in their field". Sense 7: "a particular environment or walk of life". The phrase "male-dominated field" often maps to sense 7? Let's examine WordNet. field%1:26:00:: definition a particular environment or walk of life; synonyms sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena. Examples: "his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment". field%1:04:00:: definition a particular kind of commercial enterprise; synonyms field of operation, line of business; examples: "they are outstanding in their field". For bell ringing not commercial enterprise, but a domain/walk of life. Sense 7 seems best. The instructions ask single best indexed sense. Need not hedge. Return JSON. Also ensure no extra text. Use zero-based? It says sense_index; candidate list indices start at 1. The expected JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3} where 3 appears as label. So use 7.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: third
Target surface form: third
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=third%1:23:00:: | definition=one of three equal parts of a divisible whole | synonyms=one-third, tierce | examples=it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement
2. sense_key=third%1:04:00:: | definition=the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate) | synonyms=third base | examples=he is playing third
3. sense_key=third%1:24:00:: | definition=following the second position in an ordering or series | examples=a distant third; he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment
4. sense_key=third%1:10:00:: | definition=the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it | examples=a simple harmony written in major thirds
5. sense_key=third%1:06:00:: | definition=the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle | synonyms=third gear | examples=you shouldn't try to start in third gear
6. sense_key=third%1:06:01:: | definition=the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball | synonyms=third base | examples=he was cut down on a close play at third

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for target lemma third, surface third in context. Need choose best indexed sense among candidates (indices 1..6). Output JSON {"sense_index": int}. Let's analyze.

Context: "more than a third of the ringers today are women." This is a fraction/proportion: one of three equal parts. Candidate sense 1: one of three equal parts of a divisible whole, synonyms one-third, tierce. Example: it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement. This matches exactly.

Candidate 3 is ordinal following second position in a series. Could "a third" be ordinal? In "more than a third" it is a fraction noun. Sense 3 examples: a distant third; answered first ... third with resentment. Those are ordinal/ranking. Not fraction.

Thus best index 1. Need output only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the <t>ringers</t> today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense. Context about bell ringers in churches. Target lemma ringer, surface ringers. Sentence: "more than a third of the ringers today are women." Context clearly about bellringers, trained bellringers, ringing bells. Candidate sense 1: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation), synonyms toller, bell ringer. That matches. So return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine between sense 1 definition 'the present time or age' examples world of today; today we have computers. Sense 2 definition 'the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow)' examples Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Target surface form today appears within tag '<t>today</t> in phrase 'more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women' preceded once male-dominated field. It means present time/nowadays, in the current era. That's sense 1 (present time or age), not the specific day. So index 1. Return JSON.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are <t>women</t>. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me perform Word Sense Disambiguation for "women" in context. Need choose among four senses. Return JSON only with sense_index. No hedging.

Analyze context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are <t>women</t>. They are not accepted everywhere, however." Target surface form plural "women" but lemma woman.

Candidates:
1 woman%1:18:00:: adult female person as opposed to a man. examples adult female. That's general individual adult female. More than a third of ringers today are women -> refers to adult female persons. Could be sense 1. But plural maybe sense 4 women as a class? Let's examine.

2 significant role wife/mistress no.
3 employed housework no.
4 woman%1:14:00:: women as a class, synonyms womanhood, fair sex, examples it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation. That sense is a collective noun for women as a class/group. Can be "women as a class". Here "more than a third of the ringers today are women" - each ringer is an adult female person, but using plural generic. WordNet sense 4 is specifically "women as a class" (womanhood, fair sex). In WSD, plural "women" for female persons typically maps to sense 1, unless referring to womankind. Let's consider whether "women" as subject "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field" is individual adult females. "women" are ringers. That is sense 1. But the target occurrence is "are <t>women</t>" predicate plural: more than a third of the ringers today are women. Could be either. Need to decide based on WordNet numbering. WordNet 1:18:00 is "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)", singular definition but can apply to plural usage. 1:14:00 is "women as a class" (e.g., woman's work is never done; women achieve something). The phrase "more than a third ... are women" is more like many individual women, not a collective abstraction. So choose sense 1.

Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accept
Target surface form: accepted
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accept%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or hold as true | examples=I cannot accept the dogma of this church; accept an argument
2. sense_key=accept%2:40:00:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=take, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
3. sense_key=accept%2:32:00:: | definition=give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to | synonyms=consent, go for | examples=I cannot accept your invitation; I go for this resolution
4. sense_key=accept%2:31:01:: | definition=react favorably to; consider right and proper | examples=People did not accept atonal music at that time; We accept the idea of universal health care
5. sense_key=accept%2:40:03:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=admit, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
6. sense_key=accept%2:40:01:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=bear, take over, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=accept%2:31:03:: | definition=tolerate or accommodate oneself to | synonyms=live with, swallow | examples=I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions; I swallowed the insult
8. sense_key=accept%2:42:00:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=take | examples=This surface will not take the dye
9. sense_key=accept%2:40:07:: | definition=receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
10. sense_key=accept%2:40:12:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=take | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
11. sense_key=accept%2:31:08:: | definition=be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal | examples=The cow accepted the bull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense. Context target accepted in "They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere. The oldest bell-ringing group remains male-only". Means women ringers are not admitted/accepted as members everywhere, not welcomed into the group. Candidate senses: sense 5 admit into a group or community. Also sense 1 consider/hold true, 3 affirmative reply, 4 react favorably to / consider right and proper, 7 tolerate. The sentence "They are not accepted everywhere" with reference to women entering male-dominated field and male-only society. The intended is admitted/accepted into groups. This matches sense 5. Ensure answer JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need determine best sense for "however" in given context. We are English linguist performing fine-grained WSD. Need output JSON object with sense_index only. Need reason. Let's analyze.

Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group ... remains male-only..."

The "however" here indicates contrast with preceding statement (women have entered; more than third are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.) This is by contrast; on the other hand. Sense 2: by contrast; on the other hand. Not sense 1 despite anything to the contrary following a concession (nevertheless, still). Both are adverbial conjunctive. WordNet splits: sense 1 is concessive "although X, however Y"; sense 2 is contrastive "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours". The example matches structure: preceding clause positive, following clause negative, with however interposed at end of sentence (or could be start). This is contrast rather than concession. So sense_index 2.

Need ensure no hedging. Return only {"sense_index": 2}. No extra text. Exactly JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringing
Target surface form: bell-ringing
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of someone playing a set of bells
2. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:10:00:: | definition=persuasion of voters in a political campaign | synonyms=electioneering, canvassing
3. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:04:00:: | definition=playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense. Target lemma bell_ringing, surface bell-ringing. Context about ringers, bells, societies, groups. The phrase "oldest bell-ringing group" refers to group of people who ring bells. Candidate senses: 1 sound of someone playing bells (event? noun.event? 1:11). 2 persuasion of voters (political). 3 playing a set of bells hung in tower; synonyms carillon, carillon playing. The group is a bell-ringing group = group engaged in the activity of bell ringing. Sense 3 definition is the activity of playing bells. Sense 1 is the sound. In context "oldest bell-ringing group" = group that performs bell-ringing. So sense 3 best. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 3}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "group" in the given context.

Target word: "group"
Context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..."

Candidate senses:
1. `group%1:03:00::` - any number of entities (members) considered as a unit; synonym: grouping
2. `group%1:27:00::` - (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule; synonyms: radical, chemical group
3. `group%1:09:00::` - a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse; synonyms: mathematical group

Analysis:
- The context is about "the Ancient Society of College Youths," which is a society/organization of bell-ringers.
- A "bell-ringing group" clearly refers to a number of people (members) considered as a unit/organization.
- Sense 1 (any number of entities considered as a unit) fits perfectly: this is the general sense of a collection or organized body of people.
- Sense 2 (chemical group) is about chemistry/atoms and is irrelevant.
- Sense 3 (mathematical group) is an abstract algebra concept and is irrelevant.

Therefore, the best sense is index 1.

For the answer, the user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me check the instructions carefully:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use context, synonyms, examples together
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}

So the final output should just be: {"sense_index": 1}

I should not include any explanation. Just the JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the <t>country</t>, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "country" in context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the <t>country</t>, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..." This refers to the nation (Britain/UK). "in the country" means within the nation. Candidate senses: 1 politically organized body of people under single government; 2 territory occupied by a nation; 3 people who live in a nation or country; 4 rural area; 5 particular geographical region. The phrase "in the country" often means within the nation. Which indexed sense best? Need distinguish sense 1 vs 2 vs 3. The surface "country" in "the oldest bell-ringing group in the country" refers to the nation as a political/geographic entity? "in the country" = within the nation (territory). WordNet sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation. Examples: "he visited several European countries". But "the oldest bell-ringing group in the country" could be sense 1 (politically organized body) or 2 (territory). Usually "in the country" maps to country%1:15:00:: (territory occupied by a nation) or country%1:14:00::? Let's analyze WordNet senses. country has noun.group senses (1:14:00) = state/nation as political entity; noun.location (1:15:00) = territory occupied by a nation; noun.group (1:14:01) = people; noun.location (1:15:01) = rural area; noun.location (1:15:02) = area. In "the oldest ... in the country" means within the nation's boundaries. This is location/territory sense 2. But sometimes WSD datasets annotate "in the country" as sense 1? Let's recall SemCor: "country" often sense 1 (nation) when referring to a nation-state, e.g., "this country", "our country", "the country". But WordNet sense 1 definition: "a politically organized body of people under a single government". Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation". Many contexts ambiguous. The phrase "in the country" can be sense 2 because it refers to geographic extent. However, "the oldest bell-ringing group in the country" = in the nation (as a whole). Which is best? Need use context. The article is about Britain, bell-ringing groups across the country. "in the country" means within Britain. It could be territory (sense 2) or political entity (sense 1). The examples for sense 2: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries" - visiting countries = territories. For sense 1: "the state has elected a new president; African nations" - political bodies. Here "bell-ringing group in the country" is not about government; it's about geographic scope within the nation. So sense 2 likely. But "country" as a nation in general often sense 1. Let's examine WordNet mapping: country%1:14:00:: = nation, state, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic. country%1:15:00:: = state, land. The synonyms for sense 2 include "state, land". "in the country" = in the land. I think best is sense 2. However, many WSD systems might choose sense 1 for "the country" referring to the nation. Need decide. The instruction: use sentence context, examples, synonyms. "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country" - group located within the country. It is not the people, not rural area, not indefinite region. Between 1 and 2. The phrase "in the country" emphasizes location/territory. So sense_index 2. But let's be careful: "country" in "in the country" is an idiom meaning "throughout the nation". WordNet sense? Let's check actual WordNet examples maybe: country%1:15:00:: examples include "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries". country%1:14:00:: examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations". The context "in the country" is similar to "European countries" (territories). So 2. Also "Britain's most prestigious churches" later. The country = Britain. A nation as territory. So answer {"sense_index": 2}. Need output only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: found
Target surface form: founded
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, <t>founded</t> in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=found%2:41:00:: | definition=set up or found | synonyms=establish, set up, launch | examples=She set up a literacy program
2. sense_key=found%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, plant, constitute, institute | examples=establish a new department
3. sense_key=found%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, base, ground | examples=base a claim on some observation
4. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=find, happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
5. sense_key=detect%2:39:00:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
6. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=find, regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
8. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=find, feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
9. sense_key=witness%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
10. sense_key=line_up%2:40:00:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up, find | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
11. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover, find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
12. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover, find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
13. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | synonyms=find | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
14. sense_key=rule%2:32:00:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule, find | examples=find someone guilty
15. sense_key=receive%2:30:01:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
16. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | synonyms=find | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
17. sense_key=recover%2:40:00:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, find, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
18. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | synonyms=find | examples=The arrow found its mark
19. sense_key=find_oneself%2:30:00:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself, find | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The task is to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "found" with the surface form "founded". The context is about the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remaining male-only.

The relevant senses are:
1. found%2:41:00:: - set up or found (synonyms: establish, set up, launch)
2. found%2:36:00:: - set up or lay the groundwork for (synonyms: establish, plant, constitute, institute)
3. found%2:31:00:: - use as a basis for; found on (synonyms: establish, base, ground)

The rest are "find" senses which don't apply here because the surface form is "founded" and the meaning is clearly about establishing/starting an organization.

Between the three "found" senses:
- Sense 1: "set up or found" - more about establishing/starting an organization
- Sense 2: "set up or lay the groundwork for" - more abstract, like establishing a system/practice/department
- Sense 3: "use as a basis for; found on" - means to base something on something else

In the sentence: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637..."
This clearly refers to the establishment/creation of an organization/group in 1637. The best fit is sense 1 "set up or found" with synonyms establish, set up, launch.

The examples "She set up a literacy program" align well with founding an organization.

So the answer should be sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remain
Target surface form: remains
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, <t>remains</t> male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense. Need analyze target 'remains' in sentence: "The oldest bell-ringing group ... remains male-only". It means continues to be male-only; stay the same in a certain state. Candidate senses:
1. remain%2:30:00 stay the same; remain in a certain state (synonyms stay, rest). Example dress remained wet. This fits "remains male-only" (state remains unchanged).
2. remain%2:42:03 continue in a place, position, or situation (stay on). Example stayed on in Cambridge. Not about place/position of people, maybe organization remains male-only.
3. remain%2:42:05 be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. Example There remains the question; Carter remains the only President. This is for "be left" as in something/someone remains the only one. It could fit "remains male-only"? But "male-only" is state, not an entity left. The verb phrase "remains male-only" is copular with adjectival complement. In WordNet, remain can be linking verb. The sense for remain as copula with adjective complement maybe sense 1 (stay the same). Let us consider. Dress remained wet: linking verb + adjective. remains male-only exactly parallel: group continues to be in same state. So sense 1 likely.
4. remain%2:42:01 stay behind (persist, stay). Example smell stayed in room. Not apt.
Thus answer index 1. Need only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a <t>fact</t> that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose sense for target word "fact" in context. The sentence: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a <t>fact</t> that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey." We need pick from 4 senses.

Definitions:
1. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
2. a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened
3. an event known to have happened or something known to have existed (your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell)
4. a concept whose truth can be proved

The use "a fact that's galling" refers to the male-only status as a piece of information, something that is the case. Sense 1 fits: piece of information about circumstances that exist. Sense 3 emphasizes "event known to have happened or something known to have existed" and "basis in fact", "fact vs fiction". Here it's "a fact that remains male-only" -> an existing circumstance. Not a statement (2) nor a concept whose truth can be proved (4). Most likely sense 1.

Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: particularly
Target surface form: particularly
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's <t>particularly</t> galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=particularly%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=peculiarly, especially, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=particularly%4:02:02:: | definition=specifically or especially distinguished from others | synonyms=in particular | examples=loves Bach, particularly his partitas; recommended one book in particular
3. sense_key=particularly%4:02:01:: | definition=uniquely or characteristically; ; ; - John Knowles | synonyms=peculiarly | examples=these peculiarly cinematic elements; a peculiarly French phenomenon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need pick sense for 'particularly' in sentence: "a fact that's particularly galling to women because..." Here particularly modifies 'galling' to mean to a distinctly greater extent or degree than common; synonyms especially. Not specific/distinguished from others (in particular). Not uniquely/characteristically. So sense_key particularly%4:02:00:: = index 1. Need output only JSON object {"sense_index": 1}.