[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational <t>performance</t> has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "performance" in given context. Target surface performance. Context educational performance, academic performance of pupils, performance declined when expenditures increased. It's about how well students perform academically, an accomplishment, recognized accomplishment. Let's evaluate senses:

1 dramatic/musical entertainment, public presentation: no.
2 act of presenting play/music: no.
3 the act of performing; doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it; synonyms execution, carrying out; examples his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance. This sense is about execution/action? Actually definition says using knowledge, act of performing as distinguished from possessing knowledge? In educational performance, performance is likely a recognized/level of accomplishment. WN noun performance: 1 public presentation; 2 act or process; 3 act of performing; 4 any recognized accomplishment; 5 operation/functioning. Need map these definitions to actual WordNet indices. The provided keys: performance%1:10:00:: (theatrical entertainment), performance%1:04:01:: (act of presenting), performance%1:04:00:: (the act of performing; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it) synonyms execution/carrying out; performance%1:04:03:: (any recognized accomplishment)... Wait 1:04:03 and 1:04:00? Standard WordNet noun performance senses: 1 public presentation (performance%1:10:00) 2 the act of presenting a play or concert etc (performance%1:04:01) 3 the act of performing; doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it (performance%1:04:00?) 4 any recognized accomplishment (performance%1:04:02?) actual standard:
- 1 public presentation | they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances -> 1:10:00
- 2 the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment; -> 1:04:01
- 3 the act of performing; the carrying out of a project etc; -> 1:04:00 (execution)
- 4 any recognized accomplishment; -> 1:04:02? Maybe 1:04:03 in this list.
- 5 process or manner of functioning/operating -> 1:22:00.

Given examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor", "experience generally improves performance" for sense 3. That seems to be performance in role/proficiency, applying knowledge. "academic performance" is usually "any recognized accomplishment" sense 4: "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs... merits awe". Academic performance = a result/accomplishment: grades/test scores. But phrase "academic performance of the pupils" might refer to measurable accomplishment, i.e., how well pupils perform.

Let's dissect: "smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils" and later "educational performance has declined". This refers to level of achievement. Patterns: "academic performance" common in WordNet? Search mental: academic performance aligns with sense 4 "any recognized accomplishment". Performance as mayor might be accomplishments as mayor; also could be sense 3? The candidate sense 3 examples include "his performance as mayor" and "experience generally improves performance". Our context is not "as mayor" but educational. Could be ambiguous.

The question says choose best indexed sense using glosses, synonyms, examples. For "educational performance" or "academic performance", I think it is "any recognized accomplishment" (sense 4). Synonyms: operation/functioning is for machinery. Execution/carrying out is for action. "any recognized accomplishment" matches achievement of students.

However, sometimes WordNet maps "academic performance" to sense 3 (the act of performing using knowledge). Which of WordNet's senses is usually used for "academic performance"? Let's think: The "performance" noun in WordNet has specific sense definitions:
(1) public presentation,
(2) act of presenting a play/concert,
(3) the act of performing; doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it,
(4) any recognized accomplishment,
(5) process or manner of functioning/operating."

Sense 3: involves "the act of performing," synonyms "execution, carrying into action, carrying into effect, carrying into operation, implementation..." It often describes a job or role performance, as in "performance of duties". Example "they criticised his performance as mayor". Actually "his performance as mayor" could be interpreted as the actions/activities he carried out as mayor (sense 3), not an accomplishment.

Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment" examples include achievement under stress, baseball feats. "Academic performance" is measured accomplishments, e.g., grades, test scores; that's sense 4.

The phrase "the academic performance of the pupils" could refer to accomplishment/outcomes, not process. So best = 4.

Let's ensure no hidden "educational performance" as functioning of system: No, they talk pupils' academic performance, so result/achievement.

Return JSON {"sense_index":4}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decline
Target surface form: declined
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has <t>declined</t>. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decline%2:30:01:: | definition=grow worse | synonyms=worsen | examples=Conditions in the slum worsened
2. sense_key=decline%2:40:00:: | definition=refuse to accept | synonyms=refuse, reject, pass up, turn down | examples=He refused my offer of hospitality
3. sense_key=decline%2:32:00:: | definition=show unwillingness towards | synonyms=refuse | examples=he declined to join the group on a hike
4. sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: | definition=grow smaller | synonyms=go down, wane | examples=Interest in the project waned
5. sense_key=decline%2:38:00:: | definition=go down | examples=The roof declines here
6. sense_key=decline%2:38:03:: | definition=go down in value | synonyms=slump, correct | examples=the stock market corrected; prices slumped
7. sense_key=decline%2:32:01:: | definition=inflect for number, gender, case, etc., | examples=in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON object with sense_index. Need disambiguate "declined" in context: educational performance has declined. Definition likely "grow worse" worsened (sense 1) or "grow smaller" go down/wane (sense 4). Let's examine glosses: 1 decline%2:30:01 grow worse; 4 decline%2:30:00 grow smaller. Both verbs under change. The sentence: educational performance has declined, in context of increasing expenditures -> performance got worse. While "decline" can mean grow smaller, performance metrics like scores decline could mean lower/worse. In economy, standards decline = worsen. Sense 1 grow worse is better. Also examples Conditions in the slum worsened. Synonyms wane/go down are quantitative decrease. Educational performance has declined: quality became worse. So choose index 1. Need output only JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AkashML

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
-- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the <t>way</t> the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify the best sense for the target word "way" in context. Let me analyze the sentence:
"That is the way the system works."
The meaning here refers to "the condition of things generally" or perhaps "how something is done or how it happens." Let me look at the candidates:
1. how something is done or how it happens - "her dignified manner"
2. how a result is obtained or an end is achieved - "a means of control"
3. direction
4. the condition of things generally - "that's the way it is"
5. a course of conduct
6. artifact road/path
7. journey
8. space for movement
9. distance
10. doing as one pleases
11. general category
12. portion divided into shares

The sentence "That is the way the system works" is essentially saying "That's how it is" / "That's the condition." The phrase "the way the system works" describes how the system operates or the state of affairs. Looking at the examples for sense 4: "that's the way it is" - this matches very well. The synonym isn't listed but the definition is "the condition of things generally."

Sense 1 is "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms manner, mode, style, fashion. Is "the way the system works" about manner/style or condition?
Actually, "way the system works" can mean "manner in which the system functions."

But given sentence context about educational performance declining as expenditures increased, the author is saying "that's how things are/that's the condition." The phrase "That's the way it is" is synonymous with "That's the way it operates."

I think sense 4: "the condition of things generally" is the best fit because the context is about explaining the state of affairs/educational system behavior as a fact. The example "that's the way it is" directly corresponds.

So answer: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: Students
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- <t>Students</t> should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "Students" in context. Sentence: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..." The target lemma student. Candidate sense 1: learner enrolled in educational institution (pupil, educatee). Candidate sense 2: learned person / scholar. Clearly context about pupils in elementary school, moving educational ladder, not a scholar. Choose sense_index 1. Must return only JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the <t>educational</t> ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense index for target 'educational' in context. Let's analyze.

Target sentence: "Students should move up the <t>educational</t> ladder as their academic potential allows." Here 'educational ladder' means ladder within the education system/process, not providing knowledge. Sense 1: relating to the process of education. Sense 2: providing knowledge (instructive). The phrase 'educational ladder' refers to levels of education, process/system. So best sense is 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object exactly like.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their <t>academic</t> potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need solve WSD. Target lemma academic, surface academic. Context: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." Also earlier "academic performance of the pupils". The phrase "academic potential" means school/educational learning potential. Candidate sense 1: associated with academia or an academy; examples: academic curriculum, academic gowns. Candidate 2: hypothetical theoretical, not expected to produce immediate practical result; examples academic discussion, question. Candidate 3: marked by narrow focus on or display of learning especially trivial aspects; synonyms donnish, pedantic. Here "academic potential" refers to educational achievement potential, i.e., associated with academia/school. Sense 1 fits. The earlier "academic performance" also sense 1. So answer index 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra content.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic <t>potential</t> allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "potential" in the given context. I need to choose between two candidate senses:
1. potential%1:26:00:: - inherent capacity for coming into being
2. potential%1:19:00:: - electrical potential/voltage

The context is about education: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows."

This is clearly using "potential" in the sense of inherent capacity or ability (academic ability/aptitude), not electrical potential. So the answer is sense 1.

The instructions say to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, but the index should correspond to the sense I choose. Since I'm choosing the first sense, it should be {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, let me re-read: "Choose the single best indexed sense" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". The example shows index 3 but my candidates are indexed 1 and 2. I should return {"sense_index": 1} for the first sense.

I must not answer with a WordNet sense key. Just the JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allows
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential <t>allows</t>. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense index for target "allows" in sentence: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." The context says students should advance as their academic potential allows.

Candidate senses:
1. make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen (let, permit). Examples: "This permits the water to rush in" - enables. But here "as their academic potential allows" = their potential permits/enables them to move up. Could be sense 1 or 5 or 7.
2. consent to, give permission.
3. let have.
4. allocate.
5. make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain. examples: "The evidence allows only one conclusion" - this is about possibility/provision. "academic potential allows" = their potential makes it possible/provides opportunity to move up. This seems close: allow = make possibility.
6. plan for/allow for possibility.
7. afford possibility: "admit" "This problem admits of no solution"; "This short story allows of several different interpretations" - with "of". Not with direct infinitive.
8. baseball.
9. discount.
10. allow presence/activity without opposing.

We need pick single best indexed sense. Important: user wants return JSON {"sense_index": int}. Need not answer with sense key. Need choose.

Let's analyze the semantic and syntax. "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." This is a subject complement? "their academic potential allows [them to move up]" The verb allow with a bare infinitival complement? Actually "as ... allows" = as far as their potential permits. The semantics: the potential enables/makes possible the moving up. It permits or lets the action happen.

In WordNet, sense 1 allow%2:41:00:: definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen; synonyms let, permit; examples: "This permits the water to rush in"; "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement". Here the subject "academic potential" makes moving up possible. This seems sense 1.

Sense 5 allow%2:42:00:: definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain; synonyms leave, allow for, provide; examples: "This leaves no room for improvement"; "The evidence allows only one conclusion". The syntax "allow for" differs; without "for" with direct NP often used as "The evidence allows only one conclusion". "Academic potential allows [students to move up]" could be either sense 1 or 5. Let's inspect WordNet distinctions.

WordNet allow senses:
- 2:41:00: make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen. "This permits the water to rush in"; "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement"; "This will permit the rain to run off". It emphasizes causing something to be possible.
- 2:42:00: make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain. synonyms leave, allow for, provide. Examples: "This leaves no room for improvement"; "The evidence allows only one conclusion"; "The short story allows several different interpretations". This is more "leave room/provide opportunity."

Which better for "academic potential allows"? Potential does not actively make it possible by action/lack of action, but provides opportunity. In context: "Students should move up ... as their academic potential allows." Means as far as their academic potential permits/provides opportunity. This could be "make possibility". Need decide.

WordNet sometimes distinguishes: allow v.1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen" includes dot只有不要阻止". allow v.5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable". For "as academic potential allows", the phrase "X allows Y" where Y is a clause (students to move up). Sense 1 examples often with NP direct object + to-infinitive? "allow the water to rush in"; "allow the water come into the basement". Yes sense 1 has the typical causative/enable construction with object and infinitive. "Potential allows [them to move up]" fits that construction. Sense 5 examples: "The evidence allows only one conclusion", "This leaves no room for improvement", "The short story allows of several different interpretations". These are not with a person/entity as subject and an infinitive; more abstract "allows [noun]" or "allows of". "academic potential allows [students to move up]" likely sense 1.

Also, sense 7 (admit) has examples "allows of several different interpretations". Not ours.

However, sense 10 "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" examples "We don't allow dogs here". Not likely; no prohibition context.

Sense 2 "consent to, give permission" often animate subject giving permission to person. Academic potential doesn't consent. So not 2.

Sense 5 could be considered "provide opportunity for [moving]". But the phrase "allows" with a subordinate infinitival omitted: "as their academic potential allows [them to do so]". WordNet sense 1 examples include "This permits the water to rush in". That's exactly "subject allows object to verb". So index 1.

Need return JSON object. Ensure exact format. No extra text. Fine-grained WSD wants choose 1. The instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So final only: {"sense_index": 1}.

Double-check if there is possible nuance: "as their academic potential allows" is idiomatic "as X permits". In WSD, "as X allows" is similar to "as time permits" which uses allow sense "make it possible"? Actually "as time permits" would be allow%2:41:00:: "This permits the water to rush in". The gloss "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen". Time permits = time makes it possible. Academic potential allows = potential makes it possible. So 1.

Return.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No <t>student</t> should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for 'student' in context. Context: educational ladder, graduated from elementary school, mastered 3 R's, less gifted, etc. That's learner enrolled in educational institution. Sense 1. Need return JSON only with sense_index. Note user wants choose single best indexed sense. Candidate indexes 1 and 2. Answer {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: permit
Target surface form: permitted
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be <t>permitted</t> to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "permitted" in context. Analyze target usage: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..." This is passive. Meaning: no student should be allowed / given permission to graduate without mastering... It is about consent/permission (permit%2:32:00::) or allow without opposing/prohibiting? Let's examine candidates.

Sense 1: permit%2:32:00:: consent to, give permission; synonyms allow, let, countenance. Examples: She permitted her son to visit... This is interpersonal permission.

Sense 2: permit%2:41:00:: make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen; examples "This permits the water to rush in"; "This sealed door won't allow the water..." Causative/instrumental enabling, not permission.

Sense 3: permit%2:32:06:: allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting; examples "We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point". This is permit in sense of tolerating/allowing presence or activity, often in rules.

Our sentence: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's". This is about graduation rules: no student should be allowed (authorized) to graduate without mastery. It is not necessarily consent from an authority to the student; it is institutional permission/authorization. Sense 1 or 3?

Distinguishing sense 1 vs 3 in WordNet. Sense 1: permit = consent to, give permission. Hierarchical hypernym likely "authorize, authorise, clear" maybe. Sense 3: allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting; hypernym "permit, allow, tolerate"? Actually WN sense 3 examples: "We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point". This is about letting someone be somewhere/do something under rules; not necessarily interpersonal consent but allowing presence/activity. However the gloss "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" suggests a state of not prohibiting; examples include prohibitive contexts. The sentence "No student should be permitted to be graduated..." Could be "allowed to graduate" = sense 3 with an activity (being graduated). But "be graduated" is something done to/by the institution. It is allowed by the system, authorized.

Let's explore WordNet sense distinctions. In WordNet, permit%2:32:00 is first, likely "consent to, give permission" with direct object + infinitive (permit someone to do something). permit%2:32:06 is "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" often as allow. In example "Children are not permitted beyond this point" passive. This strongly matches our sentence's structure: "No student should be permitted to be graduated..." It's about not allowing presence/activity beyond a point.

Which is single best? Need decide. Let's examine context. It says: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." It is a rule about who can be graduated. "permitted to be graduated" = allowed to receive a diploma / to be moved on. This is an institutional policy, not interpersonal consent. Sense 3 examples include rules/regulations/presence. Sense 1 examples are interpersonal consent (mother letting son). Therefore sense 3 seems best. But note sense 3 gloss: "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting". Graduation is an activity (or state). So yes.

However, the infinitive "to be graduated" could be sense 1 "give permission". WSD often differentiates by complement: permit [someone] to [do something] is sense 1. But "permitted to be graduated" = allowed to undergo graduation. The subject is the student who is allowed. Examples of sense 1 "She permitted her son to visit" and "I won't let the police search her basement". The latter uses causative/permissive. Sense 3 examples use passive "Children are not permitted beyond this point" (without infinitive) or allow dogs. Hmm.

The phrase "be permitted to be graduated" is like "allowed to graduate", which is more of permission (sense 1) or allow (sense 3). Let's examine WN verb frames. permit v1: "They permitted him to go." permit v3: "This permits the water to rush in"? No that's sense 2. v3 examples: "We don't allow dogs here" and "Children are not permitted beyond this point." So sense 3 takes a direct object (dogs, children), not an infinitival complement. Our target is followed by to-infinitival ("to be graduated"), which patterns with sense 1. But sense 1 examples are more personal consent, while sense 3 examples are transitive with location restriction and could be impersonal too. Let's verify WN. permit%1? Actually there are 3 senses. Sense 1: "consent to, give permission" (permit somebody to do something). Sense 2: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen" (this permits water to rush in). Sense 3: "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" (we don't allow dogs here; children not permitted beyond this point). Note sense 3 also can take infinitive? "The rules permit smoking" maybe. But the listed examples are transitive. Our sentence: "No student should be permitted to be graduated..." This is not about presence in a place, but about being allowed to undergo an process. In sense 1, the subject is the one giving permission (the system/educators) and the object is student; infinitive. In sense 3, the subject would be the rules/authorities; but the examples show not infinitival complements.

We need choose. Let's think if "permit" in "No student should be permitted to be graduated" means "allowed" in a general sense. WordNet often maps "allowed" to sense 3 (tolerate/allow without opposing), but "give permission" maps sense 1. The presence of "to be graduated" strongly suggests sense 1 (consent/permission), because sense 1 is the one that takes a to-infinitive. But can sense 3 take infinitive? WN sense 3 gloss: allow the presence of or allow (an activity). Activity could be expressed as infinitive: "allow the child to go" maybe is sense 3? But the example of sense 3 "Children are not permitted beyond this point" is without infinitive. However, the phrase "No student should be permitted to be graduated" can be rephrased "No student should be allowed to be graduated". The verb "allow" is a synonym in both senses 1 and 3. WordNet splits. The test: If you can substitute "authorize" or "give permission", it's sense 1; if you can substitute "tolerate/let happen/not prohibit", sense 3. Here: "No student should be authorized/ given permission to graduate" fits. Also "No student should be allowed to graduate" is generic.

But what's the nuance? Educational policy: graduation should not be allowed/prohibited for those without mastery. This is not merely personal consent; it's a regulatory permission. Which sense does WordNet intend for "No student should be permitted to be graduated"? This is a classic usage in policy statements. Let me recall WN examples "Children are not permitted beyond this point". This maps to sense 3 because it is rule-enforced. Our sentence is also rule-enforced. So sense 3 may be more aligned. But syntactically sense 3 examples don't have infinitive. Still, "No student should be permitted to be graduated" can be seen as "No student should be allowed (sense 3) the activity of graduation."

We can examine whether sense 1 is restricted to "consent to, give permission" with personal agent. In the sentence, the implicit agent is the educational system / school. Does the system "consent"? It could be metaphorical. Typically "permit" sense 1 is used for animate authority; sense 3 for rules/institutions allowing presence or activities. "No smoking is permitted here" would be sense 3. "Students are not permitted to graduate" is similar to "No smoking is permitted" or "Children are not permitted beyond this point". Therefore, sense 3 is better.

Let's verify with the definitions: sense 3 "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting". In our target, "permitted" means allowed (an activity: to be graduated) without opposing/prohibiting. Exactly. Sense 1 "consent to, give permission" would mean the system gives permission to the student to graduate. Slightly different. But the sentence is about the system allowing the activity, not about an interpersonal consent. So choose sense 3.

Need output only JSON object: {"sense_index": 3}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: graduate
Target surface form: graduated
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be <t>graduated</t> from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=graduate%2:40:00:: | definition=receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies | examples=She graduated in 1990
2. sense_key=graduate%2:40:01:: | definition=confer an academic degree upon | examples=This school graduates 2,000 students each year
3. sense_key=graduate%2:30:00:: | definition=make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring | synonyms=calibrate, fine-tune | examples=calibrate an instrument; graduate a cylinder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for target surface form "graduated" in sentence "No student should be permitted to be <t>graduated</t> from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..."

Candidates: sense 1 graduate verb receive an academic degree upon completion of studies e.g. She graduated in 1990. sense 2 confer an academic degree upon e.g. This school graduates 2,000 students each year. sense 3 make fine adjustments etc.

Context: passive "be graduated from elementary school". So students are the one being graduated (receiving?) Actually "graduate" can be used transitively to mean confer degree (school graduates students). Passive "be graduated from elementary school" = receive a diploma? The verb "be graduated" (older) can mean receive a degree/diploma. "He was graduated from college". The subject student receives the degree. In this usage, the student is permitted to be graduated (i.e., move up/complete). Sense 1 receive an academic degree upon completion. But in elementary school, not academic degree. WordNet gloss is schematic: "receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies". In this context, be graduated from elementary school = complete/promoted. Sense 2 definition is confer an academic degree upon - subject school. But passive voice here, the agent school omitted: "No student should be permitted to be graduated" means student receives graduation from elementary school. Which sense best?

Need parse semantics. In passive "be graduated", patient is the student. The action of graduating is receiving the credentials. However, sense 2 transitive: "This school graduates 2,000 students each year". Passive "2,000 students are graduated each year" also means school confers degree. The patient of sense 2 receives degree. The target surface form "graduated" in passive can correspond to either sense 1? But sense 1 is intransitive normally: "She graduated in 1990"; passive "be graduated" could be passive of sense 2, or old-style intransitive in passive? Let's examine WordNet senses.

Graduate%2:40:00 = receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies (intransitive sense). Graduated%2:40:01 = confer an academic degree upon (transitive sense). If a student "is graduated from elementary school," that is likely passive of transitive "graduate" (the school graduates him), but in common usage it's near intransitive. Which indexed sense is assigned by WordNet in a WSD corpus? For "graduated" in passive "He was graduated from college", I think sense 1? Let's reason with WordNet examples: "She graduated in 1990" (intransitive). "This school graduates 2,000 students each year" (transitive). "He was graduated from college" can be analyzed as passive of transitive sense, but might be counted as sense 1 because meaning same as intransitive. Hmm.

The instructions: choose single best indexed sense using context and examples. "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school" - the subject is student; they are the one being given permission to move up. It parallels "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." So "graduate" here means complete one's studies and receive certification, with student as theme undergoing completion. Sense 1 definition: receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies. It's patient-like but labeled receive. Even if it's passive, the student receives the degree. So sense 1 fits more than sense 2 (which is about institution conferring degree; context doesn't mention institution as subject). But the sentence "No student should be permitted to be graduated" because the system/educational ladder; "be graduated" epitomizes receive degree. I will select 1.

But must be careful: In WSD datasets, passive typically mapped to sense? Let's search memory: SemCor? Sentence "He graduated from Harvard" sense 1. "The school graduated him" sense 2. "be graduated" maybe sense 2 in WordNet. Let's inspect WordNet gloss differences: v2:40:00 receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies. v2:40:01 confer an academic degree upon. The passive "be graduated" with by-agent absent: If you say "he was graduated from West Point", this is from older usage where graduate is transitive and means to grant a degree; West Point graduated him. But in modern dictionaries, "be graduated" can be intransitive use with auxiliary? Actually "to graduate" originally transitive "to graduate a student." Intransitive "he graduated from college" later. "He was graduated from college" uses passive of transitive, but means he received his degree. WordNet sense 2's examples? Not necessarily include passive. The target surface "graduated" in passive form may align with sense 2 morphologically (past participle of transitive). But semantic subject is the recipient, and the gloss of sense 2 says "confer an academic degree upon". Does the sentence convey confer? "No student should be permitted to be [conferred an academic degree] from elementary school..." Yes if elementary school confers promotion. However, in context, the writer says "students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated..." The focus is on the student receiving/attaining the diploma. So sense 1 likely.

Let's examine "from elementary school". Sense 1 examples: "She graduated in 1990" can take "from" : "She graduated from high school". Sense 2 examples: "This school graduates 2,000 students each year" – can be "This school graduates students from high school"? Maybe. The phrase "graduated from elementary school" is most common as intransitive: "She graduated from elementary school." Thus sense 1.

The target surface "graduated" appears as past participle in passive because of "be". But semantically it's intransitive achievement rendered as passive? Wait standard modern usage: "be graduated from" is older; e.g., "He was graduated from high school in 1990." It is acceptable. WordNet may categorize under sense 1? Let's use intuition: overall meaning is the student receiving/completing. Candidate 3 obviously wrong.

Need output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: master
Target surface form: mastered
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having <t>mastered</t> the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=master%2:31:01:: | definition=be or become completely proficient or skilled in | synonyms=get the hang | examples=She mastered Japanese in less than two years
2. sense_key=master%2:33:00:: | definition=get on top of; deal with successfully | synonyms=overcome, get over, subdue, surmount | examples=He overcame his shyness
3. sense_key=master%2:41:00:: | definition=have dominance or the power to defeat over | synonyms=dominate | examples=Her pain completely mastered her; The methods can master the problems
4. sense_key=master%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=control | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense of 'mastered' in sentence: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." The 3 R's = reading, writing, arithmetic. They need to have fully learned them, be competent/skilled. Candidate 1: be or become completely proficient or skilled in (get the hang), e.g. She mastered Japanese. Candidate 4: have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of; e.g. Do you control these data? For 3 R's, 'mastered' meaning acquired proficiency/skills, completely proficient or skilled in. That's sense 1. Sense 4 more about understanding/knowledge, control. Context emphasizes academic performance, skills. So answer index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the <t>level</t> that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for target "level" in given context. Need choose best indexed sense among candidates 1-8. Must return JSON {"sense_index": X}. No hedge. Need analyze.

The sentence: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the <t>level</t> that prevailed 20 years ago." So "level" here refers to standard, degree of proficiency or quality expected 20 years ago. Candidates:

1. level%1:07:00:: definition: a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality. synonyms degree, grade. examples: a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required. This fits "level of mastery" as position on scale of quality/amount.

2. level%1:26:01:: relative position or degree of value in a graded group. synonyms grade, tier. examples lumber of the highest grade. More about rank in a graded group/class.

3. level%1:26:00:: specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or process. synonyms degree, stage, point. examples a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences? This also possible: level that prevailed 20 years ago = stage/degree.

7. level%1:09:00:: an abstract place usually conceived as having depth; layer, stratum. Good actor communicates on several levels; simile layers meaning. Could be "level" as abstract plane/standard? The phrase "at the level that prevailed 20 years ago" maybe a standard or degree.

Need distinguish WordNet senses. level%1:07:00 vs level%1:26:01 vs level%1:26:00. Let's examine WordNet可能的区分.
Level noun senses:
- (1) degree, grade, level: a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality. "a high level of care"; "it is all a matter of degree".
- (2) grade, tier, level: a relative position or degree of value in a graded group; "lumber of the highest grade".
- (3) degree, level, stage, point: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; "a remarkable degree of frankness".
- (4) level: height above ground.
- (5) spirit level: indicator.
- (6) horizontal surface.
- (7) level, layer, stratum: an abstract place usually conceived as having depth; "a good actor communicates on several levels".
- (8) floor, storey, story, level.

Our context: "mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." This is the level/standard of proficiency. Which sense is best? Could be sense 1 (position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality). The "level" of 3 R's proficiency is amount/quality of mastery. "prevailed" implies standard degree. The examples for 1: "a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required". It uses "grade" as synonym, but this sense is about scale of intensity/amount/quality.

Sense 3 examples: "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?" Could fit too: specific identifiable position in a continuum, especially process. But level of mastery is more of amount/quality on a scale rather than a stage in a process? Hmm.

In typical WSD, "level of education" or "academic level" often maps to level%1:26:00? Let's check possible annotations from SemCor/WordNet: "a higher level of unemployment" usually level%1:07:00::. "at the college level" maybe level%1:26:00? Let me recall. WordNet sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process." Example "at what stage are the social sciences?" This is temporal/procedural stage or rank in a series. Sense 2: relative position or degree of value in a graded group; like grade/tier. "Elementary school level" might be sense 2 or 3? But here "level that prevailed 20 years ago" refers to the standard/degree on a scale, not to a floor/abstract place.

Let's parse phrase: "mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." This means at the degree/grade of competence that existed 20 years ago. "Level" = degree/grade/amount of skill. Candidate 1 synonyms include degree, grade; definition position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality. Very close.

Sense 3 = degree, stage, point: specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or process. Example "a remarkable degree of frankness" (degree). But the distinguishing nuance: sense 1 (level%1:07:00) = position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality; sense 3 = position in a continuum/series/process. Mastery of 3 R's is an amount/quality of knowledge; candidate 1 is likely best.

However, "level that prevailed 20 years ago" could be sense 7 abstract place/depth? "on a level" as abstract plane. But "level of meaning" yes; "educational level" often could be abstract place. The phrase "at the level" maybe "on that level". In the context, "academic level that prevailed 20 years ago". Could refer to a standard, which is an abstract level. But WordNet's sense 1 covers standard/degree.

Let's compare to examples for 7: "a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning". This is about layers/depth of meaning or interpretation, not about proficiency standard. So 7 not best.

Sense 2 "relative position or degree of value in a graded group" synonyms grade/tier; examples lumber grade, high grade. Could be "educational level", but definition says graded group, maybe tier. In "level that prevailed 20 years ago", not a group tier, but a degree on a scale.

Sense 1 definition uses "position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality". Mastery of 3 R's is a quality/amount. So 1.

Potential source: WS tasks may annotate "level" in "at the level" as level%1:07:00::. I think answer is 1.

Need final output only JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevailed
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that <t>prevailed</t> 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON only. We need choose best sense for "prevailed" in context: "at the level that prevailed 20 years ago". The phrase means "the level that existed/applied 20 years ago". Candidate senses: 1 be larger in number... 2 be valid, applicable, or true 3 continue to exist 4 prove superior 5 persuade. In this context, "level that prevailed 20 years ago" means level that existed/was current 20 years ago, often use sense 2 "be valid, applicable, or true" synonyms hold, obtain. But sense 3 "continue to exist" synonyms persist, endure also plausible: level that existed 20 years ago. Need choose single best. Let's examine WordNet mapping. The verb "prevail" sense 2:42:01 be valid, applicable, or true; examples "This theory still holds". It maps to "prevail%2:42:01::". "The level that prevailed 20 years ago" = the standard/level that was current/applicable 20 years ago. This is like "the conditions that prevail" sense? Wiktionary: prevail: be widespread, be current, exist; be in force, be effect. WordNet sense 2 is valid/applicable. But "level" is not a rule; it's a state. However "prevailed 20 years ago" can be "was in effect". Which index? The options: 2 is be valid, applicable, or true; 3 is continue to exist. Which is better? The phrase refers to the level of mastery that existed 20 years ago; not necessarily continuing. It's past tense "prevailed 20 years ago", meaning was the case then. The sense "be valid, applicable, or true" synonyms hold/obtain. "A level that obtained 20 years ago" sounds odd but "obtain" can mean exist/be prevalent. In WordNet, sense 2 examples "This theory still holds" suggests a rule or condition. Sense 3 is continue to exist, synonyms persist, die hard, run, endure. "These stories die hard; legend endures". This is about continuing existence over time, often despite adverse forces. But here no implication of continuation; just at a point in time 20 years ago. But sense 2 be valid/applicable can apply to standards/levels (mastery at the level that prevailed). The phrase "prevail" in dictionaries: "to be in use; to be current". WordNet sense 2 seems closest. Let's ensure not to confuse with 3. If sentence were "the conditions that prevailed in the past", likely sense 3 in WordNet? Hmm. WordNet sense 3: continue to exist; e.g., "These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures". This could correspond to "be current, be widespread" (a level that prevailed 20 years ago). But sense 2: "be valid, applicable, or true" examples "This theory still holds." Could also. Let's see PWN verb frames. prevail%2:42:00 (exist) has something is ---ing. prevail%2:42:01 (hold/obtain) maybe also. Which is the standard mapping for "the system that prevailed"? WordNet's verb group maybe. Let's retrieve from memory: WordNet 3.1 entries for prevail: v.1 continue to exist; "The legend of Elvis endures"; v.2 be valid, applicable, or true; "This theory still holds"; v.3 be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance; "Hispanics predominate"; v.4 prove superior; "The champion prevailed"; v.5 use persuasion successfully. So no separate "be current" sense. The word "prevailed" in "level that prevailed 20 years ago" would likely be mapped to v.2 (be valid, applicable, or true) because it refers to the standard that held/applied. But v.1 (continue to exist) is also possible because the level existed. However v.1 examples emphasize enduring persistence; target is temporal but not "continue". v.2 examples emphasize being valid/true. Standards/levels are more like validity. So answer index 2. The user wants JSON exactly {"sense_index": 2}. No prose. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 <t>years</t> ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense index for "years" in context "at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." It refers to a period of time containing 365 days, 20 years ago. Sense 1 fits: a period of time containing 365/366 days. Sense 2 is school year? Not used with "20 years ago". Sense 3 planet revolution, maybe Earth year but not here. Sense 4 body of students. So index 1. Ensure only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mean
Target surface form: means
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This <t>means</t> "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mean%2:32:01:: | definition=mean or intend to express or convey | synonyms=intend | examples=You never understand what I mean!; what do his words intend?
2. sense_key=mean%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a logical consequence | synonyms=entail, imply | examples=The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers
3. sense_key=mean%2:32:03:: | definition=denote or connote | synonyms=intend, signify, stand for | examples=`maison' means `house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means
4. sense_key=mean%2:31:00:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, think | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
5. sense_key=mean%2:42:03:: | definition=have a specified degree of importance | examples=My ex-husband means nothing to me; Happiness means everything
6. sense_key=mean%2:31:01:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=think of, have in mind | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
7. sense_key=mean%2:31:05:: | definition=destine or designate for a certain purpose | examples=These flowers were meant for you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform fine-grained WSD for lemma mean, surface means. Context: educational system, student mobility, no grad w/o mastery 3R's at level 20 years ago. This means "tracking", whose main purpose... So This means X. It means tracking. Which sense applies? Let's analyze.

"This means tracking" means that what was proposed entails tracking. The word means here: indicates logical consequence. The antecedent statements (move up ladder as potential, no grad w/o mastered 3Rs at level 20yrs ago) have as a logical consequence tracking. The meaning: If you implement those policies, the result is tracking. That aligns sense 2: have as a logical consequence; synonyms entail, imply; examples "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers". Here "This means tracking" seems like the policies mean tracking, i.e., entail/negative logical consequence. It uses a gerund noun "tracking" rather than clause; "This means X" can also denote. But candidate 2: have as logical consequence synonyms entail imply; 3: denote or connote. Need decide.

WordNet sense 2: mean%2:42:00:: have as a logical consequence; mean to say result: "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers". Also likely sense for weather means rain. In context: The policy prescriptions (students should move up by academic potential etc.) means tracking. That's a logical consequence: if these principles are followed, the resulting practice is tracking. It doesn't refer to word meaning; it's a real-world implication. Thus sense 2.

However consider "This means tracking" like "This implies tracking" vs "This denotes tracking"? It's not linguistic semantic denotation. So answer index 2. We must output only JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure valid JSON.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: main
Target surface form: main
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose <t>main</t> purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for word 'main' in context. Context: "tracking, whose main purpose is less to permit..." The word modifies "purpose" meaning primary/chief/important. Sense 1 fits: most important element. Sense 2 grammatically clause, no. Sense 3 force intensity. So output {"sense_index": 1}. Must only JSON object.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purpose
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main <t>purpose</t> is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The task is to choose the best sense for "purpose" in the context. Let me analyze the sentence:

"This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."

Here, "purpose" refers to the intended outcome or goal of tracking. The main purpose (intent/aim/design) of tracking is to ensure less gifted students get grounding.

Compare with senses:
1. purpose%1:09:00:: = an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions; synonyms: intent, intention, aim, design. This fits perfectly - the intended outcome/goal of tracking.

2. purpose%1:07:00:: = what something is used for; synonyms: function, role, use. This could also fit somewhat ("what tracking is used for"), but the context emphasizes the intended outcome, the goal, the aim. Also, the phrase "main purpose is to..." aligns more with sense 1 (anticipated outcome/intended result guiding actions).

3. purpose%1:07:01:: = determination. This doesn't fit at all.

So the best answer is sense 1.

The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. The index in the candidate list is 1. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: permit
Target surface form: permit
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to <t>permit</t> the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for target lemma permit, surface permit, context. Need output JSON {"sense_index": N}. Let's analyze.

Context: "tracking, whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..." The verb "permit" here means allow, make possible, enable the gifted youngsters to flourish. Candidate senses:
1. permit%2:32:00:: consent to, give permission. Examples She permitted her son to visit... This is about granting permission by an authority.
2. permit%2:41:00:: make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen. Examples This permits the water to rush in. This is enable/allow as a causal enabling condition.
3. permit%2:32:06:: allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting. Examples We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point. This is about tolerating/allowing presence or activity in a place.

In context, tracking's purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish. It means "enable/allow them to flourish" not "give permission" or "tolerate presence". The subject is tracking (a system), not a person giving permission. It makes it possible for gifted youngsters to flourish. So sense 2 fits best: make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen. Synonyms let, allow. Example "This permits the water to rush in" analogous "permit the gifted youngsters to flourish". So answer index 2.

Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So {"sense_index": 2}.