[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": N}. We are to choose single best sense for target word 'far' in sentence: "Progressive education"(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.' This is 'far more interesting' meaning 'to a considerable degree; very much'. Candidate 1 definition: to a considerable degree; very much; examples 'far far better' 'felt far worse'. Perfect. Need output only JSON. So {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Ambient


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "more" in the given context. I need to choose between two candidate senses. The answer should be only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. But wait, the candidate senses are 1 and 2. So the index can only be 1 or 2. Let's analyze.

The sentence: "Progressive education" (as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

So "more" is modifying "interesting and agreeable". It's a comparative of adjectives. Thus syntactically "more interesting and agreeable" - adjective comparative. Sense 1 definition: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" synonyms=to a greater extent examples=more interesting; more beautiful. This is exactly sense 1.

Sense 2 definition: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent. Examples: he works more now; they eat more than they should. This is an adverb/adverbial quantifier. In our context, "more" is used as part of comparative adjective phrase. So best sense is 1.

The target surface form "more". The index: sense 1 = more%4:02:00::, sense 2 = more%4:02:01::. I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

I need to ensure only JSON object exactly. No extra text. The user says return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So output just {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best indexed sense for "agreeable" in context. We need return JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need analyze.

Target sentence: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." Meaning: progressive education is more pleasant / to teachers' liking / enjoyable than disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers...

Candidate senses:
1. conventional adjective: conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; examples "Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow". This matches "agreeable to teachers" = pleasing to teachers, to their liking.
2. in keeping / consistent with: examples "salaries agreeable with current trends". Construction "agreeable with"? Not "to teachers".
3. prepared to agree or consent: "agreeable to the plan" e.g., a person being agreeable (willing to consent) to a plan? But here subject is progressive education, not a person. "agreeable to teachers" could be a phrase where teachers are prepared to agree? Actually "interesting and agreeable to teachers" in this sentence - likely "pleasing to teachers." Sense 1.

So answer sense_index: 1.

Need only JSON object. Ensure no additional commentary.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer WSD. Target lemma teacher, surface teachers. Context discusses progressive education vs disciplined instruction, what is agreeable to teachers, nice for teachers to think. Clearly human occupation. Sense 1 person whose occupation is teaching. Synonyms instructor. Sense 2 abstraction teaching examples books/experience not relevant. So choose index 1. Return JSON only.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense. Target lemma disciplined, form disciplined. Context: about education, progressive education vs disciplined instruction. It says 'Progressive education ... is far more interesting ... than is disciplined instruction.' Here disciplined instruction likely means instruction that follows rules, structured, controlled. Candidate sense 1 definition obeying the rules. Sense 2 trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise; examples muscles, mind. In education instruction context, disciplined instruction = controlled/structured instruction, sense 1. Need return JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3} but index is probably 1 or 2 corresponding to candidate sense. Candidate senses listed 1,2. Choose 1. Return only JSON object. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose sense index. We need parse target sentence: 'Progressive education ... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.' This is comparing progressive education to disciplined instruction in teaching. Instruction refers to activity of educating/instructing, or profession? Candidate 2: activities of educating or instructing; education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics. Candidate 3: profession of a teacher. Context: 'disciplined instruction' as opposed to progressive education; instruction is a process/activity in education. 'Teaching' as activity. Likely sense 2. Other senses: message describing how (directions, instruction manual) and computer instruction. Not here.
Need output JSON.
Now final answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with single JSON object sense_index. Let's analyze target 'nice' in sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..." Context: progressive education is more agreeable to teachers; it is nice (pleasant/agreeable) for teachers to think... Candidate 1: pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance. Examples "what a nice fellow... nice manners". That fits: it is pleasant/agreeable for teachers to think... Candidate 2: socially correct, respectable/decent: "a nice girl" not. Candidate 3: precise/skillful: not. Candidate 4: fastidious: not. Candidate 5: polite/courteous: not. So best is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 Let me analyze this carefully.

Target: "teachers" (plural of teacher)
Context: Discussion about American education, education establishment, progressive education, teaching as a profession, educational psychology and philosophy courses.

Candidate senses:
1. teacher%1:18:00 - a person whose occupation is teaching (synonyms: instructor)
2. teacher%1:09:00 - a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher)

In the context, the word "teachers" is used when discussing:
- "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers"
- "nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"
- "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'"
- "they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"

These are clearly human educators. They have a profession, take courses, think about personality development, minimize tests. This is the person occupation sense, not a personified abstraction.

So the answer is sense 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The target is "think" in the sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

We need choose best WordNet sense among candidates. The meaning: teachers regard / judge / believe/consider themselves as engaged in personality development. Actually "think" here means believe, consider, regard (with content that clause). The phrase "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'" means teachers believe/consider/regard themselves as being engaged. Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge; synonyms believe, consider, conceive; examples "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart". This is think + that clause with belief/regard. Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose; synonyms opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess; examples "I imagine she earned a lot...; I thought to find her..." Slight difference. Sense 1 more about judging/regarding to be true; sense 2 about opine/suppose. Context: It is nice for teachers to think (believe/consider) they are engaged in personality development. More like regard/judge/believe; fits sense 1. Let's check other senses. Sense 12 be capable of conscious thought not fit. Sense 13 bring into condition no. Sense 9 ponder no. Sense 11 formulate in mind no. Sense 1 is the standard "think" governing that clause with proposition. Need answer JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense. Context: "personality development" in education, meaning development of the individual's personality attributes. Sense 1: attributes that characterize unique individual. Sense 2: prominent person. Clearly sense 1. Need output {"sense_index":1}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target is "development" in the phrase "personality development". The context is about Progressive education, teachers believing they are engaged in "personality development". This is about the development/growth/maturation of personality. So sense 2: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage), with synonyms evolution, examples "the development of his ideas took many years". This fits personality development as a process of maturation/advancement. Sense 1 is act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining, e.g., development of a plan. Sense 3 is biological process (organism growing). Personality development is not purely biological; it's broader. Sense 2 is best. Answer JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform WSD for word "even" in sentence. Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." We need choose among four senses, return JSON sense_index only. The target lemma even. The usage: "even nicer" means to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons. Comparable adjective nicer, synonyms yet/still. So sense 3 fits. Sense 1 intensive unexpected might fit maybe "even nicer" as intensifier? WordNet sense 3 definition: to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem. Here "even nicer" modifies comparative nicer. So answer 3. Ensure only JSON exact.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON {"sense_index": X}. Need decide sense for "nicer" in sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." Context: progressive education more interesting/agreeable to teachers. "nice for teachers to think" means pleasant/agreeable. "nicer" comparative: even more pleasant/agreeable. Candidate sense 1 definition: pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance. That matches. Others: socially correct, precise, fastidious, polite. No. So index 1. Need only JSON. Ensure exact.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for lemma minimize, surface minimize. Context sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development" and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." They want to choose among three senses: 1 make small/insignificant (e.g. reduce in amount or quantity?). 2 represent as less significant or important; understate, downplay. 3 cause to seem less serious; play down, belittle. Let's analyze meaning. "minimize those irksome tests" likely means reduce the importance/role of tests, not make tests smaller physically? In education context, progressive education downplays tests. The phrase "minimize those irksome tests" idiomatically means reduce their frequency/significance, treat as less important. Sense 1 "make small or insignificant" can fit if teachers reduce tests. But in WN sense 1 examples "Let's minimize the risk" usually means reduce risk to smallest degree (make minimal), i.e., reduce in scale. Sense 2 "represent as less significant or important" synonyms understate, downplay. Sense 3 "cause to seem less serious; play down" synonyms belittle/denigrate. Which is best? The context: "nice for teachers ... even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." It refers to teachers reducing tests or making tests less significant. The phrase "with often disappointing results" refers to tests yielding disappointing results? If they minimize tests (downplay them), they avoid dealing with disappointing results. Actually "those irksome tests with often disappointing results" makes "minimize" act on tests. minimize = make the tests minimal (fewer tests). This is sense 1 make small or insignificant. But there is nuance: The author says progressive education is more agreeable because it is nice to minimize those irksome tests. Does that mean conduct fewer tests, reduce standardized testing? In education debates, "minimize" commonly means "reduce the number of tests." That's sense 1 (make small or insignificant). However sense 2 "represent as less significant" could be "to minimize the importance of test results." But direct object is "tests" not "importance of tests." One can minimize the role/significance of tests (downplay). Let's compare WordNet definitions:

Sense 1: make small or insignificant. This implies reduce size/degree/importance? Examples "Let's minimize the risk". In risk, minimize means reduce to minimum (make as small as possible). So "minimize those irksome tests" could be "reduce the number/size/role of tests to minimum."

Sense 2: represent as less significant or important. Example: "He minimized the role of ..."; synonyms: understate, downplay. If the object is a representation/assessment? "minimize those irksome tests" could be "represent them as unimportant," but less natural with concrete tests.

Sense 3: cause to seem less serious; play down. "Don't belittle his influence." Synonyms denigrate/belittle. Not quite; tests aren't being belittled via disparagement.

We need choose single best. Need decide between 1 and 2. Let's consider WSD conventions in WordNet. If someone minimizes something (e.g., "minimize the problem"), often sense 2 (understate) or 3 (belittle). However minimize+concrete object like "tests" might be sense 1. In Princeton WordNet, sense 1 minify? WordNet index: minimize (verb) 1: minimize, minimise -- make small or insignificant; "Let's minimize the risk" ; 2: understate, minimise, downplay, minimize -- represent as less significant or important; 3: belittle, disparage, pick at, minimize -- cause to seem less serious; play down. Sense 1 likely only used with measurable things you can reduce to a minimum. "Tests" are countable events, so you can minimize (reduce number). But the intended meaning in context seems "reduce the role/importance of those tests." They are irksome; progressive teachers dislike tests; so they minimize tests (i.e., keep tests to a minimum), because tests have disappointing results. This is sense 1? Let's parse: "It is nice ... to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." Could read as nice to make (the number of) those tests as small as possible. That aligns sense 1. If the phrase were "minimize the importance of those tests", sense 2. Since object is tests themselves, sense 1 is more likely.

But let's challenge: Is "minimize those irksome tests" likely means "belittle/downplay the tests" (i.e., treat them as unimportant, perhaps focus less on them). But "irksome" and "disappointing results" suggests avoiding tests. If you downplay their importance, it may be nice. In education establishment, they minimize the importance/significance of testing. However minimizing "those tests" directly can also mean to reduce their use. WSD meaning depends if there's a countable reduction vs representation.

The instruction: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." So look at examples: Sense 1 example "Let's minimize the risk" ~ reduce risk. Sense 2 examples? Not provided but synonyms understate/downplay. Sense 3 example "Don't belittle his influence" ~ disparage. The sentence includes tests as objects; in "minimize the risk" risk is an abstract potential harm to reduce. "Tests" are concrete countable things. The teacher's behavior is to minimize them - make fewer or less significant. Since synonym "make small or insignificant" matches "reduce tests." Sense 2 "represent as less significant or important" requires representational action; teachers are not merely representing tests as less significant; they actually conduct fewer tests (progressive education de-emphasizes testing). The author may argue progressive education lets teachers avoid the hard reality of tests by minimizing them. So sense 1.

Could there be a subtlety that sense 2's object "those irksome tests" could mean "to downplay those tests"? In common usage, "minimize the tests" (e.g., in medicine) means reduce use of. In context of illiteracy and disciplined instruction vs progressive education, "minimize those irksome tests" sounds like reduce testing (make small). So I choose sense 1. Need return JSON only.

Wait: Let's explore WordNet sense index mapping: There are three candidate senses; keys include percentages after lemma: minimize%2:30:00:: is sense 1; minimize%2:32:01:: sense 2; minimize%2:32:00:: sense 3. They want answer as {"sense_index": 1}. Yes.

Double-check if maybe sense 2 is more appropriate because "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" = "make little of those tests" / "downplay them." In thesaurus, "minimize" with object can mean "to reduce to a minimum" or "to treat or describe as less significant than is the case." Here the author is criticizing progressive education; the nice thing for teachers is to minimize tests (i.e., downplay the importance of testing) because it spares them from knowing their failures. But "minimize" may mean "reduce the significance/role" semantically fits sense 2/3. However the direct object "tests" can be the significance of tests; but phrase "minimize those irksome tests" not "minimize the importance of those tests". In lexical semantics, "minimize" can take a concrete object and either reduce its physical occurrence (minimize the number of tests) or reduce its perceived importance? Let's examine the word "irksome." Irksome means annoying, vexing. "disappointing results" modifies "tests." If you minimize something because it is irksome and has disappointing results, you want less of it (reduce it). That's make small. If you belittle it, you might do so because the tests make you look bad; but you wouldn't minimize "those irksome tests" rather you'd minimize their role/importance. The author likely says progressive education is attractive because it allows teachers to minimize the amount/role of tests. So sense 1.

Let's also check whether Sense 2 is specifically transitive represent-as-less-significant: examples from WordNet probably: "I don't want to minimize the threat"; "He minimized the danger" maybe sense 2 vs sense 3? Actually sense 1 is "make small or insignificant" (literal reduce); sense 2 is represent as less significant. Example for sense 2 might be "He minimized the possibility of failure". Sense 3 "Don't belittle his influence." In contexts like "minimize the problem," sense 2 might be selected by WordNet? Let's verify typical WordNet assignments: "minimize%2:30:00::" make small or insignificant e.g "Let's minimize the risk." "minimize%2:32:01::" represent as less significant or important e.g "I don't want to minimize your contribution." "minimize%2:32:00::" cause to seem less serious; play down e.g "Don't belittle his influence." Many uses of "minimize" are sense 2 (downplay). In our sentence, "even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." It is somewhat like "to minimize risk/disappointing results" but object is tests. The teachers think they are engaged in personality development and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests. In "make small or insignificant," you can make tests insignificant by not using them. In "represent as less significant," you can minimize tests by saying they aren't important. Which reading fits the progressive education emphasis? Progressive education historically de-emphasized standardized tests/rote learning, focusing on child-centered learning. So the author says progressive education is nice because it allows teachers to minimize irksome tests (i.e., reduce/avoid them). This is more sense 1 (reduce) than sense 2. But the author could also say the "education establishment will fight common sense" because tests provide feedback; progressive educators minimize the problem/importance of tests. Hmm.

We must choose single best with no hedging. I need be confident. Let's examine syntactic and semantic clues for each sense.

Sense 1: "make small or insignificant" - typically with quantifiable/concrete or abstract entities that can be made smaller in size, amount, quantity, or extent. Examples: minimize costs, risk, exposure, impact, number of tests. "Tests" (countable plural) can be minimized in number. This is a frequent collocation in education: "minimize standardized tests." It simply means conduct fewer. The adjective "irksome" and "with disappointing results" are reasons to reduce them (make small). Teachers would find it nice to minimize (reduce) tests. This resolves their tension.

Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important" - object is typically an abstract fact/role/importance, e.g., "minimize the threat," "minimize the extent of the problem." It involves communication/cognition, making claims that understate significance. The author doesn't say teachers "represent tests as less important"; they simply like less testing. The "with often disappointing results" is not about representing; if tests have disappointing results, reducing them helps avoid accountability. So sense 1.

Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious" - similar but with connotation of belittling/disparagement. Not applicable.

Thus choose sense 1.

Need provide JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. No extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for target lemma test, surface tests in context. Context: education, progressive education, minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. Teachers dislike tests. In education, tests are examinations evaluating skill/knowledge. Candidate sense 3: a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; synonyms examination, exam. That fits. Sense 2 is standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity/memory/intelligence/aptitude/personality etc (mental test, psychometric test). Could tests in education be mental tests? But context: minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. Likely school tests/exams. Sense 3 best. Need return JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "often" in sentence. Need analyze.

Target sentence: "...minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." We need determine adverb sense of "often".

Glosses:
1. many times at short intervals; synonyms frequently, oftentimes, etc. examples we often met over a cup of coffee. This is frequency sense: happens many times.
2. frequently or in great quantities; synonyms much, a great deal. Used with non-count verbs: "I don't drink much". So "much" meaning quantity/degree.
3. in many cases or instances.

Context: tests with often disappointing results. Here "often" modifies "disappointing results"? Actually phrase "tests with often disappointing results" means "tests whose results are often disappointing." It denotes in many instances/cases the results are disappointing. Could be sense 3: in many cases or instances. Sense 1 many times at short intervals also could fit: tests frequently have disappointing results. But the result is not an event repeated at short intervals? "Often disappointing results" uses "often" as a frequency adverb meaning "frequently" (sense 1) or "in many cases" (sense 3). Need choose best.

Let's think WordNet may have distinction: sense 1 for "often" with verbs of repeated action (we often met). Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" likely used with stative or generalization: "antihistamines often cause drowsiness"? Let's check known WordNet senses. often has adv senses: 1 frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes "many times at short intervals" example we often met over a cup of coffee. 2 much, a great deal "frequently or in great quantities" examples I don't drink much; I don't travel much. 3 "in many cases or instances".

In phrase "tests with often disappointing results", "often" modifies adjective "disappointing"? Actually "tests with often disappointing results" parse: preposition "with", noun phrase "often disappointing results" where "often" modifies adjective "disappointing". This is generic statement: tests, which in many cases produce disappointing results. Could align with sense 3: in many cases or instances. But sense 1 could also work: "frequently disappointing results" if "disappointing results" considered events.

Need decide which is "single best indexed sense". The instructions: use sentence context, examples, synonyms. Sentence context: "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" = avoid tests because their results are often disappointing. It is not about how many times at short intervals; it is about proportion of cases. Therefore sense 3 is best.

Let's produce JSON exactly: {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON. Need disambiguate 'results' in sentence: 'minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results'. Target lemma result, surface results. Tests have results (scores/ outcomes). Candidate senses: 1 = phenomenon follows and caused by previous phenomenon; consequence effect outcome event issue upshot. Example magnetic effect. 'Tests with disappointing results' — results of tests are outcomes. Could fit sense 1 definition: phenomenon follows from tests. Synonyms outcome. Sense 3 = something that results; resultant, final result, outcome, termination; example he listened for the results on the radio. That specifically is used for outcome of an event like election results, test results. Sense 1 emphasizes causal phenomenon. However WordNet sense 3 is 'something that results' and often used plural 'results'. Which indexed is best? Need consider distinction: sense 1 result%1:19:00:: = consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot. The definition 'a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon' includes test results as phenomena caused/produced by tests. Sense 3 result%1:11:00:: = 'something that results' (resultant). Hmm both close. In WordNet, result noun has 4 senses: result, consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot (phenomenon) is sense 1; result, solution etc sense 2; result, resultant, final result, outcome, termination sense 3; semantic role sense 4. For 'test results' dictionaries often use sense 6? Actually WordNet examples: sense 3 has 'he listened for the results on the radio'. That suggests news/election/sports results. But also 'the results of the test' maybe sense 3 or sense 1. Let's inspect typical mapping. In WordNet 3.0/3.1 there are these senses. 'result %1:11:00::' likely tagged in SemCor? For tests, scores are 'result' due to test. The distinction: sense 1 has hypernym phenomenon (mainly abstract/physical effect). Sense 3 has hypernym ending/final result? It might include 'the outcome of a process/resultant'. Words 'final result', 'outcome', 'termination'. Test results are the final outcome of taking the test. Schools 'test results' often sense 3. Sense 1 more general: 'consequence/effect'. The sentence emphasizes tests with disappointing results, the output/scores/outcome. Best sense likely 3. Need return JSON only, no explanation. Ensure no markdown? instruction says exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose single best indexed sense for target "provides" in context. Context quote: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses..."

"provide someone with something" - give something useful/necessary? It provides teachers with a superior self-definition... This is about supplying/giving to someone. Could be sense 1: give something useful or necessary to. Not 2 (support/food/sustenance). 3 legal proviso no. 4 mount/put up no. 5 make possibility no. 6 earn a living (provides for) no. 7 take measures in preparation no.

So choose index 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "teacher" with surface form "teachers" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage is about American education, progressive education, disciplined instruction
- It mentions "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction"
- "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"
- "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'"
- "they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"
- The author mentions possibly becoming a "schoolteacher"

Candidate senses:
1. teacher%1:18:00:: - a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. teacher%1:09:00:: - a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Clearly, the context is referring to actual human beings who work as teachers in schools. The word "teachers" is used in the sense of people whose occupation is teaching, not as a personified abstraction. The examples for sense 2 explicitly show personification (books, experience as teachers), which is not the case here.

So the best sense is sense 1.

I need to return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}. The instructions say "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense. Context: teachers defining themselves as a "profession", because they passed courses in educational psychology and philosophy. This uses "profession" as a body of people in a learned occupation? Or an occupation requiring special education? The phrase "as a profession" could mean self-definition as a professional group/body. Let's examine.

The sentence: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a '<t>profession</t>,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." They think of themselves as a profession (a learned occupational group) because they have special training. Candidate 1: the body of people in a learned occupation. Candidate 2: an occupation requiring special education. The phrase "as a profession" in "self-definition as a profession" could refer to a professional group, not just occupation. However, the reason given (passed courses) emphasizes learned occupation. The word "profession" can mean both an occupation and the people engaged in it. Which is better?

WordNet sense 1 (profession%1:14:00::) = the body of people in a learned occupation. Example: "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists". Here 'the medical profession' refers to the body of doctors. 'Teachers as a profession' = teachers as a body. The phrase "self-definition as a 'profession'" refers to teachers considering themselves part of a profession, a body of learned people.

Sense 2 (profession%1:04:00::) = an occupation requiring special education. Example? (not given). "Teaching is a profession" uses sense 2? Actually in WordNet, "profession" as occupation is a noun denoting act or occupation? Let's think. WordNet hierarchy: 1:04 = act, human action, activity. "the body of people in a learned occupation" is 1:14 = group. The phrase "He is a lawyer by profession" or "She made her profession in medicine" maybe sense 2? "Teaching is a profession" might be sense 2 (occupation). But "the medical profession" is sense 1. The phrase "self-definition as a profession" seems more like "body of people in a learned occupation" because "as a profession" collectively refers to teachers as a group; they define themselves as a profession, i.e., as a learned occupational group, not as an occupation itself. Also the surrounding critique: progressive education gives teachers a superior self-definition as a "profession". This is like teachers' professional status. "profession" = a group with special training.

Need choose single best indexed sense. Answer JSON with sense_index matching candidate number. Candidate list enumerated 1-4. So likely sense_index: 1. But let's be thorough.

Could sense 2 be more appropriate? The phrase "self-definition as a profession" means defining themselves as a profession (occupation requiring special education). The reason: they have passed courses. It aligns with definition requiring special education. But "self-definition as a profession" says they think of themselves as a profession, i.e., an elite occupation. The noun "profession" can refer to occupation (What do you do? My profession is teaching). However, the pronoun "they" refers to teachers; "as a profession" for a group may be ambiguous. In dictionaries, "profession" as "a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification" vs "the body of people engaged in a profession". Which one is WordNet 1:04? Definition: "an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)". This matches teachers' occupation. The context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses..." They will have passed courses, which qualifies the occupation as a profession. They are defining their occupation as a profession. The word is in quotes, perhaps indicating they consider themselves a profession. Actually the phrase "self-definition as a 'profession'" might mean seeing themselves as professionals, i.e., belonging to a profession (group). If the author wrote "as a 'profession'," the indefinite article suggests countable occupation? "a profession" can be both: "a profession" = an occupation; "a profession" = a body of people? "a profession" as group: "a profession of lawyers"? Maybe yes, "the profession" more common for group. But "a profession" often means occupation.

Let's parse grammar: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a '<t>profession</t>'". What does "as a profession" modify? "self-definition as a profession" = defining themselves to be a profession. The subject is teachers (plural). A group of teachers as a profession (body). Could be: each teacher defines his/her occupation as a profession (sense 2). Which nuance does the author intend? He critiques progressive education for giving teachers a sense of being a professional elite, "a superior self-definition as a 'profession'". This likely means they see themselves as members of a learned profession (body), because they have studied psychology and philosophy, not just teaching skills. The word "profession" used here is "the body of people in a learned occupation". The example "medical profession" exactly fits: "the medical profession" is a body of people; here "teachers as a profession". Also the phrase "self-definition" is social identity of a group. So sense 1.

Potential issue: WordNet sense 1 definition says "the body of people in a learned occupation" and examples with "the medical profession". If the text had "the teaching profession," that would be sense 1. "as a profession" is somewhat equivalent. The author refers to teachers collectively, giving them a superior self-definition as a profession (i.e., as an occupational group with advanced learning). So sense_index: 1.

We must output JSON only, no explanation. Ensure exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for target word "passed" in context. Context: "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." Meaning succeeded/completed a course/exam. Candidate senses: sense 14 pass%2:41:08 definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam. That's the closest. Also sense 16 accept or judge as acceptable (teacher passed student). But phrase "passed courses" means completed them successfully, sense 14. So answer {"sense_index":14}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "courses" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target surface form is "courses" and the target lemma is "course". The context is:
"...since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

So we're talking about courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy that teachers take in college. The phrase "passed courses in" and "took such courses in college" strongly suggests an educational context.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes

2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available

3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast

4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place

5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal

6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy

7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal

8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks

9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

The context clearly involves educational courses - "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" and "took such courses in college". This matches sense 1 perfectly: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" with synonyms "course of study, course of instruction, class" and the example "he took a course in basket weaving".

Sense 6 is "a body of students who are taught together" which is more about the group of students (classmates), not the educational subject/lessons. The context is about passing/taking courses, which refers to the educational content, not the body of students.

So the best sense is 1.

The user instructions say:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

So I need to return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 Let me analyze this WSD task carefully.

Target word: "educational"
Context: "educational psychology and educational philosophy"
Candidate senses:
1. relating to the process of education (examples: educational psychology)
2. providing knowledge (examples: an educational film)

The phrase "educational psychology" appears exactly in the context and is listed as the example for sense 1. "Educational philosophy" similarly relates to the field/process of education.

Sense 1 means "relating to the process of education" - educational psychology is psychology as applied to education, the study of how people learn. Educational philosophy is philosophy of education.

Sense 2 means "providing knowledge" - an educational film provides knowledge. This doesn't fit "educational psychology" because psychology isn't providing knowledge in that sense; it's afield of study related to education.

Also, in the passage, the author is talking about teachers having passed courses in "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy" - these are academic disciplines related to education, not things that provide knowledge.

So the answer is clearly sense 1.