[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON. Need choose best sense for "preceded" in sentence: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel". Meaning colon cancer is earlier in time? Actually precede means be earlier in time, occur before. Cancer is preceded by polyps in time. Candidate 1: be earlier in time; go back further; synonyms predate, forego, etc. Example Stone tools precede bronze tools. This fits temporal earlier. Candidate 3: be the predecessor of; example Bill preceded John in line of husbands. Also temporal/sequential but specifically predecessor relation, more about order of succession. Candidate 2: come before syntactic position. Not. Candidate 4: move ahead (of others). Not. Candidate 5: preface. Not.
Between 1 and 3. The event of cancer being preceded by polyps: polyps precede cancer in time, not necessarily predecessor of person. "be earlier in time; go back further" is best. Also WordNet sense 1 includes temporal precedence; sense 3 is "be the predecessor of" often used for persons/positions. Example "Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands". This is predecessor role, often with in office/role. Here "it often is preceded by the development of polyps" is passive, impersonal events. Sense 1 more appropriate.
Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need choose sense index for target 'development' in context. Need analyze. Sentence: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." Development here = the process by which polyps come into existence/grow in the bowel. It's biological process of growth/formation of polyps? Candidate WordNet senses. Index: 1 act of improving by expanding/enlarging/refining. 2 process in which something passes by degrees to different stage (esp advanced/mature). 3 biology process of individual organism growing organically; purely biological unfolding ... from simple to more complex. 4 recent event. 5 act of making area profitable. 6 district. 7 state.... 8 photosensitive. 9 music.

This development of polyps is a biological process, growth of polyps. Synonyms for #3 include growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny. The noun "development" in biology (ontogeny) specifically individual organism growing organically, not necessarily a specific tissue formation like polyps. However WordNet examples include "proposed an indicator of osseous development in children". The development of polyps in the bowel—polyps are not an organism? They are an abnormal growth of tissue; "development" in this biological/medical process. Sense 3 seems best because it involves biological unfolding, growth. But could sense 2 also fit: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially advanced or mature stage)". The development of polyps = they develop from cells? They pass by degrees to different stage? It can also be "evolution" synonyms. Hmm.

Let's scrutinize. Context describes colon cancer arises from multiple hits on cancer suppressor genes, develops in stages; preceded by development of polyps, increasing malignant in stages; as though cascade genetic damage occurring. "development of polyps" refers to polyps forming and growing (biological growth). In WordNet, sense 3 definition "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". Strictly, an individual organism, but maybe not polyp. But it is biological 'growth'. Sense 2 "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage..." is more general, example "the development of his ideas took many years". Not specifically biology. However target is "development of polyps" where development means 'the process of developing/growing' of polyps.

In WSD datasets, semantic focus matters. Since other senses are land or music, the correct likely 3 (biological process) because context: molecular biologist, cancer, bowel, malignant stages, genetic damage. Wait sense 3's "purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" could refer cancer developing in stages too; but target is development of polyps (growth of polyps). This isFD.

We must answer only JSON. Must choose single best indexed sense. I think index 3 (development%1:22:01::) is the best.

However consider sense 2 is "development" as process of an idea or event or disease? Actually WordNet sense 2: process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage, especially more advanced/mature. It is the second of the three noun senses under noun.process (1:22). There are development%1:22:00:: (photographic processing), %1:22:01:: (biological growth), %1:22:02:: (process advancing). In passage: "preceded by the development of polyps" might mean the formation/growth process. The preceding phrase: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which...progressing from less severe to deadly". This describes a gradual change over stages. Could interpret development of polyps as the biological growth/maturation of polyps, which may align with sense 3. Also "development" here not as idea (sense2).

Need decide. Does development of polyps refer to individual organism? Polyps are individual organism? Some are aquatic animals; but bowel polyps are growths. Polyp as medical term is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from mucous membrane. The development of polyps is growth, maturation. So sense 3 or maybe sense 2? Let's examine candidate examples. Sense 3 examples: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (bone growth). "ossous development" = biological growth/maturation. It also has synonyms growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis. All about organism growth. The development of polyps falls under a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level? Polyps are not organism but growths. The phrase "development of a tumor" might be assigned sense 3 in WordNet? In WN, tumor development maybe? The word "development" in developmental biology often = ontogeny. So best index 3.

Instruction: Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only JSON: {"sense_index": 3}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose single best indexed sense. Context: bowel polyps, mucous membrane growths, colon cancer. Candidate sense 1 is mucous membrane vascular growth (medical). Candidate sense 2 is coelenterate form. Clearly sense 1. Need return JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best WordNet sense for target lemma "case", surface form "cases" in context: "which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant..." We need output JSON only {"sense_index": ...}. Need not answer with sense key. Let's analyze.

Context: colon cancer often preceded by development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages. "In some cases" is an idiomatic expression meaning in some instances/occurrences. Candidate sense 1: an occurrence of something, synonyms instance, example; examples: it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday. That matches "some cases" = some instances. Candidate 2: a special set of circumstances, synonyms event; examples: in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled. But "in some cases" is not "in which case" as conditional? It refers to instances where polyps become malignant. Could sense 2? "case" as a set of circumstances: "in some cases" = in some situations/circumstances. However WordNet sense 2 example "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled" uses "in which case" as a set of circumstances. The context "in some cases" is plural, referring to some instances of polyps. The sense 1 definition "an occurrence of something" and synonyms instance/example. It specifically includes "another instance occurred yesterday". "In some cases" is a phrase meaning in some instances. So best is sense 1. Also consider sense 6/7 (person requiring services or subject). Not here, polyps not persons. Sense 12 (state of mind). No. So answer sense_index 1.

Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no other text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "become" in context: "polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages". "Becoming" meaning enter or assume a certain state or condition vs undergo a change/development. The schema sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition = go, get. Sense 2: undergo a change or development = turn. In "become increasingly malignant" describes polyps assuming a state/condition (malignant). It indicates entering a state, not necessarily changing into a different entity. Sense 1 likely. WordNet become%2:30:00 is "enter or assume a certain state or condition"; examples: "He became annoyed"; "It must be getting more serious." That fits. Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" examples "Her former friend became her worst enemy" (turn). Not as good. Output JSON only.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need do WSD for target lemma stage, surface stages. Context: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." This refers to identifiable stages in disease progression, distinct time periods/phases. Candidate senses: 1 distinct time period in sequence of events (phase). 2 specific identifiable position in continuum/series/process (degree, level, point). Need choose best. "in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This suggests distinct phases? Sense 2 is about identifiable position in a continuum/process, with synonyms degree, level, point. Polyps become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages? Actually medical staging: "stage" of cancer = extent, identifiable position in process. Sense 1 = any distinct time period in a sequence of events. Example: transitional stage, ideas revised. Sense 2: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process. Examples: at what stage are the social sciences? It sounds like "stage" as in "at an early stage". In this context, "develop in stages" earlier in the paragraph: "it often seems to develop in stages." That is sense 1 maybe. Then "in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This is about stages of polyp malignancy, identifiable positions -> sense 2. But both are closely related. Need choose single best indexed sense. Let's evaluate WordNet senses.

Stage%1:28:00:: noun.time: any distinct time period in a sequence of events. Synonyms: phase. Hypernyms: time period. Examples: we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected.

Stage%1:26:00:: noun.state: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process. Synonyms: degree, level, point. Examples: a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?

The context: "preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This is progression from less severe to deadly: positions in a continuum/process. "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" matches "identifiable stages". Also "increasingly malignant". So sense 2 is likely best. But "develop in stages" in earlier sentence might be sense 1. Target instance is the second "stages" within "in identifiable stages". Even first part "develop in stages" could be sense 2? "develops in stages" = in identifiable positions? Usually phrase "in stages" can mean piecemeal, step by step. WordNet sense 2 includes "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" and examples "at what stage are the social sciences?" That refers to a stage as a point. The phrase "develops in stages" could be either. But the clue "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" strongly aligns with sense 2.

Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 2}. The instructions say do not answer with WordNet sense key, only JSON object. So final: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for target lemma progress, surface form progressing. We must choose single best sense among three candidates. Need reason carefully.

Context: colon cancer often develops in stages, preceded by polyps that in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though cascade of genetic damage occurring.

We need distinguish progress senses:
1. progress%2:30:00 develop in a positive way (come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up). Example: He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along. This sense implies improvement/development, often in skill, health, plants. Here polyps become increasingly malignant: it is development but negative, not positive. Could still use sense 1? Gloss says positive way. But WordNet glosses can be schematic. However 'become increasingly malignant' is not positive. It is progression in severity/disease stages. Synonyms come along come on shape up imply positive progression. So not best.

2. progress%2:38:00 move forward, also in metaphorical sense. Synonyms: advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on. Example: Time marches on. This is about moving forward in time/sequence/stages. Here 'progressing from less severe to deadly' describes advancing through stages. It fits metaphorical movement forward along a continuum/sequence.

3. progress%2:30:01 form or accumulate steadily; synonyms build up, work up, build; examples resistance built up, pressure is building up. This is accumulation, not sequential stage transition. The phrase 'progressing from less severe to deadly' is not accumulation but moving through stages. So sense 2 best.

Need return JSON object exactly {"sense_index": 2}. The instructions say do not answer with a WordNet sense key, return only JSON. So final answer only JSON. Ensure exact style.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation for target lemma less, surface less. Candidate senses: 1 less%4:02:00:: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (degree adverb modifying adjective/adverb, to a lesser extent) examples less interesting, less expensive. 2 less%4:02:01:: comparative of little, examples she walks less than she should; he works less these days (adverb of quantity/frequency, opposite of more). Context: "progressing from less severe to deadly". Here less modifies adjective severe, meaning to a lesser degree; comparative adverb/adjective: less severe. So sense 1. Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine best sense for "severe" in context: "progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." It describes polyps becoming increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly. So severe means serious/grave/life-threatening? Let's examine candidates.

Candidate 1: intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality; synonyms terrible, wicked; examples severe pain, severe case of flu. This is common for severe illness. But context "less severe to deadly" is about malignant degree. Candidate 5: causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm; synonyms dangerous, grave, serious, life-threatening. Example dangerous operation, grave situation. Candidate 6: very bad in degree or extent; examples severe worldwide depression, severe damage.

We need choose single best. WordNet sense distinctions can be subtle. "Severe" modifying disease stage: "less severe to deadly". In WordNet, sense 1 is "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality". Sense 5 is "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm". Sense 6 is "very bad in degree or extent". The context of cancer progression from less severe to deadly fits perhaps sense 5 (serious, grave, life-threatening) more than sense 1 (intensely bad/unpleasant). But let's think.

WordNet sense keys:
1 severe%5:00:00:intense:00 adj: intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality (severe pain; a severe case of flu)
5 severe%5:00:00:critical:03 adj: causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm (dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening)

In the context "polyps ... become increasingly malignant ... progressing from less severe to deadly". The adjective "severe" here describes the malignancy's seriousness, i.e., grave/life-threatening. It is paired with "deadly". Among candidates, sense 5 synonyms include serious, grave, life-threatening, dangerous; sense 1 includes terrible, wicked. Which is better? "less severe to deadly" indicates severity as life-threatening harm, so sense 5. Candidate 6 "very bad in degree or extent" could also apply, but synonyms not given; "severe damage". However WordNet has multiple senses. Fine-grained WSD task: We must not hedge.

Let's examine phrase "severe" in medical context. WSD often: severe case -> sense 1? Let's recall SemCor? For "severe" with illness, WordNet might tag as sense 1 (intensely bad). But "severe" in "severe burns" maybe sense 1. "less severe to deadly" could be "serious" sense (5). Let's see glosses: "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm". Polyps becoming malignant increasingly "severe". It's not necessarily causing fear (though yes). "Progressing from less severe to deadly" uses severe as a gradable property of disease, similar to "serious". That aligns with sense 5 synonyms "serious, grave, life-threatening". But the definition says "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm" which includes "serious". Also "critical" sense. The term "severe" in medical staging often means serious / life-threatening. In WordNet, "severe" under "critical" sense: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening. That fits.

Candidate 1: "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality". This is more about subjective unpleasantness (pain, flu). For cancer, less severe to deadly is not about unpleasantness but threat to life. So sense 5.

Candidate 6: "very bad in degree or extent". This is broader; includes worldwide depression, house damage. Could fit "severe" as degree of malignancy. But sense 5 is more specific to harmful threat.

Thus best = 5.

Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best index. Context: colon cancer, polyps become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though cascade of genetic damage occurring. "Deadly" here describes cancer stage that can cause death. Candidate sense 1 causing or capable of causing death: fatal. Candidate 2 instrument of certain death (applies to weapons/poisons). Candidate 3 toxic/venomous. 4 spiritual. 5 exceedingly harmful. 6 disease rapid course/violent effect. In context, polyps progress from less severe to deadly, meaning fatal/capable of causing death. Sense 1 best. Need JSON only.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON only. Need choose best indexed sense for word "genetic" in context: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" and later "signs of genetic damage". Meaning damage to genes/genetic material. Candidate senses: 1 inheritable, 2 of or relating to or produced by or being a gene, 3 pertaining to origin, 4 of or relating to science of genetics. "genetic damage" refers to damage to genes/DNA, i.e. relating to genes. Sense 2 likely. Need return {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON object only. Need choose best sense for "damage" in context: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" and "searching for signs of genetic damage". This is noun. Candidate senses: 1 occurrence of a change for the worse (harm, impairment). 2 military equipment loss. 3 act of damaging something or someone. 4 price. 5 legal injury. Genetic damage refers to harm/impairment to genes, an occurrence of change for the worse. Sense 1 fits. Sense 3 is the act of damaging, but "genetic damage" is the resulting harm/impairment, not the act. So index 1.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurring
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "occurring" in context: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." Meaning genetic damage is happening/taking place. Candidate 1: come to pass/happen. Candidate 3: to be found to exist (e.g., sexism occurs in many workplaces). Here "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" = events happening, process taking place, not merely existing. So sense 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer JSON sense index only. WSD target student. Context says doctoral student Eric Fearon with Dr. Vogelstein. Student at doctoral level at institution, learner enrolled. Sense 1 fits. Sense 2 is learned person/scholar. Usually graduate student is sense 1. Choose 1.
Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need output JSON. The user asks Word Sense Disambiguation target begin. Need choose among 10 senses. The sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage." Began + NP of activity? Let's inspect sense definitions. Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (intransitive/transitive with activity). Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out. Examples: We began working at dawn; Who will start? Sense 3: set in motion, cause to start. Sense 6: have a beginning, of a temporal event. Sense 8: begin an event implied by nature/inherent function of direct object. Which fits? Subject animate (Dr. Vogelstein and student) began months of probing = they started carrying out an action. They started to probe/months of probing. That's begin%2:30:00:: (verb creation? frame 2:30:00). Let's check WordNet keys. begin%2:30:00 = take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. begin%2:30:01 = set in motion, cause to start. The object is "months of tedious and often frustrating probing" — begin an event implied by object? Sense 8 begin%2:41:04 begin an event that is implied and limited by nature or inherent function of direct object examples begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot. This sense is about beginning to consume/use? Actually start a cigar (smoke it), start soup (eat). Maybe not. "begin probing" is sense 1. Also there is "They began uncovering a confusing variety..." but target is first "began". The phrase "began months of tedious probing" means they started carrying out the action of probing. Sense 1 correct. Need return only JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer WSD for "months" in sentence. The task: choose one of two senses for month. The context: began months of tedious and often frustrating probing ... meaning a period of approximately 30 days (plural), not a calendar month specifically. Sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month). Sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days. "Months of tedious probing" refers to duration of several months, not named calendar divisions. So best = 2. Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON only, choose sense index for 'tedious' in context. Need think carefully.

Context: months of tedious and often frustrating probing of chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. The probing was monotonous, laborious, wearisome, boring. Synonyms for sense 1 include boring, deadening, dull, irksome, slow. Sense 2 is verbose/wordy, about too many words. Not relevant. So sense_index:1. Need output JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 Let me analyze the target word "often" in this context.

The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Here "often" modifies "frustrating" and means that the probing was frustrating in many instances/cases. It's describing the quality of the probing activity - it was tedious and in many cases frustrating.

Looking at the senses:
1. many times at short intervals - This refers to frequency over time, like "we often met over a cup of coffee"
2. frequently or in great quantities - This relates to quantity/amount, like "I don't drink much"
3. in many cases or instances - This means in many situations or instances

In the context "often frustrating probing," "often" means that the probing was frustrating in many instances/cases. This matches sense 3 best.

The other two uses of "often" in the passage:
- "because it often seems to develop in stages" - colon cancer, in many cases, develops in stages (sense 3)
- "It often is preceded by the development of polyps" - in many cases, it is preceded by polyps (sense 3)

But the target is the third one: "tedious and often frustrating probing."

This is sense 3: in many cases or instances.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD. We must choose indexed sense among four. Need output only JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. Let's analyze context. Target lemma search, surface searching. Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage." They are physically/experimentally examining chromosomes to locate/discover signs of genetic damage. Candidate senses:
1 search%2:35:00 try to locate or discover, establish existence, synonyms seek look for. Examples searching for clues, missing man.
2 search%2:39:00 search or seek, synonyms look. Examples looked all day and found the child; look elsewhere. This is maybe more general "search" as verb intransitive? Actually WordNet distinguishes frames. 2:39 is under verb.perception? search%2:39:00 definition "search or seek" with synonym look; example We looked all day. Searching for signs. In this context, "searching for signs" fits both 1 and 2.
3 inquire into research explore. Example research history, searched for information on web. Not wrong because they are doing research, but context is probing chromosomes for signs. Are they inquiring? They are performing experiments, but the direct object of search is "signs of genetic damage". They are trying to locate/discover actual physical genetic changes, not inquiring abstractly.
4 subject to a search; transitive: police searched the suspect; missing keys. Here object is chromosomes? Actually phrase "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs..." "searching for signs" not subjecting chromosomes to a search. Not that sense.

Between sense 1 and 2. Need pick single best. WordNet sense 2:35:00 likely search for physical things (locate/discover existence). Sense 2:39:00 maybe more like "search or seek" with examples of looking. In context, scientists searching for signs = trying to locate/discover/establish existence. The examples police searching for clues/discover. That's sense 1. Synonyms seek look for. The target phrase "searching for signs of genetic damage" matches "try to locate or discover" exactly. Sense 2 "search or seek" with synonym look and examples "We looked all day and finally found the child" is a bit different (look around). But both close. However sense1 more specific, direct with "for signs". Fine-grained WSD generally chooses sense1. Also WordNet maps: "search" (v) has senses: 1 search, seek, look for -- try to locate/discover (frames: somebody searches for something). 2 search, look -- search or seek (frames: somebody searches). 3 research, seek, explore -- inquire into. 4 search -- subject to a search. The difference between 1 and 2 may be transitive/intransitive? look: WordNet sense 2:35:00 "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence" (leave? search.v.01). sense 2:39:00 "search or seek" maybe without object for? It has example "We looked all day". Actually "searching for signs" includes "for". Sense 1 is transitive with "for" complement. Sense 2 maybe intransitive? In WordNet, "search.v.02" definition "search or seek" synonyms {look} examples "We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!" It can take "for" too ("Look elsewhere for the perfect gift"). But sense key search%2:39:00:: (attribute s/s? verb.stative? no 39 is verb.perception). So "search/look" as a perception? Actually 2:39 is under perception verb "look". It may emphasize directing attention/looking. But signs of genetic damage are not perceived by eye directly; they are trying to detect/discover. So sense 1 best.

Need output JSON only. Must not answer sense key. Just {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for "signs" in context. Target: "searching for signs of genetic damage." Need choose among candidate senses. The sense: a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent. That fits. Also medical objective evidence (6) could fit in medical context? "signs of genetic damage" in scientific research. Let's examine distinctions. Sense 1: mark, visible clue. Sense 6: (medicine) any objective evidence of presence of disorder/disease. The phrase "signs of genetic damage" is broader scientific. Context: researchers probing chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage; uncovering genetic deletions. They are looking for indications of genetic damage, not necessarily medical disorder signs in patient. WordNet sense 1 is "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)". Examples "he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring". This is general. "signs of genetic damage" matches sense 1, perhaps more than medical. However, the domain is biology/cancer, genetic damage could be considered biological/medical. But the definition of sense 6 "any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease" — "genetic damage" not a disorder or disease per se; it's cellular. The target "signs" in phrase "signs of genetic damage" is clearly sense 1. Need answer only JSON.

Need be careful: user says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Do not answer with WordNet sense key." So output only JSON. The candidate senses are numbered 1-11. Best index likely 1.

Let's verify all senses:
1. perceptible indication. synonyms: mark. examples: signs of strain, signs of spring. matches "signs of genetic damage".
2. public display message. no.
3. nonverbal action. no.
4. structure board. no.
5. astrology. no.
6. medical objective evidence. Could be considered, but examples "no signs of asphyxiation". This is a clinical symptom. In research, searching for signs of genetic damage, maybe "indications" fits sense 1.
7. polarity. no.
8. augury. no.
9. sign language. no.
10. linguistic unit. no.
11. character. no.

Therefore {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "genetic" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from 4 candidates.

Let me analyze the context:
- It's about molecular biology, cancer research
- Dr. Vogelstein is a molecular biologist
- They're looking at "genetic damage" in chromosomes
- They found "genetic deletions" in cells and polyps
- This is about DNA/genes, chromosomes

Candidate senses:
1. "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" - familial, hereditary - this is about inherited traits through families
2. "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - genic, genetical - examples: genetic code
3. "pertaining to or referring to origin" - genetic history reconstructs origins
4. "of or relating to the science of genetics" - genetical - examples: genetic research

In the context, "genetic damage" means damage to genes/chromosomes. The research is about molecular biology, chromosome changes, deletions in DNA.

Sense 2 says "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - this fits "genetic damage" = damage to genes.
Sense 4 says "of or relating to the science of genetics" - this would be like "genetic research" as a field of study.

"Genetic damage" here is damage that occurs to genes/chromosomes, not damage related to the science of genetics as a discipline. The synonym "genic" in sense 2 strongly suggests gene-related. "Genetic deletions" are deletions of genetic material/genes.

So sense 2 is the best fit.

Wait, let me reconsider. "Genetic damage" could be interpreted as:
- damage to genes (sense 2)
- damage studied by genetics (sense 4)

But in the context of chromosome probing and molecular biology, "genetic" refers to the actual genes/genetic material. The examples for sense 2 include "genetic code" which is the molecular genetic code. The examples for sense 4 include "genetic research" which is about the field.

Also note: "genetic deletions" - deletions of genetic material. This is sense 2.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best indexed sense for 'damage' in context. The target sentence: searching for signs of genetic damage. It's about changes for worse in genes, harm/impairment. Candidate 1: occurrence of a change for the worse, synonyms harm, impairment. Candidate 3: the act of damaging something or someone. Candidate 5 legal injury. Candidate 2 military. Candidate 4 money. Here 'genetic damage' is a state/condition of genes being damaged, not act. So sense 1. Need output JSON exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON with sense_index for target "began" in context. Need choose best among listed. Let's analyze.

Target sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..." subject they (researchers), began uncovering = started to uncover/started the activity. This is transitive? begin + gerund uncovering. Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action, synonyms start, set about. Example We began working at dawn. This fits. Sense 3 set in motion cause to start, e.g., began hostilities, more like initiate an event or action not necessarily a person starting own action. But "They began uncovering" is agents performing an activity. Sense 1 best. Sense 8: begin an event implied by direct object (begin a cigar, start the soup) - not gerund phrase. Sense 9 negative least degree no. So answer index 1. Need output only JSON.