[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: adolescent
Target surface form: adolescent
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive <t>adolescent</t> illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=adolescent%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent | examples=adolescent problems
2. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=being of the age 13 through 19 | synonyms=teen, teenage, teenaged | examples=teenage mothers; the teen years
3. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:immature:02 | definition=displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity | synonyms=jejune, juvenile, puerile | examples=adolescent insecurity; jejune responses to our problems
4. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:immature:01 | definition=in the state of development between puberty and maturity | examples=adolescent boys and girls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with single JSON object {"sense_index": <int>}. We must disambiguate "adolescent" in context. Surface form "adolescent" in phrase: "Their commitment to "creativity" can not survive adolescent illiteracy." The target is attributive adjective modifying "illiteracy". Which sense? Candidates: 1 relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent. 2 being of age 13 through 19 (syn teen). 3 immature (syn jejune, juvenile, puerile). 4 in state of development between puberty and maturity. The context is about education, parents, romantic creativity, their commitment cannot survive adolescent illiteracy. Here "adolescent illiteracy" likely means "illiteracy among adolescents/teenagers", but could be metaphorical immature illiteracy? Let's parse context.

Full passage: It criticizes "creativity" in education causing a generation whose ignorance and incompetence matched by self-esteem. Romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction. Parents find attractive; but want decent education. "Their commitment to 'creativity' can not survive adolescent illiteracy." This reads like: If children/teenagers remain illiterate, parents will drop creativity nonsense. "Adolescent" likely denotes "of the age 13 through 19" or "in the state of development between puberty and maturity" (roughly same age). Need choose best from WordNet senses.

Sense 2: adolescent%5:00:00:young:00 definition being of the age 13 through 19, synonyms teen, teenage, teenaged. Sense 4: adolescent%5:00:00:immature:01 definition in the state of development between puberty and maturity. Both could describe young people. The examples: "adolescent boys and girls". Sense 2 examples teenage mothers; the teen years. For "adolescent illiteracy", meaning illiteracy of teenagers/adolescents. Which sense is used? WordNet: Adjective sense 1 (relating to peculiar to...), sense 2 (teen), sense 3 (immature), sense 4 (puberty to maturity). Hmm.

Let's view actual WordNet adjective entries: In WordNet 3.0/3.1, adjective "adolescent" has four senses maybe:
- relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent ("adolescent problems")
- being of the age 13 through 19; "teenager", "teenage", "teenaged"
- displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity; "adolescent insecurity"; "jejune responses to our problems"; synonyms jejune, juvenile, puerile
- in the state of development between puberty and maturity; "adolescent boys and girls"

Need compare 2 and 4. The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" maybe a collocation used by Sowell. It likely refers to teenage illiteracy, not immaturity. The noun modified is "illiteracy", a condition. In "teenage mothers" sense 2 describes age group. In "adolescent boys and girls" sense 4 describes developmental stage. For "illiteracy", age group sense likely. If saying adolescent illiteracy, it's illiteracy among adolescents. The prenominal adjective classifying illiteracy as pertaining to adolescents (age). Sense 2 = being of age 13-19. Sense 4 = in state of development between puberty and maturity. "Adolescent illiteracy" is about the age group/stage. WordNet maybe sense 2 applies to "adolescent", "teenage" etc. Let's examine distinctions.

Potential issue: Sense 1 "relating to or peculiar to ... adolescent problems". "Adolescent illiteracy" could also be sense 1: relating to adolescence/peculiar to adolescents. But WordNet gave sense 1 "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent" examples adolescent problems. It overlaps with sense 2 and 4. However the task: choose best indexed sense. Need use context + synonyms + examples.

 Sense 2 synonyms teen/teenage/teenaged. Sense 4 examples adolescent boys and girls. "Adolescent illiteracy" in text is a noun phrase where "adolescent" modifies "illiteracy." The meaning: inability to read/write among adolescents. Which sense would a lexicographer assign?

Let's check actual WordNet sense assignments maybe in SemCor. "adolescent illiteracy"? Not in WordNet examples. But we can reason. Both 2 and 4 are plausible. Is there any disambiguating clue? The passage says "young people" earlier: "a generation of young people whose ignorance..." Later "adolescent illiteracy". The word "adolescent" is being used as a synonym of "young people" (teenagers) not "immature." So not sense 3. Sense 3 would be pejorative metaphor: Their commitment to creativity cannot survive immature illiteracy, but that's weird. The context is parents seeing their children reach teenage years and remain illiterate. So age-stage.

Which age-stage sense? The distinction: Sense 2 = being of the age 13 through 19 (exact age), synonyms teen, teenage, teenaged. Sense 4 = in the state of development between puberty and maturity. If "adolescent illiteracy" = illiteracy of adolescents, could be sense 4 (since "adolescent" is age/stage). But the attribute of being aged 13-19 belongs to the person (boys/girls), not to a condition. In "adolescent illiteracy" the modifier attributes the illiteracy to adolescents, rather than saying illiteracy itself is in state of development. Sense 2 adjective can modify nouns representing people (teenage mothers) or possibly nouns of conditions (teenage pregnancy). Sense 4 "in the state of development between puberty and maturity" probably used to describe persons (adolescent boys and girls) and other animates. So "adolescent illiteracy" is less likely to be sense 4. Thus sense 2? But "illiteracy" isn't a person. Sense 1 "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent" would fit abstract nouns (adolescent problems). That could be best: relating to adolescent(s). But WordNet sense 1 definition: "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent" examples: adolescent problems. "Adolescent illiteracy" = illiteracy peculiar to adolescents. That's sense 1. Hmm.

We need choose single best. Let's not overthink? The task says "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms." Let's evaluate each candidate in context.

Candidate 1: "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent". Example "adolescent problems". In text, "adolescent illiteracy" = illiteracy that is related to adolescents. Plausible. Candidate 2: "being of the age 13 through 19" synonyms teen, teenage, teenaged. Could "adolescent illiteracy" mean illiteracy among those aged 13-19? The examples "teenage mothers; the teen years" show "teenage" modifies mothers. If we used "teenage illiteracy" it would be same. Candidate 4: "in the state of development between puberty and maturity" examples "adolescent boys and girls." In text, "adolescent illiteracy" maybe illiteracy of adolescents. Candidate 4 attributes developmental state, which could refer to adolescence as period; maybe could modify "illiteracy"? "illiteracy in the state of development..." no.

Let's examine actual WordNet adjective senses semantically. In WordNet, sense 1 ("relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent") is the "pertainym" relation? Actually adjective "adolescent" maybe from noun. It can mean "relating to adolescence". Sense 2 is same as "teenage". Sense 4 same as "pubescent/youthful". Both are relational? The head adjective in WordNet has sister terms: "young, immature". Structure: maybe "adolescent" (All) has senses: (a) relating to adolescence; (b) teen (similar to young); (c) immature; (d) pubertal (attribute). We need identify which meaning occurs.

Let's search memory: In WordNet 3.1, for adjective "adolescent" there are senses:
1. relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent "adolescent problems" (attribute? no synonyms)
2. being of the age 13 through 19; "teenage mothers"; "the teen years" (similar to young)
3. displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity; "adolescent insecurity"; "jejune responses to our problems"; synonyms jejune, juvenile, puerile (similar to immature)
4. in the state of development between puberty and maturity; "adolescent boys and girls" (similar to immature, young).

I think sense 4 and 2 both are "young/immature". But 2 specifically synonyms teenage. 4 corresponds to biological adolescence (between puberty and maturity). "Adolescent illiteracy" likely refers to "teenage illiteracy" = sense 2, because in common usage, "adolescent" modifies "illiteracy" to indicate age group. Though sense 1 could be chosen. But mapping might be: If you say "adolescent problems", sense 1 (relating to adolescents). If you say "adolescent boys" sense 4. If you say "adolescent mothers" sense 2 (but we have teenage mothers example). "Adolescent illiteracy" parallels "adolescent problems". Yet the word "adolescent" in "problems" is sense 1 because it means problems of adolescence; not "being of age 13-19". "illiteracy" is not a person, so sense 2/4 less likely. But "teenage illiteracy" is commonly used with sense 2? Hmm could be sense 1 too.

Maybe WordNet's sense 1 includes relational/pertainym for abstract nouns. Let's explore possibility: If target noun is abstract/condition, sense 1 is best. The context is about educational outcome among adolescents. "Adolescent illiteracy" = illiteracy that belongs to/is relevant to adolescents. That matches sense 1 definition "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent". The example "adolescent problems" is exactly abstract condition (problems). "Illiteracy" is abstract condition. So sense 1 might be best.

But need check WSD conventions: For "adolescent" as prenominal modifier of "illiteracy", annotators likely choose sense 1? Without external data, maybe.

Let's breakdown instructions: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." So we should pick among four. We need not hedge. Need return JSON. We need decide. Let's analyze carefully.

The target is adjective. It modifies "illiteracy". In context: "Their commitment to 'creativity' cannot survive adolescent illiteracy." Meaning: parents' support of creative education will disappear when they see teenagers can't read. So "adolescent" refers to young people around teenage years. It doesn't mean "immature" (not sense 3). It could be sense 1, 2, or 4.

What synonyms aid? Sense 2 synonyms: teen, teenage, teenaged. If we rephrase "teenage illiteracy"—does it fit text? Yes. Sense 4 examples: "adolescent boys and girls" not abstract. Sense 1 examples: "adolescent problems"—abstract. Sense 2 examples include "teenage mothers" (people) and "the teen years" (period). Could "adolescent illiteracy" be "teenage illiteracy"? Likely yes.

But why separate sense 1 and 2? Sense 1 defines as "relating to or peculiar to ... adolescents" with example "adolescent problems". So "adolescent problems" means problems associated with adolescence. Sense 2 is "being of age 13 through 19" with examples of teenagers. If "adolescent illiteracy" means illiteracy among people of that age, sense 2. If it means illiteracy characteristic of adolescents, sense 1. Since illiteracy isn't a person, sense 1 might look more natural. But in usage, attributive adjectives with human-denoting nouns often classified by age via sense 2. However, for abstract nouns like "illiteracy", the relation is "of or concerning adolescents." Which sense covers that? Sense 1 explicitly "relating to or peculiar to... an adolescent". That captures the relation. Sense 2 would describe "illiteracy" as being of age 13-19, which is odd. So sense 1 seems linguistically better.

But WordNet adjectives: The "of or relating to" sense is often a "pertainym" adjective and may have no synonym. For "adolescent", sense 1 indeed. For "adolescent problems", the sense 1 is likely annotated. "Adolescent illiteracy" structurally analogous: condition related to adolescents. So likely index 1.

However, careful: "adolescent" as adjective can also mean "teenage" (sense 2) and can modify nonperson nouns like "adolescent suicide", "adolescent sexuality" maybe sense 1? Let's think of WordNet examples. Search memory: WordNet "adolescent" adjective synsets:
- 300596726 (adj.all) "adolescent, teen, teenage, teenaged — being of the age 13 through 19". This sense could be used for "adolescent boys" too maybe? But they have separate sense 4 because "being age 13-19" vs "in the state of development between puberty and maturity". Actually sense 4 maybe "pubescent". Hmm.
- 301316990 (adj.all) "adolescent — in the state of development between puberty and maturity".
- 300597258 (adj.all) "adolescent, jejune, juvenile, puerile — displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity".
- Possibly 301333? "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent".

The words "adolescent boys and girls" could be either sense 2 or 4. They assigned to sense 4, perhaps to illustrate developmental stage. "Teenage mothers" assigned to sense 2, "the teen years". So for "adolescent illiteracy," what sense? It could be sense 1 because "relating to adolescents / peculiar to adolescents." That's like domain: adolescence. Maybe.

The target adjective appears before noun. If we substitute synonyms:
Sense 2: "teen illiteracy" or "teenage illiteracy" fits.
Sense 1: "illiteracy relating to/peculiar to an adolescent"? That's a paraphrase with exact relation.
Sense 4: "illiteracy in the state of development between puberty and maturity" doesn't.
Sense 3: "immature illiteracy" possible but the context of "commitment cannot survive" suggests concrete illiteracy among adolescents, not just immature behavior. The passage is about education and teenagers, not calling illiteracy immature.

Between 1 and 2: For WSD, the fine-grained distinction matters. If WordNet has a separate relational/pertainym sense, and the noun is non-human, likely sense 1. But note: In many noun-modifier contexts like "adolescent population", sense could be 2 or 4. For "adolescent problems" they gave sense 1, likely because "problems" are not animate and the adjective means "relating to the period/condition of adolescence." Similarly "illiteracy" is not animate and is a condition. So the best is sense 1.

Yet, let me consider whether "adolescent illiteracy" could be being used literally: illiteracy of adolescents. Then sense 2 or 4. Since no exact example in WordNet, we need sense. In standard WSD, if head noun is a derived noun from patient? "illiteracy" (the state of being illiterate). The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" can be understood as "illiteracy of adolescents," which is a relational/pertaining sense. Sense 1 seems to be the "of or relating to" sense. So sense_index 1.

However, the problem might expect sense 3? Let's examine: Context heavily criticizes young people as ignorant and incompetent. The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" could be a barb, using "adolescent" pejoratively to mean immature/lack of maturity. "Their commitment to 'creativity' cannot survive adolescent illiteracy." Maybe meaning "childish/immature illiteracy"? But the authors (Sowell?) are arguing if the schools produce illiterate adolescents, parents will demand discipline. The word "adolescent" is used denotatively: at the age when they should be literate, they are still illiterate. It isn't pejorative "teenage-style" as lack of maturity.

Let's consider source: This text appears from Thomas Sowell "Inside American Education"? It says: "Their commitment to 'creativity' can not survive adolescent illiteracy." He means when parents see their adolescent children are illiterate, they abandon the romanticism. So age-related.

Could it be sense 4 because "adolescents" = children in the state of development between puberty and maturity. That's literally the children. "Adolescent illiteracy" = illiteracy of those between puberty and maturity. But sense 2 defines being 13-19. In US educational context, "adolescent" often refers to puberty stage. Hmm.

Let's parse "adolescent" as adjective, not noun. WordNet sense 4: "in the state of development between puberty and maturity". It describes organisms (boys and girls). It can only be applied to a condition if condition is between puberty and maturity? No. So not 4.

Sense 2: "being of the age 13 through 19" can apply to nouns representing people or maybe periods (teen years). Not to "illiteracy". So not 2. Sense 1: "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent". Perfect for "illiteracy" (condition related to adolescents). So answer is 1.

But wait: The definition of sense 1 says "an adolescent" singular. "relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent." Usually "adolescent" the noun refers to a person. "Adolescent problems" = problems associated with adolescents. "Adolescent illiteracy" = illiteracy of adolescents. Yes.

Let's see if there are other clues in context. It says "the youngsters", "a generation of young people", "parents find... attractive", "children". "adolescent illiteracy" follows mention of children. So sense 1 (relating to adolescents) is clearly chosen. I think final answer index 1.

Need ensure output exactly JSON object no extra text. So {"sense_index": 1}.

Before final, consider if the target being prenominal like "adolescent problems" matches sense 1 exactly, so likely. Many previous WSD tasks: the relational adjective sense for abstract nouns. Good.

Return only JSON.

provider: Ambient


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illiteracy
Target surface form: illiteracy
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent <t>illiteracy</t>. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illiteracy%1:09:01:: | definition=ignorance resulting from not reading
2. sense_key=illiteracy%1:09:00:: | definition=an inability to read | synonyms=analphabetism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need pick single best WordNet sense for "illiteracy" in given context. Context: "... Their commitment to 'creativity' can not survive adolescent <t>illiteracy</t>." Surrounding discusses ignorance, intellectual incompetence, poor education deficiency. Need decide between two senses: 1. ignorance resulting from not reading. 2. inability to read (analphabetism). Surface form illiteracy. Candidate senses only two. Which fits better: "adolescent illiteracy" in education. They talk about students cannot read? Probably meaning inability to read. However definition 1 "ignorance resulting from not reading" maybe more 'illiteracy' general. The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" likely inability of adolescents to read and write; sense 2 is inability to read. But lexical semantics: illiteracy can mean (1) ignorance of letters/inability to read/write, (2) ignorance of a particular subject. Let's check WordNet exact senses. WordNet illiteracy noun? Let’s recall. Actually WordNet 3.1 has illiteracy (n) S: (n) ignorance resulting from not reading; S: (n) an inability to read (syn: illiterateness / analphabetism). There are two listed: illiteracy%1:09:00 and 01 maybe sorted alphabetical by definitions or by sense number. Need identify synonyms to help: Sense 2 has synonyms: analphabetism. But names in user: 1 definition ignorance resulting from not reading; 2 inability to read, synonyms=analphabetism. To answer need sense_index numeric. But not answer with sense key. Return JSON {"sense_index"
We need determine which index. Candidate senses listed 1 and 2. Choose single best. We should look at context: commitment to creativity cannot survive adolescent illiteracy. In an essay by Thomas Sowell "The Quest for Cosmic Justice"? Actually snippet from Sowell's "Inside American Education"? It criticizes 'creativity' leading to students who can't read. "Adolescent illiteracy" likely inability of adolescents to read. Yes, inability to read (specific disability) fits best vs abstract ignorance. The phrase often used "adolescent illiteracy" means failure to teach adolescents to read, inability to read at adolescent age. Definition 2: inability to read; synonyms include illiterateness, analphabetism. Definition 1: ignorance as result of not reading, broader. In context, the result is intellectual incompetence; but sentence says creativity cannot survive illiteracy, implies practical inability to read, not reading ability. The parents want decent education, common sense knows demands. Their commitment to creativity cannot survive adolescent illiteracy = if teen can't read, parents will drop creativity; calls upon inability. So index 2 likely. Need be careful maybe the index mapping might be reversed from actual keys? The instructions present two candidates labeled 1 and 2. We pick index. Given context "self-expression and self-esteem leads to ignorance and intellectual incompetence" line describes students' ignorance, not inability to read precisely? Yet "illiteracy" in this context is used metaphorically? Actually surface form "illiteracy" here maybe literal inability to read among adolescents. Let's examine article: This is from Thomas Sowell, "Education: The Betrayal of the Young"? He says "commitment to 'creativity' cannot survive adolescent illiteracy"—if their children can't even read, the parents will want basics. That's literal illiteracy: inability to read. So sense 2.
Let's also check WordNet ordering: illiteracy noun: 1 inability to read; 2 ignorance resulting from not reading. Actually WordNet sometimes first topically sorted. But user explicitly gives sense 1 = ignorance... and 2 = inability... So follow user's indices. Return {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. <t>American</t> education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for target word 'American' in sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

Candidates: two adjective senses:
1 american%3:01:01:: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture; examples American citizens; American English.
2 american%3:01:00:: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas; examples the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna.

Context: education debate in United States presumably; "American education" refers to US education. The surrounding text mentions parents, education establishment, probably US. So best sense is 1.

Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Only that. Ensure valid JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American <t>education</t>'s future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for 'education' in context. Let's analyze carefully.

Context: about American education's future, education establishment, parents want decent education as traditionally understood, creativity in education. Need decide among WordNet senses.

Sense 1: education%1:04:00:: activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill; synonyms instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics. Examples: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed." This is act/educational activity.

Sense 2: knowledge acquired. Sense 3: gradual process of acquiring knowledge. Sense 4: profession of teaching. Sense 5: result of good upbringing/training/breeding. Sense 6: Department.

The phrase "American education's future" and "the education establishment" likely refer to the field/system of education as an institution or profession? "American education" could mean the educational system in America, i.e., activities of educating collectively. "Education establishment" means institutions/organizations involved in education.

Need see which indexed sense best maps. "education" in "American education" as subject? Let's inspect WordNet senses. For noun 'education', common senses:
- 1:04:00: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill; "he received no formal education"; "our instruction was carefully programmed"
- 1:04:01: the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university); "their duties were done without complaint"; synonyms? Actually example may be "he chose teaching as a profession".
- 1:09:00: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction; "it was clear that he had a very broad education"
- 1:09:01: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge; "education is a preparation for life"; "a girl's education was less important than a boy's"
- 1:07:01: the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior); synonyms training, breeding; examples "a woman of breeding and refinement"
- 1:14:00: Department.

Context: "creativity in education" could be the field/activity; "decent education" (a level of schooling/a good set of educational activities); "American education's future" = future of American educational system/profession? "The education establishment will fight ..." often refers to education establishment = educators, school system, profession. Which sense fits: sense 1 activities of educating or instructing (collective abstract). Sense 4 profession of teaching.

The phrase "creativity in education was part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was ... regarded as authoritarian" – "education" here parallel to "disciplined instruction". "Instruction" is sense 1 syn. So "creativity in education" = instruction. Then "Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood" = get a process/activity (receiving formal schooling). "American education's future" might be referring to the education system = activities. "The education establishment" refers to the institutional/professional side.

But question asks for target surface form "education" and context includes several occurrences. We need single best indexed sense for the target word in context. There are multiple occurrences; but overall likely sense 1 because gloss matches "education... as traditionally understood" and "American education". However, "the education establishment" might be sense 4 profession. Let's decide.

Need interpret WSD guidelines. Context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was... against disciplined instruction... parents want their children to get a decent education... American education's future... The education establishment..." The author discusses education as a system/institution with professionals. In WordNet, sense 1 activities of education, sense 4 profession of teaching. Which is more specific: sense 4 is "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)". Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". For "American education" the set of educational institutions/services might be sense 1 (educational activity). WordNet distinguishes between process of acquiring (sense 3), knowledge acquired (sense 2), activity of educating (sense 1), profession (sense 4). In common usage "American education's future" = future of the American educational system/enterprise/field. Could be sense 1 "activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" — including programs and system. The example "he received no formal education" is about activity. "American education's future" implies collective activity/system.

Would WSD model pick 1 or 4? Let's examine synonyms. Sense 1 synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity. Sense 4 synonyms: teaching, pedagogy? Actually separate entry.

Context mentions "disciplined instruction" directly; education contrasted with instruction. "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we ... allow this common sense to prevail over illusions... The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch" sounds like the institutions/administrations of education (establishment). Education establishment = the professional field of educators. But the targeted surface form in the text includes multiple occurrences; perhaps most prominent is "American education" phrase. Many WSD tasks annotate all occurrences? But instructions ask single best indexed sense for target word in context, maybe target sentence/excerpt.

Let's read the final occurrence: "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way." Here "education" acts as an attributive noun modifying "establishment". This is likely sense 4 (profession) because "education establishment" = establishment of the teaching profession. But sense 1 could also work (the establishment for educational activities). However attributive noun usage often maps to the institution/profession sense. WordNet sense 4 specific to profession of teaching. "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)" example maybe: "he chose education as a profession". The phrase "education establishment" (educators' professional organizations) fits sense 4 best.

Sense 1 is more general and applicable to earlier occurrences. Which occurrence is target? The user provided target surface form and context, with last occurrence marked <t>education</t> perhaps. Actually the context: "American <t>education</t>'s future will be determined..." and "The education establishment..." The <t> tag around one occurrence: American <t>education</t>'s future. Then later no tag. Wait text: "American <t>education</t>'s future will be determined by..." The second occurrence "The education establishment" not tagged but used as context. So the target word is the tagged occurrence "American education". Good. Then we should focus on "American education's future": noun phrase meaning future of the American educational system/field. Which sense best?

"American education" as a social institution = activities of educating? Could be sense 1 broadly. Expression "American education" often refers to the system of schooling in the United States. WordNet's sense 1 "activity" includes the processes and programs. Sense 4 "profession" would be narrower, "the profession of teaching in America". "The future of American education" usually concerns the entire educational system, not just the profession. I think sense 1 is best because its gloss "activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" fits institutional "education" as collective activities.

But there is learn. Let's see SentiWordNet or word2vec? Not allowed.

Maybe model might choose sense 3? "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" examples "education is a preparation for life". Here "American education's future" could refer to the process by which American children acquire knowledge. But "future of education" more often about the system/activity. The article critique is about educational philosophy and approaches. The target probably noun.

Let's evaluate each sense:
1. Activities: "American education's future" = future of America's system of schools/teaching/instruction. The article complains of "creativity in education" as rebellion against "disciplined instruction". Here "education" is the collective activity of instructing. Good.
2. Knowledge acquired: doesn't fit "American education's future" (not knowledge acquired by America).
3. Gradual process of acquiring knowledge: "American education" could mean the process young people in America undergo. Example "a girl's education". "American education's future" might be the process. But sense 3's gloss "gradual process of acquiring knowledge" pertains to an individual's development. "American education" more collective institutional.
4. Profession: if emphasizing education establishment/fighting, maybe. But "American education's future" is broader.
5. result of upbringing: not relevant.
6. Department: no.

The sentence "parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood" uses "education" in sense 3? getting a process? Actually "get a decent education" equals acquire knowledge/training through schooling. Could be sense 3 or 1. "he received no formal education" is sense 1. Example for sense 3 "a girl's education" suggests process. But WordNet's sense 1 example "he received no formal education" covers "the activity of being educated" (object of receive). Hmm WSD of "receive a formal education" is sense 1 (activity of educating/instructing) or maybe sense 2 (knowledge acquired). Example given: "he received no formal education" in sense 1. So "received" can be used with sense 1.

Tagged occurrence is "American education's future". Let's see if WordNet sense 1 can be attributive? "American education" maybe article about general activity.

I think the best indexed sense is 1. But let's not be too quick; need inspect sense keys order: Candidate senses listed:
1. education%1:04:00:: activities
2. education%1:09:00:: knowledge
3. education%1:09:01:: gradual process
4. education%1:04:01:: profession
5. education%1:07:01:: upbringing
6. education%1:14:00:: Department

The instruction says choose the single best indexed sense; return JSON as {"sense_index": 3}. Need index starts at 1. So answer either {"sense_index": 1} or {"sense_index"

Wait they gave example {"sense_index"

.I need decide index. Let's analyze with context more thoroughly.

The broader passage from Thomas Sowell? It criticizes "education establishment" and romanticism. "American education's future" = future of American public schooling/education system. In WordNet, "the profession of teaching" might refer to "education" as career/field. "the education establishment" definitely = the teaching profession's organizations. Sense 4 may be the intended sense for the word in context, with adjacent "establishment" clue. Also passage concerns "educators" and "establishment" i.e., the educational profession. Since the target is "American education's future" followed immediately by "The education establishment will fight...", the author likely means the field/profession. But is sense 4 broad enough for "American education's future"? Could be interpreted as future of the American teaching profession/educational system. Let's analyze:

"The whole notion of 'creativity' in education" - Here education = field of teaching (maybe sense 4 or 1).
"parents do want their children to get a decent education" - children receiving formation (process) sense 3 or 1.
"American education's future" - the state/field of education in America.
"The education establishment" - could be sense 4 but the word is attributive.

In many lexicographic sense inventories, 'education' has a sense for 'a particular activity (the practice or process of educating) in a place' e.g., "American education" might fall under sense 1. WordNet sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". Examples include "he had no formal education". It is the only sense that allows plural? Not really abstract. It covers the entire process/field.

Sense 4: "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)". If context were "She made education her career", sense 4. "American education's future" not exactly career.

Which sense would a WSD gold standard assign? Let's imagine SemCor or similar. Sentence "The future of American education" might be annotated as noun.education.1 (activity). The phrase "education reform" usually sense 1. "education establishment" maybe sense 1 too? Let's check possible SemCor annotations. WordNet sense 1's examples include "our instruction was carefully programmed". "the activities of educating" can have "establishment". But sense 4 examples probably include "the professor's education" no. Hmm.

Let's consider fine-grained WSD. The surrounding words "American", "future", "establishment" point to a system/institution. In WordNet, there isn't a separate sense for "the educational system/institutions" explicitly. Those concepts may map to sense 1 or 4. We need choose single best. The "education establishment" is a phrase meaning the organized system of educational institutions and professional leaders; this is closest to sense 1? sense 4? "Establishment" often = a group of people/institutions with power. The "education establishment" = those who control the education system. Are they the profession? Yes. But the word "education" modifies "establishment", indicating domain. Could be sense 1: the field/activity of education's establishment. Hmm.

The tagged word is not in "education establishment"; it's in "American education". So sense 1 likely.

The instruction says "Use sentence context, examples, and synonyms". Synonyms for sense 1 include instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics. The context explicitly contrasts "creativity in education" with "disciplined instruction" — and "instruction" is a synonym of sense 1, not 4 (though sense 4 also approximated by teaching). Direct context "creativity in education" vs "disciplined instruction" suggests "education" = "instruction", thus sense 1. The whole passage is about the nature/methods of instruction. So sense 1 is strongly indicated.

I will choose index 1.

But I need be careful: The user specifically provided numbered candidates 1-6. Return JSON {"sense_index"

unique integers 1-6. So answer: {"sense_index"

We've decided 1. But let's make a final check: Could context phrase "American education's future" map to sense 3 "gradual process of acquiring knowledge"? "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's". These examples compare individual's learning. "American education's future" is collective societal process. Sense 1's examples: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed" — "our instruction" is collective activity. The author says "disciplined instruction" close. Thus sense 1 wins.

One more nuance: In WordNet lexicographic file, sense 1 and 4 are both 1:04:00 and 1:04:01. Both are acts. Sense 1 broad activity; sense 4 profession. Which is more abstract? "The result is a generation ... The whole notion of 'creativity' in education ..." The author's 'education' here likely as a social institution. WordNet sense 1 seems to be the standard general-purpose sense for "education system". I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's <t>future</t> will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "future" in the given context. Let me analyze the context:

The sentence is: "American education's <t>future</t> will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

The target word "future" is referring to what will happen to American education going forward - the time yet to come for American education.

Candidate senses:
1. future%1:28:00:: - the time yet to come (synonyms: hereafter, futurity, time to come)
2. future%1:10:00:: - a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future (synonyms: future tense)
3. future%1:06:00:: - bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date (financial futures)

Clearly, in this context, "future" refers to the time yet to come for American education. It's sense 1. The sentence is discussing what will happen to American education in the coming time, determined by whether common sense prevails.

Sense 2 is a grammatical tense, which doesn't apply here.
Sense 3 is financial futures (commodities trading), which doesn't apply here.

So the best sense is index 1.

The user asks to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: determine
Target surface form: determined
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be <t>determined</t> by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
2. sense_key=determine%2:31:02:: | definition=shape or influence; give direction to | synonyms=shape, mold, influence, regulate | examples=experience often determines ability; mold public opinion
3. sense_key=determine%2:31:01:: | definition=fix conclusively or authoritatively | synonyms=set | examples=set the rules
4. sense_key=determine%2:32:03:: | definition=decide upon or fix definitely | synonyms=specify, set, define, fix, limit | examples=fix the variables; specify the parameters
5. sense_key=determine%2:31:00:: | definition=reach, make, or come to a decision about something | synonyms=decide, make up one's mind | examples=We finally decided after lengthy deliberations
6. sense_key=determine%2:31:03:: | definition=fix in scope; fix the boundaries of | examples=the tree determines the border of the property
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:05:: | definition=settle conclusively; come to terms | synonyms=settle, square off, square up | examples=We finally settled the argument
8. sense_key=determine%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=check, find out, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "determined" in sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share." Determine here means shape/influence/give direction to? Or decide/fix? Let's analyze.

Target surface form determined (passive). Future will be determined by degree... This means the future is shaped/influenced by the extent to which common sense prevails. Candidate senses:
1. establish after calculation/investigation etc. Not fits.
2. shape or influence; give direction to. synonyms shape, mold, influence, regulate. Example "experience often determines ability; mold public opinion". This fits: degree determines future = shapes/influences.
3. fix conclusively or authoritatively. Not exactly.
4. decide upon or fix definitely. Could "future will be decided by degree" but "determined by" in this context is more causal influence than fixing variables.
5. reach/make/come to a decision. Usually intransitive? "determine to do" but here passive.
6. fix boundaries. No.
7. settle conclusively; come to terms. No.
8. find out/learn/determine with certainty. No.

Best is sense 2. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degree
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose best sense for "degree" in sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share." This is idiomatic "degree to which" meaning extent, level, amount. Candidate senses: 1 position on scale of intensity/amount/quality (grade, level). 2 specific identifiable position in a continuum/series/process (level, stage, point). Examples: "a remarkable degree of frankness" uses sense 2? Actually WordNet sense 1:07:00 grade level. Sense 1:26:01 level, stage, point. The phrase "degree to which" indicates extent, not a specific identifiable position. It is "the extent to which". Which sense best? Let's inspect WordNet. degree%1:07:00:: definition: a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality; synonyms: grade, level; examples: a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required. This sense is used in "to a high degree", "a remarkable degree"? Hmm. degree%1:26:01:: definition: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; synonyms: level, stage, point; examples: a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences? The example "a remarkable degree of frankness" is similar to "degree to which". But the definition says specific identifiable position. In "degree to which" it's a continuous extent, not a specific point. However WordNet examples for sense 2 include "a remarkable degree of frankness". The phrase "degree to which" is often sense 1? Let's think of WSD datasets. Sentence "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we allow this common sense to prevail..." This is from an article. In SemCor maybe annotated? Let's recall. The target word "degree" in phrase "the degree to which". WordNet sense for "degree" as "extent" is likely sense 1:07:00 (a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality). Actually "extent" maps to degree%1:07:00? Let's check WordNet. degree noun senses:
1. a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality; "a moderate grade of intelligence"; "a high level of care is required"; "it is all a matter of degree" <-- this idiom "matter of degree".
2. a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; "a remarkable degree of frankness"; "first of all... at what stage are the social sciences?"
3. academic degree.
4. arcdegree.
5. highest power.
6. temperature unit.
7. seriousness.
Sense 1 includes "it is all a matter of degree". That is about extent/amount. Sense 2 is about stage/point. The phrase "degree to which" is about extent, amount, level. So sense 1 likely. But the example "a remarkable degree of frankness" in sense 2 is similar. However "degree to which" is not "a remarkable degree of N". It is "the degree to which X" = the extent to which. That aligns with sense 1. Need choose single best. Let's examine definitions carefully.
Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality". The phrase "the degree to which" refers to a position on a scale of amount/extent. Yes.
Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process". This would be like "at this degree", "the degree of completion". "degree to which" is not a specific identifiable position but a variable extent. So sense 1.
Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allow
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- <t>allow</t> this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for lemma allow, surface allow. Context sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share." Need choose among candidate senses 1-10. Let's parse.

Target usage: allow this common sense to prevail over illusions. Syntactically "allow X to prevail" = permit/let X to prevail. Semantically: make it possible through action or lack of action for common sense to prevail, permit common sense to prevail. Which sense? Candidates:

1. allow%2:41:00 make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen (let, permit) examples This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement. This maps to "allow this common sense to prevail" = permit common sense to prevail. Syntax: allow NP to-infinitive.

2. allow%2:32:00 consent to, give permission (permit, let, countenance) examples She permitted her son to visit... I won't let the police search. This is about permission by authority. Could be "we permit common sense to prevail"? It has a human subject "we" and "common sense to prevail". But sense 2 often involves permission for an agent to act. Common sense is not an agent that needs permission. But "permit common sense to prevail" is more abstract, sense 1 maybe.

3. allow%2:40:00 let have (grant). Not fit.

4. allow%2:31:01 give/assign resource. No.

5. allow%2:42:00 make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain. Examples "This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion." Could "allow common sense to prevail" = provide opportunity for common sense to prevail? Hmm. But sense 5 often takes NP direct object "allows only one conclusion" or "allow for" maybe. Example "The evidence allows only one conclusion". For "allow X to Y", sense 1/2 more common.

6. allow%2:31:00 allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede truth. Usually allow for. No.

7. allow%2:42:07 afford possibility (admit). examples admit of no solution; allow of several different interpretations. Not.

8. baseball no.

9. discount no.

10. allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing/prohibiting. examples "We don't allow dogs here". Could "allow common sense to prevail" = allow the activity without opposing? But "prevail" implies let it happen. Sense 10 is about tolerating presence/activity. But phrase "allow X to prevail" not exactly presence/activity. Sense 1 covers "make it possible for something to happen". The subject "we" and "this common sense to prevail" is letting something happen. Need decide between 1 and 2/5/10.

WordNet allow senses:
- 2:41:00 make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen; "This permits the water to rush in"; "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement"; "This will permit the rain to run off"
- 2:32:00 consent to, give permission; "She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband"; "I won't let the police search her basement"
- 2:40:00 let have; "grant permission"; "Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison"
- 2:31:01 give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause; "I will earmark this money for your research"; "She sets aside time for meditation every day"
- 2:42:00 make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain; "This leaves no room for improvement"; "The evidence allows only one conclusion"; "The accident allows a conclusion that someone was negligent"
- 2:31:00 allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something; "I allow for this possibility"; "The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash"
- 2:42:07 afford possibility; "This problem admits of no solution"; "This short story allows of several different interpretations"
- 2:41:01 allow the other (baseball) team to score; "give up a run"
- 2:40:01 grant as a discount or in exchange; "The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera"
- 2:32:06 allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting; "We don't allow dogs here"; "Children are not permitted beyond this point"; "We cannot tolerate smoking in the hospital"

The phrase "allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions" - "prevail" is an event of common sense becoming dominant. "We allow" = let, permit. Sense 1's definition: make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen. That seems exactly: by not opposing, by permitting, we make it possible for common sense to prevail. Sense 2: consent to/give permission. Could a group of people "consent to" common sense prevailing? Common sense is not a sentient entity to be given permission. But "we allow this common sense to prevail" could be interpreted as "we permit it". WordNet uses sense 1 for "allow something to happen" constructions. Example "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement" has inanimate subject but sense of letting something happen. Human subject "we allow this common sense to prevail" maps to let/permit (sense 1) or sense 2? Need consider mapping in SemCor/wordnet annotations. "allow" with infinitive "to prevail" - likely sense 1? Let's think of common WSD datasets.

Example sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions..." This might be from an article by Theodore Dalrymple? It is an opinion. The target "allow" is used in abstract sense: let common sense prevail. Not literal permission. WSD likely choose sense 1 or 5.

Let's analyze definitions more carefully.

Sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain". Examples: "This leaves no room for improvement"; "The evidence allows only one conclusion". These are about conclusion/possibility. But "allow common sense to prevail" is about enabling an event. Could be sense 5? However sense 5 subsumes "leave, allow for, provide". It is for "allow X" where X is possibility/conclusion, not usually "allow NP to VP"? Actually "The evidence allows only one conclusion" is NP. But "This leaves no room for improvement" is NP. For infinitive, maybe not.

Sense 1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen". Examples include "This permits the water to rush in" where subject is inanimate and object is event. Human "we allow common sense to prevail" fits.

Sense 2: "consent to, give permission". Examples are "She permitted her son to visit..." and "I won't let the police search her basement". These involve allowing an agent to perform an action. Common sense isn't an agent. Also the phrase is not about authority giving permission.

Sense 10: "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting". "We don't allow dogs here". Could we "allow common sense to prevail" be allow an activity? But "prevail" is not a static presence or activity, it's a result.

Thus best is sense 1.

But let's double-check: The target word "allow" with the noun phrase "this common sense" and to-infinitive "to prevail" - Many dictionaries define "allow something to happen" as sense 1. Yes.

Need final answer JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevail
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to <t>prevail</t> over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to do word sense disambiguation for "prevail" in the given context.

Context analysis: The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to <t>prevail</t> over the illusions that we also share."

The key phrase is "prevail over" - common sense prevailing over illusions. This suggests winning out, proving superior, triumphing against opposition.

Candidate senses:
1. Be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance - "predominate, dominate, rule, reign"
2. Be valid, applicable, or true - "hold, obtain"
3. Continue to exist - "persist, die hard, run, endure"
4. Prove superior - "triumph" - example: "The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight"
5. Use persuasion successfully - "He prevailed upon her to visit his parents"

The construction is "prevail over X" - this is a transitive usage where common sense triumphs over illusions. The phrase "prevail over" most closely matches sense 4 "prove superior" / triumph. The example "The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight" shows prevailing as triumphing/winning.

Sense 1 could be possible (dominate, reign), but the phrase "prevail over" with an explicit opponent strongly suggests triumph/winning rather than just being larger/more numerous.

Sense 4 is the best fit. The index is 4 (sense_key=prevail%2:33:00::).

Wait, the sense indices in the JSON might be 1-based based on the order given. The candidate labeled as 4 has sense_key prevail%2:33:00::.

Actually, let me look carefully. The candidates are numbered 1-5. So I should return {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illusion
Target surface form: illusions
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illusion%1:09:01:: | definition=an erroneous mental representation | synonyms=semblance
2. sense_key=illusion%1:09:00:: | definition=something many people believe that is false | synonyms=fantasy, phantasy, fancy | examples=they have the illusion that I am very wealthy
3. sense_key=illusion%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas | synonyms=delusion, head game
4. sense_key=illusion%1:04:02:: | definition=an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers | synonyms=magic trick, conjuring trick, trick, magic, legerdemain, conjuration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer WSD for target surface "illusions" in context. Need choose among 4 candidate senses. Let's analyze context.

Target lemma illusion. Sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share." The preceding context: romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, notion of creativity, parents find attractive. The future depends on degree common sense prevails over the illusions that we also share. So illusions = false beliefs/misconceptions shared by people.

Sense 1: erroneous mental representation (a mental representation that is erroneous). Sense 2: something many people believe that is false; synonyms fantasy, phantasy, fancy; example "they have the illusion that I am very wealthy". Sense 3: act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas. Sense 4: magic trick.

In context "illusions that we also share": refers to beliefs, not acts/deception, not magic tricks, not necessarily an erroneous mental representation per individual. "something many people believe that is false" fits best: shared beliefs/illusions. WordNet gloss: "something many people believe that is false" specifically includes "they have the illusion that I am very wealthy". So the romantic notions are false beliefs widely held. The target plural noun "illusions".

Sense 1 is close: erroneous mental representation. But gloss "something many people believe that is false" (sense 2) seems more apt for widely shared cultural beliefs about creativity/education. The phrase "illusions that we also share" strongly implies collectively held false beliefs. Thus sense index 2.

Need return JSON only {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: share
Target surface form: share
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=share%2:42:00:: | definition=have in common | examples=Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border
2. sense_key=share%2:40:02:: | definition=use jointly or in common
3. sense_key=share%2:40:01:: | definition=have, give, or receive a share of | synonyms=partake, partake in | examples=We shared the cake
4. sense_key=share%2:40:00:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=divvy up, portion out, apportion, deal
5. sense_key=share%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate | examples=I'd like to share this idea with you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for target lemma share, surface share. Context sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share." Need best indexed sense among candidates.

We need analyze senses:
1 share%2:42:00:: have in common. Examples Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border. This is "share" as possess/have in common (transitive) with abstract noun.
2 share%2:40:02:: use jointly or in common. e.g., share a car.
3 share%2:40:01:: have, give, or receive a share of; synonyms partake. We shared the cake.
4 share%2:40:00:: give out as one's portion or share; divvy up.
5 share%2:32:00:: communicate; I'd like to share this idea with you.

In context, "illusions that we also share". The subject "we -- all of us --" have in common these illusions. Could be sense 1 have in common (share a belief/illusion). Could sense 5 communicate? "illusions that we also share" means jointly hold, not communicate. Sense 1: have in common. The object "illusions" is an abstract mental state. The example "share a love of music" (abstract) fits. Sense 2 use jointly or in common could also apply to illusions? Not really; one does not use illusions jointly. Sense 3 have/give/receive share of ( partake) with "cake". Sense 4 give out. Sense 5 communicate: "I'd like to share this idea" but that implies communicate/tell, not have jointly; "illusions that we also share" not communicate illusions to each other but jointly hold.

Thus best sense is 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

Need ensure no WordNet sense key. Return only JSON exactly like.