[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD target deadly in context. Need choose among six candidate senses. Let's analyze.

Context sentence: "... we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state." Deadly state refers to cancer state that causes death. Sense choices:

1 causing or capable of causing death; synonyms deathly, mortal; examples fatal accident, deadly enemy. Here state is deadly = causing death? "deadly state" means dangerous enough to cause death. Could fit sense 1.

2 of an instrument of certain death; synonyms lethal; examples deadly poisons; lethal weapon. Seems for substances/instruments. A state is not instrument.

3 extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom; venomous, virulent; examples venomous snakes. Cancer not venom/poison in literal sense? Could be extremely harmful? But no.

4 spiritual death; seven deadly sins. Not relevant.

5 exceedingly harmful; synonyms baneful, pernicious, pestilent. Could apply to disease: deadly state meaning highly harmful? However "deadly" in medical context usually sense 6 or 1.

6 (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect (virulent). WordNet sense for deadly virulent: Deadly as adjective: 'deadly disease' means severe. But definition includes only of disease having rapid course and violent effect; synonyms maybe virulent. "deadly state" is not directly disease? The antecedent "it" refers to cancer; "propel it into a deadly state" means making cancer progress to a state that is deadly/fatal. Sense 6 specifically of disease; cancer is disease. But sense 1 is causing capable of causing death and often used for diseases? Let's inspect WordNet. Senses keyed:

1. deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 - causing or capable of causing death; a fatal accident; a deadly enemy; deathly, mortal.
2. deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 - of an instrument of certain death; deadly poisons; lethal weapon; lethal.
3. deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 - extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom; deadly, venomous, virulent.
4. deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 - involving loss of divine grace; mortal; deadly; seven deadly sins.
5. deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 - exceedingly harmful; baneful, deadly, pernicious, pestilent.
6. deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 - (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect; deadly, virulent.

The WSD system wants single best indexed sense. We need evaluate context. Sentence says "propel it into a deadly state". This describes cancer. Is it more "causing death" or "of a disease having rapid course and violent effect"? In WordNet, adjective "deadly" has satellite senses. Sense 6 is sitive 1/5? Actually in WordNet, adjective 'deadly' satellites: "deadly s" for fatal (senses 1,2), "deadly s" for toxic (3), "deadly s" for unpardonable (4), "deadly s" for noxious (5), "deadly s" for virulent (6). The exact usage matters.

Context: "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state." "Deadly state" maybe like "fatal state", where cancer is likely to cause death. This lines up with sense 1 causing/capable of causing death; also "fatal" may apply to diseases? But "fatal" itself has similar sense. However sense 6 is specifically diseases. "Deadly cancer" or "deadly disease". Is "deadly state" of a disease more about rapid/violent effect? Could be both. But if sentence uses "deadly" to characterize cancer (a disease) as severe and causing death, sense 6 might be the specific disease sense. Need check typical WordNet annotation for "deadly cancer". Let's recall WordNet examples for sense 6: "a virulent disease" not "deadly disease"? Definition "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect" synonyms: deadly, virulent. So "deadly" example maybe "a deadly disease". Our phrase "deadly state" maps to disease state. But do we choose "of a disease" sense? Because it explicitly relates to disease, while sense 1 is more general causing death. In WSD, more specific sense that matches the head noun is often preferred if context supports. The noun "state" isn't "disease" but refers to the cancer; "it" denotes cancer. So an adjective modifying "state" (of cancer). The adjective "deadly" describes the disease's nature. So sense 6 seems strong.

But consider phrase "deadly state" as "state which causes death" -> sense 1. The examples for sense 1 include "a deadly enemy" (not necessarily disease) and "fatal accident". Sense 1 is causing death. "deadly state" = state capable of causing death. Sense 6 = a disease with rapid course and violent effect; "deadly state" is not necessarily rapid/violent course but more can cause death. Let's parse "propel it into a deadly state". A state of being deadly? The genes make cancer become deadly. That means cancer becomes able to kill (fatal). Sense 1 captures this. The phrase is not "deadly cancer" (disease) but "deadly state" (condition causing death). So sense 1 maybe.

Need follow instructions: Choose single best indexed sense. Use context, examples, synonyms. The target word is the adjective "deadly" before "state", describing state, which is a condition of cancer. "Deadly" could be synonymous with "fatal". "Propel it into a deadly state" means make it fatal. Candidate 1: causing or capable of causing death (fatal). Candidate 6: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect. Is "deadly state" a disease? It is a state of disease. However definition 6 requires disease head. "Cancer" is a disease, but "state" is a condition. The adjective modifies state, not directly disease. But the whole NP "deadly state" refers to the cancer as disease. WSD typically attaches adjective to nearest noun; "state" is not disease. Also "deadly" as "fatal" is more directly about causing death. "deadly enemy" example similarly: an enemy that causes death. A deadly state can mean fatal condition.

Sense 5 "exceedingly harmful" could also fit, but "deadly" in this context is more severe than harmful. Sense 1 best.

Need decide final answer: JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Let's be confident.

Let's think if there is possible issue: In WordNet, "deadly" is adjective satellite linked to "fatal". There are two fatal satellites: 1 and 2. 2 is of an instrument of certain death; 1 is causing/capable of causing death. Our usage is not an instrument but state causing death, so sense 1.

Sense 6 is deadly = virulent (of disease). The synonyms include virulent. In context, "deadly state" could be "virulent state" meaning aggressive disease. But "propel it into a deadly state" more about making cancer fatal, not necessarily rapid/violent. The passage is about cancer progression; deadly means life-threatening. I think sense 1.

Need return only JSON exactly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "state" in this context.

The context is: "we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Here, "state" refers to a condition or mode of being. Cancer is being propelled into a deadly condition or status.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. state%1:15:01 - administrative district/territory - doesn't fit
2. state%1:03:00 - "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" - examples include "current state of knowledge" and "state of health" - this fits well with a deadly state/condition of cancer
3. state%1:14:01 - government group - doesn't fit
4. state%1:14:00 - politically organized body - doesn't fit
5. state%1:26:02 - chemistry states of matter - doesn't fit
6. state%1:26:01 - state of depression or agitation - too specific, doesn't fit
7. state%1:15:00 - territory occupied by a nation - doesn't fit
8. state%1:14:02 - US Department of State - doesn't fit

The best sense is sense 2: state%1:03:00, which is the general meaning of a condition or mode of being.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "call" in the given context. Let me analyze the sentence:

"Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

This means scientists assign the name "tumor-suppressors" or "anti-cancer genes" to this new class of genes.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader

This is about assigning a name. The example "They named their son David" shows naming with a proper name, but the schematic definition says "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". In our context, scientists are assigning the name "tumor-suppressors" to the genes. This seems like the best fit.

2. call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

This is about using a common noun that reflects a quality (insults, descriptions). Tumor-suppressors is a classificatory name, not an insult or quality description. So this is not right.

The other senses are clearly different: telephone, shout, summon, visit, predict, etc.

Sense 1 is the best fit because scientists are naming/referring to the new class of genes as "tumor-suppressors."

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider sense 1 carefully. The definition says "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to." The examples show proper names (David, named after a leader). But the target usage is giving a scientific term/classification to a class of genes.

In WordNet, sense 1 (call%2:32:02::) is indeed "name" - assign a specified name to. Even though the examples use proper names, the schematic definition allows for assigning specified names. The phrase "Scientists call X Y" is a classic example of the "name" sense.

Sense 2 (call%2:32:00::) would be "He called me a bastard" - using a common noun to characterize someone/something, often with emotional/qualitative judgment. While "tumor-suppressors" is a common noun phrase, it's being used as a technical designation/name, not as a qualitative characterization.

Sense 1 is the best answer.

The user wants the output as JSON like {"sense_index": 3}. I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best WordNet sense index for "new" in context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes." The phrase "new class of genes" refers to tumor-suppressor genes newly identified, just discovered. Candidate 1 definition: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. Examples "a new law; new cars". Fits newly discovered class of genes. Candidate 2: original/novel/fresh "the computer produced a completely novel proof..." maybe possible but class of genes is novel? However context emphasizes newly identified genes and discoveries; "new class of genes" means recently discovered. The best sense is index 1. Check if there's also sense 5 "other than former one(s); different" applies to "a new leaders". Not here. sense 11 "new experiences" unfamiliar. Not. Sense 11 could be class of genes new to science, but WordNet "unfamiliar" not right. The target modifies class of genes; semantically recently discovered. So index 1. Need return JSON only exactly {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need determine best Wordnet sense for word 'class' context: 'Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors...' It means 'a collection of things sharing a common attribute' sense 1: category, family. Examples there are two classes of detergents. So sense index 1.
Need return JSON only. Ensure exact format.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need select sense for simply in context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes." It's used to indicate a simpler alternative name: "or merely/just anti-cancer genes." That's sense 1: and nothing more; merely, just, only, but. The phrase "or simply X" = "or merely X". So index 1.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON. Need determine best sense for "functioning" in context. Let's parse.

Target surface functioning, lemma function. Context: tumor-suppressor genes, "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." Means when operating normally/performing as expected. Candidate sense 1 definition: perform as expected when applied; synonyms work, operate, go, run; examples washing machine won't go, old car run. Candidate 2: serve a purpose, role, or function; synonyms serve; examples tree stump serves as a table, control group. Candidate 3: perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function; officiate.

Here genes are working/operating normally; sense 1 fits. Phrase "functioning normally" = operating normally. Sense 2 would be "serve as" like function as tumor suppressors maybe but with adverb normally, perform as expected. The best is 1.

Need output only JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no hedge.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "hold" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidates.

Context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."

This is about tumor suppressor genes making proteins that control or restrain a cell's growth. The phrase "hold in check" is a common idiom meaning to control or restrain.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. keep in a certain state, position, or activity - "keep clean; hold in place"
2. have or hold in one's hands or grip
3. organize or be responsible for
4. have or possess
5. keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view
6. maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)
7. to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement - "restrain, confine"
8. secure and keep for possible future use
9. have rightfully
10. be the physical support of
11. contain or hold; have within
12. have room for
13. remain in a certain state
14. support or hold in a certain manner
15. be valid, applicable, or true
16. assert or affirm
17. have as a major characteristic
18. be capable of holding or containing
19. arrange for and reserve
20. protect against a challenge or attack
21. bind by an obligation
22. hold the attention of
23. remain committed to
24. resist or confront with resistance
25. be pertinent or relevant or applicable
26. stop dealing with
27. lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits - "control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate" - examples: "moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue"
28. keep from departing
29. take and maintain control over
30. cause to stop
31. cover as for protection
32. drink alcohol without showing ill effects
33. aim, point, or direct
34. declare to be
35. be in accord
36. keep from exhaling or expelling

The phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" clearly matches sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" with synonyms "control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate". The example "hold your tongue" is directly related to the idiom "hold in check".

Actually, the idiom is "hold [something] in check". The target word is "hold" in "hold a cell's growth in check". Sense 27 explicitly mentions "hold in restraint" and "check" in its synonyms ("check, curb").

Sense 7 is "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement" - this is also close, but more physical restraint.

Sense 27 specifically captures the meaning of controlling/restraining growth - "hold in check" is almost literally the definition. The example "hold your tongue" also uses "hold" in the sense of restraining.

Sense 1 "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - "hold in place" could be somewhat related, but doesn't capture the "restraint/control" meaning as well as sense 27.

Sense 27 is the best fit because:
- It defines "hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"
- "hold in check" is the idiom being used
- The meaning is about controlling cell growth to prevent cancer
- Synonyms include "control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate"

The answer should be {"sense_index": 27}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense index for 'cell' in context. Context biology: cell's growth, cell division, genes, proteins, organisms. Candidate sense 2 is biology basic structural and functional unit. So index 2. Need output exactly {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to choose the single best WordNet sense for "growth" in the given biomedical context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word is "growth" as in: "they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check"

Context: This is about tumor-suppressor genes and cancer. The passage discusses:
- Cancer development
- Tumor-suppressor/anti-cancer genes
- Genes that normally make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check
- If damaged, growth-suppressing proteins no longer work
- Cells normally under control turn malignant

Now let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. growth%1:22:00:: = (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
   - synonyms: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
   - This is about organismal growth/development (ontogeny), not cellular proliferation. Too broad; not specific to cell-level uncontrolled division.

2. growth%1:22:01:: = a progression from simpler to more complex forms
   - examples: "the growth of culture"
   - This is about cultural/evolutionary progression, not biological cell growth.

3. growth%1:22:02:: = a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important
   - synonyms: increase, increment
   - examples: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population"
   - This is a general increase. While cell growth is an increase in size/number, this is too general; the specific biomedical context suggests a more technical sense.

4. growth%1:14:00:: = vegetation that has grown
   - examples: "a growth of trees"
   - Not applicable.

5. growth%1:11:01:: = the gradual beginning or coming forth
   - synonyms: emergence, outgrowth
   - Not the right meaning.

6. growth%1:26:00:: = (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
   - This is the pathological sense. In the context, they are talking about tumor-suppressor genes holding cell growth in check. When not held in check, cells become malignant (cancerous). The "growth" here refers to the abnormal/uncontrolled proliferation that leads to cancer/tumors. This fits very well with the biomedical pathological context.

7. growth%1:17:00:: = something grown or growing
   - examples: "a growth of hair"
   - Not applicable.

Wait, let me think more carefully. The phrase is "hold a cell's growth in check." Is this referring to:
- Normal cell growth (the process of cells growing/dividing)?
- Abnormal growth/tumor growth?

The text says: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

This is describing tumor suppressor genes. They normally suppress cell growth/proliferation. When damaged, cells proliferate uncontrollably and become malignant. The "growth" being held in check is the cell's tendency to proliferate, which when uncontrolled becomes pathological (cancer).

In biomedical terminology, tumor suppressor genes regulate the cell cycle and prevent cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled manner. The "growth" here is cell growth/proliferation.

Between sense 1 (biological growth/ontogeny) and sense 6 (pathological abnormal proliferation):
- Sense 1 is about organismal development, not cellular proliferation.
- Sense 6 is specifically about abnormal tissue proliferation as in tumors.

However, the phrase "a cell's growth" - is it referring to the individual cell's growth? In cell biology, cell growth refers to increase in cell mass and size, and proliferation refers to increase in cell number. Tumor suppressor genes control both.

But in WordNet, what is the most appropriate? Let me reconsider. The context is about cancer, which is pathological. "Tumor-suppressors" and "anti-cancer genes" are mentioned. The proteins "hold a cell's growth in check" - if not held in check, cells "turn malignant."

Actually, "turn malignant" means they become cancerous. So the uncontrolled growth leads to malignancy. The "growth" in question is the kind that, if not checked, becomes cancerous. This aligns closely with sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)."

Hmm, but is a single cell's growth really "an abnormal proliferation of tissue"? A tissue proliferation involves multiple cells. But the mechanism being described is about what happens at the cellular level that leads to tissue-level abnormal proliferation.

Let me reconsider sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level." This ontology/ontogenesis is about whole organisms, not cells.

Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - this is general and too broad, but could apply to cell growth in general.

Given the strong pathological/cancer context, I think sense 6 is the best fit, even though it's a bit tissue-level rather than cell-level. The passage is explicitly about cancer and tumor suppression, so the pathological sense is most appropriate.

Actually, wait. I should be more nuanced. "hold a cell's growth in check" refers to regulating normal cellular growth and division. In molecular biology/cancer biology, tumor suppressor genes normally restrain cell proliferation. The word "growth" here means cellular proliferation/growth. In WordNet, the closest specialized sense would be either sense 1 (biology, organism growth) or sense 6 (pathology, abnormal proliferation).

Sense 1 is specifically about organismal development (ontogeny). Sense 6 is about abnormal proliferation in pathology.

I think in this biomedical context about cancer and tumor suppressors, sense 6 is the intended sense because:
1. The surrounding context is explicitly pathological (cancer, malignant, tumor-suppressors)
2. The "growth" being held in check is the kind that, if unchecked, leads to tumors
3. "growth" in oncology often refers to tumor growth/abnormal proliferation

However, I'm aware that some disambiguation systems might prefer sense 3 (general increase) or sense 1 (biological growth) for "cell growth." But given the specific instructions to use context, examples, and synonyms, and the cancer-specific context, I believe sense 6 is best.

Let me make a decision: sense_index: 6.

Actually, let me reconsider once more. The word "growth" in "hold a cell's growth in check" - is this referring to the normal growth of a cell or abnormal growth? The proteins described are "growth-suppressing proteins" that, when working, hold growth in check. When not working, cells turn malignant. So the default "growth" is cellular proliferation that needs to be controlled. In cancer biology, this is indeed considered the abnormal/uncontrolled growth that tumor suppressors prevent.

I think sense 6 is the answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON object. We choose best indexed sense among 1 and 2. Target: "damaged" in context "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation...". Subject genes undergo damage inflicted by radiation. Transitive passive? "if the genes are damaged" means someone/something inflicts damage upon the genes. Sense 1 = inflict damage upon. Sense 2 intr. transitive? suffer or be susceptible to damage; examples "These fine china cups damage easily". Here not "damage easily" but "are damaged by radiation". So sense 1 via passive. Therefore sense_index=1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best WordNet sense for "radiation" in context: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work". Here radiation as physical agent that damages genes/DNA. Candidate senses: 1 energy that is radiated or transmitted in form of rays/waves/particles. 4 spontaneous emission of particles/electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay (radioactivity). 7 medical treatment. Context: environmental cause of DNA damage, likely ionizing radiation (energy/particles). Sense 1 is energy radiated/transmitted. Sense 4 is process of spontaneous emission. The phrase "by radiation" can mean by exposure to radiant energy. Is WordNet sense 1 or 4 better? We need analyze WordNet synsets. radiation%1:19:00:: is noun.event? Domain maybe physics: energy that is radiated or transmitted. radiation%1:22:00:: is noun.process: spontaneous emission... In contexts "damage by radiation" often refers to ionizing radiation (energy/particles), not radioactivity process. But WordNet sense 4 "radioactivity" is emission of particles or rays in nuclear decay. However "radiation" as a cause of genetic damage includes electromagnetic radiation (X-rays/gamma rays) and particle radiation; sense 1 covers energy transmitted as rays/waves/particles. Sense 4 specifically nuclear decay radioactivity. The sentence says "damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical..." It is parallel to a chemical (carcinogen). Radiation as carcinogen is energy/radiant energy. I'd choose sense 1. But we must be careful: In WordNet, sense 1 examples? radiation%1:19:00:: maybe "energy that is radiated..." hypernym energy. Sense 4 hypernym emission? Example may include "radioactivity". The context doesn't mention nuclear decay. The most likely intended WSD answer is sense 1. Let's verify WordNet senses: radiation%1:19:00:: energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles. radiation%1:04:00:: act of spreading outward. radiation%1:26:00:: radiation sickness. radiation%1:22:00:: spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay (radioactivity). radiation%1:11:00:: spread organisms. radiation%1:08:00:: brain nerve fibers. radiation%1:04:01:: radiotherapy.

We need produce JSON only. So answer {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to do word sense disambiguation for the word "work" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

Here, "work" means that the proteins no longer function or operate as expected. The proteins are supposed to suppress cell growth, but when the genes are damaged, the proteins don't perform their intended function.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. work%2:41:02 - exert oneself by doing mental or physical work
2. work%2:41:00 - be employed
3. work%2:41:03 - have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected
4. work%2:35:02 - perform as expected when applied (synonyms: function, operate, go, run)
5. work%2:36:00 - shape, form, or improve a material
6. work%2:29:00 - give a workout to
7. work%2:38:00 - proceed along a path
8. work%2:41:04 - operate in a certain place, area, or specialty
9. work%2:41:05 - proceed towards a goal
10. work%2:38:02 - move in an agitated manner
11. work%2:36:01 - cause to happen
12. work%2:41:01 - cause to work
13. work%2:36:09 - prepare for crops
14. work%2:42:10 - behave in a certain way when handled
15. work%2:41:10 - have and exert influence or effect
16. work%2:41:11 - operate in or through
17. work%2:41:12 - cause to operate or function
18. work%2:39:10 - provoke or excite
19. work%2:37:10 - gratify and charm
20. work%2:36:12 - make something
21. work%2:35:14 - move into or onto
22. work%2:35:00 - make uniform
23. work%2:34:10 - use or manipulate to one's advantage
24. work%2:31:13 - find the solution to
25. work%2:30:14 - cause to undergo fermentation
26. work%2:30:13 - go sour or spoil
27. work%2:30:10 - arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion

The context is about proteins that "no longer work" - meaning they no longer function or operate as expected. The growth-suppressing proteins don't perform their function anymore.

Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" with synonyms "function, operate, go, run" and examples "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?" - This matches very well. A protein that doesn't "work" means it doesn't function/operate.

Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" - This is also close. But the examples are more about processes/ideas: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?"

Sense 4 seems more appropriate for a biological mechanism/protein. The proteins no longer function/operate. "Perform as expected when applied" with synonyms function, operate, go, run.

Let me double-check. "Their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work" - this is about biological proteins failing to perform their function. The best match is sense 4.

Actually, let me reconsider. In WordNet, sense 3 (work%2:41:03) is "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" with synonym "act". Sense 4 (work%2:35:02) is "perform as expected when applied" with synonyms "function, operate, go, run".

In common parlance, if a machine or device "doesn't work", we often use sense 4. For example, "The car doesn't work" means it doesn't function/operate. Similarly, a protein that doesn't work means it doesn't function.

Sense 3 might apply to something like "The medicine doesn't work" - it doesn't have the desired effect. But actually, medicine not working could also be sense 4.

Looking at the examples for sense 4: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?" - these are clearly about machines functioning.

For sense 3: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" - these are about processes/ideas having effects.

For a protein, which is more like a biological machine/component, sense 4 (function/operate) seems best. The protein doesn't "perform as expected when applied."

I think sense 4 is the best answer.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I should return {"sense_index": 4}.

Let me re-read: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The candidate senses are numbered 1-27. So I should use that index. Sense 4 is work%2:35:02.

Actually, let me be more careful. The index in the list is 4. So {"sense_index": 4}.

I should not include any explanation, just the JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cells" (lemma: cell) in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the candidate senses.

Context analysis: The passage is about cancer, genes, cell growth, cell division, and malignant transformation. Key phrases: "hold a cell's growth in check", "chance accident in cell division", "cells normally under control turn malignant", "tumor-suppressors", "anti-cancer genes", "proteins".

Candidate senses:
1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (e.g., cells of a honeycomb)
2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell
4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre
5. cell%1:06:04:: - cellular telephone
6. cell%1:06:02:: - monk's/nun's room
7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell

The context is clearly biological. The word "cells" refers to biological cells that can turn malignant. This matches sense 2: cell%1:03:00:: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals".

The answer should be a JSON object with the sense_index. The index for sense 2 is 2 (based on the numbering in the candidate list).

Wait, let me check the numbering. The candidate senses are numbered 1 through 7. So the biological sense is index 2.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation on target lemma "turn" in a specific context. I need to not hedge, choose single best indexed sense, not answer with WordNet sense key, return only JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Context: "cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant." The sentence: "But if the genes are damaged ... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

We need identify meaning: cells become malignant. "turn malignant" is an intransitive change-of-state verb: become/change state. Candidates:

1 turn%2:38:00 change orientation or direction. Not this.
2 turn%2:30:04 undergo a transformation or change of position or action. examples "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President". This is change state (turn from something to something). "Cells turn malignant" maybe fits transformation.
3 turn%2:42:00 undergo a change or development; synonyms=become. examples water turned into ice; friend became enemy. This is "turn into" or become by change.
4 cause to rotate not.
5 change to contrary not.
6 pass other side not.
7 pass into a condition gradually, take on specific property; become/grow. examples "weather turned nasty; She grew angry". This fits "turn malignant" as become/change of property/attribute gradually.
14 change color. Not exactly malignant though color change.
25 go sour or spoil. Not.
26 become older not.
16 cause to change into something different. Not here intransitive.
3 vs 7 vs 2. WordNet sense 7 definition "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" synonyms grow; examples "The weather turned nasty; She grew angry". This exactly "turn + adjective" (turn malignant). Sense 3 examples require "turn into" with N. Sense 2 examples "turn from Socialism to Capitalism" more political/ideological shift. The phrase "turn malignant" is a classic change of state with adjective, probably best sense 7 (index 7). But let's verify WordNet sense numbering. Candidate list: 7 is turn%2:30:03:: "pass into a condition gradually; take on a specific property or attribute; become"; synonyms grow; examples The weather turned nasty; She grew angry. That's exactly turn+Adj. Here "malignant" adjective. So index 7.

Need output only JSON with no extra text: {"sense_index": 7}. Ensure no markdown code block? User says return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So I can output plain text JSON.

Double-check ambiguity: Could index 3 "undergo a change or development" become. It accepts "turn into / turn to N". Example The water turned into ice. But not plain turn + adj. For "turn malignant" specifically, WSD systems often annotate as sense "become" with adj, which in WordNet is sense 7. Let's confirm WordNet sense key turn%2:30:03 is "pass to the other side of"? Wait no that's 03? Actually let's recall WordNet verb senses.

Verb senses for turn in WordNet:
- turn.v.01: change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense (senses 1 orientation).
- turn.v.02: become officially one year older (turn 50) maybe index 2?
- But given candidate order corresponds to WordNet sense keys? Need be careful: User gave Candidate senses numbered 1-26 with keys. We only need choose index from their list. The keys:
1 turn%2:38:00::
2 turn%2:30:04::
3 turn%2:42:00::
4 turn%2:38:02::
5 turn%2:30:00::
6 turn%2:38::? etc.
7 turn%2:30:03:: is "pass into a condition gradually...". Yes.
3 turn%2:42:00:: "become" change of development.

In this corpus context (probably ACL SemEval WSD?), "turn" as "become" maybe annotated as change color sense? Hmm.

Let's think of lexicographic usage:
"cells normally under control turn malignant." cells become malignant. That's a linking/inchoative verb. In WordNet, a verb group includes become, grow, turn. The sense "turn" with adjective (milk turned sour; weather turned nasty, leaves turn color) is turn.v.07? I believe.

Could "turn malignant" map to sense turn%2:30:04 (undergo transformation or change of action)? Definition examples include "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism" which is political positions. Hmm.

The key differentiator: sense 7 specifically says take on a specific property or attribute, become. Malignant is an attribute. Also examples include "weather turned nasty; she grew angry"; growth into deadly state. So transition "cells turn malignant" is definitely sense 7.

Need return only JSON. Done.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with single best sense. Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." Target surface "identified" modifies genes. Meaning: genes that have been newly recognized/discovered/established identity. Candidate senses: 1 recognize as being; establish identity. 2 give name or identifying characteristics. 5 identify as in botany or biology, for example; synonyms discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name. Which best? In scientific context, "newly identified genes" means recently discovered/recognized. Sense 5 (taxonomy/biology) includes "discover" and "distinguish" and examples of identifying species. But sense 1 also "recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something" with example identify man. The phrase "newly identified genes" is about recognizing/discovering the identity of genes. In WordNet, sense 5 is specific to biology/taxonomy: identify as in botany or biology, for example. Since target is genes (biology), sense 5 seems best. But we need careful: sense 5 examples maybe "identify a plant". Sense 2 "give the name ... refer to by name" example almanac identifies months. The context not naming them but discovering. Sense 1 is generic recognize/establish identity; likely used in contexts like identify a person. But WordNet senses: identify%2:31:01:: is "identify as in botany or biology, for example" with synonyms discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name. The target is genes; biology. However, "newly identified genes" is essentially discover (sense 5). So choose index 5. Need JSON exactly {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for "differ" in the given context. I need to choose between two candidate senses. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target sentence is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

This is comparing tumor-suppressor genes with oncogenes, saying they are not the same. It means they are different from each other.

Sense 1: be different - examples: "These two tests differ in only one respect" - this fits the context of genes being different from another family of genes.

Sense 2: be of different opinions, synonyms: disagree, dissent, take issue - this is about disagreement, which doesn't apply to genes. Genes don't have opinions.

So sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The sense key is differ%2:42:00:: which corresponds to index 1.

The instructions say to return JSON like {"sense_index": 3} - so for me, {"sense_index": 1}.