[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: incumbency
Target surface form: incumbency
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as <t>incumbency</t> advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=incumbency%1:28:00:: | definition=the term during which some position is held | synonyms=tenure, term of office
2. sense_key=incumbency%1:04:01:: | definition=a duty that is incumbent upon you
3. sense_key=incumbency%1:04:00:: | definition=the office of an incumbent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation for target 'incumbency' in provided context. It asks choose one best sense. Must return JSON exactly {"sense_index": int}. Need analyze context. The context: about Democrats/Republicans legislators, local benefit-seeking, attendance. Sentence: "An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as <t>incumbency</t> advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates ..." "incumbency advantages" refers to electoral advantage from being the current officeholder (incumbent). What WordNet sense? Candidate senses: 1: term during which some position is held (synonyms: tenure, term of office). 2: a duty incumbent upon you. 3: the office of an incumbent. The phrase "incumbency advantages" means advantages associated with being the incumbent (current holder of office), not just term of office. Which sense best matches? Sense 3 definition "the office of an incumbent" maps to incumbent status (state of currently holding office). "incumbency" in political science means the holding of an office or the term/duration. In "incumbency advantages" it's the status or fact of being an incumbent. WordNet sense 3 is "the office of an incumbent". However is "office" as in position held? Sense 1 is term during which position is held. Incumbency advantages derive from holding office currently, not duration. But WordNet gloss for 3 "the office of an incumbent" seems closest. Need use synonyms? No synonyms listed for sense 3? It doesn't list synonyms. Sense 1 synonyms: tenure, term of office. In phrase "incumbency advantages" maybe sense 3 not synonym tenure. But target lemma incumbency. Let's consider WordNet actual senses: incumbency has 3 senses: 1. tenure, term of office, incumbency -- the term during which some position is held. 2. burden, incumbency -- a duty that is incumbent upon you. 3. incumbency -- the office of an incumbent. The phrase "incumbency advantages" might mean advantage of current officeholder, so the office of an incumbent, sense 3. In WSD tasks, incumbency often maps to sense 3 (the office of an incumbent) when referring to political incumbency. Is there a possible mapping to sense 1 (tenure/term of office) because "incumbency" as period? In context, holding other factors constant such as incumbency advantages and regional. "Incumbency advantages" is typical electoral advantage of sitting officeholder; the relevant concept is being an incumbent (the office), not length of term. Should choose 3. Need output JSON only. Ensure no extra.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advantage
Target surface form: advantages
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency <t>advantages</t> and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advantage%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of having a superior or more favorable position | synonyms=vantage | examples=the experience gave him the advantage over me
2. sense_key=advantage%1:23:00:: | definition=(tennis) first point scored after deuce
3. sense_key=advantage%1:07:01:: | definition=benefit resulting from some event or action | synonyms=reward | examples=it turned out to my advantage; reaping the rewards of generosity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need perform fine-grained WSD for lemma advantage, surface advantages in context. Candidate senses: 1 advantage%1:07:00:: definition=quality of having superior or more favorable position, syn vantage, examples experience gave him advantage over me. 3 advantage%1:07:01:: definition=benefit resulting from some event or action, syn reward, examples turned out to my advantage; reaping rewards. 2 is tennis.

Context: incumbency advantages. "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference..." The phrase incumbency advantages means benefits/advantages that incumbents have (favorable position). Which sense is better? Need sense index 1 or 3? WordNet sense 1: the quality of having a superior or more favorable position. Sense 3: benefit resulting from some event or action. "incumbency advantages" refers to inherent advantages/favorable position of incumbency, often as a resource. In WSD, plural "advantages" in phrase "incumbency advantages" likely sense 1: favorable position/edge over opponents. But we must think from WordNet: advantage senses: 1: position, superiority (vantage); 3: benefit/reward from action/event. "Incumbency advantage" commonly is an electoral advantage due to holding office. Could fit sense 3 as benefit resulting from incumbency (action/event). However examples: "it turned out to my advantage" personal benefit, "reaping rewards of generosity" suggests a benefit produced by prior action. Incumbency advantages are benefits of being incumbent (state/action). But the phrase in political science is "incumbency advantage" in U.S. elections, referring to boost in vote share from being incumbent; that's a benefit resulting from holding office (event/action). Yet can also be described as a superior position.

We need choose single best indexed sense. Let's examine the context. Sentence: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes ..." Incumbency is a favorable position because of status. WordNet sense 1: "the quality of having a superior or more favorable position." For plural "advantages" refers to favorable positions or superiorities associated with incumbency. Sense 3: "benefit resulting from some event or action." If held constant as a factor in regression, incumbency advantages could be considered benefits (e.g., higher resources, name recognition) resulting from incumbency. Which is more standard mapping? Let's recall WordNet WSD for "advantage". Example: "the experience gave him the advantage over me"—sense 1. "It turned out to my advantage"—sense 3.

"Incumbency advantage" in WordNet? Let's see known SemCor? The collocation maybe in WSD training. Could be mapped to sense 1 (the generic). Let's reason carefully.

In WordNet, noun groups:
1.07:00 advantage: "the quality of having a superior or more favorable position". Synset {advantage, vantage}. Hypernym: asset, plus. Definition concretely: superior/favorable position. Examples: "the experience gave him the advantage over me." This sense includes competitive edge.
1.07:01 advantage: "benefit resulting from some event or action". Synset {advantage, reward}. Definition: outcome benefit. Examples: "it turned out to my advantage".
1.23:00 tennis sense.

In context "incumbency advantages" meaning things like name recognition, funding, casework, etc, are assets that give superior position to incumbents. That's sense 1. If it said "to his advantage" would be 3. "Incumbency advantages" plural likely sense 1. Also "such as incumbency advantages and regional factors" parallels attributes/favorable positions. "Holding other factors constant"—incumbency advantages are resources that provide favorable position. So best is sense 1.

The user asked to return JSON only {"sense_index": 1}. We must not include any explanation. Just parse and output JSON object. Ensure exact format with no extra spaces? Example: {"sense_index": 3}. We'll produce {"sense_index": 1}.

Now final answer.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: regional
Target surface form: regional
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and <t>regional</t> factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=regional%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of a region | examples=regional flora
2. sense_key=regional%5:00:00:territorial:00 | definition=related or limited to a particular region | examples=a regional dialect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer with JSON {"sense_index": 1} or 2. Need choose best sense for 'regional' in context. Let's analyze.

We are to act as English linguist performing fine-grained WSD. Target surface regional. Candidate senses: 1 adjective characteristic of a region (examples regional flora). 2 related or limited to a particular region (subordinate of territorial), examples a regional dialect (sense 5 maybe adjective satellite).

Context: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference ..."

'regional factors' means factors related or limited to particular regions. Could also be characteristic of a region. Need choose best. Sense 1 is characteristic of a region. Sense 2 related or limited to a particular region.

WordNet: regional%3:01:00:: is adj.all/relational? regional%3:01:00:: may be adjective describing characteristic. The second sense satellite related or limited to a particular region synonyms territorial. Actually in WordNet 3.0, regional adj has 2 senses: "characteristic of a region" (regional flora); "related or limited to a particular region" (a regional dialect). We need infer which sense in "regional factors" in politics/senate election. Factors that vary by region, region-specific, limited to a particular region. That fits sense 2. But sense 1 could also be characteristic of a region. 'regional factors' = factors pertaining to regions; not necessarily characteristic. In regression context controlling for regional factors/dummy variables for region suggests region-related and limited. Best is sense 2.

Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: factor
Target surface form: factors
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional <t>factors</t>, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=factor%1:11:00:: | definition=anything that contributes causally to a result | examples=a number of factors determined the outcome
2. sense_key=factor%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, element, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony
3. sense_key=factor%1:23:00:: | definition=one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer | synonyms=divisor | examples=what are the 4 factors of 6?
4. sense_key=factor%1:18:00:: | definition=a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission | synonyms=agent, broker
5. sense_key=factor%1:23:01:: | definition=any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
6. sense_key=factor%1:09:01:: | definition=an independent variable in statistics
7. sense_key=factor%1:08:00:: | definition=(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity | synonyms=gene, cistron | examples=genes were formerly called factors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD. Target lemma factor surface factors. Context sentence: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes ...".
Determine sense. Options:
1 factor%1:11:00:: anything that contributes causally to a result. example a number of factors determined the outcome.
2 abstract part of something.
3 divisor integer.
4 businessman broker.
5 numbers multiplied.
6 independent variable in statistics.
7 genetics gene.

In context "holding other factors constant" in political science/regression-like statement. "such as incumbency advantages and regional factors" means variables/causal factors influencing outcome. Sense 1 "anything that contributes causally to a result" fits. Sense 6 independent variable in statistics is more specific: independent variable in statistics. But is the context statistics? They say holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, difference ... is positive function of tax burden. This is a regression/covariate language. Could be sense 6 or 1. Need choose single best.

Let's examine WordNet definitions. sense1 factor%1:11:00:: noun (any attribute or circumstance causally contributing to result). Topical? This sense often used broadly. sense6 factor%1:09:01:: noun cognition: an independent variable in statistics. That appears in statistical model: factor as independent variable. Example perhaps "race is a significant factor in the outcome". Is "holding other factors constant" typical for independent variable? yes. But "incumbency advantages and regional factors" maybe independent variables. However WordNet examples? I don't know exact. need decide based on glosses and context.

Let's see: WordNet factors: There are several senses including "anything that contributes causally to a result" (hypernym? causal agent? Actually factor as an abstract entity). sense1 is an event? Let's recall WordNet 3.1. factor n. There is sense 1: anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome". Sense 2: an abstract part of something; component etc. Sense 3: one of two or more integers that divide exactly. Sense 4: agent/broker. Sense 5: any of numbers multiplied. Sense 6: an independent variable in statistics. Sense 7: gene.

Context: academic paper about Congress, may use statistical language? The phrase "Holding other factors constant" is regression terminology, indicating controlling for independent variables/covariates. So sense 6 might be best. But the examples of sense1 "a number of factors determined the outcome" also fit. The sentence is not explicitly describing variables in data; "holding other factors constant" in a sentence could be cause but in social science equals control variables.

Need decide. The instructions: Use context, examples, synonyms. Do not hedge. Single best.

Let's consider "incumbency advantages and regional factors" are there things that contribute causally (sense1) to vote differences. The phrase "Holding other factors constant" means to control them, akin to independent variables in statistics. The target uses plural factors. Sense6 definition: an independent variable in statistics. Example (from WordNet 3.1 maybe) "variables...?" Actually "factor analysis". But independent variable can be manipulated.

If this is from a corpus annotated? Maybe SemCor? Let's see text. It might be from academic article. The target "factors". Sense label in SemCor? Let's recall if this sentence exists. The text: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates..." This is maybe political science article. In WordNet corpus annotations, "factors" might be tagged as factor%1:11:00:: (causally contributes) or factor%1:09:01::. Which is more likely?

We can reason: sense1 definition includes "anything that contributes causally to a result" and examples "a number of factors determined the outcome". The phrase "holding other factors constant" and "regional factors" seems exactly "things that causally contribute". Sense6 is a narrower, statistical variable, but the sentence doesn't explicitly mention data, model, analysis, although "holding constant" implies statistical control. The use of "factors" for independent variables in statistics is usually in context of factorial design. However in regression, independent variables are often called "variables" not "factors" specifically. But "holding factors constant" could be a non-statistical causal conditional. So maybe sense1 is safer.

Let's examine candidate gloss wording. Sense1 "anything that contributes causally to a result" vs sense6 "an independent variable in statistics". The context mentions "additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference ... turns out to be a positive function of ..." The phrase "positive function of" indicates mathematical/statistical relationship, not necessarily formal regression. It is analysis of patterns. "holding other factors constant" is a conditional statement for causal inference. Thus sense1 causal contributor is apt.

Question title: "Target lemma: factor Target surface form: factors". We need return JSON {"sense_index": X}. Do not answer with WordNet sense key. Need use 1-indexed from candidate list? It says "Candidate senses: 1. ... 6. ...". So index = 1.

Let's verify not sense 2: "abstract part of something" - component/ingredient. Not appropriate because factors are not parts of a whole. They are causal variables. So sense1.

Potential issue: The phrase "regional factors" could be "aspects" of region (abstract parts), but in causal context, sense1.

Thus final: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the <t>difference</t> between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need solve WSD. Target lemma difference, surface difference. Context sentence: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". Difference here is the arithmetic/numerical difference between vote totals (or vote percentages? popular votes) for two candidates. Candidate senses: 1 quality of being unlike/dissimilar; 2 deviation; 3 disagreement; 4 significant change; 5 the number that remains after subtraction; remainder. This is mathematical difference between two vote quantities. So sense_index 5. Need return JSON only. Ensure exactly {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: popular
Target surface form: popular
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between <t>popular</t> votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=popular%3:00:00:: | definition=regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public | examples=a popular tourist attraction; a popular girl
2. sense_key=popular%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=carried on by or for the people (or citizens) at large | examples=the popular vote; popular representation
3. sense_key=popular%5:00:01:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=democratic | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement
4. sense_key=popular%5:00:00:nonclassical:00 | definition=(of music or art) new and of general appeal (especially among young people) | synonyms=pop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need perform WSD for lemma popular, surface popular. Context is political science text: "the difference between <t>popular</t> votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function...". The phrase "popular votes" is standard term meaning votes by the people at large, as opposed to electoral college etc. Candidate sense 2 definition: carried on by or for the people (or citizens) at large; examples: the popular vote; popular representation. That is the exact collocation. Sense 1 = regarded with great favor by general public (e.g., popular girl). Not relevant; "popular votes" not meaning favorable votes. Sense 3 = representing/appealing to/adapted for benefit of people at large; synonyms democratic (e.g., democratic movement). Not exactly. Sense 4 music. So answer index 2. Need return JSON only. Ensure no extra.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular <t>votes</t> for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON. We need disambiguate "votes" in phrase "popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates". Context: difference between popular votes for GOP pres and senatorial candidates. "Popular votes" means votes cast by people, countable ballots. Candidate sense 1: a choice made by counting number of people in favor of each alternative; synonyms ballot, voting, balloting; examples there were only 17 votes in favor. That fits: popular votes = number of ballots/votes cast. Sense 2: opinion of a group as determined by voting. Sense 5: total number of voters who participated; synonyms voter turnout. In phrase "popular votes", it refers to the actual countable votes (ballots) cast for each candidate, not turnout. "Popular vote" is the aggregate of all votes cast; thus sense 1 best. Need output JSON exactly {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for <t>Republican</t> presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Target surface form: Republican
Context: The context is about US political parties: Democrats, Republicans, roll-call votes, House, Senate, presidential candidates, senatorial candidates, GOP. The target word "Republican" in "Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" refers to members of the Republican Party.
Sense 1: relating to or belonging to the Republican Party. Example "a Republican senator". This matches.
Sense 2: having supreme power lying in body of citizens... characteristic of such government. This is the generic republican government adjective, not a political party. The context is clearly GOP. So sense 1 is best.
Return JSON: {"sense_index":1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: presidential
Target surface form: presidential
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican <t>presidential</t> and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=presidential%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to a president or presidency | examples=presidential aides; presidential veto
2. sense_key=presidential%3:00:00:: | definition=befitting a president | examples=criticized the candidate for not looking presidential

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON with sense_index. We need choose between 1 and 2. Context: "popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" - phrase "presidential candidates" means candidates for president/presidency, relating to a president or presidency (sense 1). Sense 2 befitting a president, e.g. looking presidential. So sense 1. Return index 1. Ensure JSON object exactly.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: candidate
Target surface form: candidates
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial <t>candidates</t> in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation. Target: candidates in context. Candidate senses: 1 politician running for public office (campaigner, nominee), 2 someone considered for something (prospect). Context is political science text about Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting Senate election. GOP candidates for president and Republican candidates for Senate. These are people running for public office. Sense 1 best. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: states
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in <t>states</t> conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need select best sense for target lemma state, surface states in context. Need output JSON {"sense_index": X}. Candidate senses indexed 1 to 8 as listed. We need analyze.

Context sentence: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in <t>states</t> conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..." The phrase "states conducting a Senate election" refers to constituent administrative districts of a nation (US states). Could also be "politically organized body of people under a single government" but in US context, "states" as subnational units. Need compare senses.

Sense 1: state%1:15:01:: territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation; synonyms=province. That fits US states (subnational units). Examples: "his state is in the deep south".

Sense 7: state%1:15:00:: territory occupied by a nation; synonyms=country, land. That is sovereign country, not subnational. Here US states are not sovereign nations.

Sense 4: politically organized body of people under a single government = nation/country. List synonyms nation, country. But states of US have governments but are not sovereign nations. However WordNet sense 4 may include "the state has elected a new president; African nations". Not appropriate for US states.

Sense 1 is best. Output JSON.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conduct
Target surface form: conducting
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states <t>conducting</t> a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conduct%2:41:00:: | definition=direct the course of; manage or control | synonyms=carry on, deal | examples=You cannot conduct business like this
2. sense_key=conduct%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=lead, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
3. sense_key=conduct%2:41:01:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, bear, deport, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
4. sense_key=conduct%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, take, direct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
5. sense_key=conduct%2:38:00:: | definition=transmit or serve as the medium for transmission | synonyms=impart, transmit, convey, carry, channel | examples=Sound carries well over water; The airwaves carry the sound
6. sense_key=conduct%2:36:04:: | definition=lead musicians in the performance of | examples=Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor; she cannot conduct modern pieces

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform fine-grained WSD. The target lemma 'conduct', surface 'conducting' in sentence about states conducting a Senate election. Need choose among 6 candidate senses. Let's analyze each sense.

Sense1: conduct%2:41:00:: direct the course of; manage or control; synonyms carry on, deal; examples You cannot conduct business like this. This seems plausible: states conducting a Senate election meaning states holding/managing/directing an election. In elections, 'conduct an election' is common phrase meaning manage, hold, carry out. Sense1 definition direct the course of; manage or control; synonyms carry on, deal. 'carry on an election' maybe not perfect but 'conduct' = carry out, manage.

Sense2: lead, as in performance of composition; not relevant.

Sense3: behave; not relevant.

Sense4: take somebody somewhere; not relevant.

Sense5: transmit; not relevant.

Sense6: lead musicians in performance of; not relevant.

Thus likely sense 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Check instructions: do not answer with sense key, only JSON object exactly like. The user wants final with JSON only? It says Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. We should output only that JSON. Ensure no extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate <t>election</t> turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need do WSD. Target lemma election, surface form election, context political science text: states conducting a Senate election. We need choose among 4 senses. Sense1: a vote to select winner of a position or political office; example results of election. Sense2: act of selecting something, exercise deliberate choice; example her election of medicine. Sense3: status/fact of being elected; example they celebrated his election. Sense4: theological predestination. In context "states conducting a Senate election" means states holding a vote to elect a senator. So best sense is 1. Return JSON only exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election <t>turns out</t> to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need perform WSD for phrasal verb turn_out, surface "turns out". Context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". This is "It turns out that X" or "X turns out to be Y" meaning proves to be / is found to be. Candidate sense 1 definition be shown or be found to be; synonyms prove, turn up; examples She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life. Candidate sense 2 definition prove to be in the result or end; examples It turns out that he was right. Need distinguish sense 1 and 2. WordNet perhaps sense 1 is "prove to be" as linkverb with adjective complement (turn out + to-infinitive? Actually "turn out" sense 1: be shown or be found to be, e.g., "She proved to be right"; "The medicine turned out to save her life" has to-infinitive. Sense 2: prove to be in the result or end, example "It turns out that he was right" with that-clause. Our target usage: "turns out to be a positive function ..." This is infinitive to be, not that-clause. It means it is found/shown to be. This matches sense 1? But sense 2 also about prove to be. Need choose best indexed sense based on definitions and examples. Let's inspect likely WordNet mapping: turn_out%2:42:00:: "be shown or be found to be" (synset 00526307? Might include verb frames with predicate nominative and to-infinitive). turn_out%2:42:01:: "prove to be in the result or end" (synset maybe 00526681? Examples "How will the game turn out?"? Actually that's sense 4 come out. Hmm). Let's think of WordNet. turn_out has senses:
1. be shown or be found to be; "She proved to be right"; "The medicine turned out to save her life"; "She really made him turn up?" No.
2. prove to be in the result or end; "It turns out that he was right"
3. produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery; "This factory turns out saws"
4. result or end; "How will the game turn out?"
5. come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons; "How many people turned out that evening?"
6. bring forth; "The apple tree bore..."
7. eject
8. come and gather
9. outfit/equip
10. turn outward
11. switch off
12. get up

In context, "turns out to be a positive function..." This is "prove to be/found to be" sense 1. But example for sense 2 is "It turns out that he was right". Our sentence has subject "the difference" + turns out + to be + ... It's a raising/copular-like "turn out to be". WordNet sense 1 likely has to-infinitive examples "The medicine turned out to save her life" (subject medicine, infinitival). Our case "turns out to be" exactly like "She proved to be right" (predicate nominal/adjective). So best is sense 1. The instruction says return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 3} where 3 is chosen index. So we return {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no hedge, single best. Need be careful: They might want sense 2 because "turns out that ..."? But sentence: "the difference ... turns out to be a positive function ..." This is a proposition "turns out to be" meaning results in being/proves to be. Sense 1 includes "be shown or be found to be" and synonyms prove. Sense 2's gloss "prove to be in the result or end" narrower. However if WSD from standard WordNet annotations, "turns out" in such contexts maybe annotated as sense 2? Let's look at actual semcor. Phrase "it turns out" and "turn out to be" commonly annotated with WordNet sense? I recall "turn out" when meaning "happen" or "prove to be" has multiple synsets. Let's examine WordNet lexicalization. Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end; of situations, states, etc." Example: "How will the game turn out?" is sense 4 (come out). Sense 2 example: "It turns out that he was right." That is impersonal 'it' with 'that' clause. Sense 1 example: "She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life." This is personal subject and to-infinitive. So target is personal subject and to-infinitive. Sense 1 best.

Return JSON only.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: positive
Target surface form: positive
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a <t>positive</t> function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=positive%3:00:01:: | definition=characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc. | examples=a positive attitude; the reviews were all positive
2. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:certain:02 | definition=persuaded of; very sure | synonyms=convinced, confident | examples=were convinced that it would be to their advantage to join; I am positive he is lying
3. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=involving advantage or good | synonyms=plus | examples=a plus (or positive) factor
4. sense_key=positive%3:00:04:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=confirming | examples=a positive pregnancy test
5. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:formal:01 | definition=formally laid down or imposed | synonyms=prescribed | examples=positive laws
6. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:undeniable:00 | definition=impossible to deny or disprove | synonyms=incontrovertible, irrefutable | examples=incontrovertible proof of the defendant's innocence; proof positive
7. sense_key=positive%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to positivism | synonyms=positivist, positivistic | examples=positivist thinkers; positivist doctrine
8. sense_key=positive%3:00:05:: | definition=reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion | examples=positive increase in graduating students
9. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:plus:00 | definition=greater than zero | examples=positive numbers
10. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:charged:00 | definition=having a positive charge | synonyms=electropositive, positively charged | examples=protons are positive
11. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:confident:00 | definition=marked by excessive confidence | synonyms=cocksure, overconfident | examples=an arrogant and cocksure materialist; so overconfident and impudent as to speak to the queen

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense index for 'positive' in sentence: "...turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..." Phrase "positive function" in math/social science means as burden increases, difference increases; positive = greater than zero slope? Actually positive function: y is a positive function of x means y increases with x, i.e., monotonic increasing relationship; often in regression coefficients positive sign. The candidate senses: 8 definition=reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion; examples=positive increase in graduating students. 9=greater than zero (numbers). 3=involving advantage or good. Need determine which fits "positive function of". Mathematical term: a positive function of x = dependent variable that increases with x; sense 8 seems closest: indicating increase or progress/onward motion. It can apply to correlation/relationship: positive function (monotonic increasing). Sense 9 greater than zero could also apply to value positive, but "function of" strongly directional; coefficient positive sign. Context: difference between popular votes for GOP presidential and senatorial candidates is a positive function of tax burden. This means as tax burden goes up, the gap increases. That's sense 8. Also could be "positive relationship". Need return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: function
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive <t>function</t> of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%1:24:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function) | synonyms=mathematical function, single-valued function, map, mapping
2. sense_key=function%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=purpose, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=function%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=office, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=function%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation such that one thing is dependent on another | examples=height is a function of age; price is a function of supply and demand
5. sense_key=function%1:14:00:: | definition=a formal or official social gathering or ceremony | examples=it was a black-tie function
6. sense_key=function%1:11:00:: | definition=a vaguely specified social event | synonyms=affair, occasion, social occasion, social function | examples=the party was quite an affair; an occasion arranged to honor the president
7. sense_key=function%1:10:00:: | definition=a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program | synonyms=routine, subroutine, subprogram, procedure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer WSD for target lemma function, surface form function, in provided context. Need choose best indexed sense among 7 candidate senses. Need return only JSON {"sense_index": X}.

We need analyze the usage: "turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". This is common phrase "a function of" meaning dependent on. Sense 4 definition: a relation such that one thing is dependent on another; examples: height is a function of age; price is a function of supply and demand. That matches. Not mathematical function per se? "positive function of" in statistical/verbal usage: dependent on. Sense 4 specifically. So answer index 4.

Need ensure not mistakenly sense 1 because mathematics relation. In context, it's not a strict mathematical function but "a positive function of" means dependent on; sense 4 is better. Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: burden
Target surface form: burden
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax <t>burden</t> is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON. Need disambiguate "burden" in "tax burden". Context: "how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". Tax burden is an onerous or difficult concern (sense 1). "burden%1:09:01::" definition an onerous or difficult concern; examples burden of responsibility. Tax burden is common collocation for this sense. Sense 2 physical weight; not. Sense 3 central theme. Sense 4 central idea. So answer index 1. Need ensure return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per <t>state</t> -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need disambiguate target lemma state surface state. Need choose best indexed sense. Let's analyze context.

Context is political science text. In table/data, talk legislators, staff. Additional evidence from Senate: Holding constant factors, difference between popular votes ... in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be positive function of tax burden per state (progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder). This phrase per state: in states conducting Senate election; tax burden per state; higher-income states.

Which state sense? Options:
1 state%1:15:01: territory occupied by one of constituent administrative districts of a nation; synonym province; examples: his state is in the deep south. This maps U.S. states as subnational entities within a nation. US states? Could be.
7 state%1:15:00: territory occupied by a nation; synonyms country, land; examples returned to land of birth; visited European countries. This is sovereign nation sense.
4 state%1:14:00: politically organized body of people under a single government; synonyms nation/country etc. Group/organization of people.
3 state%1:14:01: group of people comprising government of a sovereign state; e.g., the state has lowered its income tax. This is the government institution?
2 condition/way something is attributes: abstract state of knowledge etc.
5 chemistry state of matter.
6 emotional state.

The phrase "in states conducting a Senate election" refers to U.S. states (subnational administrative districts) because Senate elections are in individual U.S. states. "per state" means per U.S. state. "higher-income states" U.S. states. So sense should be constituent administrative districts of a nation (US state). That is index 1.

Need ensure not index 4 nation/politically organized body. Context uses plural "states" as territorial entities conducting Senate elections. Also "tax burden per state" likely within U.S.; "higher-income states" as states of the union. So yes sense 1.

But careful: The table's text could use "states" as countries? E.g. in states conducting a Senate election — only U.S. has Senate elections by state. So definitely U.S. state.

Return JSON only exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: progressive
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a <t>progressive</t> tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose sense index for "progressive" in context. Context: "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder". This is tax term. Candidate sense 3: (of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases. That matches. Need output {"sense_index": 3}. Ensure only JSON object exactly.

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