[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concentration
Target surface form: concentration
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
2. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
3. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
4. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density
5. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
6. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
7. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON with sense_index. Need disambiguate concentration. Context: "combined with intense mental concentration". Synonyms engrossment, absorption, immersion: complete attention; intense mental effort. This is sense 5. Must output only JSON {"sense_index":5}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON {"sense_index": ...}. Need disambiguate "English" in phrase "Proper English bells". Context talks about England's church bells, English invented change-ringing 380 years ago, English considered something, etc. "Proper English bells" means bells characteristic of England/its people, not language. Candidate sense 1 definition: of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people. Candidate 2: language. So choose index 1. Must return only JSON.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AkashML

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English <t>bells</t> are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for "bells" in context. The context is about church bells, ringing, physical bells, weight, highest-pitched bell, etc. Candidate sense 1: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. That's the physical bell. Sense 9 is a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument (chime, gong). But here church bells are rung by change ringing, individual bells in a tower, not a set of tuned bells as orchestral instrument. Sense 1 fits. Also sense 3 is sound of bell, but "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung" refers to objects. "Proper English bells are started off..." objects. So sense 1. Need return {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: round
Target surface form: rounds
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "<t>rounds</t>, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=round%1:06:01:: | definition=a charge of ammunition for a single shot | synonyms=unit of ammunition, one shot
2. sense_key=round%1:28:01:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
3. sense_key=round%1:15:00:: | definition=a regular route for a sentry or policeman | synonyms=beat | examples=in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name
4. sense_key=round%1:04:00:: | definition=(often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order) | examples=the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning; the postman's rounds
5. sense_key=round%1:04:03:: | definition=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf | synonyms=round of golf | examples=a round of golf takes about 4 hours
6. sense_key=round%1:04:01:: | definition=the usual activities in your day | synonyms=daily round | examples=the doctor made his rounds
7. sense_key=round%1:28:00:: | definition=(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive | synonyms=turn, bout
8. sense_key=round%1:17:00:: | definition=the course along which communications spread | examples=the story is going the rounds in Washington
9. sense_key=round%1:13:01:: | definition=a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic) | synonyms=round of drinks | examples=he ordered a second round
10. sense_key=round%1:13:00:: | definition=a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg
11. sense_key=round%1:10:00:: | definition=a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time | synonyms=troll | examples=they enjoyed singing rounds
12. sense_key=round%1:10:01:: | definition=an outburst of applause | examples=there was a round of applause
13. sense_key=round%1:06:03:: | definition=a crosspiece between the legs of a chair | synonyms=rung, stave
14. sense_key=round%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=circle | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "rounds" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context is about church bells and change-ringing in England. The relevant sentence is:

"Proper English bells are started off in '<rounds>', from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

So "rounds" here refers to the starting sequence in bell-ringing, where bells are rung from highest to lowest pitch in a descending scale. This is a technical term in the context of bell-ringing/change-ringing.

Now let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. A charge of ammunition for a single shot - not relevant.
2. An interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; cycle, rhythm - This could potentially relate to the recurring sequence/rhythm.
3. A regular route for a sentry or policeman - not relevant.
4. A series of professional calls (usually in a set order) - not relevant in this context.
5. The activity of playing 18 holes of golf - not relevant.
6. The usual activities in your day; daily round - not relevant.
7. A division during which one team is on the offensive; turn, bout - could be related to a turn, but not quite right.
8. The course along which communications spread - not relevant.
9. A serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic) - not relevant.
10. A cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg - not relevant.
11. A partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time - This is about singing rounds, not bell-ringing.
12. An outburst of applause - not relevant.
13. A crosspiece between the legs of a chair; rung, stave - "rung" is interesting because it shares the term with bells, but this is the physical rung of a chair.
14. Any circular or rotating mechanism; circle - not quite right.

Wait, I'm not seeing a perfect sense for "rounds" in bell-ringing. Let me reconsider.

In bell-ringing terminology, "rounds" refers to a sequence of bells sounded in descending order of pitch, from the highest to the lowest. It's a technical term in change-ringing.

Looking at the WordNet senses:
- Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; cycle, rhythm" - The example is "the never-ending cycle of the seasons." This is a recurring sequence, and the bell-ringing "rounds" is a recurring sequence.
- Sense 11: This is specifically about singing rounds (partsong), with troll as synonym. This is specifically musical, but for voices.
- The bell-ringing "rounds" is not exactly any of these perfectly, but the closest might be sense 2 (cycle, recurring sequence) or possibly we need to think of it differently.

Actually, looking more carefully, in change-ringing, "rounds" is a specific ordered sequence of bells. The bells are "rung" in rounds when each bell follows the next in descending pitch order. This creates a rhythmic, cyclical pattern.

Let me think about this differently. The term "rounds" in bell ringing is well-established. WordNet might not have a specific sense for it, but among the available options:

Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; cycle, rhythm" - this captures the recurring, cyclical nature of rounds in bell-ringing.

Sense 11: "a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time" - This specifically mentions voices and singing, which is not applicable to bells.

Actually, let me reconsider whether there might be a different analysis of the word. "Rounds" in bell-ringing can also be thought of as a sequence or order, much like a turn or cycle. In change-ringing, the bells start in rounds and then the ringers vary the order.

Hmm, but let's think about whether WordNet has a sense that fits bell-ringing specifically. Looking at sense 11, "round" can mean a partsong (like "Row, Row, Row Your Boat" sung as a round/ canon). The bells in change-ringing don't really do this.

The definition in the context says rounds are "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells." This is a recurring sequence in time, which is sense 2 (cycle, rhythm).

Wait, I should consider if there's any other sense. Let me re-read the options:
- Sense 7: "a division during which one team is on the offensive; turn, bout" - not applicable
- Sense 4 or 6: about professional calls/daily round - not applicable

I think the best fit is sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; cycle, rhythm"

But wait, let me reconsider. The article is actually using "rounds" in a very specific technical sense. In bell-ringing, "rounds" refers to a sequence of changes. This might be closer to sense 11 (partsong) because both involve a sequence of sounds/voices following one another.

In a musical round (like a canon), voices enter at different times singing the same melody. In bell-ringing rounds, bells sound in sequence from highest to lowest. The similarity is that they are sequential sounds following a pattern.

However, the technical definition of sense 11 specifically says "voices" and "singing" and "partsong," which doesn't apply to bells.

Actually, I wonder if the target word "rounds" here could be more closely related to sense 13: "a crosspiece between the legs of a chair; rung, stave" because "rung" is also the past tense/participle of "ring" (a bell). But no, that's clearly not right because "rounds" in this context is not about physical rungs.

I think the best choice is sense 2, interpreting "rounds" as a recurring sequence/cycle/rhythm of bell sounds.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. In change-ringing, the sequence "rounds" is the baseline pattern from which variations are made. It's an ordered sequence, but more importantly, it's the recurring pattern that returns. The word "rounds" in "in rounds" refers to the cyclic, recurring pattern of bell strikes.

Sense 2's definition: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs" with synonyms "cycle, rhythm" seems to match this best.

However, I'm a bit uncertain because "rounds" in bell-ringing specifically is its own technical term, and none of these WordNet senses perfectly capture it. But following the instructions, I need to choose the single best indexed sense.

Let me look at this once more with fresh eyes. The phrase is "started off in 'rounds'". The article explains what rounds means: "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale." So a round is a complete sequence through all bells in order.

This seems closest to sense 2 (a recurring sequence/cycle) or possibly could be understood in relation to the ringing being done "in rounds" as in the rounds of a turn/cycle.

Another consideration: in some dictionaries, "round" can mean "a complete course or circuit" or "a recurring sequence, as in a round of meetings/talks." The bell-ringing "rounds" specifically means passing through the bells in sequence.

I think sense 2 remains the best choice. The example "the never-ending cycle of the seasons" parallels the recurring nature of bell-ringing rounds.

Actually, I want to double-check by considering if sense 8 fits: "the course along which communications spread" - no, that's about rumors spreading.

And sense 7: "a division during which one team is on the offensive" - no, that's sports.

So my final answer is sense 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high-pitched
Target surface form: highest-pitched
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high-pitched%3:00:00:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high
2. sense_key=high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01 | definition=set at a sharp or high angle or slant | examples=a high-pitched roof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON only. Need choose best sense for target 'highest-pitched' in context of church bells from highest-pitched bell to lowest. Definition 1 high in pitch or frequency. Definition 2 set at a sharp or high angle or slant (roof). Obviously bells sound pitch. So sense index 1. Output JSON.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "bell" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidate senses.

Let me analyze the context carefully. The text is about church bells in England, change-ringing, and the physical bells themselves. Key phrases:
- "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays"
- "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons"
- "some bells weigh more than a ton"
- "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest"
- "a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells"

The target word "bell" appears in the phrase "highest-pitched bell" - referring to a physical bell that produces a pitch/sound when struck.

Now let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

The context clearly refers to individual church bells as physical objects. Sense 1 "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" is the most general and appropriate sense. The text talks about bells being rung, weighing more than a ton, having pitch (highest-pitched to lowest), and being used in change-ringing.

Sense 9 is "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - but this refers to a set of bells as an orchestral instrument, not the individual church bells being discussed. The context is about church bells specifically, not orchestral instruments.

Sense 3 is the sound of a bell, but "highest-pitched bell" and "some bells weigh more than a ton" clearly refer to physical objects, not sounds.

Sense 1 is the best fit. It is the most common, general sense of a bell as a hollow metal device that rings when struck, which matches church bells perfectly.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: low
Target surface form: lowest
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=low%3:00:02:: | definition=less than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=low prices; the reservoir is low
2. sense_key=low%3:00:01:: | definition=literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension | examples=low ceilings; low clouds
3. sense_key=low%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=very low in volume | synonyms=low-toned | examples=a low murmur; the low-toned murmur of the surf
4. sense_key=low%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=unrefined in character | examples=low comedy
5. sense_key=low%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency | synonyms=low-pitched
6. sense_key=low%5:00:00:contemptible:00 | definition=of the most contemptible kind | synonyms=abject, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy | examples=abject cowardice; a low stunt to pull
7. sense_key=low%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, lowly, modest, small | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
8. sense_key=low%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=no longer sufficient | synonyms=depleted | examples=supplies are low; our funds are depleted
9. sense_key=low%5:00:00:humble:00 | definition=subdued or brought low in condition or status | synonyms=broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated | examples=brought low; a broken man
10. sense_key=low%5:00:00:dejected:00 | definition=filled with melancholy and despondency | synonyms=gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down | examples=gloomy at the thought of what he had to face; gloomy predictions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON with sense_index. Identify target: lowest (superlative low). Context about English church bells, change-ringing, started off in "rounds," from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale... Target refers to pitch/frequency of bell sound. In candidate senses, sense 5: low%5:00:00:soft:04 is actually "very low in volume" but synonyms low-toned. Wait sense_key low%5:00:00:soft:04? That seems volume soft. Sense 5 in list: low%3:00:03:: definition used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency; synonyms=low-pitched. That's likely best. Need ensure index numbers correspond to list order. Candidate 5 is low%3:00:03::. So answer {"sense_index": 5}. Need final only JSON. Include no extra text? They asked return only JSON object exactly like. So final just JSON.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for target word "simple" in context. Need output JSON {"sense_index": INT}. Let's analyze carefully.

Context: "Proper English bells are started off in "rounds," from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

Target surface simple, lemma simple. We have candidates:

1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms. Wait key has %3:00:02::. This might be adjective sense 1? Actually in WordNet multiple simple adjective senses. It says "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". Index 1.

2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=elementary problem; elementary, my dear Watson. This is satellite adjective: not involved or complicated; easy to understand or do. Index 2.

3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea. Satellite of plain:01. Index 3.

4. naive childlike. not relevant.

5. retarded. not relevant.

6. botany leaf shape. not relevant.

7. simple%5:00:00:plain:01 unornamented. Index 7.

Need decide. The phrase "a simple descending scale". In music, a simple scale = a scale in order from highest to lowest, straightforward. Is this sense 1 (having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved) or sense 2 (easy and not involved or complicated)? Or sense 3 (bare/mere)? The definition "a simple descending scale" describes a basic, not complex version of playing. It could also mean "elementary" in sense 2? Hmm.

WordNet has simple senses:

- #1 simple%3:00:01:: having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved. Example "a simple problem", "simple mechanisms", "a small house with simple rooms".
- #2 simple%5:00:00:easy:01 (satellite) easy and not involved or complicated; synonyms elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic. Example "an elementary problem in statistics"; "elementary, my dear Watson".

Actually WordNet order maybe simple (a1) "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". simple(a2) "easy and not involved or complicated"; "an elementary problem in statistics"; "elementary, my dear Watson". simple(a3) "apart from anything else";

In context, "a simple descending scale" is an uncomplicated, not complex pattern. It is a straightforward run of notes in descending order. Could map to #1 (having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved). It is not a scale with few parts? It uses as many as 12 bells. It is an unvarying, not complex ordering. This matches having few parts? There can be many bells but the pattern itself is just descending; no changes. It is "not complicated or involved". So #1 probably.

Sense #2 with definition "easy and not involved or complicated" and synonyms elementary/unproblematic. That often refers to something easy to understand (an easy problem). Is "simple descending scale" easy? For carillon maybe. The contrast is with "change-ringing ... mind-boggling exercise". The less complicated version (carillons) is considered childish by English. Then "Proper English bells are started off in rounds ... a simple descending scale". This is a basic starting pattern in change-ringing? Actually rounds are starting order; simple descending scale. Compared to change-ringing mind-boggling, rounds are simple. Which sense? It may be "easy and not involved or complicated" (elementary, unproblematic). But a "descending scale" is a scale; change-ringing begins with ro unds, which is simple in the sense of straightforward/not complicated. Both #1 and #2 possible.

Need disambiguate subtle distinction: #1 "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" refers to the object/thing itself as lacking complexity (few parts). #2 "easy and not involved or complicated" refers to tasks/problems that are easy or elementary. A scale is not a problem/task; it's a pattern/arrangement. The phrase "simple scale" is more likely describing scale as not complex, maybe sense #1 (like a simple mechanism). However "descending scale" could be elementary. Let's check WN examples: #1 examples: "a simple problem; a simple car; a simple design; a simple dress; simple mechanisms; a small house with simple rooms whose door opened to a long central hall". #2 examples: "an elementary problem in statistics"; "elementary, my dear Watson". That sense seems about difficulty for cognitive tasks.

For "simple descending scale", it's not a problem being easy. It is a straightforward, uncomplicated musical scale. So #1 fits better. Also "not complex or involved" matches scale. The scale is just notes from highest to lowest, no variations; it is having few parts? Maybe with as many as 12 bells, but the pattern itself is simple.

Sense #3 "bare, mere": "a simple descending scale" cannot imply mere/apart from anything else? "A mere descending scale" would emphasize it's just a scale only. In context "a simple descending scale using as many as 12 bells" could be read as "nothing but a descending scale"—bare/mere? But "simple" with scale rarely means mere. In WordNet, "simple" as satellite of plain:01 with syn bare, mere. Example "the simple truth" maybe. In context: "a simple descending scale" likely not meaning mere. It modifies "scale" with quality of simplicity, not bare. So #1.

Need answer only JSON. Should we choose index 1 or 2? Need be confident. Let's examine examples in WN for simple. In Princeton WordNet:

simple (s):
1. having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved; "a simple problem"; "simple mechanisms"; "a simple design"; "a small house with simple rooms"
2. easy and not involved or complicated; "an elementary problem in statistics"; "elementary, my dear Watson"
3. apart from anything else; "shocked by the simple idea of the devil"; "the simple heart of the story"
4. exhibiting childlike ...
5. simple-minded
6. botany
7. unornamented; "a simple country schoolhouse with its simple white door and three small windows"

Index 1 includes examples "a simple design", "a small house with simple rooms". It includes structural not complex. Index 2 specifically easy.

"A simple descending scale" — the rounds are a scale descending, the most basic pattern. In music a "simple scale" could be an elementary concept. But the WN second sense synonyms (elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic) examples tied to problem. For a scale, it is a pattern, not a problem.

They might want #2 because "change-ringing is mind-boggling; the simple_descending scale is the easy/uncomplicated version, similar to sense 2 'easy and not involved or complicated'". But the context says "the less complicated version of playing tunes ... is considered childish". Then describes change-ringing. Then rounds: a simple descending scale. This "simple" directly contrasts "mind-boggling", so "not involved or complicated" = easy? It states "no longer rung... The less complicated version ... is childish. Change-ringing ... mind-boggling. Proper English bells are started off in rounds ... a simple descending scale. Then, at a signal, ringers begin varying the order..." Here the scale is not the final complex thing; it's the starting configuration. It is "simple" because until variation begins it's just rounds.

Sense relevant definitions:
1 "not complex or complicated or involved" vs 2 "easy and not involved or complicated". The difference: #1 is about composition; #2 is about difficulty. A descending scale of 12 bells could be difficult physically? They mention physical dexterity and mental concentration for change-ringing. The rounds are straightforward and physically not hard maybe. But "simple" describes musical pattern, not ease of doing.

I think sense #1 is best: rounds are a simple descending scale = a scale in straightforward order, not complex pattern. It aligns with "not complex or complicated or involved".

Need output JSON. Ensure index chosen correctly. Could choose 1. Need no extratext.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scale
Target surface form: scale
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scale%1:24:03:: | definition=an ordered reference standard | synonyms=scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series | examples=judging on a scale of 1 to 10
2. sense_key=scale%1:24:00:: | definition=relative magnitude | examples=they entertained on a grand scale
3. sense_key=scale%1:24:01:: | definition=the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it | examples=the scale of the map; the scale of the model
4. sense_key=scale%1:20:00:: | definition=a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin | synonyms=scale leaf
5. sense_key=scale%1:17:00:: | definition=a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin | synonyms=scurf, exfoliation
6. sense_key=scale%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) | synonyms=musical scale
7. sense_key=scale%1:06:02:: | definition=a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass | synonyms=weighing machine
8. sense_key=scale%1:06:00:: | definition=an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
9. sense_key=scale%1:06:03:: | definition=a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) | synonyms=plate, shell
10. sense_key=scale%1:05:00:: | definition=a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation for target lemma scale, surface scale, context about church bells, descending scale using bells from highest-pitched to lowest. Candidate senses listed with indices 1-10. Need choose single best indexed sense. The context is musical scale: a series of notes differing in pitch. Sense 6: (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave), synonyms musical scale. The phrase "descending scale using as many as 12 bells" clearly musical. Return JSON {"sense_index": 6}. Ensure only JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best indexed sense for "using" in context. Need parse sentence: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells." Here "using" means employing/utilizing as many as 12 bells for the scale. Candidate senses:
1. put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | examples use your head. This fits "using 12 bells" = employing/utilizing bells to perform scale.
3. use up, consume fully. Not relevant.
4. seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage. Not exactly.
5. avail oneself to (apply a principle, practice religion). Not.
6. used to. Not.
2 habituate/consume drugs. Not.
Thus best is sense_index 1. Need output JSON exactly.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "churches" in context: "in larger churches, as many as 12 bells." It refers to buildings where bells are housed. Candidate senses: 1 group/denomination, 2 place/building, 3 service, 4 congregation. Here "larger churches" means larger church buildings. So sense 2. Need output {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need produce JSON object {"sense_index": X}. We need choose best indexed sense for target word "bells" in context. Let's analyze. Context about church bells, ring them, playing tunes on bells, carillons, change-ringing, bells weigh more than a ton, proper English bells started off in rounds, highest-pitched bell to lowest, sound of bells striking. The physical metallic devices used in churches that make ringing sound when struck. Candidate sense 1: bell%1:06:00:: definition a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. This matches the physical instrument. The phrase "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung" refers to devices. Sense 3 is the sound of a bell being struck. Some uses mention "distant toll of church bells" refers to sound, but in paragraph, they are ringable physical objects, weigh a ton, etc. So sense 1 best. The target surface "bells" plural. Synonyms none. Definition 1 fits. Answer JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose WordNet sense for 'Then' in context. Context: describing bells rung in rounds, then at a signal ringers begin varying order. Sequential: subsequently or soon afterward. Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: signal
Target surface form: signal
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "signal" in the given context. I need to choose from 3 candidate senses.

 Let me analyze the context:

 "Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

 Here, "signal" refers to a cue or sign that tells the ringers when to begin varying the order. It's an incitement to action - the ringers await the signal to start the change-ringing variation.

 Let's look at the candidates:

 1. signal%1:10:00:: - any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message; synonyms: signaling, sign; examples: signals from the boat suddenly stopped
    - This is about nonverbal communication encoding a message.

 2. signal%1:16:00:: - any incitement to action; examples: he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
    - This is about a cue or prompt that incites action. The example "he awaited the signal to start" matches our context very well.

 3. signal%1:19:00:: - an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes
    - This is technical/electrical, doesn't fit.

 The context: "at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order" - this is clearly an incitement to action. The ringers are waiting for a signal (cue) to begin the action of varying the order. This matches sense 2 perfectly, especially the example "he awaited the signal to start."

 While sense 1 could potentially work (a signal could be a nonverbal action), the specific nuance here is "incitement to action" - the signal prompts them to begin doing something. The example for sense 2 is almost identical in structure.

 So the best answer is sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON object {"sense_index": index}. Need choose best sense for "ringers" in context about church bells, change-ringing. The definition sense 1: a person who rings church bells. Clearly. Need output only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need disambiguate target begin in context. Need parse sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." Surface form begin; target lemma begin. Candidate senses. Need choose best indexed sense.

We need analyze grammar/semantics. "the ringers begin varying the order" -> intransitive? Could be transitive/inchoative causative? 'begin' as verb taking gerund-phrase "varying the order" as object. But here "begin" is phrasal with an event/action: begin V-ing, start V-ing. The subject are ringers (animate). They start performing variation. Sense 1: take first step or steps in carrying out an action; synonyms get, start, set about, start out; examples We began working at dawn. That matches begin doing something, start carrying out action. Sense 8 is "begin an event implied and limited by nature of direct object", examples "begin a cigar, start the soup while it was still hot" - that's transitive begin a cigar (smoking/burning). Here object is gerund clause "varying the order", not a conventional direct object bound to inherent function? But begin with activity phrase often maps to sense 1 if subject initiates/undertakes an action. Let's inspect WordNet senses.

Candidates:
1 begin.v.01: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action; "We began working at dawn"; "Who will start?" It is intransitive? Frame: someone begins to do something, begins doing something. This describes starting an action.
3 begin.v.03: set in motion, cause to start; "The U.S. started a war..." transitive cause.
8 begin.v.08: begin an event that is implied and limited... transitive begin a cigar/start the soup while hot. Idiosyncratic.
6 begin.v.06: have a beginning, of a temporal event: WW II began... intransitive event has starting time.
2 begin.v.02: have a beginning in temporal/spatial/evaluative sense: The DMZ begins...
7 begin.v.07: have a beginning characterized in specified way.
5 begin.v.05: be first item.
4 begin.v.04: begin to speak or say.
9 least degree.
10 language.
Need decide if in context subject animate ringers and "varying order" as direct object/gerund. This could be sense 1 (start doing something). Alternatively sense 3? They cause variation to begin? But begin has agent causing, so transitive sense 3 translates "The U.S. started a war" or "The Iraqis began hostilities". Hmm "varying the order" is itself action they perform. Not causing a separate event. For "ringers begin varying the order" means ringers start to vary order; they are initiating their own action. Sense 1 fits.

Need ensure sense indexing matches order list. Candidate list given with indices 1..10; at index 1 sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: definition take first step or steps. index 6=begin%2:42:04:: have beginning temporal event. index 7=... beginning characterized. But the target sentence: "at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order", example "We began working at dawn" exactly sense 1. So answer {"sense_index": 1}.

Need check if there's transitive sense 3: set in motion cause to start. Could meaning: bell ringers begin (cause) the order variation. However "varying the order" makes them the agents of change, but phrase "begin varying" is inchoative: they initiate varying, not cause varying to start for someone else. If you say "He began writing a novel" sense 1? WordNet: "begin" senses: 1 take first steps; 3 set in motion cause to start. There is overlap: "He began the show"? Maybe only sense 3. But with gerund, likely sense 1. We need use gloss and examples. Gloss 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. Example We began working at dawn. The context: ringers begin varying order = begin doing something. So index 1.

Need output JSON only. Ensure no explanation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vary
Target surface form: varying
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather
4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for target lemma vary surface form varying. Need choose single best indexed sense among candidate senses 1-4. Need return JSON {"sense_index": int}. Need not answer with sense key. We need reason carefully.

Context: describing English change-ringing. "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Target word: varying, transitive or intransitive? Syntax: "begin varying the order" -> varying takes object "the order". So causative/transitive sense: make something different/varied. The ringers are causing the order to become varied/different. Candidate sense 4: definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu. This is transitive causative. Candidate 1: become different in some particular way... (intransitive or change) examples: The supermarket's selection varies... Her mood changes. That is intransitive become different. But here transitive object. However sense 1 could be "change" transitive? In WordNet, vary%2:30:01 perhaps "change, alter" can be transitive? The gloss "become different" suggests intransitive. Sense 4 is explicitly "make something more diverse and varied". That fits "varying the order".

Candidate 2 deviate/diverge not transitive. Candidate 3 be subject to change according to variable, intransitive. So best is 4.

Need output exactly JSON.

However check indices: candidate senses enumerated 1-4. Sense key for 4 is vary%2:30:04::. So index 4.

Need maybe mention exact JSON only. Ensure no extra text. In final channel just JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: order
Target surface form: order
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: | definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: | definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: | definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: | definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: | definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: | definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: | definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: | definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: | definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: | definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The target word is "order" in the phrase "varying the order in which the bells sound."

Context: In change-ringing, bells start in "rounds" (highest to lowest, a descending scale), then ringers vary the order in which the bells sound without changing the rhythm.

We need to choose the best sense from the candidates.

Candidate 4: sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation

This seems best: "the order in which the bells sound" refers to the sequence/arrangement of the bells.

Candidate 15: sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

This is the act of putting things in order, but here "order" is used as a noun referring to the arrangement itself, not the act. So candidate 4 is better.

Candidate 5: a condition of regular or proper arrangement - not quite, it's about the specific arrangement/sequence.

Candidate 1, 6, 7, 9, 13 - commands/commercial - not relevant.

Candidate 2 - order of magnitude - not relevant.

Candidate 3 - established customary state - not relevant.

Candidate 8, 10, 11, 12 - associations/groups/hierarchy - not relevant.

Candidate 14 - architecture - not relevant.

So the best sense is candidate 4.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "bell" with surface form "bells" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidate senses, but return only a JSON object with the sense index, not the sense key.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

The text is about church bells in England. Key phrases:
- "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays"
- "there is no one to ring them"
- "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe"
- "some bells weigh more than a ton"
- "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'"
- "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest"
- "the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking"

The target surface form is "bells" (plural). The focused instance is marked with <t>bells</t>: "the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. bell%1:06:00:: - a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. bell%1:06:02:: - a push button at an outer door (doorbell, buzzer)
3. bell%1:11:00:: - the sound of a bell being struck (toll), examples: "saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells"
4. bell%1:28:00:: - nautical time units
5. bell%1:25:00:: - the shape of a bell
6. bell%1:18:02:: - Melville Bell
7. bell%1:18:01:: - Vanessa Bell
8. bell%1:18:00:: - Alexander Graham Bell
9. bell%1:06:04:: - a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells (chime, gong)
10. bell%1:06:03:: - the flared opening of a tubular device

The marked instance "bells" in "the order in which the bells sound" refers to the physical objects that produce sound - the hollow metal devices in the church that ring when struck. The context talks about ringing bells, bells weighing more than a ton, highest-pitched bell to lowest, etc. These are all physical ringing devices.

Sense 1 "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" is the best fit. The marked instance refers to individual church bells as physical objects.

Could sense 9 "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" work? That refers to a set of bells as an orchestral instrument, but here we're talking about church bells used in change-ringing, individual bells in a church tower. Sense 1 is more appropriate.

Could sense 3 "the sound of a bell being struck" work? In the marked phrase "the bells sound", it could potentially refer to the sounds, but the subject is "bells" and the predicate is "sound" - so "the bells sound" means the bells (objects) make a sound. The context clearly treats them as physical, heavy objects that are rung by people. So sense 1 is correct.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, I need to be careful about the target surface form "bells" vs the specific marked instance. The instructions say target surface form: bells, and then there's a <t>bells</t> tag in the context. The model should disambiguate this specific occurrence.

The occurrence marked with <t>bells</t> is in: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Here "bells" refers to the physical church bells (hollow metal devices) that ring. The ringers vary the order in which they sound. So sense 1 is correct.

I should return only the JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. For my answer it will be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "sound" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidate senses.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage is about church bells and bell-ringing in England.
- The target sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
- This is about bells producing noise - the bells sound (make a noise).

Now let me look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
   - This is the linking verb sense, like "sound good/interesting". Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
   - This is about making a specific sound/noise, often with a quoted sound. "The bells sound" could fit, but this sense is more about producing a specific distinctive sound.

3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
   - This is about giving off a sound or quality of sound. "This record sounds scratchy" - it's about producing/perceiving sound.

4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
   - Not applicable.

5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
   - Vocal production, not applicable.

6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
   - This is causative - causing something to make a sound. The sentence has "the bells sound" not "the ringers sound the bells". The bells are the subject, not the object. So this doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom
   - Not applicable.

Now between sense 2 and 3:
- Sense 2 (make a certain noise or sound): "The gun went 'bang'" - this is about emitting a specific sound. The subject makes a characteristic noise.
- Sense 3 (give off a certain sound or sounds): "This record sounds scratchy" - this involves quality/perception.

The target: "the bells sound" - the bells produce sound. The bells emit/give off sound.

Looking at the distinction in WordNet:
- sound%2:39:00:: = make a certain noise or sound (synonym: go) - "She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'" - this is when a subject produces a word or specific noise
- sound%2:39:03:: = give off a certain sound or sounds - "This record sounds scratchy"

Actually, in WordNet 3.0:
- sound.v.01 (sound%2:39:01::) = cause to sound - "sound the bell"
- sound.v.02 (sound%2:39:00::) = make a certain noise or sound - "She went `Mmmmm'"
- sound.v.03 (sound%2:39:03::) = give off a certain sound or sounds - "This record sounds scratchy"
- sound.v.04 (sound%2:39:02::) = announce by means of a sound
- sound.v.05 (sound%2:39:06::) = appear in a certain way
- sound.v.06 (sound%2:32:00::) = utter with vibrating vocal chords
- sound.v.07 (sound%2:30:00::) = measure the depth

Hmm, let me reconsider. The sentence is "the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." This means the bells produce sounds/noises.

Sense 3 "give off a certain sound or sounds" seems most general for a bell producing sound. "The bells sound" = the bells produce sound.

But sense 2 "make a certain noise or sound" could also fit. "The bells sound" = the bells make noise.

Looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 2 examples: "She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'" - These are about specific imitative/expressive sounds.
- Sense 3 example: "This record sounds scratchy" - This is about the quality of sound being produced.

The context "the steady rhythm of the striking" and " bells sound" suggests the act of producing sound. In WordNet, "give off a certain sound or sounds" (sound.v.03) typically means to emit audible vibrations/tones.

Actually, I think I need to think about this differently. In the SemCor corpus, "The bells sounded" would likely be annotated with which sense?

Let me think of it from the perspective of the ear/impression vs production. "Give off a certain sound" is production-side (the object produces a sound). "Make a certain noise or sound" is also production-side but more about imitating or making a specific sound.

Wait, I need to be more careful. The verb "sound" when used with "the bells sound" - is it meaning the bells make noise (unaccusative/inchoative) or is it about the auditory perception?

Actually, looking at candidate 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" - the example "This record sounds scratchy" is more about perception/quality. But "give off" literally means emit.

Looking at candidate 2: "make a certain noise or sound" with synonyms "go" - this is when something produces a specific noise. "The gun went bang".

I think for "bells sound" (i.e., bells emit sound), the best fit would be sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds". But perhaps sense 2?

Let me look at the frequency and usage. "Bells sound" is a typical intransitive use where the bell itself is the source of sound.

WordNet sense 3 (sound%2:39:03::) "give off a certain sound or sounds" - This sense is for when a sound-producing object emits sound.

WordNet sense 2 (sound%2:39:00::) "make a certain noise or sound" (synonym go) - This is more about making a specific kind of sound noise, often with an onomatopoeic quality.

I believe the best answer is sense 3. The bells give off/produce sound.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider the semantics of the sentence. "the order in which the bells sound" refers to the temporal sequence in which each bell produces/strikes a sound. The bells are producing sounds in sequence.

Both sense 2 and sense 3 involve producing sound. But the example of sense 2 is "The gun went 'bang'" which is about producing a specific onomatopoeic sound. The example of sense 3 is "This record sounds scratchy" which is about the quality of sound. Neither example is perfect.

But the definitions:
- sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" - This is more general/thematic.
- sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" - This is also about production.

I think the distinction might be:
- sound%2:39:00:: (make a certain noise or sound) - the subject is a sound-making entity producing a specific noise
- sound%2:39:03:: (give off a certain sound or sounds) - the subject emits/gives off a sound

In WordNet, "give off" (sense 3) is the more direct physical sense of emitting sound waves, while "make a certain noise" (sense 2) is more about the semantic/pragmatic act of making a specific sound.

Given "the bells sound" - the bells literally emit/produce sound. I think sense 3 is best.

But I want to double-check. Let me think about which sense would be used for "The bell sounded."

Actually, I recall that in WordNet, "The bell sounded" or "The bells rang" type constructions often map to sense 3 (give off a certain sound) because it's about the physical emission of sound.

Sense 2 with "go" would be more like "The bell went ding-dong".

So my answer is sense 3.