[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need respond with JSON only. Need choose sense index for 'cancerous' in context. Context: p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. This is literal cancer cells, relating to cancer. So sense 1 (cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02). Answer {"sense_index":1}. Ensure no extra text.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only, no explanation. Determine best indexed sense for "ones" in context. Target surface is pronoun "ones" replacing "cells": "normal cells into cancerous ones." The candidate senses: 1 = numeral one (smallest whole number). 2 = a single person or thing. Here "ones" refers to cells, not a numeral. Sense 2 seems appropriate: a single person or thing, plural form "ones" referring to "cells". The definition "a single person or thing" is often used for pronoun one/ones (e.g., "the one I ordered"). In this context, "cancerous ones" means cancerous cells. This is not the numeral. Since only two candidate senses, choose index 2. Need output exactly {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need do WSD. The target is found in the sentence: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53." We need choose best WordNet sense among candidates for lemma find, surface form found.

We need analyze meaning in context. Subject: The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found. It is the result of a scientific investigation (gene probes, looking for genetic material, the deletion). Let's inspect candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: = come upon, meet with, as if by accident; synonyms happen, chance, bump, encounter. Example "We find this idea in Plato". Not best; deliberate experimental search.

2. find%2:39:02:: = discover or determine existence, presence, or fact of; synonyms detect, observe, discover, notice. Examples She detected high levels... We found traces of lead. This is plausible: find means detect/discover presence. But there may be more specific scientific discovery.

3. find%2:40:00:: = come upon after searching; find location of something missed or lost; regain. Did you find your glasses? Could be "found it" earlier in text "When they found it last winter" maybe. But here target is "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found". Hmm found with direct object deletion. It's result of searching. This sense specifically "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" synonyms regain. Is that right? WordNet find.v.01 maybe "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" with examples "Did you find your glasses?" This is about locating lost items, not discovering a scientific result. However WSD candidate examples are for mislaid objects. The deletion isn't lost; it's observed.

4. find%2:32:00:: = establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, study; synonyms determine, find out, ascertain; examples "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". Very plausible: through experimental investigation (gene probes) Dr. Vogelstein found/established the deletion location. The context: Johns Hopkins researchers using gene probes crawled down chromosome, looking for smallest common bit lost. The deletion was in same spot. This is an experimental/scientific result established.

5. feel / believe: no.

6. perceive or witness: no.

7. get something for a purpose: no.

8. make a discovery, make a new finding; synonyms discover; examples Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle. This is a strong candidate: scientific discovery.

9. make a discovery (mental) She found that he had lied; no (propositional that? here direct object deletion). Similarly sense 8 has examples with new elementary particle. The deletion maybe known? Let's parse context text. The article likely about p53 tumor suppressor gene discovery. They were looking for gene. "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." It could mean the deletion he discovered/identified. In science, "find a deletion" means discover/identify.

We need choose single best sense among 16. Need compare sense 4 vs sense 8 vs sense 2 vs maybe sense 3.

WordNet sense index by Princeton mapping: find%2:40:00:: is perhaps v1 "come upon, as if by accident; meet with" maybe sense 1? Wait mapping: Provided candidates numbered. Sense 4 key find%2:32:00:: definition establish after calculation/investigation... This is likely one of the "discover" senses. Sense 8 key find%2:36:00:: definition make a discovery, make a new finding. Hmm WordNet's find.v.04 maybe? Let's check known WordNet senses for 'find'. I recall:
- find.v.01: come upon, as if by accident; meet with (find%2:40:02::?) Actually Key format find%2:40:02:: is verb 40 (contact? no, 40 is pertainym?) Let's decode: maybe lexicographer file name verb.social? WN sense keys: %2:40 may be verb.contact? Actually frames: 2:38 motion, 2:39 perception, 2:31 cognition, 2:32 communication, 2:40... The second number is lexicographer file: 40 = verb.social? Hmm not sure.

Candidates list has definitions and examples. We need select sense 4 perhaps. Let's examine context carefully.

Full context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

So there are multiple occurrences of find/found:
- "looking for" (search)
- "When they found it last winter" (they discovered/identified the gene maybe)
- "had found in experiments with mice that a gene p53 ..." (discovered as experimental result proposition)
- "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" (target)

The target: found with direct object "deletion". The clause describes a deletion discovered/identified by Vogelstein through experiments. Candidate 8 specifically "make a discovery, make a new finding" with synonyms discover and examples "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". Candidate 4 "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" synonyms determine/find out/ascertain with example physicist found particle. Candidate 2 "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" synonyms detect/observe/discover/notice with examples found traces of lead.

Distinguish 4 and 8. WordNet senses: One (find.v.03?) "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" = establish as fact; another (find.v.04?) "make a discovery, make a new finding". In context, "found" with a deletion: They were searching for a gene; the deletion was something they discovered. It may not be "new finding" like X-rays but detection. Candidate 4 could apply to "find the location" (establish after investigation). Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle" = discovered/located. Candidate 8 example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". Both appear similar.

Need WSD with WordNet glosses. The target occurrence is "found" (past tense) in a relative clause: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." It implies through experimental investigation they located/identified a deletion. Could be "found"= "discover after a search" maybe sense 1? But candidates with "searching" only 3 (find lost objects). However sense 4 says "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study", which includes search. It's likely best match: "establish" maybe means determine. The deletion's existence/location is established by experiment.

Which sense key find%2:32:00:: corresponds to WordNet 3.1? find.v.04 maybe: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This is a common usage for scientific results: 'found that', 'found evidence', 'found a deletion'. The examples "find the location of something that was missed or lost" no. The antecedents "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is parallel. So candidate 4.

But need verify candidate numbering. The user asks choose single best indexed sense. We output sense_index 4 only. Need be confident. Let's search internal knowledge of WordNet find senses. WordNet 3.1 for find (verb):
1. find, happen, chance, bump, encounter -- come upon, as if by accident; meet with => key maybe find%2:40:02::
2. detect, observe, find, discover, notice -- discover or determine existence, presence, or fact of => key find%2:39:02::
3. find, regain -- come upon after searching; find the location of something lost => key find%2:40:00::
4. determine, find, find out, ascertain, learn -- establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, study => key find%2:32:00::
5. find, feel -- come to believe on basis of emotion => key find%2:31:10::
6. witness, find, see -- perceive or be contemporaneous with => find%2:39:01::
7. line up, get hold, come up, find -- get something/somebody for specific purpose => find%2:40:01::
8. discover, find -- make a discovery, make a new finding; e.g., Roentgen discovered X-rays => find%2:36:00::
9. discover, find -- make a discovery; "She found that he had lied" => find%2:31:09::
10. find -- obtain through effort or management => find%2:40:03::
11. rule, find -- decide on and make declaration => find%2:32:01::
12. receive, get, find, obtain, incur -- receive a specified treatment => find%2:30:00::
13. find -- perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place => find%2:39:05::
14. recover, retrieve, find, regain -- get or find back => find%2:40:15::
15. find -- succeed in reaching; arrow found its mark => find%2:38:10::
16. find oneself, find -- accept/make use of personality etc => find%2:30:13::

Thus target likely sense 4? But perhaps better sense 8 (discover, find; make a discovery). Let's compare candidate 8 definition "make a discovery, make a new finding" with example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This directly matches "found a deletion" as a new scientific finding? However the deletion is a piece of genetic material lost; they found what gene? That would be a discovery. Candidate 4 includes "establish after investigation" with "the physicist who found the elusive particle" too. Which is more appropriate for "found a deletion"?

WordNet definitions: Candidate 4 is about establishing something (a value, result, fact) via calculation/investigation, e.g., "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". Candidate 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding" e.g., "Roentgen discovered X-rays" (first discovery). The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was not necessarily a new discovery, but established by experimental investigation; they were searching for it. It might be either.

Context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost ... Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." This is discovery. "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." They discovered a deletion in experiments. Could be using "find" to mean detect/notice. But WSD objective often maps to WordNet sense 2: detect/notice/disc when you find signals/particles/traces. The deletion is a piece of data observed/detected. Candidate 2 examples: "We found traces of lead in the paint". A deletion is something physical/genetic detected via probes. Candidate 4 examples: abstract results: product of numbers, particle won Nobel. Candidate 8: discovery of new things.

Let's examine usage patterns.

If I say "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found", found is a transitive verb with object "deletion". It means he identified a deletion. WordNet sense for detect/notice is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" synonyms detect, observe, discover, notice. A deletion is an entity they determined existence/presence of. So sense 2 possible.

Scientific article style often uses "found" more broadly for discoveries/identified changes. "The deletion... found" maybe = "observed/identified". Candidate 2 synonyms include observe/notice. Candidate 4 synonyms determine/ascertain (more like establish a result). Candidate 8 synonyms discover (make a discovery).

We need choose one. Let's parse subtle differences.

WordNet sense 2 (find%2:39:02::) belongs to class perceive? Actually "detect, observe, find, discover, notice" is under perception? It entails perceiving. But here the deletion is not directly perceived by senses but via molecular genetic technique. Still "detect" fits.

Sense 4 belongs to cognition/communication? "determine, find, find out, ascertain, learn" class. It often takes object "the answer" or proposition "find that". Example "She found that he had lied" is sense 9, not 4. Sense 4 example product, particle. It can take object (particle). The deletion Dr. found could be like finding a particle.

Sense 8 "discover, find" class. Example first discovery of X-rays or new particle. The deletion may be a finding.

Need determine which WordNet index is the "single best" per these candidates and context. The instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge." So we need weigh examples most. For target "found [direct object deletion]", examples:
- Sense 4 examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". Both involve finding an answer/particle. The deletion is kind of like elusive particle.
- Sense 8 examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". Here new elementary particle could correspond. But "deletion" is not necessarily a "new finding" (maybe they identified a known deletion? they found the gene, not deletion). Actually the deletion is evidence of tumor suppressor gene; it's a discovery.
- Sense 2: "detected high levels of lead; found traces of lead in paint". These are traces of substances. A deletion isn't exactly trace, but detection of genetic deletion is like genetic marker.
- Sense 3: lost glasses (no).

The phrase earlier: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." Then "When they found it last winter..." In typical WordNet mapping, "found it" here likely would be find%2:40:00::? No, because they were searching for and found location of something missed/lost? But the genetic bit isn't lost; it's absent in tumor cells, but they are searching for the gene. Hmm. Could be candidate 4 or 8. The phrase "crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit... When they found it last winter" suggests 'found' as discovered. They didn't know location, they searched. WordNet 3 (lost object) not apt because not personal lost item. Sense 4 includes search/experiment.

The target is "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found". The deletion is the result of investigative study. Sense 4's definition explicitly includes "after ... experiment, survey, or study" which exactly matches: Dr. Vogelstein's finding is via experimental/genetic investigation. Sense 8 lacks "investigation" nuance; more about making a discovery. However making a discovery also involves investigation. The examples in sense 4 include "The physicist who found the elusive particle" strongly parallel: a scientist found a physical entity after research. The deletion is equivalent. So candidate 4 seems best.

But some WSD systems may annotate "found" in scientific resultative with "find.v.03" (regain) if search? Let's see actual SemCor/WSJ occurrences. "found" as in "He found that..." often mapped to "discover%2:31:09" "She found that he had lied". But here no "that" clause. Direct object "deletion". Could be "find%2:40:00::" maybe? For "I found a gene"? WordNet sense 1? No.

Let's inspect the surface forms earlier in the same paragraph, maybe they chose sense 4? The surrounding occurrences: "When they found it last winter" might be sense 4? "had found in experiments with mice" might be sense 4? "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" might be sense 8? But WSD candidate list includes both. Need decide.

Let's reason about WordNet lexical files to resolve:
- candidate 4 key find%2:32:00:: (verb.cognition? 32 maybe verb.cognition? Actually file 32 = verb.cognition? Let's recall WordNet lexicographer file numbers: 00 = adj.all, ... noun.Tops=03, noun.act=04, ... verb.body=29, verb.change=30, verb.cognition=31, verb.communication=32, verb.competition=33, verb.consumption=34, verb.contact=35, verb.creation=36, verb.emotion=37, verb.motion=38, verb.perception=39, verb.possession=40, verb.social=41, verb.stative=42, verb.weather=43. Wait 31 = cognition, 32 = communication, 36 = creation, 39 = perception, 40 = possession. Let's verify.

Actually lexicographer file numbers for verbs in WordNet 3.0:
- verb.body 29
- verb.change 30
- verb.cognition 31
- verb.communication 32
- verb.competition 33
- verb.consumption 34
- verb.contact 35
- verb.creation 36
- verb.emotion 37
- verb.motion 38
- verb.perception 39
- verb.possession 40
- verb.social 41
- verb.stative 42
- verb.weather 43

Given that:
- find%2:31:10:: (cognition) = feel.
- find%2:32:00:: (communication) = determine? But determine/ascertain/learn are cognition? Actually classed under verb.cognition or communication? "ascertain, determine, find out" are verb.cognition (31), but key says 32. Hmm maybe my mapping off. Let's recall exact mapping:
WordNet 2.1:
- 31 = verb.cognition
- 32 = verb.communication
- 33 = verb.competition
- 34 = verb.consumption
- 35 = verb.contact
- 36 = verb.creation
- 37 = verb.emotion
- 38 = verb.motion
- 39 = verb.perception
- 40 = verb.possession
- 41 = verb.social
- 42 = verb.stative
- 43 = verb.weather

Candidate 8 key find%2:36:00:: = verb.creation (make a discovery). Candidate 4 key find%2:32:00:: = verb.communication? That seems odd for determine/find; but perhaps "find out" is under verb.communication? WordNet key "find_out" might be "ascertain, determine, find" maybe in verb.communication? However examples product, particle no.

Candidate 2 key find%2:39:02:: = verb.perception (detect, observe), of course.

Candidate 3 find%2:40:00:: = verb.possession (regain) maybe.

Candidate 1 find%2:40:02:: = possession? "come upon by accident" maybe possession too.

Candidate 8 creation: make a discovery. Candidate 9 cognition: make a discovery (She found that...), key 31.

Which sense of "found" is used? The clause "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." This is not a proposition with that, so not sense 9. It is establishing a fact based on investigation, candidate 4. It is a "determine" sense. However it could equally be candidate 8 because scientists discover a deletion. But candidate 8 examples "make a discovery, make a new finding" includes "found a new elementary particle"; candidate 4 examples "establish after a calculation, investigation ... The physicist who found the elusive particle". The particle appears in both. We need distinguish. WordNet definitions: sense 4 (determine, asc) means "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". It emphasizes the process of calculation or investigation to establish a fact. Sense 8 (discover) means "make a discovery, make a new finding". It emphasizes the outcome of finding something unknown/new. In context, "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" is analogous to "found the elusive particle", which is in sense 4's examples. Since the deletion was "elusive" as they searched for it for months, sense 4 fits better than sense 8. Also the immediate context: "using gene probes, experimentally crawled" -> establish after experiment. The use of "found" as a scientific finding of a physical entity often maps to determine (find.v.03?) in WSD eval, not discover (find.v.01/04). Let's check actual SemCor mapping maybe. For "found" objects like "evidence" might map to detect (find.v.02) whereas "found that cancer rates" map to determine/learn. For "found the product" it's clearly sense 4.

I think best is candidate index 4.

Let's consider if candidate 2 might be better because deletion is detected/present. Could a person "find a deletion" in genetic material mean detect/observe? Yes. But the search context and examples (find traces of lead) maybe less specific. However candidate 4 explicitly includes "investigation, experiment". The phrase "deletion" is a physical genetic change. "Detection" could also be direct. But in context, they are not just noticing presence; they're looking for the common genetic material lost. They found deletion. I'd pick 4.

Need produce JSON only. Ensure only {"sense_index": 4}.

But let's continue reasoning to ensure no hidden nuance. The task asks "Target lemma: find; Target surface form: found; Context: ... The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. Candidate senses... Choose single best indexed sense." The candidates are enumerated. We need not say "candidate 4", output JSON.

Let's think of the immediate syntactic context and semantics: "found" modifies "deletion". The deletion is something that Dr. Vogelstein had found through gene probes. It is a result of the investigation. The phrase "found was in exactly the same spot" means the deletion he had identified. In WordNet, the word find has separate entries for "discover or determine existence" (detect) and "determine through investigation" (ascertain). The deletion existed; he determined its location/existence. Candidate 4's synonyms determine, find out, ascertain strongly match: he ascertained a deletion at the p53 spot. Candidate 2 synonyms detect, observe, discover, notice also match. But candidate 4 examples include particle; candidate 2 examples include traces of lead/presence detection. The deletion is more an "elusive particle" (searched object) than a contaminant trace. Also the direct object deletion is a structural variant rather than a measured quantity; still either.

Maybe the intended answer fromataset is sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) because the oldest WordNet version. Let's see if this sentence appears in a WSD dataset (Senseval/SEMCOR). It looks like a Wall Street Journal article snippet about p53; this may be from SEMCOR. In SEMCOR, the word "found" in this exact sentence might be annotated with WordNet offset. If we could recall, I don't know. But we can infer.

Let's search memory: There is a known WSD sentence from "br-a02" maybe. It includes "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." The target might be "found" annotated as "find%2:32:00::"? In WordNet 3.0, the sense key for "determine, find, find out, ascertain" is find%2:32:00::? Maybe yes. The SemCor mapping for "found" with a scientific result might be "find%2:32:00::".

Why not find%2:39:02:: (detect)? WordNet detect group senses include "detect, observe, discover, notice". In SemCor, "found" in "found traces of lead" maybe maps to detect group. But "found the deletion" could be detect as well. However, "deletion" maybe not "existed unknown" but "common bit lost". They were looking for the gene, not the deletion per se. The deletion is "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost"—they found it by experiments.

Let's examine the path: They "crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter... The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." So they found not simply evidence but a deletion at a location. "Found" here might be "determine the location of" or "identify by search". Candidate 3 (come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost) definition is too much about lost personal items. Candidate 4 covers location search via investigation. Candidate 8 covers discovery.

Could candidate 1? "We find this idea in Plato" is coming across a concept in text. No.

Let's make final decision.

Potential risks: The user asks to choose single best indexed sense. If we choose 4, final JSON. The prompt says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." We won't. "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So final exactly {"sense_index": 4}.

We must not include additional explanation. So final response just JSON.

Let's produce final.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose sense for "exactly" in sentence "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." It modifies "the same spot". indicating exactness or preciseness: exactly the same spot = precisely the same spot. Sense 1 definition indicating exactness or preciseness, synonyms precisely, just. Examples: he was doing precisely what she told him. Sense 4:02:04 means agreement just as it should be. Sense 4:02:02 in a precise manner, manner adverb, e.g. expressed herself precisely. Here "exactly" modifies adjective phrase "the same spot", expresses exactness/preciseness. So sense_index 1. Need JSON only.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose sense for "same" in context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." Target lemma same. Need index among candidates listed: 1 same%3:00:02:: same in identity (the same man). 2 same%3:00:00:: closely similar/comparable (curtains the same color). 3 same%3:00:04:: equal in amount or value, synonyms like. 4 same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 unchanged in character or nature.

The phrase "same spot" means identical location. This is identity: the same location/spot as p53. Could be sense 1 "same in identity". Sense 2 includes "curtains the same color as the walls" comparable. "Same spot" is identity. So choose index 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "spot" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The passage is about genetics and cancer research
- Dr. Vogelstein found a deletion in chromosome 17
- "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53"
- This refers to a location/position on a chromosome where the p53 gene is located

Candidate sense analysis:
1. spot%1:15:01:: - a point located with respect to surface features of some region; synonyms=topographic point, place; examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. spot%1:10:01:: - advertising section
3. spot%1:07:02:: - outstanding characteristic
4. spot%1:07:00:: - blemish made by dirt
5. spot%1:07:01:: - small contrasting part
6. spot%1:10:00:: - section of entertainment assigned to performer
7. spot%1:06:00:: - business establishment for entertainment
8. spot%1:04:01:: - a job in an organization
9. spot%1:26:00:: - slight attack of illness
10. spot%1:23:00:: - small piece or quantity
11. spot%1:10:02:: - mark on die/playing card
12. spot%1:06:01:: - spotlight lamp
13. spot%1:06:02:: - playing card with pips
14. spot%1:04:00:: - act that brings discredit

The context clearly uses "spot" to mean a location or position - "exactly the same spot as p53" means the same location/position on the chromosome as the p53 gene.

Sense 1 fits best: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" with synonyms "topographic point, place". While the chromosome isn't a surface feature in the traditional geographic sense, this is the closest sense to "location/position." The word "place" is particularly relevant here.

The answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: said
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose sense for "said" in context. Need analyze. Target sentence: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth." It reports Levine's claim/assertion. Candidate sense 1 express in words (state, tell) vs sense 2 report or maintain (allege, aver) vs sense 3 suppose. The context: "Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" - he expressed in words or reported/maintained a scientific claim. WSD distinctions between say v.1 and v.2. Sense 2: "report or maintain" often used for claims not necessarily verified, with "allege/aver". Example: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war". That is also reporting. However sense 1 "express in words" general, synonyms state, tell. The use "had said" about a scientific opinion/claim; this is likely sense 1 (express in words/state). But we need be careful: WordNet sense 2 maybe for reporting claim as fact. Let's inspect typical WN senses: say%2:32:00 = state, say; express in words. say%2:32:01 = allege, aver, say = report or maintain. The difference often sense 2 is used with "allege" semantics, e.g., "he said he didn't do it" (claim). But many uses of "say" are sense 1. In PropBank? But asked choose single best. Let's analyze context: "had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" describes Levine's previous expressed conclusion. It's a statement of opinion/judgement? Sense 13: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. Example: "I say let's forget this whole business" (hortative). Not that. Sense 1 covers stating a fact. Since he said a declarative clause expressing a proposition, not reporting someone else's words. But all saying is expressing. The distinction with sense 2 maybe "report or maintain" could fit because he maintained that p53 caused cancer. However WordNet glosses schematic, examples matter. Sense 2 examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war". The second example: someone reported/maintained a proposition about war. Our context similar: a researcher had said a proposition about gene. But is the connotation "allege"? In science, maybe "reported or maintained" is okay, but less likely. Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you". That is direct speech act. Our context is report of his claim in scientific literature. Could be sense 2. Need determine best.

Let's look at WordNet definitions more concretely (as an English linguist). say.v.01: "express in words; 'He said that he wanted to marry her'; 'tell me what is bothering you'; 'state your opinion'". Includes "state your opinion". So a scientist said the gene caused cancer = state/express in words. say.v.02: "report or maintain; 'He alleged that he was the victim of a crime'; 'The paper says further..."; 'He said it was too late to intervene in the war'". This sense includes quoting written material? It may be used when something/someone asserts without proof. But there is nuance.

Potential sense 4 (have wording) "the law says" not here. Sense 11 indicate clock says noon not.

Between 1 and 2. The word "said" with content clause about scientific claim. In WordNet, "say" can be used to report or maintain a position. Example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is very similar. But "the paper says further..." might be literal text. Sense 2 synonyms: allege, aver. The context: Levine's earlier findings; the passage says he had said p53 caused cancer by promoting growth. It is recounting his claim. Maybe "report or maintain" captures that he maintained/claimed a hypothesis. But sense 1 covers "express in words" and is more general, often the default for "say" followed by that-clause. Many WSD annotations for "say" in news corpora use sense 1 for reported speech. Sense 2 is rare? Let's recall SemCor. For "say" with that clause in reported speech, usually 01058335? Actually WordNet verb communication hierarchy: say v.01 (express verbally) has a specific sense "report or maintain" as hyponym. How annotated? In SemCor, "say" in sentences like "He said he would go" often tag as sense 1? I can try recall. WordNet 2.1 senses: say%2:32:00, say%2:32:01, say%2:32:02, etc. In SemCor, "say" appears many times. Many instances with direct/indirect speech are sense 1? Let's think. The examples for sense 2 include "He said it was too late to intervene in the war"—this strongly suggests sense 2 can be used for indirect statements of fact/opinion. But how to distinguish from sense 1? If I say "He said he wanted to marry her" (sense 1) vs "He said it was too late" (sense 2). Difference maybe sense 2 used when making an assertion/claim (maintain), sense 1 generic verbal expression. In our sentence, Levine had said that p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth; this is a scientific claim, maybe a maintained opinion. It also contrasts with later discovery; his earlier claim was wrong. This could lean toward sense 2 (report/maintain/allege). However "allege" implies assertion without proof, often legal. He had evidence from experiments. "Aver" means assert/confidently declare. Could fit.

But instructions say use context, examples, synonyms. Need choose best. Let's evaluate each candidate:

1. express in words/state/tell: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you". This is a direct statement of proposition. In context, Levine said a proposition. This is the broadest sense.

2. report or maintain/allege/aver: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war". Here someone asserts/claims something (could be contested). In context, Levine's claim about p53 was later challenged; he maintained a hypothesis. This fits.

3. express a supposition: not; he didn't suppose, he asserted based on experiments.

4. have wording: not.

5. order: no.

6. pronounce: no.

7. nonverbal: no.

8. utter aloud: not just utterance, content.

9. declare opinion/judgement: maybe, but sense 9 is "I say let's..." more performative.

10. recite fixed text: no.

11. indicate: no.

Between 1 and 2. Need decide. The phrase "Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" is reporting what he claimed. In many dictionaries, "say" with an object clause (indirect speech) is the prototypical transitive use. WordNet splits generic express in words vs report/maintain, but reported speech might be considered "report". The example for sense 2 "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is exactly indirect reported speech with a proposition. So sense 2 seems specifically for "report/maintain a proposition" and the context matches the example. However "He said that he wanted to marry her" in sense 1 is also indirect reported speech. Why different? Maybe sense 1 used for expression of personal feelings/intentions, whereas sense 2 for claims about facts. The sentence is a factual scientific claim. Thus sense 2 might be best.

Let's consider actual WordNet sense numbering in WN 3.0/3.1. The sense_key say%2:32:00 is "state, say, tell" = express in words. say%2:32:01 is "allege, aver, say" = report or maintain. say%2:32:02 is "suppose, say" = express a supposition. say%2:32:03 is "read" have wording. Actually the user has reordered: they list 1 as 00, 2 as 01, 3 as 03 (suppose), 4 as 04? Wait they list:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: express in words synonyms state, tell examples He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: report or maintain synonyms allege, aver examples He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: express a supposition synonyms suppose examples Let us say that he did not tell the truth
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: have or contain a certain wording or form synonyms read examples The passage reads as follows
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: give instructions order
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: speak pronounce
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: communicate nonverbally
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: utter aloud
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: recite fixed text
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: indicate

Need choose index in this list, not sense key. Index 1 or 2.

Let's think about semantics. In WordNet, the "report or maintain" sense examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; The paper says further...; He said it was too late to intervene in the war". The gloss "report or maintain" implies one reports something as fact, or maintains it as a claim. It is often used in sentences like "He said that he was innocent" when asserting a claim. The "express in words" sense examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you; state your opinion; state your name". This includes stating opinions, names, etc.

In our context, Mr. Levine had "said" a clause about p53 causing cancer. That is exactly reported speech. The sense "report or maintain" has an example identical structure. Also, "whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for..." shows contrast between his maintained position and theirs. So I lean to index 2.

But is there any risk that the annotator expects index 1 (default "say")? Many systems would default to sense 1 for "say" with that-clause. The example of sense 1 "He said that he wanted to marry her" is also a that-clause. How to decide? Let's analyze verb complement: "want to marry her" is a personal mental state, not an external claim. Sense 2's example "it was too late to intervene in the war" is an assessment/situation. In our context, "the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" is an empirical claim. So sense 2 likely.

Also, "had said" in past perfect: reporting previous statement. In WordNet, the example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is also past. So index 2.

However, the instruction says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense." We need output JSON {"sense_index": 2} (or 1). Let's decide.

Could also consider sense 13 (state as one's opinion or judgement; declare) with example "I say let's forget this whole business". Not fit because it's not an opinion/judgement phrase like "I say..." and the gloss is hortative/performative. So not.

Let's examine all candidate senses thoroughly.

Context: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth." This says Levine's previous statement/claim. The content is a scientific conclusion/hypothesis. The verb "said" introduces an indirect statement of what he reported/maintained. It is not merely "express in words" in a generic sense? Actually all saying is expressing in words. But WordNet distinguishes a specific sense "report or maintain". The synonym "aver" means declare true, assert; "allege" claim without proof. The context: "his doubts stemmed from the fact ... had found ... a gene called p53 could transform normal cells... The deletion ... was in exactly same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas..." The "But" indicates contrast between Levine's interpretation and the Johns Hopkins expectation. It is about what he claimed/argued. So "report or maintain" is apt.

Potential issue: The subject is a person reporting a scientific result, not an inanimate text, but sense 2 examples include persons. Good.

Therefore best is index 2.

Need output exactly JSON object: {"sense_index": 2}. No extra. Ensure no code fences. Return only JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: caused
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer: 'cause' lemma, surface 'caused'. Context: Levine said p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth. Candidate senses: 1 cause%2:36:00:: give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally: synonyms do, make. Cause a commotion/make a stir. 2 cause%2:32:00:: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner: synonyms induce, stimulate, have, get, make. Examples ads induced me to buy; got me to buy a computer.

Here 'caused cancer' where cancer is event/state, not action of a person. p53 cause cancer by promoting growth = give rise to cancer. So sense 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. We are told choose best indexed sense for target word cancer in context. The context is about gene p53 causing cancer, malignant growth. Candidate senses: 1 is disease, 2 astrological person, 3 constellation, 4 zodiac sign, 5 genus of crab. Clearly sense 1. Need output {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: promote
Target surface form: promoting
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=promote%2:41:01:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=advance, boost, further, encourage | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=promote%2:41:00:: | definition=give a promotion to or assign to a higher position | synonyms=upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate | examples=John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired; Women tend not to advance in the major law firms
3. sense_key=promote%2:32:00:: | definition=make publicity for; try to sell (a product) | synonyms=advertise, advertize, push | examples=The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model; The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops
4. sense_key=promote%2:33:01:: | definition=be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
5. sense_key=promote%2:33:00:: | definition=change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need determine sense. Context: "p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth". So promote = contribute to progress/growth. Sense 1 definition contribute to progress or growth synonyms advance, boost, further, encourage. Best is sense index 1. Need output only JSON object {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best sense for target word growth in context. Need output JSON only {"sense_index": ?}. Let's reason.

Context: tumor cells, gene p53 causing cancer by promoting growth vs suppressing growth. The word "growth" refers to cell proliferation, in biology/cancer. The sentence: "p53 gene could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. ... p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas ... looking for a gene that suppressed growth." Here growth means cell growth, proliferation. Candidate sense 1: biology process of an individual organism growing organically, organism changing from simple to complex. That's organism development/ontogeny, not cellular proliferation per se, though related. Sense 6: (pathology) abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). That's exactly tumor growth, pathological proliferation. The text discusses tumor/cancer growth. "promoting growth" in context of cancer cells and gene deletion suppressing growth: in oncology, tumor suppressor gene suppresses cell growth/proliferation; "growth" here likely means proliferation of cells, possibly abnormal. However sense 6 is "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth (in tumor cells). They found tumor suppressor gene, and Levine observed p53 causing cancer by promoting growth. In biological context, "growth" can mean increase in size/number of cells, sense 3 "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" synonyms increase, increment. Which is best?

Let's parse definitions.

Sense 1: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level. Examples: he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children. Synonyms growing, maturation, development. That's development of an organism, not cell proliferation/tumor. p53 causing cancer by promoting growth could refer to "growth" as cell proliferation, maybe sense 3? Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" synonyms increase. For a tumor/gene, "suppressed growth" means suppressed proliferation/increase. But the mention of "tumor" and "cancer" strongly suggests sense 6 (pathology) abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). The phrase "gene that suppressed growth" is exactly tumor suppressor. The gene suppresses growth = prevents cell division/proliferation; tumor growth is abnormal proliferation. The contrast: "caused cancer by promoting growth" (promoting tumor growth/abnormal proliferation) vs "suppressed growth". So sense 6 seems most domain appropriate.

However, note that p53 gene's effect on normal cells could transform normal cells into cancerous ones by promoting "growth" (cell proliferation). Could be uncontrolled cell growth. But WordNet sense 6 specifically "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The context is tumor cells and cancer, looking for common deletion in tumor cells. The p53 gene when damaged leads to cancer by promoting growth; but the normal p53 suppresses growth (of cells, especially neoplastic). Which sense? WordNet biological sense of "growth" in cell biology context? Let's inspect WordNet mapping.

growth%1:22:00:: biological organism growing: synset: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis.
growth%1:22:02:: increase.
growth%1:26:00:: pathological abnormal proliferation of tissue.

In WSD tasks, "growth" referring to economic growth uses sense 22:02. In biological contexts of organism development uses 22:00. But "cell growth" may map to sense 22:00? Actually WordNet includes "growth" for process of organism growth; cell growth maybe in other senses? There's no separate cell growth sense. The pathological sense is for tumor. The phrase "promoting growth" in cancer by p53... The problem says use sentence context, examples, synonyms. Also wordnet glosses are schematic. Find single best indexed sense.

Need decide if sense 6 can be used even though the text says "normal cells into cancerous ones ... caused cancer by promoting growth". The p53 gene is normally tumor suppressor; damaged p53 promotes growth. That growth is proliferation, leading to tumor. The Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth (in cancers). The context repeatedly mentions tumors/cancer, deletion, identical to p53, cancer-suppressing gene. Therefore sense 6 is appropriate: abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). But is "growth" itself used to mean 'abnormal proliferation of tissue' in the context, or used abstractly 'process of becoming larger/more numerous'?

Let's check examples: "the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" vs "suppressed growth". If substituting sense definitions:

Growth as increase: "... promoting an increase (in size/number)"; "suppressed an increase".
Growth as organism development: promoting development of organism, not quite.
Growth as abnormal proliferation: "... causing cancer by promoting abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)"; "suppressed abnormal proliferation". Strong fit.
Growth as vegetation/hair etc irrelevant.

But could there be a nuance that Levine's p53 gene caused cancer in mice by promoting cell growth (not necessarily abnormal tissue proliferation, but cell growth). In WordNet, cell proliferation in cancer is the pathological sense. I think sense 6 is best.

Let's also consider sense 3 synonyms increase, increment; examples the increase in unemployment; the growth of population. Could WSD sense 3 be assigned to "growth of population" (becoming more numerous). In this text, growth of cells/tumors is becoming more numerous. But sense 6 is more specific for tumor. Since target is in a cancer/tumor context, sense 6 likely.

Need return JSON exactly {"sense_index": 6}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer with JSON object {"sense_index": ...}.
We need disambiguate target lemma look_for surface looking for. Context: scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Thismeans trying to locate/discover gene. Candidate  definition try to locate/discover; synonyms search seek. Candidate 2 anticipate/look to. Clearly sense 1. Output JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3} but with index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suppress
Target surface form: suppressed
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suppress%2:30:00:: | definition=to put down by force or authority | synonyms=stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb | examples=suppress a nascent uprising; stamp down on littering
2. sense_key=suppress%2:41:01:: | definition=come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority | synonyms=oppress, crush | examples=The government oppresses political activists
3. sense_key=suppress%2:41:00:: | definition=control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior | synonyms=inhibit, bottle up
4. sense_key=suppress%2:31:00:: | definition=put out of one's consciousness | synonyms=repress
5. sense_key=suppress%2:30:12:: | definition=reduce the incidence or severity of or stop | examples=suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine best WordNet sense for "suppressed" target lemma suppress in context: gene that suppressed growth. Candidate senses listed.

Context: cancer biology, gene suppresses growth vs promotes growth. The gene stops or restrains growth. Need choose among:
1 stamp down/inhibit/subdue by force or authority (e.g. suppress uprising)
2 oppress by unjust authority
3 control and refrain from showing emotions/desires/impulses/behavior
4 put out of consciousness (repress)
5 reduce incidence/severity of or stop; examples suppress a yawn, suppress hemorrhage.

Biological gene suppressing growth: prevents, inhibits, stops cell growth. Sense 1 includes "inhibit" with authority/force but definition "put down by force or authority". Sense 5 includes "reduce incidence or severity of or stop". Which is best? In biological usage, tumor suppressor gene suppresses tumor growth = inhibits or prevents growth. WordNet has sense 5 specifically "reduce the incidence or severity of or stop" with examples suppress a yawn; suppress hemorrhage. Sense 1 includes inhibit, subdue, stamp down, conquer, curb. But examples are political uprising/littering (authority). The context not about authority but biological function. Sense 5 is "stop" or "reduce severity". The phrase "suppress growth" in biology corresponds to sense 5? Let's inspect WordNet senses for suppress. Known WN senses for verb suppress:
- suppress, stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb (change) -- to put down by force or authority (sense 1)
- suppress, oppress, crush (social) -- come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority (sense 2)
- inhibit, bottle up, suppress (emotion) -- control and refrain from showing (sense 3)
- suppress, repress (cognition) -- put out of one's consciousness (sense 4)
- suppress (body?) -- reduce incidence or severity of or stop; "suppress a yawn"; "this drug can suppress the hemorrhage" (sense 5).

Actually, in WordNet, suppress%2:30:12:: may be specifically "lessen, decrease" domain? Gloss: reduce the incidence or severity of or stop. That fits "suppress growth" = stop growth. However "inhibit" in sense 1 may be used for biological inhibition. But sense 1 specifically "by force or authority". The word "inhibit" is synonym. But the context is not force/authority. In WSD tasks, sense 5 likely intended.

We need answer JSON only. Provide explanation? User says Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. They want no extra text? Probably final only JSON. But as helpful assistant, maybe include only JSON. Must not hedge. So final {"sense_index": 5}.

But we need be careful: Could sense 1 be best? Let's examine subtle distinction. The gene "suppresses growth" meaning restrains/inhibits growth. Sense 1 synonyms: stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb. Sense 5 examples include suppress a yawn, suppress hemorrhage; these are stopping/lessening a physiological response/condition. Growth is a biological process. "suppress the hemorrhage" = stop bleeding. "suppress growth" = stop cell growth. So sense 5 likely. The presence of "cancer-suppressing gene" also suggests suppress = preventing cancer, reducing incidence/severity. Yes.

Thus answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed <t>growth</t>. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need choose best WordNet sense for target word "growth" in given biomedical context. Need output JSON only.

We must reason carefully. Context: tumor suppressor gene vs oncogene. p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones by promoting growth, whereas scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. In cancer biology, growth refers to cell proliferation, increase in number of cells. The sense options:
1. (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically; biological unfolding from simple to complex level. This is organism development, ontogeny, not cell proliferation.
2. progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., culture growth) - not relevant.
3. process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important - increase/increment. Could be cell growth in numbers. It is generic.
4. vegetation - no.
5. gradual beginning or coming forth - no.
6. (pathology) abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). This is specifically abnormal tissue proliferation, tumor. But the phrase "promoting growth" / "suppressed growth" in cancer context? Let's examine.

The sentence: Levine said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Later it says he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. Here "growth" likely means cancerous growth / tumor growth, i.e., abnormal proliferation. Sense 6 is pathology abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). But note "growth" as a mass noun? Example: "the growth of tumor" perhaps. In context "promoting growth" in mice causing cancer: p53 gene (mutant) promoted cell proliferation / tumor growth. They sought gene that suppressed growth (tumor growth). The most specific biomedical sense is 6.

But need to consider sense 3: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important. In cell biology, "growth" often means increase in cell number/proliferation; WordNet sense 3 includes "more numerous". However "abnormal proliferation" sense 6 seems more apt because the context is about cancer/tumor, not normal organismal development. The target is contrasted with "suppressed growth" as a tumor suppressor. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene; its loss promotes tumor growth. So sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). This is the single best.

Need final JSON only: {"sense_index": 6}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need do WSD for 'compared' in sentence. Need choose among 4 senses. We must return only JSON with sense_index.

Analyze context: "Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical..."
 Meaning: They examined and noted the similarities/differences between the two genes; upon comparison, found identical. Sense 1 compare%2:31:00 definition examine and note similarities or differences, examples compare X to Y. Sense 3 compare%2:31:01 consider or describe as similar, analogous; likely 'compare X with Y' in sense of likening/equating. Here not merely describing as similar after having considered; it is an empirical analysis comparing sequences. So sense 1 is best. Construction 'compared (the gene) with the p53 gene' can trigger both; but the act of comparison to find similarities/differences closely matches sense 1.

Sense 2 is intransitive be comparable, not used because object present. Sense 4 grammar term irrelevant.

Thus answer {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Ambient