[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new <t>money</t> flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "money" in this context.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

The passage is about education funding and expenditures. The target word "money" appears in: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

The surrounding context includes:
- "increasing expenditures on education"
- "The new money flows into..."
- "educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply"
- "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world"

Let's look at the three candidate senses:

1. money%1:21:00:: = "the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender" (we tried to collect the money he owed us)
2. money%1:21:02:: = "wealth reckoned in terms of money" (all his money is in real estate)
3. money%1:21:01:: = "the official currency issued by a government or national bank" (he changed his money into francs)

Which sense fits best here?

Sense 1 is the general, most common sense - just plain "money" as a medium of exchange, funds, currency. This is the typical meaning in contexts like "flows into the administrative structure," "spend money per pupil." It's the unmarked, general sense.

Sense 2 is specifically about "wealth reckoned in terms of money" - e.g., "all his money is in real estate" refers to a person's wealth/assets measured monetarily.

Sense 3 is about "official currency issued by a government or national bank" - this is about specific forms of currency, e.g., francs, dollars, pounds.

In the given passage, "The new money flows into..." - here "money" refers to educational funding/expenditures, the financial resources being allocated. This is the general medium of exchange/funds sense, which is sense 1.

We're talking about increased educational expenditures, money flowing into administrative structures, spending per pupil. This is about financial resources/funds, not a person's wealth, and not about specific official currency denominations.

Therefore, sense 1 (money%1:21:00::) is the best fit.

I need to return only JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Together


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium
2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
3. sense_key=flow%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to flow | examples=The artist flowed the washes on the paper
4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding
5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back
6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: | definition=cover or swamp with water
7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: | definition=undergo menstruation | synonyms=menstruate | examples=She started menstruating at the age of 11

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 We need select best sense for "flows" in sentence "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure...". Need answer only JSON sense_index. We have 7 candidate senses.

Analyze: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" - money progressing/moving freely as if in a stream into administrative structure. Candidate 1: move or progress freely as if in a stream, synonyms flux, example The crowd flowed out of the stadium. This can apply to money metaphorically flowing. Candidate 2: move along, of liquids (literal liquids). Candidate 3 cause to flow transitive, here intransitive. Candidate 4 be abundantly present. Candidate 5 fall or flow in a certain way (hang). Candidate 6 cover or swamp with water. Candidate 7 menstruation.

Best: sense 1 for abstract flow of money. Even though senses are listed with indices, candidate 1 is flow%2:38:01:: (move or progress freely as if in a stream). Candidate 2 flow of liquids. Money is not liquid in literal sense, but metaphorical. WordNet includes noun money? Flow can be used for money: "money flowed in". The "move or progress freely as if in a stream" sense is for non-liquids: crowd, money. So index 1. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pile
Target surface form: piling
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer choose indexed sense. Need reason. Target surface piling. Context: "busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers." It means placing/laying an increasing amount of work on teachers. Candidate senses: 1 arrange in stacks (stack, heap) physical. 2 press tightly together/cram (crowd). 3 place or lay as if in a pile; example: The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested. That's exactly. So sense 3. Need return JSON {"sense_index": 3} only. Ensure no extra.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose between two senses of 'more' as adjective/determiner. Context: "piling more and more paper work on the teachers." The noun phrase "paper work" (paperwork) is a mass noun (uncountable). Therefore sense 1 (comparative of much with mass nouns) is correct. Need return JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need disambiguate "more" in phrase "more and more paper work". The target surface form more appears in "piling more and <t>more</t> paper work". This is "more and more" construction modifying paper work (mass noun?) paperwork can be mass or count? The phrase means increasing amount. Senses: more%3:00:01:: comparative of much used with mass nouns, meaning greater in size/amount/degree. Sense 2 comparative of many used with count nouns. "paper work" arguably uncountable/mass. Also earlier in sentence "more paper work" as quantity. So best sense is 1. Need output JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the <t>teachers</t>. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for target lemma teacher, surface teachers, context paragraph discussing educational expenditures, administrative paperwork piled on teachers. Candidate: person whose occupation is teaching, and personified abstraction. Context clearly refers classroom teachers as persons. So sense_index:1. Need answer JSON only exactly like {"sense_index":3}. Use index 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mystery
Target surface form: mystery
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "mystery" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The passage discusses education spending and how increased expenditures haven't improved educational performance.
- Key sentence: "There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."
- The author is saying this outcome is not baffling/confusing and not paradoxical - it's explainable by how the system works (money goes to administration rather than classrooms).

Candidate senses:
1. mystery%1:09:00:: - something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained (enigma, secret, closed book)
2. mystery%1:10:00:: - a story about a crime presented as novel/play/movie

The phrase "There is neither mystery nor paradox" clearly uses "mystery" to mean something that baffles understanding or cannot be explained. The author is arguing that the relationship between spending and performance is not mysterious or paradoxical - it has an explanation within the system.

Sense 2 (mystery story/crime fiction) is completely unrelated to this context.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3} but with index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer as JSON object with sense_index. Need choose best indexed sense. Let's analyze context. Target lemma fact surface form fact. Sentence: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works."

We need choose among four senses:
1 fact%1:09:01:: definition: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. Example: first you must collect all the facts of the case.
2 fact%1:10:01:: definition: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. Example: he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts.
3 fact%1:26:01:: definition: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Examples: your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell.
4 fact%1:09:02:: definition: a concept whose truth can be proved. Example: scientific hypotheses are not facts.

We need choose single best indexed sense based on context. The phrase "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that ..." means the existence/circumstance that expenditures increased while performance declined is a thing known to have happened/exists. Which sense? Let's parse.

The 'fact' here refers to a proposition (that expenditures increased while performance declined). It is a piece of information about circumstances. Sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. That fits. Sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information. In context, not a statement/assertion, but a that-clause content. Sense 3: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; basis in fact vs fiction. Here 'fact' is not an event but state of affairs? Could be. Sense 4: a concept whose truth can be proved; likely not.

WordNet fine-grained WSD. Need decide index 1, 2, or 3. Let's inspect wordnet senses more precisely.

fact in WordNet has noun senses:
- S: (n) fact (a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred) "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
- S: (n) fact (a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened) "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
- S: (n) fact (an event known to have happened or something known to have existed) "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
- S: (n) fact (a concept whose truth can be proved) "scientific hypotheses are not facts"

These are sense keys with offsets maybe. The target phrase "the fact that X" often refers to proposition/that-clause. In WordNet, sense 1 might be used for "the fact that ..." constructions. Sense 2 includes "facts" plural, statements. Sense 3 contrasts with fiction, basis in fact. The present usage: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures ... have increased sharply ... educational performance has declined." This fact is a circumstance or event? It is a condition/situation (piece of information). I'd lean sense 1 because it is "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." The clause describes circumstances (expenditures increased, performance declined). Actually sense 3 "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" may also fit: the event of increase and decline. But the example "basis in fact" implies "fact" as underlying reality. However, "the fact that..." collocates with sense 1 often? Let's search mental. WordNet example for sense 1 "first you must collect all the facts of the case". Sense 3 examples are "your fears have no basis in fact" and "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell". Here the phrase "mystery nor paradox in the fact that" is not about fiction vs fact. It's about a factual situation. Sense 1 vs 2: "a piece of information about circumstances" vs "a statement or assertion...". In "there is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that...", 'fact' is not a statement/ assertion; it's a piece of information (real-world situation). So sense 1 likely. However, sense 2 "statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case" could cover "that..." as a statement. But sentence: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that..." could be paraphrased "the statement that..." but the author treats 'fact' as simply the existing state of affairs.

Let's be careful. WordNet distinctions. Sense 1: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. This is a broad notion: fact as a piece of information. Sense 2: a statement or assertion of verified information. There the fact is essentially a linguistic entity (assertion). Example "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". In context, the 'fact' is not being used to support an argument as an array; it's the content of a that-clause. Sense 1 better.

Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." That would be more concrete: H's fear had no basis in fact; fact vs fiction. Here, "the fact that expenditures increased and performance declined" could be considered events known to have happened. But "known to have happened" is a nuance. The author states unequivocally that research shows these relationships; but they use "fact that ...". In semantic annotation, which index? Let's consider SemCor annotation perhaps. The expression "the fact that" might be annotated as sense 1? SemCor fact senses: Let's recall. WordNet 3.0 fact has 4 senses, keys something like fact%1:09:01::, fact%1:10:01::, fact%1:26:01::, fact%1:09:02::. In SemCor, "fact" "facts" sense 1 for "the fact that"? Maybe many "fact that" are sense 1. Sense 3 used in phrase "in fact". Here not exactly. The idiom "there is no mystery/paradox in the fact that..." maybe sense 1.

Let's examine candidates and definitions thoroughly.

Candidate 1 fact%1:09:01::: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. Hypernym: information, info. This matches content-based usage. Synset likely "information, info". Target is used in singular, modified by a that-clause giving information.

Candidate 2 fact%1:10:01::: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. Hypernym: statement. Example: "array of facts." Here 'fact' is not a statement/utterance.

Candidate 3 fact%1:26:01::: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Hypernym: realism, reality, realness? Example: "basis in fact". Used as property/reality. In present phrase, if paraphrase "there is no mystery in the reality that ..." maybe. But sense 1 is more appropriate for referential content.

Candidate 4 fact%1:09:02::: a concept whose truth can be proved. Example: "scientific hypotheses are not facts." Not exact.

So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So final just {"sense_index":1}. They said do not answer with sense key. Return only JSON. Ensure no extra.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as <t>educational</t> expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 Let me analyze the target word "educational" in the given context.

The target word appears in the phrase "educational expenditures" and then "educational performance".

Looking at the first occurrence (around the <t> tag): "as <t>educational</t> expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply..." and later "...educational performance has declined."

The question is whether "educational" here means:
1. relating to the process of education (sense_key=educational%3:01:00::)
2. providing knowledge (sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00)

"Educational expenditures" means expenditures related to education - money spent on the education system. This is clearly "relating to the process of education."

"Educational performance" means performance related to education - how well the education system is performing. Also "relating to the process of education."

Sense 2 "providing knowledge" would apply to things like "an educational film" or "an educational experience" - something that teaches you. That's not what's happening here.

The context is about school governance, education spending, classroom size, administrative structure, etc. The word is being used as an adjective modifying "expenditures" and "performance" to mean "relating to education/educational system."

So the best sense is sense 1: relating to the process of education.

The user asks me to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. Since the index for this sense is 1, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational <t>expenditures</t> (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose sense index for target "expenditures" in context. Need return JSON like {"sense_index": 3}. We are to reason. Need no hedge, choose single best.

Target: expenditures. Context: "even smaller classes... new money flows... educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply... we now spend more per pupil..." It refers to amounts of money spent on education, not the act of spending necessarily. Candidate 1: money paid out; an amount spent (outgo, spending, outlay). Candidate 2: the act of spending money. Candidate 3: act of consuming something. Plural "expenditures" suggests countable amounts of money. "increasing expenditures on education" means amounts spent. "educational expenditures have increased sharply" and "we now spend more per pupil" refer to amount spent. So sense 1 is best. Need output JSON exact.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: real
Target surface form: real
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=real%3:00:00:: | definition=being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; ; ; ; ; ; - Longfellow | synonyms=existent | examples=real objects; real people; not ghosts
2. sense_key=real%3:00:02:: | definition=no less than what is stated; worthy of the name | examples=the real reason; real war
3. sense_key=real%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=not to be taken lightly | examples=statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems; to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real
4. sense_key=real%5:00:00:concrete:00 | definition=capable of being treated as fact | synonyms=tangible | examples=tangible evidence; his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor
5. sense_key=real%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; ; - G.K.Chesterton | synonyms=actual, genuine, literal | examples=her actual motive; a literal solitude like a desert
6. sense_key=real%3:00:01:: | definition=of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples=real prices; real income
7. sense_key=real%3:00:03:: | definition=having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary; ; ; - Shakespeare | synonyms=substantial, material | examples=the substantial world; a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical
8. sense_key=real%5:00:00:tangible:02 | definition=(of property) fixed or immovable | examples=real property consists of land and buildings
9. sense_key=real%5:00:02:realistic:00 | definition=coinciding with reality; - F.A.Olafson | synonyms=veridical | examples=perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer as JSON object with sense_index. Need choose best sense for real in phrase "educational expenditures (in real terms)" in economics context "real terms" means adjusted for inflation. Candidate sense 6: real%3:00:01:: definition corrected for inflation. Exactly fits. Other candidates: actual, serious, tangible, true, etc. But in context "in real terms" is economics term meaning nominal values adjusted for inflation. So index 6. Need produce only JSON. Ensure no explanation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have <t>increased</t> sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for "increased" in the target context. I need to choose the best indexed sense from two candidate senses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Target surface form: increased
Context: "...that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have <t>increased</t> sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century..."

In this context, "educational expenditures have increased" means the amount of money spent on education has become bigger or greater. This is an intransitive use - the expenditures themselves became greater. The subject is "educational expenditures" and they have increased on their own, not something causing them to increase.

Sense 1: "become bigger or greater in amount" - intransitive use
Sense 2: "make bigger or more" - transitive use (someone/something makes something bigger)

In the sentence, "educational expenditures" are the subject that "have increased" - it is not "someone has increased the expenditures." This is clearly the intransitive sense, meaning the expenditures have become bigger.

So the best sense is sense 1.

I should return only JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sharply
Target surface form: sharply
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased <t>sharply</t> in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sharply%4:02:00:: | definition=in an aggressive manner | synonyms=aggressively | examples=she was being sharply questioned
2. sense_key=sharply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a well delineated manner | synonyms=crisply | examples=the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined
3. sense_key=sharply%4:02:02:: | definition=changing suddenly in direction and degree | synonyms=sharp, acutely | examples=the road twists sharply after the light; turn sharp left here
4. sense_key=sharply%4:02:03:: | definition=very suddenly and to a great degree | synonyms=precipitously | examples=conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate; prices rose sharply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best sense for "sharply" in sentence: "educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century". This means increased very suddenly and to a great degree, steeply. Candidate 4 definition very suddenly and to a great degree synonyms precipitously. That fits. Candidate 3 is about direction/degree changes physically. Candidate 2 well delineated. Candidate1 aggressive. So answer JSON {"sense_index": 4}. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need output JSON with sense_index. Context uses "past quarter-of-a-century" meaning earlier than present time, no longer current (past%3:00:00::). Sense 1. Sense 2 is of an outgoing person. So choose index 1. Return only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer JSON only. Need choose among sense indices. Let's parse context.

Target lemma now, surface now. Sentence: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined." So now means at the present time, in contrast to past quarter-of-a-century. Candidate senses:
1: historical present, narration of past events; example Kennedy now calls in National Guard. This is not historical present, it's present tense general claim, not narrating past.
2: in these times; nowadays; today. Example "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets". This fits: current circumstances, in these times, we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world.
4: at the present moment; "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator". Could fit maybe. Difference between 2 and 4: "in these times" vs "at the present moment" as adverb. We need choose best. The context: "in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". This is ongoing state in current period, perhaps sense 2 "in these times" / nowadays / today. But "nowadays" maybe an acceptable synonym? "We nowadays spend more per pupil than any other country..." plausible. However "today" works too. Sense 4 examples: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" is actually sense 2. Sense 4 examples: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator" emphasize at the present moment. The context includes current circumstances earlier with "in our current circumstances". The usage is temporal, "we now spend more..." It might align with sense 2 "in these times"; the period is past quarter-century leading to now. WN senses: now%4:02:00:: in these times; nowadays today. now%4:02:04:: at the present moment; at present.

Need decide. Let's inspect WordNet senses in detail. In Princeton WordNet, adverb now has synsets maybe:
1. now, nowadays, today => "in these times"; "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished"; "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets"
2. now => "at the present moment"; "goods now on sale"; "the now-aging dictator"; "the now-famous dean"
3. immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away, now => "without delay or hesitation..."
4. now => "used to preface command..."
5. now => "in the historical present..."
6. now => "(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject"
7. now => "in the immediate past"

Thus index order given corresponds to keys: 2=now%4:02:00, 4=now%4:02:04. Need choose between 2 and 4. Let's think WordNet distinctions. "Now" adverb sense 1 (nowadays, today) is used in contexts with current times/frequency ("we now rarely see..."). Sense 2 (at present moment) used with current state "goods now on sale", "now-aging". Could the sentence be "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" as a current state? It says have increased sharply in past quarter-of-a-century, resulting in current situation. This is basically synonymous with "today we spend more". The examples for sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles..." Also starts with "we now...". So sense 2 likely best. The phrase "in our current circumstances" earlier also matches sense 2 (nowadays). The system asks do not hedge and choose single best. Also instructions: return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we need output {"sense_index": 2}.

But let's analyze if any nuance of historical present? Sentence uses "have increased sharply in past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend ... --" This is not a narrative of past events. Not command, not immediate. Not just now. Not change subject. So either 2 or 4. Need index: sense_key ordering in candidate list:
1 now%4:02:05:: historical present
2 now%4:02:00:: in these times; nowadays, today
3 now%4:02:02:: preface command
4 now%4:02:04:: at the present moment
5 now%4:02:01:: without delay
6 now%4:02:07:: prefatory/transition
7 now%4:02:06:: in immediate past

So output sense_index 2 or 4. Let's robustly determine. Search memory: In WordNet, "now" sense 1 maybe tagged in Brown corpus? The example "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" is exactly similar to our sentence: "we now spend more...". This strongly suggests sense 2. At present moment examples are "goods now on sale"; "the now-aging dictator". The difference: in these times includes "nowadays" and "today", referencing current era. In context: "in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". It references an era/current times. So 2.

Need final JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spend
Target surface form: spend
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spend%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=pass | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
2. sense_key=spend%2:40:00:: | definition=pay out | synonyms=expend, drop | examples=spend money
3. sense_key=spend%2:40:01:: | definition=spend completely | examples=I spend my pocket money in two days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need choose best index for "spend" in context: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" referring expenditures. That's pay out money/expend. Candidate 2: spend%2:40:00 pay out; synonyms expend, drop; examples spend money. Candidate 3 spend completely. Candidate 1 pass time. So answer {"sense_index": 2}. Need only JSON object. Ensure exact no additional text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON like {"sense_index": index}. Determine index from candidate senses list. Target lemma more, surface form more. Context: "we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world". This is comparative of much (money), to a greater degree or extent. Sense 1: used to form comparative of adjectives/adverbs (more interesting). Sense 2: comparative of much; greater degree/extent, e.g., he works more now; they eat more than they should. The phrase "spend more per pupil than..." is comparative of much/many? "more" quantifies amount of spending (money), functioning as pronoun/adverb comparative of much. It fits sense 2. Need output JSON with sense_index 2. Ensure only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupil
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer only JSON object. Need choose best sense for "pupil" in context. Context educational: academic performance of the pupils, spend more per pupil. Candidate senses: 1 learner enrolled in educational institution (student, educatee). 3 young person attending school (up through senior high school) schoolchild. Which is best? The token appears twice: "academic performance of the pupils" and "spend more per pupil". WordNet sense distinctions: pupil%1:18:00:: = a learner enrolled in an educational institution; synonyms student, educatee. pupil%1:18:01:: = a young person attending school (up through senior high school); synonyms schoolchild, school-age child. In context, "pupils" in classroom and school governance; but could be broad learners. Which is more likely? Need fine-grained WSD. Many corpus examples: "academic performance of the pupils" strongly aligns with sense 1 (student). "spend more per pupil" aligns with per student. Let's check WordNet examples if known. For pupil%1:18:00:: examples: "the pupils of the school". For pupil%1:18:01:: examples: "he took a class of schoolchildren". Hmm both. The gloss for sense 1 includes "learner who is enrolled" maybe includes schoolchild. Sense 3 more specific to young person through senior high. Since context talks about education, classroom, academic performance, and includes potentially all levels? Phrase "we now spend more per pupil than any other country" could refer to per student in school, not necessarily young person. However, sense 1 covers students at any educational institution (including college). But the text says "pupils" maybe used for children in school. The per-pupil expenditure is a standard phrase in education policy. In WordNet, which sense does "per pupil" belong? Could be sense 1 because "pupil" is synonymous with "student". Need decide single best.

Let's analyze the target: "pupil" is not "iris". So between 1 and 3. The context: "academic performance of the pupils" and "spend more per pupil". It does not emphasize youth; "pupils" here means students in educational institution. The definition sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution". Sense 3: "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)". In usage, pupil often means a schoolchild. But the WordNet sense 1 gloss is a learner enrolled; synonyms: student, educatee. Could apply to any student. Sense 3 is a hyponym? Actually WordNet has two senses under noun.person: 1 learner enrolled; 3 young person attending school. Which is more common? Let's recall WordNet ordering: pupil%1:18:00:: (student, educatee) is the first and more general. pupil%1:18:01:: (schoolchild, school-age child) is second. The phrase "pupils" in classroom academic performance might map to sense 1. The mention of "smaller classes" and "teachers" suggests school children, maybe sense 3. But "pupils" is often used in British English for schoolchildren. The text from The Atlantic? It says "academic performance of the pupils" and "per pupil". In many WSD datasets, "pupil" in educational contexts is annotated as sense 1 (student) not sense 3? Let's think.

We need use sentence context, examples, synonyms. Synonyms of sense 1: student, educatee. Synonyms of sense 3: schoolchild, school-age child. Which synonym best fits? "student" is more natural: "academic performance of the students" and "spend more per student". "schoolchild" maybe less natural for all levels. Context doesn't specify young person. So sense 1 seems best.

But there is a nuance: "spend more per pupil than any other country" could refer to K-12 spending; pupil vs student. In US policy discourse, "per-pupil spending" is common. However WordNet sense 3 is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)". That matches K-12. But the first occurrence "pupils" in classroom could be K-12 too. If the text is from a discussion of public schools, sense 3 might be more specific. The phrase "pupils" rather than "students" suggests British usage for schoolchildren. Yet context is American: "New York", "Chicago", "most states", "senior high school"? It mentions "up through senior high school" in sense 3. Could be exactly. But "per pupil" and "pupils" in American English usually means schoolchildren. Hmm.

Let's inspect the actual WordNet definitions more precisely. I can recall:

pupil (n.)
1. a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution
   synonyms: student, educatee
2. the contractile aperture ...
3. a young person attending school (up through senior high school)
   synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child

So sense 1 includes all learners; sense 3 is a specific young school attendee. For WSD, if the referent is schoolchildren, sense 3 may be chosen. The context mentions "classroom", "teachers", "smaller classes", "administrative structure", "educational expenditures". This strongly refers to public schools (K-12). "academic performance of the pupils" = schoolchildren. "spend more per pupil" = per schoolchild. So sense 3 could be best.

But how to decide? Need not hedge, single best. Let's examine examples in gloss. For sense 1 examples (maybe): "a student of the University of Chicago", "she is a student of economics"? Actually those examples for "student". For "pupil" sense 1 examples: "the pupils of the school". For sense 3 examples: "he taught a class of schoolchildren". Hmm.

Could the context refer to all learners including college? "we now spend more per pupil than any other country" - countries compare per-student educational spending across all levels? Typically per-pupil expenditure refers to primary/secondary. "Education takes place in the classroom" evokes school. "smaller classes" refers to class size. Thus schoolchild sense is appropriate.

However, WSD tasks often annotate "pupil" as "student" sense when used in educational contexts. Need think of SemCor or other annotated data. In SemCor, "pupil" occurrences: maybe "the pupils of her eyes" -> sense 2; "school pupils" -> sense 1? Let's recall. I don't have exact data.

The instruction says: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." So we need to pick from indices 1,2,3. The target appears in phrase "academic performance of the pupils" and "per pupil". Both educational. The synonyms: sense 1 synonyms = student, educatee. sense 3 synonyms = schoolchild, school-age child. The word "pupils" itself often means a schoolchild. But the phrase "per pupil" is idiomatic in education; whether mapped to sense 1 or 3? WordNet sense 1 is "learner who is enrolled in an educational institution". A schoolchild is also a learner enrolled. Sense 3 is more specific. In WSD, choose the more specific sense if context supports. Does context support young person? It doesn't explicitly say young, but it's about classroom and school governance. "up through senior high school" in sense 3 aligns with the school system. So sense 3 could be the best.

But wait, the phrase "academic performance of the pupils" - one might say "student academic performance" not "schoolchild academic performance". Also "spend more per pupil" not "per schoolchild". But synonyms help. "student" is a broad term. "schoolchild" is narrower.

Let's analyze sentence semantics. The article is likely by Thomas Sowell? It discusses "school governance", "New York", "Chicago", "education takes place in the classroom", "influence of money is minimal", "smaller classes", "teachers", "administrative structure", "educational expenditures", "per pupil". It is about primary/secondary public education. So the referents are school-age children. Thus sense 3 (young person attending school up through senior high school) is most precise.

But is there any reason sense 1 is better? If the author uses "pupil" as a generic term for student, not specifically child. However, WordNet sense 1 gloss "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" includes schoolchild, college student, etc. Sense 3 is a subcategory. In WordNet, sense 3 is not necessarily a hyponym of sense 1? Let's check relations. WordNet: pupil#1 is a hyponym of learner? It has synonyms student, educatee. pupil#3 is a hyponym of youth? It may be a subtype of pupil#1? Actually not necessarily; it could be separate sense. But if context is K-12, sense 3 directly applies.

What would a linguist choose? Fine-grained WSD often selects sense 1 for "pupil" in educational contexts, unless explicitly a child. Let's look at example contexts from WordNet for each. I can try to recall from WordNet 3.0:

pupil, student, educatee -- (a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution)
pupil -- (the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot)
schoolchild, school-age child, pupil -- (a young person attending school (up through senior high school))

Note that sense 1 is the general "student" sense, sense 3 is the "schoolchild" sense. The WordNet examples for sense 3 might include "he was a schoolboy of 12" or "the schoolchildren cheered". The definition explicitly says "up through senior high school", so a high schooler is a pupil in sense 3. The text talks about "classroom", "smaller classes", "teachers" - all school. So sense 3.

But some might argue "pupils" in "academic performance of the pupils" could include college students; but per-pupil spending and school governance are K-12. The article says "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it." School governance = local school boards? Likely K-12. So sense 3.

Let's consider the phrase "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". Class size discussions are in K-12. "We now spend more per pupil than any other country" also K-12. So yes, sense 3.

However, I should not ignore that "pupil" as used in US is less common than "student"; "per pupil" is a set phrase. The sense key definitions: sense 1 synonyms: student, educatee. In the context, substitute "student" works perfectly. Substitute "schoolchild" also works but is more juvenile; high school students may not be called schoolchildren. Sense 3 says "young person attending school (up through senior high school)". The text doesn't emphasize youth. If we substitute "young person attending school", it might add an implication not explicit. But the context is about schools, so it's okay.

Need decide final. Let's perhaps recall how similar WSD tasks annotate "pupil". There was an example in WordNet: "The pupils of the school lined up." Which sense? Could be sense 1 or 3? "The pupils of the school" likely sense 1 (students of the school). But if "school" implies K-12, sense 3? Hmm.

Let's search memory from SemCor. SemCor 3.0 has "pupil" maybe 5 times. For example, "the pupils of the eye" sense 2. "bright pupils" maybe sense 2? "He enlarged the pupils" sense 2. For educational, "a class of pupils" might be sense 1. I vaguely recall that SemCor annotates "pupil" as "student" (sense 1) in "The teacher asked the pupils to ..."? Not sure.

In OntoNotes, "pupil" could be grouped sense. But here fine-grained WordNet.

Let's think about the relation between sense 1 and sense 3: In WordNet, sense 1 is "pupil%1:18:00::" and sense 3 is "pupil%1:18:01::". Since both are noun.person. They are coordinate senses, not hypernym/hyponym. Sense 1 focuses on learner status; sense 3 focuses on age/school attendance. For "pupil", sense 1 is likely the default educational meaning. The question asks "Target lemma: pupil Target surface form: pupil". The context includes "pupils". The candidate senses are 1 and 3. We need the best indexed sense.

Maybe we can infer from typical dictionary usage: "pupil" = a person who is taught by another, especially a schoolchild or student. Many dictionaries list sense "a student, especially a young one at school". WordNet splits into "student" and "schoolchild". The general term "pupil" in American education writing maps to "student" because "pupil" is often used as synonym of "student" in official statistics. The phrase "per pupil" specifically means "per student". WordNet sense 1 synonyms include "student, educatee". So sense 1 is the intended sense for "per pupil" and "pupils". Sense 3 would be more like "schoolchild" and implies young. The context does not call them young. It calls them learners in educational institutions. Therefore sense 1 might be the best.

Let's examine each token:
- "academic performance of the pupils": could be paraphrased "academic performance of the students". It doesn't say schoolchildren. It's about learners enrolled. Sense 1.
- "spend more per pupil": paraphrased "spend more per student". Sense 1.

If I choose sense 3, I am saying they are young persons attending school. The text does not explicitly say young, but it is implied by "classroom", "teachers", "school governance". Yet "young person" is not necessary; the concept of being a learner is central. The phrase "academic performance" is about learners. So sense 1 is more directly about learner, which matches "academic performance". Sense 3 is about young person attending school; performance is not central.

Also, the first sentence: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance" - school governance includes school boards overseeing schools. The pupils are those in schools. Could be K-12. But "school" in sense 1's examples? It says "educational institution". So schools are educational institutions. Sense 1 covers.

The instruction: "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense." So I need pick one. Let's decide based on which sense is more likely intended in WordNet. For "pupil" in educational context, WordNet's first sense is "learner who is enrolled in an educational institution". This is the most common non-eye sense. The third sense is narrower and probably for uses specifically "schoolchild". The context uses "pupils" and "per pupil" in a general educational sense. So I lean sense 1.

But I want to be careful: Could there be a convention that "pupil" always maps to sense 3 when referring to schoolchild because sense 1 is basically "student"? Let's consider WordNet gloss examples. For sense 1 (pupil, student, educatee) maybe examples: "a student of the University of Chicago", "pupils of the school". For sense 3 (schoolchild, school-age child, pupil) examples maybe: "the schoolchildren cheered", "a class of pupils". The existence of "pupil" as a synonym in sense 3 indicates that "pupil" can mean schoolchild. But which is primary? Sense 1 is primary by ordering and frequency.

In Princeton WordNet, sense ordering is based on frequency in SemCor. Sense 1 is most frequent. So in absence of strong cues for schoolchild, choose sense 1. The cue "school governance" is not enough to override to schoolchild; sense 1 already includes schools. So sense 1.

Let's think about "per pupil" idiom. If you look up "per pupil" in a corpus, the WSD would likely tag as "pupil%1:18:00::" because "per student" is the synonym. "per schoolchild" is less idiomatic. So sense 1.

Therefore final answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So output {"sense_index": 1}. No extra text.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "other" in the given context.

Context: "we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world"

Candidate senses:
1. other%3:00:00:: - not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied
2. other%5:00:00:past:00 - recently past
3. other%5:00:02:past:00 - belonging to the distant past
4. other%5:00:00:strange:00 - very unusual

The phrase "any other country" means "any country that is not the United States" or any country other than the one already mentioned/implied. This clearly matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied".

Senses 2, 3, and 4 don't fit the context:
- It's not about time/recently past
- It's not about distant past
- It's not about being strange/unusual

So the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other <t>country</t> in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer with JSON only. Need choose best sense for target word "country" in the context: "... we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined." The sense is a nation state, politically organized body. Comparing expenditures per pupil compared to other nations. The phrase "any other country in the world" refers to sovereign states/nations. Candidate 1 is politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic). Candidate 2 is territory occupied by a nation; less likely because talking about spending per pupil than any other country = any other nation, not territory. Candidate 3 is the people who live in a nation or country, e.g., "the nation's mood". Not used that way. Candidate 4 rural area no. Candidate 5 region no. Best is 1 or 2? Let's evaluate. "country" as a nation/state in international comparisons: "any other country in the world" typically refers to sovereign nation (sense 1). In WordNet, country%1:14:00:: (noun group) = a politically organized body of people under a single government. country%1:15:00:: = the territory occupied by a nation. In "we spend more per pupil than any other country in the world", the meaning is "any other nation". This is sense 1. Also synonyms state, nation, land. Sense 2 synonyms state, land, examples "European countries" could also fit, but the comparison is about political entities. Fine. We just respond JSON.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- <t>educational</t> performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "educational" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word "educational" appears in two places:
1. "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally..."
2. "...as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply..."

Wait, the target is marked with <t>educational</t> in "...<t>educational</t> performance has declined."

So I need to determine the sense of "educational" modifying "performance" in the phrase "educational performance".

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Sense 1 means "relating to the process of education" - this is the relational adjective sense. It describes things that are related to education as a field, process, or system. Examples: educational psychology, educational research, educational policy, educational expenditures, educational performance.

Sense 2 means "providing knowledge" or "instructive" - this describes something that teaches or enlightens. Examples: an educational film, an educational experience, an educational toy.

In the context "educational performance", we are talking about performance in the realm/process of education - i.e., academic/scholastic performance. This is clearly sense 1, the relational adjective meaning "relating to the process of education."

The author is discussing how money spent on education relates to outcomes in education. "Educational performance" means performance related to education — the performance of students in the educational system.

If it were sense 2, it would mean "performance that provides knowledge," which doesn't fit the context. The performance itself isn't providing knowledge; rather, it's the performance/outcome within the educational domain.

Also, the earlier use "educational research" clearly fits sense 1 (research about education), and "educational expenditures" also fits sense 1 (expenditures related to education). The target "educational performance" is parallel to these.

So the best sense is sense 1.

The instructions say to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. Since sense 1 is the best choice, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, the instructions say "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I just need to return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me double-check:
- "educational%3:01:00::" - this is the relational adjective sense, "relating to the process of education"
- "educational%5:00:00:instructive:00" - this is the instructive sense, "providing knowledge"

"educational performance" = performance related to education = sense 1.

Yes, the answer is 1.