[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clear
Target surface form: clear
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
4. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags
5. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall
8. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property
9. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow
10. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values
11. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable
16. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need respond with JSON only {"sense_index": ?}. Need choose best sense. Context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." Here 'clear' meaning readily apparent to the mind; obvious; easily understood. Sense 1: definition readily apparent to the mind. Examples "a clear and present danger; a clear explanation". This fits stating that conclusion was apparent/obvious. Other senses about clearheaded, unobstructed, transparent, free etc don't fit.

Need output only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure final only JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need answer only JSON with sense_index. Need choose between 1 and 2 for "damaged" in sentence: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." Target lemma damage, surface damaged. Candidate sense1: inflict damage upon (transitive causing damage). Candidate sense2: suffer or be susceptible to damage (intransitive, e.g., cups damage easily). The clause "more than one gene had to be damaged" is passive: something/some process had to damage the genes (inflict damage upon). So sense1. Answer {"sense_index":1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Moonshot AI

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose sense index for develop in sentence "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." Context: cancer development, if gene knocked out, polyps develop etc. Here colon cancer is the subject as a disease/condition emerging. Candidates:
- 5: come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, arise, spring up)
- 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or conducive environment.
- 20: happen (break) - report news as develops.
Disease "develop" meaning to begin to exist, appear. WordNet likely has develop sense 2:30:00 "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve..." while another sense maybe 2:30:09? Let's parse indices.

Sense 5 key develop%2:42:00 definition come into existence; take on form or shape. Examples: originate, arise. More for abstract love, movement.
Sense 10 key develop%2:30:00 definition grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process... Examples: A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower. This seems close for disease: colon cancer develops (progresses/evolves). In WN, "grow or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate" etc. Specifically for diseases: "He developed abdominal pains" sense 2:29:00 (symptoms). For cancer itself "lung cancer developed" might be sense "be gradually disclosed"? Wait WN sense 5 is "originate, arise, rise". Usually "a storm developed" -> come into existence. "The disease developed slowly" maybe also 2:30:00? Let's inspect WordNet mapping.

Need choose best indexed sense. Let's analyze all definitions.

The phrase "more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop". Meaning colon cancer to come into being/arise. It's about causal condition for cancer to originate. "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." This is like "for cancer to occur/originate". In biology causation context, genes must be damaged for cancer to develop (arise). Which WordNet sense does that correspond?

Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" synonyms originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. This precisely means "come into existence". In sentence, colon cancer comes into existence.
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." This emphasizes growth/unfolding, not necessarily initial coming into existence. Cancer as a disease might develop over time (progress). But phrase "for colon cancer to develop" could include growth and progression. However preceding: "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy." The first "polyps would develop" meaning arise (come into existence) from colon tissue. Second "for colon cancer to develop" means arise/progress to cancer. But the pattern: gene damage causes polyps to develop and cancer to develop. Here develop likely means "originate". Since "cancer development" was used as nominal "cancer development" = process of coming into being.

What are WordNet's examples for sense 5? "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship". For sense 10: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower". So if we paraphrase "colon cancer developed" I'd lean sense 5 (arise). But do WordNet lexicographers annotate disease emergence as sense 5 or 10? Let's recall "develop" senses in WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
- S: (v) develop (make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation) "her company developed a new kind..."
- S: (v) evolve, germinate, develop (work out)
- S: (v) develop, acquire, evolve (gain through experience)
- S: (v) grow, develop, produce, get, acquire (come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)) "He grew a beard" "The patient developed abdominal pains"
- S: (v) originate, arise, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow (come into existence; take on form or shape) "A new religious movement originated" "a love that sprang up"
- S: (v) build up, develop (change the use of and make available or usable) "develop land"
- S: (v) develop, explicate, formulate (elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses)
- S: (v) train, develop, prepare, educate (create by training and teaching)
- S: (v) develop (be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest) "The plot developed slowly"
- S: (v) develop (grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment) "A flower developed on the branch" "The country developed into a mighty superpower"
- S: (v) modernize, modernise, develop (become technologically advanced) "Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly"
- S: (v) develop, make grow (cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development) "The perfect climate here develops the grain"
- S: (v) develop (generate gradually) "develop a market"
- S: (v) grow, develop (grow emotionally or mature)
- S: (v) develop (make visible by means of chemical solutions) film
- S: (v) develop (superimpose ...)
- S: (v) develop (move pieces in chess)
- S: (v) develop (move rook)
- S: (v) develop (musical elaboration)
- S: (v) break, recrudesce, develop (happen) "Report the news as it develops"
- S: (v) develop (expand in the form of a series)

Indices in prompt not necessarily same order as WordNet? They list candidate senses with indices 1-21, key after. Need map target sense to index. The target 'for colon cancer to develop' likely sense 5? Actually key develop%2:42:00 is index 5 in candidate list. But is that best? Let's carefully disambiguate.

"It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." Could be sense 20 "happen" (Report the news as it develops) - but "develop" as happen is for events/news. Cancer is a disease that can "develop" meaning occur/appear. Under WordNet, sense 20 key develop%2:30:03 definition happen synonyms break, recrudesce. Example "Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time." Could disease recrudesce? Recrudesce means break out again. "for colon cancer to develop" maybe not exactly "happen" as news; could be "occur". But "happen" is broad. However the context of genetic damage causing cancer is more like "originate/arise" (sense 5) or "grow" (sense 10).

What about sense 4 "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with examples "The patient developed abdominal pains". That's about person developing a symptom. Here subject is "colon cancer", not a person. But polyps/ cancer can "develop" as lesions? If we say "The patient developed colon cancer" then sense 4 likely. But here intransitive with subject "colon cancer": cancer develops. That's different. In WordNet, "The patient developed abdominal pains" sense 4 because person comes to have. However "polyps would develop" in prior sentence: subject "benign polyps" - is that sense 4 or 5 or 10? "polyps would develop" = come into existence (sense 5). "Patients develop cancer" = sense 4 maybe. The text says "for colon cancer to develop", subject colon cancer, no person, so sense 5 or 10.

Let's consider sense 9: "be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest". Example "The plot developed slowly". Not appropriate for disease.

Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve..." This can be used for "A flower developed on the branch" (came into being and grew); "The country developed into..." So disease may "develop" in sense of biological process of tumor growth. The phrase "cancer development" is nominal form. The sentence is about colon cancer as a process requiring multiple mutations; it's not simply "come into existence" but "progress through a multi-step pathway". The abstract "cancer development emerged" earlier suggests "process of development". But the verb in "for colon cancer to develop" may mean "arise" after multiple gene damages.

Which WordNet sense is used in standard WSD dataset? This looks like a sentence from a corpus perhaps SemCor or Senseval. The target lemma "develop" in context with colon cancer. We may recall annotation. There is a known SemCor sentence? "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." The annotated sense could be "develop%2:30:00" (grow, progress...) or "develop%2:42:00". Let's search memory. I don't have internet but can reason.

WordNet sense keys: develop%2:30:00 is index 10 in list. develop%2:42:00 is index 5. The phrase "A flower developed on the branch" is sense 2:30:00. Developing disease? Many sample usages: "A tumor developed in his liver" possibly sense 2:30:00? Let's think. The gloss "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" explicitly mentions "natural growth". A cancer develops through natural growth, progression. "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." The cancer undergoes growth/progression after genetic damage. This is sense 10 perhaps.

But sense 5 "come into existence; take on form or shape" synonyms arise, originate, spring up. A tumor can originate. The crucial issue: whether lexical semantics distinguishes "come into existence" from "grow through process" for inanimate/disease. In everyday language, "The fetus developed normally" is sense 10 (grow). "A problem developed" could be sense 5 (arise). "Small polyps developed in the colon" might be either: they originate. WSD guidelines: "develop" in "The storm developed rapidly" often sense 5? Hmm. Let's see examples. WordNet's "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship" for sense 5 are abstract entities coming into existence. "A flower developed on the branch" for sense 10 is biological growth. "The patient developed abdominal pains" for sense 4. Disease "cancer developed" might be sense 10 or 4. Because biological disease is like a physical feature? But subject is disease, not patient.

Let's examine candidate definitions and synonyms deeply.

1. transitive make new product/creation. Not.
2. work out. Not.
3. gain through experience. Not.
4. come to have or undergo a change of physical features and attributes. A person "developed cancer" - cancer as physical feature/attribute? If subject were patient, this. But not.
5. come into existence; take on form or shape. Syn include grow. "A love that sprang up from friendship". Colon cancer could "come into existence".
6. change use of land. Not.
7. elaborate theories. Not.
8. train. Not.
9. become manifest. Not.
10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process... Biological. "A flower developed on the branch" similar to tumor.
11. technologically advanced. Not.
12. cause to grow. transitive. Not.
13. generate gradually. transitive. Not.
14. grow emotionally. Not.
15. film. Not.
16. geometry. Not.
17-18 chess. Not.
19 music. Not.
20. happen. Could fit broadly but examples are news/political movements recrudesce.
21. math series. Not.

So choice between 5 and 10 possibly 20. Need choose "single best".

Let's parse adjacent sentence: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." The first "benign polyps would develop" in conditional: losing gene causes polyps to arise. Second "polyps would progress to malignancy" uses progress. Third "for colon cancer to develop" maybe means "for colon cancer to come about". They are building a multi-step model. If sense 10 (grow/progress), then the phrase "progress to malignancy" already captures progression, and develop is the event that precedes progression. So likely develop=originate.

But "cancer development" as nominal indicates process not origin. However the verb repeated.

Could WordNet mapping use sense 5 for "The disease developed in his lungs"? Let's use definition overlap: Sense 5 synonyms include "grow" too ("originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow"). So "polyps develop" = grow/originate. Sense 10 = "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve". Both include grow. Sense 5's hypernym likely "become" or "come into existence"; sense 10 hypernym maybe "grow". For disease, I think the canonical sense is 5: come into existence; take on form or shape. But is there a separate WordNet sense for "disease develops"? Let's check actual WordNet sense 4 examples include "The patient developed abdominal pains" and "He grew a beard". That covers symptoms. Therefore a disease itself might not use sense 4. Intransitive "The tumor developed" perhaps sense 10 due to "grow, progress". But "A love that sprang up" in sense 5 suggests abstract. The question asks "colon cancer" as a disease condition—it's a physical/biological entity that grows. However the sentence concern is not how it grows but that multiple gene damages are needed for it to arise. In context, it could be "crop up".

Let's maybe see if there are examples in WordNet for "develop" used with diseases. I can reconstruct from known data: In WN, for "develop" (verb), the framed sentences include:
- "Her company developed a new kind..."
- "They developed a new technique"
- "We have developed a new theory"
- "I acquired a strong aversion"
- "Children must develop a sense"
- "He grew a beard"
- "The patient developed abdominal pains"
- "A new religious movement originated"
- "a love that sprang up"
- "develop land"
- "The country developed its natural resources"
- "Could you develop the ideas"
- "The old master is training..."
- "The plot developed slowly"
- "A flower developed on the branch"
- "The country developed into a mighty superpower"
- "Many countries in Asia..."
- "The perfect climate here develops the grain"
- "He developed a new kind of apple"
- "develop a market"
- "The child developed beautifully..."
- "Please develop this roll of film"
- "Report the news as it develops"
- "Develop the function..."
- plus chess etc.

No disease as subject examples. So disambiguation relies on gloss.

The WSD task probably from lexical sample, asking choose indexed sense. We must not hedge. We must decide. Let's weigh.

WordNet sense 10 definition: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". This seems to be the broader intransitive sense for something to mature or advance. The example "A flower developed on the branch" is about an organ appearing and growing. A polyp/cancer is analogous biological growth. The phrase "colon cancer to develop" can mean to grow/progress from normal cells to malignancy through stepwise genetic damage. Context explicitly: "more than one gene had to be damaged" (pathway conducive environment). That fits sense 10.

Sense 5 definition: "come into existence; take on form or shape". The examples are abstract (religious movement, love). It doesn't mention natural growth explicitly. While cancer comes into existence, the process sense seems more precise.

But the conditional "for colon cancer to develop" could be paraphrased as "for colon cancer to occur"—that's "happen" sense 20. However sense 20 examples are events/news and recrudesce; not best.

Check if "develop" in "The disease developed" is annotated as sense "come into existence" in any available resource. I recall reading a sentence "A new industry developed" = sense arise (5). "A storm developed" maybe sense 5. "He developed cancer" = sense 4 or 10? Let's search mental corpus: In Senseval-2/3 lexical sample "develop"examples? Maybe "The city developed rapidly" (modernize sense 11). "A blossom developed" (10). "The situation developed slowly" (20).

The given candidate list is exhaustive; index numbers are likely from WordNet sense numbering but not lexicographic order. It includes sense 5 and 10, 20. Which would a linguist assign? Let's simulate as professional linguist.

Fine-grained WSD with glosses. The target word is intransitive. We need to identify semantic relation: colon cancer undergoing initiation and growth as a result of genetic damage. The relevant concepts: come into existence vs grow/progress vs happen.

"More than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." The phrase "for colon cancer to develop" denotes the onset+progression of the disease. Since "develop" is used with an entity that evolves over time (cancer), and the context describes a sequence from normal tissue -> polyps -> malignancy, the sense of "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process..." is best. The cancer does not simply pop into existence; it arises through a process. This aligns with sense 10. Sense 5 is more about instantaneous or spontaneous coming into existence of movements/loves.

However, we might consider the first sentence "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged." There "cancer development" is a nominalization of develop in this sense. If we nominalize sense 10, "the process of growing/progressing" = development. Sense 5 nominal "coming into existence" also development. But "cancer development" as a term usually means the process by which cancer progresses (initiation, promotion, progression). So sense 10 matches scientific usage.

Let's also evaluate if sense 4 could apply with an implicit experiencer? The construction "for colon cancer to develop" has colon cancer as grammatical subject, not patient. So not 4.

One more nuance: The earlier clause "benign polyps would develop". If polyps develop, what sense? Polyps = abnormal growths that develop (grow) on mucous membranes. This is definitely sense 10 (biological growth). Same verb used for cancer: "for colon cancer to develop". Since both polyps and cancer are biological growths, sense 10 is consistent. If we chose sense 5 for polyps, it would be possible but less natural; polyps grow. The text uses the same verb to describe both polyps and cancer development. Thus sense 10.

But wait, "benign polyps would develop" after gene knocked out—polyps appear. In WordNet, "A flower developed on the branch" sense 10 can also mean "a growth appeared/grew". So yes.

Will the expected answer be index 5? Let's examine the instruction: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." For sense 5, synonyms include "originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow". Example: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship." Those are intransitive and denote emergence. For colon cancer, emergence. For sense 10, examples "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower." One is organism part growth, one country. If we compare "cancer" to "flower/branch", okay. But note "develop" in "A love that sprang up" is explicitly about emergence; cancer isn't an abstract movement. But the gloss "take on form or shape" can apply to cancer. "Grow" synonym included.

Potential lexical semantics distinction: Sense 5 = "come into existence; take on form or shape" (a new entity appears). Sense 10 = "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process..." (an existing entity changes over time). In the sentence, "more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop" can be read as "before colon cancer could come into being" (sense 5), not "before it could grow". The scientists are identifying prerequisites for cancer initiation. The next clause? "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized..." No mention of tumor growth dynamics. So onset is central.

But cancer doesn't "come into existence" instantly; it develops through mutations. Still in narrative, "for cancer to develop" = "for cancer to occur". In simplified contexts, "develop" is often synonymous with "occur" or "arise". The use of gene damage as prerequisites points to sense 5 (arise) or 20 (occur).

Let's think of how an annotator might decide between sense 5 and 10. WordNet's senses are not perfectly disjoint; fine-grained WSD often requires best match. The phrase "A flower developed on the branch" is very similar to "cancer developed in the colon." A flower is a biological structure that originates and grows. Therefore sense 10 seems to cover both. If we wanted to encode "cancer arises" we could use sense 5, but the examples of sense 5 are abstract/social. A disease is not in those examples. The gloss "take on form or shape" is somewhat physical though.

In WordNet, "come into existence; take on form or shape" (sense 5) includes "grow" as a synonym, but its hypernym is probably "become". It covers things like problems, industries, storms, love. "develop" sense 10 is under "grow" hypernym? Actually WordNet verb lexicographer files: 2:42 is "being" or "stative"? Lexicographer file 42 is "stative"? Let's recall: WordNet noun files: noun.state maybe? For verbs, file 42? Not sure. Sense key offset? In WordNet 3.0, "develop%2:42:00" is "originate" sense (verb.contact? Actually 2:42 maybe "verb.stative"?). Wait lexicographer file numbers: 29 verb.body, 30 verb.change, 31 verb.cognition, 32 verb.communication, 33 verb.competition, 35 verb.contact, 36 verb.creation, 37 verb.emotion, 38 verb.motion, 39 verb.perception, 40 verb.possession, 41 verb.social, 42 verb.stative? Maybe. So develop%2:42:00 belongs to verb.stative (originate). develop%2:30:00 belongs to verb.change (grow).

In WN, "cancer developed" probably is verb.change (sense 10). Let's search memory of WordNet mappings: "grow" lexical file is verb.change (30). "originate" lexical file is verb.creation? No "originate" might be verb.creation (36) or verb.stative? The sense key is 2:42:00, file 42 is verb.stative. So sense 5 is stative "come into existence". Sense 10 is change "grow/progress". Cancer developing is a change. So sense 10 is more likely in WordNet's classification.

Let's examine how WordNet categorizes "A flower developed on the branch" as verb.change (30). "A love sprang up" might be verb.stative? It says "take on form or shape" maybe also change? But key 42 indicates stative. The examples include abstract states.

Thus answer index 10.

But need be careful: index 10 in candidates list corresponds to sense_key=develop%2:30:00. So output {"sense_index": 10}.

Let's confirm index numbering: The list enumerates 1 through 21. Number 10 is "sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process..." yes.

Could there be a trick that the target appears as part of "colon cancer to develop" where "develop" = "be gradually disclosed or unfolded"? No.

Let's think about possibility sense 20: "happen". In news: "Report the news as it develops". If we paraphrase "for colon cancer to happen" not the same. "Develop" not used in a "happen" sense for disease. So no.

Sense 4: The patient developed colon cancer. But here "colon cancer" is subject; not.

Sense 5 vs 10. Let me reason with specific substitution:
- "for colon cancer to originate/arise/spring up" (sense 5) plausible.
- "for colon cancer to grow/progress/evolve/unfold" (sense 10) plausible.

Which substitution best preserves the conditional "more than one gene had to be damaged"? Genes damaged are prerequisites. If one gene knocked out, polyps develop. Then second gene deleted, polyps progress to malignancy. That whole sequence is cancer development as process. Genes must be damaged for cancer to "originate"? Yes. For cancer to "progress"? Possibly more than one gene needed for progression. Both. But the specific phrase "for colon cancer to develop" includes from initiation to fully malignant disease; sense 10 covers that better.

Let's also look at the phrase "polyps would develop" earlier. If polyps develop = originate (sense 5), then "for colon cancer to develop" similarly originates. But polyps are growths, so sense 10. The text treats both similarly. The lexicographer file for plant growth is 30 (change). The same sense should apply.

I will choose 10.

However, the instruction says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense." So final only JSON {"sense_index": 10}. Ensure exactly. No explanations.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need determine best WordNet sense for "report" in context. Need produce JSON {"sense_index": <number>}. Let's analyze context.

Sentence: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists." The preceding text describes researchers uncovering genetic deletions, picture of cancer development emerged, genes knockout, etc. "Their report" likely refers to a written document describing findings of some individual or group (scientific report). Candidate sense 1 definition: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; synonyms=study, written report; example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". That fits exactly: their scientific report/paper.

Sense 6: an essay (especially one written as an assignment); synonyms composition, paper, theme; examples he got an A. That's student assignment, not appropriate.

Sense 3: short account of the news; news report; story. Not news.

Sense 2: act of informing by verbal report. Not their report as a document? It could be report as account, but "their report galvanized other molecular biologists" implies a published document. Sense 1 best.

Need return only JSON object exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: galvanize
Target surface form: galvanized
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense. Context: report galvanized other molecular biologists -> stimulated to action. Sense 1 definition to stimulate to action, synonyms startle, examples startled him awake; galvanized into action. This fits. Sense 3 stimulate muscles by administering shock, literal. Sense 2 cover with zinc. So answer index 1. Need return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "other" in the given context. I need to choose the single best indexed sense from the 4 candidate senses.

Let me analyze the context:
"Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

The target word "other" modifies "molecular biologists". It means molecular biologists other than the ones already mentioned (the researchers who wrote the report). It's referring to different ones, not the same ones already mentioned.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
   This matches perfectly. "Other molecular biologists" means molecular biologists not the same ones already mentioned (the researchers who made the report).

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
   This doesn't fit. We're not talking about a recently past time.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
   This doesn't fit either. Not about distant past.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
   This doesn't fit. The "other molecular biologists" are not being described as strange or unusual.

So the best sense is sense 1.

The user wants the answer as a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confirming
Target surface form: confirming
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "confirming" in the given context. I need to choose between two candidate senses.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage describes how research showed that multiple gene damages are needed for colon cancer.
- Ray White says: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"
- Here, "confirming" modifies "evidence" and means evidence that supports/corroborates the idea that gene losses are critical.

Candidate sense 1: confirming%3:00:02:: = indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen. Synonym: positive. Example: "a positive pregnancy test"
- This sense is about medical tests indicating presence of a disease/condition. But here "confirming" describes evidence that validates a scientific hypothesis, not a medical test result.

Candidate sense 2: confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 = serving to support or corroborate. Synonyms: collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating. Example: "collateral evidence"
- This fits perfectly. The "confirming evidence" is evidence that supports or corroborates the idea that gene losses are critical to cancer development.

The best sense is sense 2.

The output should be JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose best indexed sense for "evidence" in context. Context: quote "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". This is about scientific belief/knowledge basis. Sense 1: basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief. Synonym grounds. Example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling". This fits exactly: confirming evidence needed that gene losses were critical. Sense 2: an indication that makes something evident, example trembling was evidence of his fear. Could also fit, but sense 1 is more about basis for belief in scientific context. Sense 3 law, irrelevant. Need single best. Likely sense 1. Return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure only JSON object.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense for "needed" in sentence: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical..." The meaning: they required/needed evidence; had need of. Candidate senses: 1 require as useful, just, or proper (necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve). 2 have need of (want, require). 3 have or feel a need for. Which best? "we all needed" = we all required/had need of. Sense 2 definition "have need of" synonyms want, require. Examples "This piano wants the attention..." That's for inanimate object needing attention. Sense 3 "have or feel a need for" examples "always needing friends and money" suggests subjective need. Here "we all needed" is more like required/wanted confirming evidence. Need as a verb can be sense 2 or 3. Let's analyze WordNet senses. need%2:34:00:: = have need of; synonyms want, require. This is the transitive verb where subject lacks something and requires it. need%2:34:01:: = have or feel a need for; examples "always needing friends and money". This is perhaps "need" as in feel the need, require emotionally. The target: "confirming evidence we all needed" - the scientists needed evidence to confirm theory. That's "have need of" sense 2. Sense 1 is "require as useful, just, or proper" where subject is thing/action requiring something: "It takes nerve", "success requires hard work". Not "we needed". So sense 2. Need to output JSON {"sense_index": 2}. Ensure no extra text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need choose best sense for "losses" in sentence: "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". Context: both copies of gene knocked out/deleted. Gene losses = deletion/loss of gene function maybe. Candidate senses:
1. something that is lost (the car was a total loss) - perhaps not, gene losses are not entities lost but the act/condition of losing gene copies? Could be sense 1: "something that is lost" maybe losses as things lost? Not good.
2. gradual decline in amount or activity - not this.
3. act of losing someone or something - "gene losses" could refer to act of losing genes? Maybe but plural; "gene losses" as events of gene deletion? The phrase "gene losses were critical" refers to loss of genes (both copies knocked out). It is the loss/disappearance of genes. Could be sense 1? Let's examine.
4. disadvantage that results from losing something - no.
5. experience of losing a loved one - no.
6. financial loss - no.
7. military personnel lost - no.
8. death euphemism - no.

Schematic WordNet: loss has a synset for "something that is lost" (loss%1:21:01). Example: "the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt". Another "act of losing" (loss%1:04:00). For "gene losses", biologically means deletion/loss of gene copies. Which synset best fits plural? "gene losses" likely correspond to "instances of losing a gene" = act of losing (sense 3) or something lost (sense 1). The sentence: "gene losses were critical to the development" = it was the confirming evidence that losses of genes (i.e., deletion events) are critical. The act or process of losing genes. The synset "gradual decline in amount or activity" includes "weight loss; a serious loss of business". But gene loss is not gradual decline in amount? Could be "loss of gene copies" = amount decline. But phrase "gene losses" plural.

Let's parse WordNet senses in detail: loss%1:21:01:: something that is lost. loss%1:22:00:: gradual decline in amount or activity. loss%1:04:00:: the act of losing someone or something. loss%1:07:00:: the disadvantage that results from losing something. loss%1:11:01:: experience of losing a loved one. loss%1:21:00:: amount by which cost exceeds revenue. loss%1:11:00:: military personnel lost. loss%1:11:02:: euphemistic death.

In biomedical English, "gene loss" often means "loss of a gene or its function". WordNet likely not domain-specific. The general meaning "the act of losing something" or "something that is lost". Example of sense 1: "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt" - loss of livestock = livestock lost. "gene losses" = genes lost. But "loss of livestock" could be act/result. Sense 1 example "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt" uses loss as something lost? Actually "loss of livestock" = the livestock that were lost. But "losses" maybe refer to cases where a gene is lost.

The target surface form is plural "losses". Sense 1 definition "something that is lost" readily takes plural: "the car was a total loss"; "loss of livestock". "Losses" as plural of something lost: e.g., "the company suffered heavy losses" = financial (sense 6). But "gene losses" = genes that are lost? In phrase "gene losses" (compound noun) meaning genes whose copies are lost. That would fit "something that is lost" (sense 1). Sense 3 "act of losing" normally singular? "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock". Plural possible "the team's losses"? But that means defeats or instances of losing.

Hmm. Let's reason from WSD datasets? In SemCor "loss" occurrences. If "gene losses" were annotated, which WordNet sense? There is a known biomedical usage "loss of heterozygosity", "tumor suppressor gene loss". WordNet sense 2 "gradual decline in amount or activity" has example "weight loss; a serious loss of business". Gene losses = decrease in amount of gene? Maybe. But "loss" of a gene copy is indeed a reduction in number from two to one or zero. "Gradual decline in amount or activity" suggests process of losing amount/activity. "Losses" plural would be events of decline. However the context: "both copies of a certain gene were knocked out" = deletion events. Not necessarily gradual.

Let's inspect sense 1 vs sense 3 and maybe sense 22. The target is "losses" within noun phrase "gene losses". The phrase "gene losses" could be parsed as "losses affecting genes" just like "loss of livestock". It's the loss as an event/condition. In WordNet, both sense 1 and sense 3 cover. Which is dominant for "[noun] losses"? "gene losses" would be analogous to "loss of blood" = blood lost? Actually "loss" of something: "the loss of his mother" is act/event. "His loss of credibility" = disadvantage (sense 4). "loss of livestock" example under sense 1 something lost; that phrase describes the livestock lost, not act.

Could "gene losses" refer to genes lost? "gene losses were critical" = the lost genes were critical. But they are not lost genes per se, but event of gene deletion. The scientists confirmed that "gene losses" (the deletion of tumor suppressor genes) cause cancer.

Let's think WSD annotation for "losses" in such text. From biomedical corpora, "loss" in context of gene deletion likely maps to WordNet sense "the act of losing someone or something" (3) or "gradual decline in amount or activity" (2). Could be "loss%1:04:00:: the act of losing someone or something". Example: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock". That is losing a game/competition. Also "loss" as deletion of genes? "act of losing" applies broadly to losing something. The plural "losses" would then mean multiple acts of losing. "gene losses were critical to development" = acts of losing genes/gene copies are critical. That seems most semantically appropriate.

Sense 1 "something that is lost" might be exactly the lost object, not the event, but "losses of livestock" means livestock that died. Here "gene losses" are not lost genes but mutations. I lean sense 3.

Need final JSON exact. User said "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So just {"sense_index": 3}.

But ensure instructions: Choose single best indexed sense, return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. We shouldn't include explanation. So final: {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer Word Sense Disambiguation for target "critical" in context: "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". Candidate senses definitions. Need choose single best. Let's analyze.

The sentence: "confirming evidence ... gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". Meaning essential/necessary/very important? Candidate 4: urgently needed; absolutely necessary; synonyms vital. Candidate 5: forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis; synonyms decisive. Candidate 2: at a point abrupt change (critical mass). Candidate 1/3/6/7 others.
In this biological context, "gene losses were critical to development" means crucial/indispensable/vital for causing tumor, necessary. The gloss "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" synonyms vital matches "critical to". However candidate 5 "crucial, decisive" (turning point) also close. But phrase "critical to" generally = essential (vital). Candidate 4. Need ensure WordNet sense mapping. critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 = necessary. critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 = decisive turning point. Which applies? "critical to the development" indicates of vital importance, absolutely necessary. So sense_index: 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need perform WSD for target lemma development, surface form development in context. Need choose best indexed sense among nine listed. We must output JSON {"sense_index": ?}. Need not answer with sense key. Need analyze context.

Context: quote: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White. The surrounding: Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies ... benign polyps would develop. ... colon cancer to develop. ... gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor.

We need choose one of:

1 act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining. Example R&D plan. Not applicable.

2 a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); synonyms evolution. examples development of his ideas; evolution of Greek civilization. This could fit "cancer development" as process of tumor formation/progression.

3 biology process of an individual organism growing organically; biological unfolding from simple to complex; growth. examples osseous development in children. The tumor is a common tumor, but not individual organism's normal growth? Could still be biological growth, but the phrase "development of a common tumor" means the formation/progression of tumor. Sense 2's definition maybe broader: process passes by degrees to different stage, especially advanced/mature. Sense 3 is specifically biological individual organism growing organically; normal development. Cancer development is pathological process, not normal biological growth; but WordNet sometimes includes biological development as growth only. However, "human development" maybe sense 2? Let's investigate WordNet senses for development.

WordNet noun development:

development%1:04:01:: act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
development%1:22:02:: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"
development%1:22:01:: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"
development%1:11:01:: a recent event
development%1:04:02:: exploitation / making land productive
development%1:15:00:: district
development%1:26:00:: state improving
development%1:22:00:: photosensitive material
development%1:10:00:: music section

In this dataset, tumor development. Could be sense 2 because tumor development is a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (from benign to malignant). The broader sense has evolution synonyms. The text also says "cancer development" earlier and "development of a common tumor". It relates to progression from benign polyps to malignancy. This is a multi-stage process. It fits sense 2. Sense 3 (biological organism growth) could also somewhat apply because tumor is a biological entity growing, but WordNet restricts to "individual organism growing organically... organism changing gradually from simple to more complex level." Tumor development can be problematic: a tumor isn't an individual organism. However, WordNet's gloss "organism changing" suggests organismal development, not disease. The example "osseous development in children" is normal development. Usually for "embryonic development", sense 3 is used. For "cancer development", sense 2 often used (process in which something passes to different stage). Let's read context: "coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies ... benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. ... gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". This emphasizes a multistage process (passing by degrees to different stage) especially to mature/advanced stage (malignancy). "Development of a common tumor" refers to tumor arising, not normal organismal growth. So sense 2 likely.

Need return JSON exactly. No explanation. Done.

But we should be careful: In WordNet semcor annotation, what is development%1:22:02:: vs development%1:22:01::? "development" in "the development of a common tumor". Could be sense 1? no. Could be sense 2? yes. Let's consider if sense 3 can include tumors? The definition says "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". A tumor is not an individual organism (in main sense), but cancer cells grow. The example "osseous development in children" about organism. If it were "development of cancer" maybe sense 2? Hard. Let's search memory of WordNet. I know that "development" sense 1:22:02 (event) is often used for "development of a photographic film"? no that's 1:22:00. Sense 1:22:02 is "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". It has "evolution" as synonym. This sense is used in Semcor for "development" in phrases like "the development of new products"? no that's 1:04:01. "development of a plan" is 1:04:01. "development of modern art" maybe 2.

We need choose single best indexed sense. The candidate list uses 1-based indices. We need output {"sense_index": 2}.

Let's ensure no hedge. But we can deliver final answer JSON only in user response. The instructions say return only JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So final channel just JSON.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The task: choose best WordNet sense for "common" in "development of a common tumor". The context is about colon cancer development, gene losses. The phrase "a common tumor" means a tumor that is frequently encountered, widespread, ordinary in occurrence. Among candidate senses:
2. common%3:00:01:: having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples: the common man; a common sailor. This matches "common tumor" meaning widely encountered/ordinary.
Also 4. commonly encountered familiar. But sense 4 is an adjective satellite of familiar. The gloss "commonly encountered" synonyms usual, examples "a common complaint". Could fit "common tumor". Which is better? Need evaluate WordNet sense indices. Candidate senses list includes 3:00:01 (adjective) and 5:00:00:familiar:02 (satellite). The prototypical sense for "common" describing something widespread/frequent is usually sense 1? Let's recall WordNet for common adj senses.
WordNet entry "common" adjective:
S: (adj) common (belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public) "for the common good"; "common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community" (3:00:02).
S: (adj) common (having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual) "the common man"; "a common sailor"; "the common cold"; "a common nuisance"; "followed common procedure"; "it is common knowledge that she lives alone"; "the common housefly"; "the four commonest ticks in human beings" (3:00:01).
Satellite: common to or shared by two or more parties -> mutual (5:00 shared).
Satellite: common, usual -- commonly encountered -> familiar:02 (5:00 familiar).
Also satellite: common, vernacular, vulgar -- everyday language (informal).
common, plebeian, vulgar, unwashed -> lowborn.
common, coarse -> inferior.
common, coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar -> unrefined.
common -> ordinary (standard) "common decency".
In "a common tumor" meaning a tumor type that is frequent or not special, the core sense 3:00:01 fits, because it's widely known/commonly encountered/average/ordinary. "Common complaint" (sense 4) and "common friend" sense 3 shared.
Could it be sense 4: commonly encountered, synonyms usual? "a common tumor" = commonly encountered tumor. But sense 4 is a satellite under familiar, perhaps similar but examples "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting". This is close. Which WordNet sense is more standard? The difference between sense 2 and sense 4 is subtle: sense 2: widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual. Sense 4: commonly encountered; synonyms usual. Sense 4 essentially narrower, identical to "usual"; often collocates with complaints/greetings. For tumor as a type, the "common" describes prevalence, and sense 2 is the central meaning.
Sentence: "development of a common tumor" - Ray White says colon cancer. It means common (widespread) tumor. Sense 2 (index 2) best. But must be careful: The candidate senses are numbered 1-9. The answer must be JSON with sense_index. The requested choose single best indexed sense. We need determine index. The list: 1 = common%3:00:02:: ; 2 = common%3:00:01:: ; 3 = shared ; 4 = familiar ; 5 = informal ; 6 = lowborn ; 7 = inferior ; 8 = unrefined ; 9 = ordinary. So index 2.
Need return only JSON exactly. Do not answer with sense key.
Double-check context: "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". Common could also mean "shared by many people" = public (sense 1)? But the phrase "common tumor" in biology usually means tumor occurring commonly/frequently, i.e., high incidence. That's sense 2. Not sense 1 (public/community). Not sense 3 (mutual/shared by two parties). Not sense 9 (standard/expected "common decency").
Could sense 9 (ordinary standard) also? "common tumor" = standard tumor? Not likely. The word "common" modifying "tumor" describes incidence/prevalence; core sense 2.
Need final JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 We need answer JSON only with sense_index. Need determine best sense. Context: quote attribution: "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute..." He said a quoted statement. This is a speech verb attributing words to speaker. Candidate senses: express in words (state, tell). This is standard for reporting speech. report or maintain (allege, aver) maybe less likely. express a supposition no. have or contain wording no. give instructions no. speak/ pronounce no. communicate nonverbally no. utter aloud (sense 8) specifically utter aloud maybe for direct speech words, but here introducing indirect? The text: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed..." says Ray White. In journalism, "says X" = state, express in words. sense 1 examples include "He said that he wanted to marry her". The quote is a reported statement, not exactly "that" clause but direct quote attributed. Sense 2 examples "He said it was too late to intervene" also reported statement with say plus clause; synonyms allege/aver imply claiming/assert but may fit too. Need decide whether sense 1 or 2. WordNet sense 1: express in words; synonyms state, tell. Examples: He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you. Sense 2: report or maintain; synonyms allege, aver; examples: He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war. Both are close. The context is a scientist being quoted in an article. He is reporting an opinion. "report or maintain" is more factual report? Let's inspect WordNet senses of say. say%2:32:00:: likely is the generic "state, say, tell" including direct and indirect. say%2:32:01:: is specifically "report or maintain" as in "The paper says that..."? Examples: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is reported statement. Hmm. In WSD datasets like SemCor, quote attribution "says X" often tagged with sense 1? Need recall. WordNet says:
- say (v) 1: state, say, tell (express in words) "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you"
- 2: allege, aver, say (report or maintain) "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"; "The paper says it was too late to intervene in the war"
- 3: suppose, say (express a supposition)
- 4: read, say (have or contain a certain wording or form)
- 5: order, tell, enjoin, say (give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority)
- 6: pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, say (speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way)
- 7: say (communicate or express nonverbally) ...
- 8: say (utter aloud) "She said `Hello' to everyone in the office"
- 9: say (state as one's opinion or judgement; declare) "I say let's forget this whole business"
- 10: say (recite or repeat a fixed text)
- 11: say (indicate)
- maybe more: "imagine, think, opine, suppose, reckon, say"?

Quote attribution with proper name and place: "says Ray White at ..." The subject is a person speaking, it introduces direct speech. It is the generic speech verb. Sense 8 "utter aloud" might be possible if direct quote, but sense 8 examples "She said `Hello'". Here direct quote is before the verb. It is introducing the quoted words. Sense 1 "express in words" covers. Sense 2 "report or maintain" has examples indirect. The passage is a quotation: "It was the confirming evidence..." says Ray White. In journalistic style, this is equivalent to "Ray White says, 'It was the confirming evidence...'". So sense 1 best.

Let's ensure not to hedge. Final JSON only.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need answer JSON only. Need choose sense index for "yet" in context. Let's analyze.

Target sentence: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene..." This is "had yet to" meaning up to that point in time he had not done it. Candidate senses:
1. yet%4:02:02:: definition=up to the present time; examples I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out.
2. yet%4:02:04:: used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time; synonyms so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet; examples So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet.
3. degree/comparison even/still.
4. within indefinite time or unspecified future time; in time; examples he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts.
5. after superlative.
6. concession.

We need choose single best. The phrase "had yet to nail" is a negative statement? It contains implicit negation: "had not yet nailed". The sense 2 explicitly says used in negative statement to describe situation that has existed up to this point. But the surface "had yet to nail" is not a negative statement syntactically? It is a construction with "yet" + to-infinitive meaning "still had not" or "up to now had not". Sense 1 examples: "I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out" exactly matches "had yet to nail the identity". Sense 1 definition: up to the present time. Sense 2 definition: used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time. Examples: "So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet". The target is "had yet to nail" which is similar to "have yet to see". WordNet distinguishes sense 1 and 2? Let's inspect WordNet adverb senses for yet. In WordNet 3.0/3.1, yet has adverb senses:
- S: (adv) yet (up to the present time) "I have yet to see the results"; "details are yet to be worked out"
- S: (adv) so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet, yet, til now, until now (used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time) "So far he hasn't called"; "the sun isn't up yet"
- S: (adv) even, yet, still (to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons) ...
- S: (adv) yet, in time (within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time) ...
- S: (adv) so far, yet (used after a superlative) ...
- S: (adv) however, nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so, nonetheless, notwithstanding, however ...

The target "had yet to nail" matches sense 1 examples exactly. Sense 2 examples are negative statements with "hasn't called" / "isn't up". "Had yet to nail" is not a negative statement but an affirmative with "yet to" meaning "not yet". WordNet sense 1 includes "I have yet to see the results". So best is sense 1.

Need return JSON {"sense_index": 1}. Ensure no extra text.